<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230037i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Short Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>The Use of Echocardiography in Schistosomiasis</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9131-0439</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rassi</surname>
						<given-names>Daniela do Carmo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Goiás</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Goiás, Goiânia, GO – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Daniela do Carmo Rassi • Hospital São Francisco de Assis, Ecocardiografia. Rua 9A. Postal code: 74075-250. Goiânia, GO – Brazil. E-mail: <email>dani.rassi@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>27</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230037</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>6</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>6</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Schistosomiasis</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="5"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease, affects 240 million people worldwide, with more than 90% of cases reported in Africa, according to the World Health Organization. The disease is endemic to South America, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and Africa, in areas with little infrastructure, especially lack of drinking water and basic sanitation. The infection is caused by helminths of the genus <italic>Schistosoma</italic>. Contamination occurs through contact with water where host snails are present. After penetrating human skin, the worms can migrate and produce eggs in the liver, lungs, and intestines.</p>
		<p>During the acute phase, patients may be asymptomatic or develop myocarditis and pericarditis related to an allergic reaction to the schistosomes, in which eosinophils play an important role. Myocardial ischemia may rarely occur, and the exact mechanism remains unknown.</p>
		<p>The most important complication of schistosomiasis is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and schistosomiasis is considered the main cause of PAH in some endemic countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Of the approximately 23 million people worldwide with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, up to 5% develop PAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Several mechanisms have been suggested for PAH in schistosomiasis, including obstruction of the pulmonary circulation by eggs, endothelial dysfunction due to inflammation, and portal hypertension leading to pulmonary overflow and endothelial cell dysfunction, similar to portopulmonary hypertension.</p>
		<p>Schistosomiasis-induced PAH can be asymptomatic in early stages, but most patients will develop right heart failure in later stages of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Echocardiography is the initial imaging method of choice for suspected cardiac involvement in patients with schistosomiasis. In the acute phase, it allows assessment of left ventricular systolic function and pericardial effusion in patients with suspected myopericarditis. In the chronic phase, when there are signs and symptoms of right ventricular failure or pulmonary hypertension, echocardiography may reveal an enlarged right ventricle, hypertrophy of the right ventricular free wall, deviation of the interventricular septum to the left, tricuspid insufficiency, and increased right ventricular systolic pressure.</p>
		<p>Castillo et al. evaluated 60 patients with PAH due to schistosomiasis and compared them with 50 healthy control subjects. Clinical and echocardiographic data were analyzed, and the group with PAH due to schistosomiasis was followed up for 10 years. The group with schistosomiasis-related PAH showed involvement of the right chambers with decreased parameters of systolic function and myocardial deformation, as well as lower values of left ventricular global longitudinal strain. The long-term evolution of patients with schistosomiasis showed elevated mortality, with larger dimensions of the right ventricle, lower fractional area change, lower tricuspid annular systolic velocity, and lower right ventricular global longitudinal strain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		<p>A systematic review has shown that patients with schistosomiasis-associated PAH have more favorable hemodynamic profile and survival rate than those with idiopathic PAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Although there are reports of cardiac complications of this infection, they have not yet been validated by robust population data. This can be attributed to these patients’ limited access to health care. Therefore, the true impact of this disease on the cardiovascular system may be underestimated, due to underdiagnosis and underreporting bias</p>
		<p>Likewise, the cardiovascular manifestations of this disease require attention, because they are rarely identified or are identified late, with devastating consequences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Adequate recognition and treatment can improve these patients’ survival and reduce the use of resources that are scarce in their regions.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Posada-Martínez EL, Gonzalez-Barrera LG, Liblik K, Gomez-Mesa JE, Saldarriaga C, Farina JM, et al. Schistosomiasis &amp; Heart - On Behalf of the Neglected Tropical Diseases and other Infectious Diseases affecting the Heart (the NET-Heart Project). Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;118(5):885-893. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201384.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Posada-Martínez</surname>
							<given-names>EL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gonzalez-Barrera</surname>
							<given-names>LG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liblik</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gomez-Mesa</surname>
							<given-names>JE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Saldarriaga</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Farina</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Schistosomiasis &amp; Heart - On Behalf of the Neglected Tropical Diseases and other Infectious Diseases affecting the Heart (the NET-Heart Project)</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>118</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>885</fpage>
					<lpage>893</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201384.</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. Farina JM, Liblik K, Iomini P, Miranda-Arboleda AF, Saldarriaga C, Mendoza I, et al. Infections and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Focus Seminar 1/4. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(1):71-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.813.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Farina</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liblik</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Iomini</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Miranda-Arboleda</surname>
							<given-names>AF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Saldarriaga</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mendoza</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Infections and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Focus Seminar 1/4</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2023</year>
					<volume>81</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>71</fpage>
					<lpage>80</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.813</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Gavilanes F, Fernandes CJ, Souza R. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Schistosomiasis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2016;22(5):408-14. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000300.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gavilanes</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fernandes</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Souza</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Schistosomiasis</article-title>
