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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230035i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach to Echocardiographic Assessment of the Premature Newborn</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6418-1424</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sawamura</surname>
						<given-names>Karen Saori Shiraishi</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research,acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data, writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6417-1744</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brito</surname>
						<given-names>Márcio Miranda</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data, writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Coração</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Araguaína</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">TO</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, TO – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Municipal de Araguaína</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Araguaína</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">TO</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Municipal de Araguaína, Araguaína, TO – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Karen Saori Shiraishi Sawamura • Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, Diagnóstico e Imagem. Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 647. Postal Code: 05403-000. São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>kasaori@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>27</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230035</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>4</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>3</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>5</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Echocardiographic assessment of preterm infants, why do it? The incidence of premature births has been increasing worldwide and already affects about 10% of live births. Extremely preterm newborns (PTNB) are at increased risk of developing pulmonary immaturity, leading to pulmonary hypertension (PH), in addition to cardiovascular immaturity and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).Hemodynamic monitoring of this population is challenging and differs from critically ill pediatric patients due to hemodynamic lability. Thus, minimal manipulation is essential to avoid complications. In this context, non-invasive monitoring methods such as transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) gain importance for hemodynamic assessment. It is a low-cost, radiation-free test that offers good anatomical and functional visualization in pediatric patients, making it a useful tool in the clinical management of severe preterm newborns.What you will find in this article:We will take an objective, didactic, and at times humorous approach to the use of echocardiography in premature newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and we will discuss the echocardiographic particularities of premature infants, especially regarding equipment adjustments, PH, and persistence of the ductus arteriosus (DA).</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Premature Infant</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Neonatology</kwd>
				<kwd>Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
				<kwd>Ductus Arteriosus</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="26"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="10"/>
				<ref-count count="22"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The incidence of premature births has increased significantly in recent decades and already affects about 10% of live births worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The advent of surfactants, corticosteroids and better understanding of respiratory and hemodynamic management resulted in a reduction in morbidity and mortality in these patients, although these advances are not yet widely accessible across the country.</p>
			<p>Extremely preterm newborns (PTNB) are at greater risk of presenting pulmonary immaturity with consequent alterations in alveolar development, affecting the pulmonary vasculature, in addition to patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). It is also known that prematurity alone is an independent risk factor for cardiac remodeling, which, associated with increased pulmonary vascular resistance, results in overload of the cardiovascular system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>It is also worth noting that the hemodynamic monitoring of this population differs from that of severe adult and pediatric patients, due to several factors such as low weight (many patients weighing less than 1 kilogram), hemodynamic lability, reduced blood volume and immaturity of all systems, especially the respiratory system. In this context, minimal manipulation of the PTNB is essential. Many of the invasive monitoring devices used in other groups of critically ill patients cannot be used here, increasing the importance of non-invasive monitoring methods. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is a low-cost exam, without radiation, with good anatomical and dynamic functional visualization in pediatric patients, which therefore comes to add a lot to the clinical management of severe PTNB.</p>
			<p>In this article, a didactic and objective approach was taken to the echocardiogram in premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU); there was no pretension to discuss all the parameters contained in the neonatal echocardiogram, but rather the particularities inherent to premature babies.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiogram in patients weighing less than 1Kg, now what?</title>
				<p>Given the scenario of minimal manipulation of the PTNB in the NICU, before starting TTE itself, one should observe an overview of the conditions found and try to obtain as much information as possible so that the examination is brief and brings as much information as possible to the handling of the case.</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Is the patient using invasive ventilation? If non-invasive, is there positive airway pressure in this ventilation mode?</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Is there use of vasoactive drugs?</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Are catheters used? What position?</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Age in days?</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>It seems obvious, but it is worth noting that these patients have a tenuous hemodynamic balance, so an increase in pressure on the inferior vena cava (IVC) when evaluating the subcostal plane with the transducer, for example, may be enough to collapse it, preventing return venous system and reducing ventricular preload. Thus, attention should be paid to the amount of force applied to the transducer on the abdomen and chest. PTNB are also more susceptible to hypothermia; therefore, it is essential to open as few incubator doors as possible and not forget to close them at the end of TTE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>How to adjust the equipment for preterm echocardiography?</title>
				<p>New echocardiogram software have made great advances in recent years, favoring better image quality in very low weight patients. Many devices come with specific presets for the neonatal or even premature population, however, some specific tips can help to improve the exam:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Use transducer with the higher frequency as possible, therefore, the higher the frequency, the higher the frame rate. There are, ideally, 12 Mhz transducers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>), however, if this type of transducer is not available, try to use one with a minimum frequency of 8 Mhz;</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f01">