					<source>Curr Opin Pulm Med</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>22</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>408</fpage>
					<lpage>414</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MCP.0000000000000300</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Del Castillo JM, Oliveira KB, Travassos RRO, Bandeira AMP, Silveira CAM, Brindeiro D Filho. Long-Term Evolution of Patients with Important Pulmonary Hypertension due to Schistosomiasis. Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem Cardiovasc. 2023;36(2): e2023373. doi: 10.36660/abcimg.2023373.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Del Castillo</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oliveira</surname>
							<given-names>KB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Travassos</surname>
							<given-names>RRO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bandeira</surname>
							<given-names>AMP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Silveira</surname>
							<given-names>CAM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brindeiro</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
							<suffix>Filho</suffix>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Long-Term Evolution of Patients with Important Pulmonary Hypertension due to Schistosomiasis</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem Cardiovasc</source>
					<year>2023</year>
					<volume>36</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<elocation-id>e2023373</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2023373</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Knafl D, Gerges C, King CH, Humbert M, Bustinduy AL. Schistosomiasis-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Systematic Review. Eur Respir Rev. 2020;29(155):190089. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0089-2019.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Knafl</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gerges</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>King</surname>
							<given-names>CH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Humbert</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bustinduy</surname>
							<given-names>AL</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Schistosomiasis-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Systematic Review</article-title>
					<source>Eur Respir Rev</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>29</volume>
					<issue>155</issue>
					<fpage>190089</fpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1183/16000617.0089-2019</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p><italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Long-Term Evolution of Patients with Important Pulmonary Hypertension due to Schistosomiasis</italic></p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230037</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Minieditorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>O Emprego do Ecocardiograma na Esquistossomose</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9131-0439</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rassi</surname>
						<given-names>Daniela do Carmo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Goiás, Goiânia, GO – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Daniela do Carmo Rassi • Hospital São Francisco de Assis, Ecocardiografia. Rua 9A. CEP: 74075-250. Goiânia, GO – Brasil. E-mail: dani.rassi@hotmail.com </corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Esquistossomose</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Doenças Cardiovasculares</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A esquistossomose, uma doença tropical negligenciada, afeta 240 milhões de pessoas no mundo, com mais de 90% dos casos registrados na África, segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde. A doença é endêmica na América do Sul, Caribe, Sudeste Asiático e África, em áreas com pouca infraestrutura, sobretudo com a falta de água potável ou saneamento básico. A infecção é causada por helmintos do gênero <italic>Schistosoma</italic>. A contaminação acontece quando há contato com água que possui caramujos. Após a penetração da pele humana, os vermes podem migrar e produzir ovos no fígado, pulmões e intestinos.</p>
			<p>Na fase aguda, os pacientes podem apresentar-se assintomáticos ou evoluir com miocardite e pericardite relacionadas à reação alérgica aos esquistossomos, onde os eosinófilos desempenham papel importante. Pode haver raramente isquemia do miocárdio, onde o mecanismo exato permanece desconhecido.</p>
			<p>A complicação mais importante da esquistossomose é a hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP), sendo considerada a principal causa de HAP em alguns países endêmicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Dos aproximadamente 23 milhões de pessoas no mundo com esquistossomose hepatoesplênica, até 5% desenvolvem HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Vários mecanismos têm sido sugeridos para a HAP na esquistossomose. Esses incluem a obstrução da circulação pulmonar por ovos, disfunção endotelial por inflamação, e hipertensão portal que leva ao transbordamento pulmonar e à disfunção das células endoteliais, semelhante à hipertensão porto-pulmonar.</p>
			<p>A HAP induzida pela esquistossomose pode ser assintomática em estágios iniciais, mas a maioria dos pacientes desenvolverá insuficiência cardíaca direita em estágios posteriores da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O ecocardiograma é o método de imagem inicial de escolha na suspeita de acometimento cardíaco no paciente com esquistossomose. Na fase aguda, ele permite avaliar a função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo e derrame pericárdico em pacientes com suspeita miopericardite. Na fase crônica, diante de sinais e sintomas de insuficiência ventricular direita ou hipertensão pulmonar, o ecocardiograma pode revelar aumento do ventrículo direito, hipertrofia da parede livre do ventrículo direito, desvio do septo interventricular para a esquerda, insuficiência tricúspide e elevação da pressão sistólica do ventrículo direito.</p>
			<p>Castillo et al. avaliaram 60 pacientes com HAP por esquistossomose e compararam com 50 indivíduos controle sadios. Foram analisados dados clínicos e ecocardiográficos e acompanhou-se o grupo HAP por esquistossomose por 10 anos. O grupo com HAP relacionada à esquistossomose apresentou acometimento de câmaras direitas com diminuição dos parâmetros de função sistólica e deformação miocárdica, assim como valores menores de strain global longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo. A evolução a longo prazo dos pacientes com esquistossomose apresentou elevada mortalidade, com maiores dimensões do ventrículo direito, menores valores da mudança da área fracional, velocidade sistólica do anel tricúspide e deformação longitudinal global do ventrículo direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Uma revisão sistemática mostrou que os pacientes com HAP associada à esquistossomose têm um perfil hemodinâmico e uma taxa de sobrevida mais favoráveis em comparação com aqueles com HAP idiopática.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Embora existam relatos de complicações cardíacas dessa infecção, estas ainda não foram validadas por dados populacionais robustos. Isso pode ser atribuído ao acesso limitado desses pacientes aos cuidados de saúde. Sendo assim, o verdadeiro impacto dessa doença no sistema cardiovascular pode ser subestimado, devido ao viés de subdiagnóstico e subnotificação.</p>
			<p>Da mesma forma, as manifestações cardiovasculares desta doença necessitam de atenção porque são raramente identificadas ou são identificadas de forma tardia, com consequências desastrosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O reconhecimento e o tratamento adequados podem melhorar a sobrevida desses pacientes, além de diminuir o uso de recursos escassos de suas regiões.</p>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p><italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Evolução de Longo Prazo de Pacientes com Hipertensão Pulmonar Importante por Esquistossomose</italic></p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>