								<label>Figure 1</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– High frequency transducer used to assess nearby structures (4-6cm) to the sternum, useful for evaluating low weight patients.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf01.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Turn off the ultrasound harmonics (small structures very close to the transducer evaluated with high frequency transducers do not need this feature);</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>You can use the device’s “penetration/resolution” adjustment feature; in this case, reduce penetration and increase resolution (frequency); and</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>PTNB smaller than 1Kg commonly have a limited parasternal window (especially when ventilated with positive pressure); therefore, the use of the subcostal window with alternative planes is very useful.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>What is special about the echocardiogram of the preterm newborn?</title>
				<p>Considering the importance of “looking at the whole”, mentioned earlier, it is possible to make an analogy with a hunting eagle: it is important to fly free and look at the general panorama (patient conditions and acquisition of general parameters of the echocardiogram), however, when it spots its prey, it focuses on calculations of speed of descent and precision of attack. Like an eagle hunting, the TTE of PTNB should focus on the peculiarities inherent to prematurity. Therefore, this article will not detail parameters such as evaluation of left ventricular systolic function, evaluation of pericardial effusion repercussions, evaluation of intracardiac masses or complex congenital heart diseases. These themes are better addressed in other references, we will focus on the peculiarities of PTNB.</p>
				<p>Lung immaturity plays a crucial role in this pathophysiology. The lung undergoes pre- and postnatal injuries, altering the growth of the pulmonary vasculature, which in turn leads to increased afterload imposed on the right ventricle (RV), leading to pulmonary hypertension (PH). In extreme cases, there is overload of the cardiovascular system with right heart failure and consequent worsening of the left cardiac output.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Thus, a cautious assessment of the entire right heart system, starting with the systemic venous return, RV dimensions, and systolic function, the estimation of pulmonary vascular resistance and the interrelationship with the left ventricle (LV) is necessary.</p>
				<p>Another relevant point is the evaluation of the PDA. Its prevalence in premature newborns is inversely proportional to gestational age, occurring in 20% of patients with gestational age greater than 32 weeks and in 80-90% of premature infants with extremely low birth weight (less than 1,000g) and gestational age of less than 26 weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>How to assess PH in preterm infants?</title>
				<p>First, the presence of congenital heart diseases must be excluded, except for patent foramen ovale (PFO), atrial septal defect (ASD) and PDA. Once this is done, the assessment of PH in preterm infants can begin. Here, it is possible to think of it as a system of closed connections and to segment the reasoning as follows:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>The increase in pulmonary pressure is directly proportional to the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (either secondary to the immaturity of the pulmonary vascular bed, or due to persistence of the fetal pattern or other injuries) while the pulmonary cardiac output is maintained;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>There is RV pressure overload, which evolves with dilation and systolic dysfunction;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>RV dilation (when important) added to suprasystemic pulmonary pressure physically makes the RV insinuate against the LV, disturbing the systemic cardiac output by reducing the LV filling volume, in addition to the lower return preload of the pulmonary veins;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>This whole process leads to an increase in RV end-diastolic pressure (RV DP<sub>2</sub>) which means enlargement of the right atrium (RA), leading to venous congestion; and</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Evaluation of flow pattern across communications.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>1.Quantifying is good! Is it always possible?</title>
				<sec>
					<title>1.1 Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP)</title>
					<p>PASP measurement can be performed using tricuspid regurgitation (TR) Doppler. PASP can be estimated using the modified Bernoulli formula<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> (Equation 1):</p>
					<disp-formula id="e1">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:math>
						<label>(1)</label>
					</disp-formula>
					<p>Where:</p>
					<p>PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure (mmHg);</p>
					<p>VTR: maximum velocity of tricuspid regurgitation (m/s); and</p>
					<p>RAP: RA pressure (mmHg).</p>
					<p>RAP is often not measured and can be considered as 3-5mmHg<sup>3</sup>, except in cases of invasive mechanical ventilation with high pressure parameters or IVC dilation and reduced collapsibility, considering 7-10 mmHg.</p>
					<p>However, it is not always possible to estimate the PASP, recommending aligning the cursor with the TR orifice, usually in the apical 4-chamber plane (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). One should pay attention to the quality of the Doppler curve, since the PASP is proportional to the maximum velocity squared. Thus, if there is an error in the measurement, its dimension will be exponentially underestimated.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– A: Image showing how to align the cursor with the tricuspid regurgitation jet (TR) in the apical 4-chamber plane. B: TR Doppler. C: Tricuspid continuous Doppler flow pattern. RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; TR: Tricuspid regurgitation; P: pressure (mmHg); v: flow velocity (m/s).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf02.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>If the neonate has PDA, PASP can be estimated by Doppler alignment of the DA through Equation 2:</p>
					<disp-formula id="e2">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>B</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
							<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
							<mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>o</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
							</mml:msup>
						</mml:math>
						<label>(2)</label>
					</disp-formula>
					<p>Where</p>
					<p>PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure (mmHg);</p>
					<p>SBP: systolic blood pressure (mmHg); and</p>
					<p>VAoPT: maximum flow velocity from the aorta (Ao) to the pulmonary trunk (PT) (m/s).</p>
					<p>It is essential to compare the pulmonary pressure obtained with the patient’s systemic systolic pressure and not just the absolute value. It is worth reporting if the pulmonary pressure obtained is less than 50% of the systemic pressure, greater than 50% of the systemic pressure, or greater than the systemic pressure (important PH).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>1.2 Mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP)</title>
					<p>The MPAP can be estimated using the pulmonary artery reflux (PR) curve, using Equation 3:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<disp-formula id="e3">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
							<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
							<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:math>
						<label>(3)</label>
					</disp-formula>
					<p>Where</p>
					<p>MPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure (mmHg);</p>
					<p>PRV: maximum pulmonary reflux velocity (m/s); and</p>
					<p>RV DP<sub>2</sub>: right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (mmHg).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>1.3 Pulmonary vascular resistance: The pulmonary Doppler pattern</title>
					<p>The Doppler pattern of the RV outflow tract can provide relevant information on the estimation of RV afterload. It is known that a shortening of the systolic acceleration time correlates with an increase in pulmonary pressure. Thus, a “symmetrical” flow pattern is expected during systole for normal pressures, a shortening of the systolic acceleration time as pulmonary pressure increases and, finally, a mid-systolic notch when there is suprasystemic PH<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). Analogously, the integral velocity over time (IVT) decreases proportionally with the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Pulmonary artery Doppler pattern. In the first image (a) the symmetrical Doppler pattern of the pulmonary artery can be seen in the patient with normal pulmonary vascular resistance, in blue, the area under the curve proportional to the pulmonary VTI. In the second image (b), the mid-systolic notch (arrow) and the representation of the VTI (red area) of the patient with increased pulmonary vascular resistance can be seen. Image below shows representation of Doppler patterns.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf03.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>2. Brute force versus complacency: Dilation and dysfunction</title>
			<sec>
				<title>2.1 The evaluation of the dimensions of the RV</title>
				<p>The RV is a compliant cardiac chamber that evolves with hypertrophy and dilation in response to increased afterload. That said, one should actively look for signs of ventricular dilation in all planes. It is known that access to RV morphology is complex through the assessment of two-dimensional TTE, as can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4-A</xref> of the three-dimensional echocardiogram of the RV, reinforcing the importance of imaging assessment in different echocardiographic planes. The RV and LV commonly have similar dimensions in the apical 4-chamber view during the neonatal period, but the RV should not be larger than the LV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4-B and 4-C</xref>). The parasternal short axis plane complements the RV assessment and can be indexed by body surface area and age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Three-dimensional echocardiogram of the right ventricle, seen from different angles, showing the complexity of its morphology (A). Two-dimensional echocardiogram showing the apical 4-chamber view in a normal PTNB without pulmonary hypertension with normal proportions of LV and RV dimensions (B) and PTNB with pulmonary hypertension showing dilation of the right chambers (C). RA: Right atrium; LA: Left atrium; RV: Right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; PTNB: Preterm newborn</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2.2 Assessment of right ventricular systolic function:</title>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2.2.1 Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE)</title>
				<p>TAPSE is the measure of the distance traveled by the tricuspid valve annulus toward the cardiac apex during systole. It is acquired in the apical four-chamber plane, usually positioning the M-mode cursor on the lateral portion of the valve annulus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>). The TAPSE value is negatively correlated with pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary pressure values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Normality values for TAPSE in neonates are indexed by body surface area and vary over the days of life. Jain et al. found a mean TAPSE of 0.92 cm on the first day of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A: Apical 4-chamber view showing the M-mode of the RV free wall, the red arrow shows the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE). B: RV fractional area change (FAC). RV: Right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; AD: Right atrium; LA: Left atrium.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf05.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2.2.2 Fractional area change (FAC)</title>
				<p>The FAC is the variation of the RV area in systole compared to diastole. It incorporates the global RV systolic function and can be obtained with a two-dimensional image of the apical four-chamber view modified for the RV, in which the endocardial walls should be traced in diastole (end diastolic area) and in systole (end systolic area), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>. The normal value of FAC in adults is greater than 35%; in neonates it can also vary with the days of life and with the body surface.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> It can be obtained by the following equation:</p>
				<disp-formula id="e4">
					<mml:math>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
						</mml:mrow>
						<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
						<mml:mfrac>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mtext> end diastolic area </mml:mtext>
								<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
								<mml:mtext> end systolic area </mml:mtext>
								<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
								<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
							</mml:mrow>
							<mml:mtext> end diastolic area </mml:mtext>
						</mml:mfrac>
					</mml:math>
				</disp-formula>
				<p>There are other ways of assessing RV systolic function that will not be approached in this article.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The ones mentioned above are the most used in practice.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>3. High pressure: Two bodies do not occupy the same space. Straightening of the interventricular septum (IVS)</title>
			<p>RV pressure overload leads to rectification of the IVS at the end of ventricular systole, resulting in a change in LV configuration that goes from an “O” shape (normal) to a “crescent” shape (in severe PH) passing through the “D” shape, when visualized in the short axis parasternal view. The assessment of IVS offers indirect evidence of increased pressure in the right chambers and is especially important when it is impossible to obtain an objective estimate of pulmonary pressure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref>). It is even possible to infer the relationship between pulmonary and systemic pressure according to the curvature of the IVS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> as seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f06">
					<label>Figure 6</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Echocardiogram on the short axis, showing the shape of the LV. A: “O” shape, estimate of RVP &lt;50% of LVP; B: NB with pulmonary hypertension, “D” shape, estimate of RVP 50-100% of LVP; C: NB with diaphragmatic hernia and significant PH, “crescent” shape, estimated RVP &gt; 100% of LVP.</title>
						<p>LV: left ventricle; RVP: Right ventricular pressure; LVP: Left ventricular pressure; NB: newborn; PH: Pulmonary hypertension.</p>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf06.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– RVP estimate based on LV configuration</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="50%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">LV configuration</th>
								<th>RVP estimate</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>“O” shape</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;50% of LVP</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>“D” shape</td>
								<td align="center">50-100% of LVP</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>“crescent” shape</td>
								<td align="center">&gt;100% of LVP</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Modified from WP from Boode et al., 2018. RVP: Right ventricular pressure; LV: left ventricle; LVP: Left ventricular pressure.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>3.1. Eccentricity Index (EI)</title>
				<p>The EI is derived from the ratio between the anteroposterior and septolateral diameters of the LV obtained in the parasternal short axis view at the level of the papillary muscle at the end of ventricular systole (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 7</xref>). EI &gt; 1.3 is related to pulmonary pressure greater than half the systemic pressure, with good specificity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f07">
						<label>Figure 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Echocardiogram in the parasternal short axis view at the level of the papillary muscle at the end of ventricular systole. EI= A/B. EI: Eccentricity index.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf07.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>4. Pipes and connections: Impaired systemic venous return</title>
			<p>It has been observed so far that PTNB with PH show an increase in RV DP<sub>2</sub>, with a consequent increase in RA pressure and often show IVC dilation and reduced collapsibility. In this population, the evaluation of the dimensions of the IVC is done subjectively and collapsibility can be calculated using Equation 4:</p>
			<p>Observou-se até aqui que o RNPT com HP apresenta aumento da PD<sub>2</sub> do VD, com consequente aumento da pressão do AD e frequentemente apresenta dilatação e redução de colapsabilidade da VCI. Nessa população, a avaliação das dimensões da VCI é feita de forma subjetiva e a colapsabilidade pode ser calculada pela Equação 4:</p>
			<disp-formula id="e5">
				<mml:math>
					<mml:msub>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
						</mml:mrow>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mo>max</mml:mo>
						</mml:mrow>
					</mml:msub>
					<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
					<mml:msub>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
						</mml:mrow>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mo>min</mml:mo>
						</mml:mrow>
					</mml:msub>
					<mml:mrow>
						<mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
					</mml:mrow>
					<mml:msub>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
						</mml:mrow>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mo>max</mml:mo>
						</mml:mrow>
					</mml:msub>
				</mml:math>
				<label>(4)</label>
			</disp-formula>
			<p>Where D<sub>max</sub> is the maximum diameter of the IVC and D<sub>min</sub> is the minimum diameter measured, as in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>. This measurement is expressed as a percentage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Another subjective indicator of increased pulmonary pressure that can be observed in the systemic venous return is the evident reverse flow in the hepatic veins (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 8</xref>). It is worth emphasizing that the increase in RA pressure can be due to several causes in addition to PH (hypervolemia, important tricuspid insufficiency, RV systolic or diastolic dysfunction, etc.), which highlights the importance of correlation with clinical data.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f08">
					<label>Figure 8</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– IVC M-mode, the red arrows show the respiratory variation of the IVC diameter; B: Color flow mapping of the hepatic vein showing forward (blue) and reverse (red) flow. IVC: Inferior vena cava.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf08.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>5. Communications between the systemic and pulmonary bed: A problem or a relief?</title>
			<p>In situations of normal pulmonary pressure, shunts such as the ASD and the PDA present flow directed from the left to the right chambers. Increased pressure in the right chambers causes flow from the AD to the left atrium (LA) through the ASD. The inversion of flow in the ductus arteriosus (DA) translates into important PH since the pulmonary pressure exceeds the systemic one. Pulmonary pressure can be estimated as discussed above. In cases of severe PH, the LV preload from the pulmonary venous return may be greatly reduced, the flow coming from the right side through the communications can help complement this preload and increase the systemic cardiac output.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Importance of assessing the DA in preterm infants</title>
			<p>PDA is a common problem in the NICU and can have deleterious effects on both the severely ill full-term newborn and the PTNB.</p>
			<p>A failure to close the DA associated with a drop in postpartum pulmonary vascular resistance results in a left-to-right shunt. Consequences may include pulmonary hyperflow and/or systemic hypoperfusion, both of which are associated with increased morbidity. Clinical impact depends on the magnitude of the flow, existing comorbidities and the ability of the neonate to initiate compensatory mechanisms. The increase in pulmonary flow and the accumulation of interstitial fluid secondary to the large patent ductus contribute to a decrease in lung compliance and an increase in LV DP<sub>2</sub>, which can be more pronounced in preterm infants, since ventricular compliance is lower.</p>
			<p>In PTNB, a hemodynamically significant channel is associated with an increased risk of pulmonary edema, pulmonary hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and increased duration of pulmonary ventilation. Although the presence of a wide duct supports increased cardiac output, post-ductal blood flow is reduced due to the left-to-right shunt, resulting in reduced oxygen delivery and perfusion to vital organs, thus contributing to an increased risk of intra- and periventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, renal injury, and hypotension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Clinical findings may develop earlier in those patients treated with surfactant because the reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance associated with improved lung function results in increased left-to-right shunting.</p>
			<p>Surgical or pharmacological closure should be postponed in patients with severe PH due to the risk of right heart failure. The assessment of ventricular function should be performed using qualitative and quantitative methods in these cases, always comparing to previous exams, if available.</p>
			<p>The quantification of the size of the left cardiac chambers reflects the chronic effect of the left ventricular volume overload due to the left-right shunt through the duct and, therefore, is not an early parameter of hemodynamic repercussions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>1. Anatomical assessment of the DA</title>
			<p>The first echocardiographic assessment should always be comprehensive to exclude congenital heart defects. The following plans are used in DA assessment:</p>
			<list list-type="bullet">
				<list-item>
					<p>On the parasternal short axis, the channel can be seen lateral to the left pulmonary branch and connecting to the descending thoracic aorta at the opposite end. With a slight inclination, it is possible to elongate the aorta and obtain a better image of the canal;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>In the high left parasternal short axis, also called the canal cut, it is possible to evaluate the entire path of the DA. This cut is obtained by placing the transducer in the left infraclavicular area, between the sternal notch and the conventional parasternal plane. This plane allows a more precise measurement of the size of the defect, normally acquired at its narrowest point, close to the left pulmonary artery (LPA). Prefer this measurement to the two-dimensional one, since the color Doppler tends to overestimate the DA size (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 9</xref>); and</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f09">
							<label>Figure 9</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– High left parasternal view. A: Representation on the dummy of the site of the upper left parasternal cut (“canal cut”). B: Echocardiogram in the upper left parasternal plane demonstrating the location of the ductus arteriosus measurement, as well as its relationship with the left pulmonary artery, pulmonary trunk, and aorta. PT: pulmonary trunk; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus; Ao: descending aorta.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf09.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Suprasternal long-axis view angled toward the LPA allows a wide view of the DA.</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
			<p>The echocardiographer must provide information regarding the morphology, measurements of the diameters of the pulmonary and aortic extremities, total length and site of greatest canal narrowing, especially in cases that are candidates for percutaneous closure. An assertive determination of the diameter is extremely important in the sense of a probable hemodynamic impact, and a diameter ≤1.5 mm is associated with a risk of slight clinical repercussions, a diameter between 1.5 and 3.0 mm with moderate hemodynamic repercussions, and above 3.0 mm with significant repercussions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Krichenko et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> described isolated PDA as seen by angiography in five main groups, using the site of canal narrowing as a reference:</p>
			<list list-type="bullet">
				<list-item>
					<p>Group A or conical ductus: narrow pulmonary end and hourglass at the aortic end;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Group B or window-type ductus: short and narrow channel in the aortic region, wide in the pulmonary region;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Group C: comprises the tubular ductus without constriction at the aortic and pulmonary end;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Group D or saccular: the ductus has a wide central region with aortic and pulmonary constriction;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Group E: channel is elongated, with constriction at the lung end; and</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Group F (fetal): in premature neonates who do not fit any of the morphologies previously described, generally with wide and tortuous canals, without significant stenoses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 10</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f10">
							<label>Figure 11</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Doppler pattern of the ductus arteriosus. A: Bidirectional pulsatile flow through the ductus arteriosus. B: right-left pulsatile flow through the ductus arteriosus. C: Flow curve with a continuous left-right pattern with diastolic velocity greater than 50% of the systolic velocity, suggestive of a restrictive canal. D: Flow curve tending to pulsatile, with diastolic velocity &lt; 50% of the systolic velocity.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf10.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>2. Doppler assessment of the canal: new paradigms</title>
			<p>Color flow mapping improves visualization of the DA, especially small caliber ones (&lt;1mm), and allows visualization of the site of greatest flow acceleration, improving the positioning and alignment of the Doppler sample. Flow direction can be left-right, bidirectional or right-left, as seen in severe PH with suprasystemic pulmonary pressure and in heart diseases with DA-dependent systemic flow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 11</xref>). Flow velocities below 1m/s should be recorded with pulsed Doppler. Continuous Doppler with the sample in the DA allows quantifying the pulmonary artery pressure using the modified Bernoulli equation. This measurement correlates with the instantaneous peak gradient between the aorta and the pulmonary artery by cardiac catheterization. Thus, by measuring the patient’s systemic systolic pressure using conventional methods during the echocardiogram and subtracting it by the peak gradient obtained by continuous Doppler, it is possible to estimate the PASP. In the case of right-left flow, the pulmonary systolic pressure is estimated by adding the pressure gradient obtained by the Bernoulli equation to the systemic systolic pressure measured at the time of the test. If the Doppler flow pattern is bidirectional, with right-left flow occupying less than 30% of the cardiac cycle, the pulmonary pressure is probably lower than the systemic one. This bidirectional flow time measurement can also be obtained using the color M-mode in doubtful cases. Additional care must be taken with continuous Doppler flow contamination of structures adjacent to the canal, such as the LPA, aorta, and pulmonary systemic collaterals.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f11">
					<label>Figura 10</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Classificação de Krichenco para canal arterial isolado Adaptado de: DeFaria Yeh, Doreen; Bhatt, Ami (2018). [In Clinical Practice] Adult Congenital Heart Disease in Clinical Practice || Patent Ductus Arteriosus. , (Chapter 7), 91–105. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67420-9_7</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf11.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The appearance and speed of the Doppler curve also already give us important signals about the degree of flow restriction. In a small, restrictive DA without hemodynamic repercussions, the Doppler curve shows a high continuous flow velocity, both in systole and diastole, with a maximum diastolic velocity greater than 2.0 m/s. Wide channels, without flow restriction, with important hemodynamic repercussions, present a flow curve tending more toward pulsatile flow, with a diastolic component with a velocity lower than 1.0 m/s and a wide difference in systolic and diastolic velocity. Channels with moderate hemodynamic repercussions have a pulsatile, non-restrictive flow model and maximum diastolic velocity lower than 2.0 m/s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 11</xref>).</p>
			<p>When analyzing the maximum velocity of the canal at the end of systole, it is possible to classify as a small canal those with velocity above 2.5m/s, moderate between 1.5 and 2.5m/s, and large with velocity below 1.5m /s.</p>
			<p>It is important to differentiate the Doppler patterns of the pulmonary artery from the DA with a right-to-left shunt. The spectral Doppler of the pulmonary artery begins at the beginning of systole and reaches maximum amplitude quickly, while the flow from the DA with a right-to-left shunt begins at a later stage of systole and reaches maximum amplitude between mid- and late-systole.</p>
			<p>In some cases, a characteristic serration on the pulsed Doppler curve of the pulmonary valve may be observed, raising the suspicion of a small DA not visualized previously on the exam (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 12</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f12">
					<label>Figura 12</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– A: Pulsed Doppler of the pulmonary valve demonstrating a serration in the ascending part of the curve as shown by the arrow, suggestive of contamination of flow from the ductus arteriosus. B: Doppler flow pattern in the left pulmonary artery demonstrating an end-diastolic component with high velocity predictive of increased pulmonary hyperflow.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf12.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The diastolic anterograde flow of the LPA has been considered a marker of pulmonary hyperflow in neonates. This measurement is obtained with the marker in the proximal third of the LPA. Some authors have demonstrated that a mean LPA velocity of 0.42m/s and/or an end-diastolic velocity of 0.2m/s are predictive of a Q<sub>p</sub>/Q<sub>s</sub> above 2, with high sensitivity and specificity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 12-B</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Evaluation of the E/A ratio on pulsed Doppler of the mitral valve may show signs of increased left heart filling pressure, with an E/A ratio greater than 1.5 in large ducts and an E/A ratio of 1 to 1.5 in moderate channels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figure 13</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f13">
					<label>Figura 13</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– A: Doppler pattern of the mitral valve in the apical 4-chamber view demonstrating alteration in the E/A wave ratio in preterm newborns with wide ductus arteriosus. B: Doppler pattern of the descending abdominal aorta, arrow shows the presence of holodiastolic reverse flow.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf13.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>3. And does the Qp/Qs measurement really matter in preterm newborns?</title>
			<p>In congenital heart diseases with increased pulmonary blood flow, it is common to use measures to compare pulmonary cardiac output with systemic output (Q<sub>p</sub>/Q<sub>s</sub>) to estimate the degree of the shunt. Echocardiography can estimate this relationship with good correlation with the data obtained during the hemodynamic study. In the DA, the calculation of Q<sub>p</sub>/Q<sub>s</sub> is performed differently from other congenital heart diseases such as ASD and ventricular septal defect. The flow through the pulmonary valve corresponds to the systemic flow (Q<sub>s</sub>) and the flow through the aortic valve represents the effective pulmonary flow (sum of Q<sub>s</sub> with the flow from the DA, causing overload of the left heart chambers). The presence of a PFO in the neonate, ASDs greater than 3mm, as well as alterations in the flow from the vena cava, can alter the estimation of the right ventricular output and, consequently, the systemic flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>4. Are signs of systemic flow steal easily assessed?</title>
			<p>A large AC with significant left-to-right flow shunt will result in significant retrograde flow from the thoracic and abdominal aorta. The amount of retrograde diastolic flow can be &gt;50% of the total aortic flow in neonates with a large AC, contributing to decreased systemic perfusion (renal, intestinal, and even coronary). Various indices based on pulmonary, aortic, and peripheral arterial flow velocity patterns have been proposed as objective methods for assessing the magnitude of ductal steal. The qualitative evaluation of the pulsed Doppler tracing of the descending aorta allows identifying the presence of reverse holodiastolic flow in the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery, both evaluated in the subcostal or sagittal abdominal plane (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figure 13-B</xref>). The presence of holodiastolic reverse flow suggests moderate flow steal, which is associated with a Q<sub>p</sub>/Q<sub>s</sub> greater than 1.6, being one of the most specific signs of hemodynamic repercussion. Reverse flow in the abdominal aorta can occur in other congenital heart diseases that must be exhaustively investigated and ruled out.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>5. DA assessment proposal based on a scorecard</title>
			<p>A recent study by a group from Iowa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> proposes a useful echocardiographic score to assess the hemodynamic repercussions of DA through signs of pulmonary hyperflow and systemic hypoflow. The score is obtained with the sum of the points of the variables listed in the table below, added to the canal diameter divided by the weight (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Treatment has been considered when score ≥ 6.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– IOWA Score: echocardiographic evaluation of PDA severity</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">PDA IOWA SCORE</th>
								<th>0</th>
								<th>1</th>
								<th>2</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Mitral E velocity (cm/s)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 45</td>
								<td align="center">45 - 80</td>
								<td align="center">&gt; 80</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>IVRT (ms)</td>
								<td align="center">&gt; 50</td>
								<td align="center">30 - 50</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 30</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>VD PV velocity</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.3</td>
								<td align="center">0.3 - 0.5</td>
								<td align="center">&gt; 0.5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LA/Ao</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 1.3</td>
								<td align="center">1.3 - 2.2</td>
								<td align="center">&gt; 2.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LVEF:RVEF</td>
								<td align="center">≤ 1</td>
								<td align="center">1 - 1.7</td>
								<td align="center">&gt; 1.7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Aorta/peripheral flow</td>
								<td align="center">Anterograde</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Reverse</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>PDA: patent ductus arteriosus; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; PV: pulmonary vein; LA: left atrium; Ao: aorta; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RVEF: right ventricular ejection fraction. Adapted from John M. Dagle, Matthew A. Rysavy, Stephen K. Hunter, Tarah T. Colaizy, Timothy G. Elgin, Regan E. Giesinger, Steve J. McElroy, Heidi M. Harmon, Jonathan M. Klein, Patrick J. McNamara, Cardiorespiratory management of infants born at 22 weeks’ gestation: The Iowa approach, Seminars in Perinatology, Volume 46, Issue 1, 2022</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Soon after DA ligation, some PTNB become hemodynamically unstable due to acute changes in pre- and afterload, with oxygenation failure and systemic hypoperfusion, particularly in the first 8 to 12 hours after DA ligation. Thus, an early echocardiographic evaluation is necessary to optimize the treatment of these patients.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>6. Does percutaneous treatment have its role?</title>
			<p>More recently, several studies have reported experiences with the percutaneous closure technique, using various devices for closing the canal in PTNB. Comparison with surgical ligation revealed a positive impact on post-procedure pulmonary outcome. Currently, percutaneous closure of the DA in extremely low-weight premature patients weighing more than 700 grams is a safe procedure, with high efficacy, low complication rates, and is proven to be associated with improved prognosis in well-selected patients. TTE is the exam of choice both for selecting favorable cases and for guiding the procedure, thus reducing the amount of contrast used. Canals with a diameter &lt; 4.0mm and length &gt; 3.0mm are the most appropriate for the devices currently used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>New perspectives in assessing DA and PH in preterm newborns</title>
			<p>More recent methods for assessing myocardial contractility were incorporated into the echocardiogram with the aim of assessing LV and RV function regardless of their geometry or ventricular filling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> One of these methods, speckle tracking (ST) by TTE, assesses myocardial fiber deformation during the cardiac cycle, allowing earlier diagnosis of myocardial dysfunction, before a drop in ejection fraction occurs. Levy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> demonstrated in a prospective study that it is possible to perform global longitudinal strain (GLS) of the RV using the ST method in PTNB patients with reliable reproducibility of right ventricular function and hemodynamic variations. Almeida et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> confirmed that the analysis of myocardial deformation through the ST technique by TTE is feasible and reproducible in PTNB ≤ 34 weeks of gestational age. It was also shown that radial and circumferential strain and GLS measurements are significantly higher in PTNB with DA with hemodynamic repercussions, possibly as a means of compensating for the left ventricular volume overload imposed by the large duct.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgments</title>
			<p>To dear Dr. Adriana Mello and Dr. Gabriela Leal, who contributed by sharing experience and bibliography.</p>
		</ack>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230035</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como Eu Faço Avaliação Ecocardiográfica do Recém-Nascido Prematuro</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6418-1424</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sawamura</surname>
						<given-names>Karen Saori Shiraishi</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa,obtenção de dados, análise e interpretação dos dados, redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6417-1744</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brito</surname>
						<given-names>Márcio Miranda</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados, análise e interpretação dos dados, redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil </country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brasil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, TO – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Municipal de Araguaína, Araguaína, TO – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Karen Saori Shiraishi Sawamura • Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, Diagnóstico e Imagem. Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 647. CEP: 05403-000. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: kasaori@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Avaliação ecocardiográfica do prematuro, por que fazer? A incidência de partos prematuros vem aumentando em todo o mundo e já afeta cerca de 10% dos nascidos vivos. Os recém-nascidos pré-termo extremo (RNPT) têm risco aumentado de evoluir com imaturidade pulmonar, levando à hipertensão pulmonar (HP), além de imaturidade cardiovascular e persistência do canal arterial (PCA). A monitorização hemodinâmica dessa população é desafiadora e difere do paciente grave pediátrico, devido à labilidade hemodinâmica. Assim, a manipulação mínima é essencial para evitar complicações. Nesse contexto, métodos de monitorização não invasivos como o ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) ganham importância para a avaliação hemodinâmica. Trata-se de um exame de baixo custo e sem radiação, que oferece boa visibilização anatômica e funcional em pacientes pediátricos, tornando-o uma ferramenta útil na condução clínica dos recém-nascidos pré-termo graves. O que você encontrará neste artigo Faremos uma abordagem objetiva, didática e, por vezes, bem-humorada sobre o uso do ecocardiograma no recém-nascido prematuro na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN), e discutiremos as particularidades ecocardiográficas próprias do prematuro, especialmente sobre ajustes do equipamento, HP e PCA.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Recém-nascido prematuro</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Neonatologia</kwd>
				<kwd>Hipertensão Pulmonar</kwd>
				<kwd>Canal Arterial</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A incidência de nascimento de pacientes prematuros vem aumentando significativamente nas últimas décadas e já afeta cerca de 10% dos nascidos vivos em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O advento do surfactante, do corticoide e o melhor entendimento sobre o manejo respiratório e hemodinâmico trouxeram como resultado a redução da morbidade e mortalidade desses pacientes, embora esses avanços ainda não sejam amplamente acessíveis em todo o país.</p>
				<p>Os recém-nascidos pré-termo extremo (RNPT) têm maior risco de apresentar imaturidade pulmonar com consequentes alterações no desenvolvimento alveolar, afetando a vasculatura pulmonar, além de persistência do canal arterial (PCA). Sabe-se também que a prematuridade por si só é um fator de risco independente para o remodelamento cardíaco que, associado ao aumento da resistência vascular pulmonar, resulta em sobrecarga do sistema cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Vale ainda ressaltar que a monitorização hemodinâmica dessa população difere daquela do paciente grave adulto e pediátrico, devido a diversos fatores como baixo peso (muitos pacientes pesando menos de 1 quilograma), labilidade hemodinâmica, volemia reduzida e imaturidade de todos os sistemas, especialmente o respiratório. Nesse contexto, a manipulação mínima do RNPT é essencial. Muitos dos dispositivos de monitorização invasiva usados em outros grupos de pacientes graves não podem ser utilizados aqui, aumentando a importância de métodos de monitorização não invasivos. O ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) é um exame de baixo custo, sem radiação, com boa visibilização anatômica e funcional dinâmica em pacientes pediátricos que vem, portanto, para acrescentar muito na condução clínica dos RNPT graves.</p>
				<p>Neste artigo, fez-se uma abordagem didática e objetiva do ecocardiograma em prematuros na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN); não houve a pretensão de discutir todos os parâmetros contidos no ecocardiograma neonatal, e sim as particularidades inerentes ao prematuro.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Ecocardiograma em pacientes menores que 1Kg, e agora?</title>
					<p>Dado o cenário de manipulação mínima do RNPT na UTIN, antes de iniciar o ETT propriamente dito, convém observar um panorama geral das condições encontradas e tentar obter o máximo de informações possíveis para que o exame seja breve e traga o máximo de informações possíveis para a condução do caso.</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>O paciente está em uso de ventilação invasiva? Se é não invasiva, há pressão positiva das vias aéreas nesse modo ventilatório?</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Há uso de droga vasoativa?</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Há uso de cateteres? Qual a posição?</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Quantos dias de vida?</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>Parece óbvio, mas vale ressaltar que esses pacientes possuem tênue equilíbrio hemodinâmico, logo, um aumento de pressão sobre a veia cava inferior (VCI) ao avaliar o plano subcostal com o transdutor, por exemplo, pode ser suficiente para colapsá-la, impedindo retorno venoso e reduzindo a pré-carga ventricular. Assim, deve-se atentar para a quantidade de força aplicada ao transdutor no abdome e tórax. O RNPT também é mais susceptível à hipotermia; desse modo, recomenda-se imprescindivelmente abrir a menor quantidade de portas da incubadora possível e não esquecer de fechá-las ao término do ETT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Como ajustar o equipamento para o ecocardiograma do prematuro?</title>
					<p>Os novos <italic>softwares</italic> de ecocardiograma apresentaram grandes avanços nos últimos anos, favorecendo uma melhor qualidade de imagem em pacientes com muito baixo peso. Muitos aparelhos vêm com <italic>pre-sets</italic> específicos para a população neonatal ou até prematuros, contudo, algumas dicas específicas podem ajudar a aperfeiçoar o exame:</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Usar transdutores com a maior frequência possível, portanto, quanto maior a frequência, maior o <italic>frame rate</italic>. Há, idealmente, transdutores de 12 Mhz (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>), porém, se não houver disponibilidade desse tipo de transdutor, procurar usar um que tenha frequência mínima de 8 Mhz;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Desligar a harmônica do ultrassom (estruturas pequenas e muito próximas ao transdutor avaliadas com transdutores de frequência alta não necessitam desse recurso);</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Pode-se usar o recurso de ajuste de “penetração/resolução” do aparelho; nesse caso, reduzir a penetração e aumentar a resolução (frequência); e</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>RNPT menores que 1Kg comumente apresentam janela paraesternal limitada (especialmente quando ventilados com pressão positiva); dessa forma, o uso da janela subcostal com planos alternativos faz-se bastante útil.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>O que há de especial no ecocardiograma do recém-nascido pré-termo?</title>
					<p>Considerando a importância de “olhar o todo”, mencionada anteriormente, é possível fazer uma analogia com a caça de uma águia: é importante sobrevoar livre e olhar o panorama geral (condições do paciente e aquisição de parâmetros gerais do ecocardiograma), no entanto, quando ela avista a presa, foca nos cálculos de velocidade de descida e na precisão do ataque. Assim como a águia caçando, o ETT do RNPT deve focar nas peculiaridades inerentes à prematuridade. Portanto, neste artigo não serão detalhados parâmetros como avaliação de função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), avaliação de repercussão de derrame pericárdico, avaliação de massas intracardíacas e nem cardiopatias congênitas complexas. Esses temas são mais bem abordados em outras referências, focaremos nas peculiaridades do RNPT.</p>
					<p>A imaturidade pulmonar tem um papel crucial nessa fisiopatologia. O pulmão sofre injúrias pré- e pós-natais, alterando o crescimento da vasculatura pulmonar, que por sua vez leva ao aumento da pós-carga imposta ao ventrículo direito (VD), levando à hipertensão pulmonar (HP). Em casos extremos, observa-se sobrecarga do sistema cardiovascular com insuficiência cardíaca direita e consequente piora do débito cardíaco esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Dessa forma, a avaliação cautelosa de todo o sistema cardíaco direito, a começar pelo retorno venoso sistêmico, as dimensões e função sistólica do VD, a estimativa de resistência vascular pulmonar e a inter-relação com o VE faz-se necessária.</p>
					<p>Outro ponto relevante é a avaliação da PCA. Sua prevalência em recém-nascidos prematuros é inversamente proporcional à idade gestacional, ocorrendo em 20% dos pacientes com idade gestacional superior a 32 semanas e em 80-90% dos prematuros com extremo baixo peso ao nascer (menor que 1.kg) e idade gestacional inferior a 26 semanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Como avaliar a HP em prematuros?</title>
					<p>Antes de mais nada deve-se excluir a presença de cardiopatias congênitas, exceto forame oval patente (FOP), comunicação interatrial (CIA) e PCA. Feito isto, pode-se iniciar a avaliação de HP no prematuro. Aqui é possível pensar como um sistema de conexões fechadas e segmentar o raciocínio da seguinte forma:</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>O aumento da pressão pulmonar é diretamente proporcional ao aumento da resistência vascular pulmonar (seja secundário à imaturidade do leito vascular pulmonar, seja por persistência do padrão fetal ou outras injúrias) enquanto o débito cardíaco pulmonar estiver mantido;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Há sobrecarga pressórica do VD, que evolui com dilatação e disfunção sistólica;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>A dilatação do VD (quando importante) somada à pressão pulmonar supra sistêmica faz com que fisicamente o VD insinue-se contra o VE, atrapalhando o débito cardíaco sistêmico pela redução do volume de enchimento do VE, além da menor pré-carga de retorno das veias pulmonares;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Todo esse processo leva ao aumento da pressão diastólica final do VD (PD<sub>2</sub> do VD) que significa aumento do átrio direito (AD), levando à congestão venosa; e</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Avaliação do padrão de fluxo através das comunicações.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>1. Quantificar é bom! Sempre é possível?</title>
					<sec>
						<title>1.1 Pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP)</title>
						<p>A medição da PSAP pode ser realizada através do Doppler do refluxo tricúspide (RT). A PSAP pode ser estimada utilizando-se a fórmula de Bernoulli modificada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> (Equação 1):</p>
						<disp-formula id="e1002">
							<mml:math>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
								<mml:msup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:msup>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(1)</label>
						</disp-formula>
						<p>Onde:</p>
						<p>PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (mmHg);</p>
						<p>VRT: velocidade máxima da regurgitação tricúspide (m/s); e</p>
						<p>PAD: pressão do AD (mmHg).</p>
						<p>A PAD frequentemente não é medida e pode ser considerada 3-5mmHg<sup>3</sup>, salvo em casos de ventilação mecânica invasiva com altos parâmetros pressóricos ou dilatação e redução da colapsabilidade da VCI considerando-se 7-10 mmHg.</p>
						<p>No entanto, nem sempre é possível estimar a PSAP, recomendando-se alinhar o cursor com o orifício de RT habitualmente no plano apical 4 câmaras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>). É importante atentar para a qualidade da curva de Doppler, já que a PSAP é proporcional à velocidade máxima elevada ao quadrado. Assim, se houver erro na medida, sua dimensão será exponencialmente subestimada.</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f02002">
								<label>Figura 2</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– A: Ilustração mostrando a forma de alinhar o cursor com o jato de regurgitação tricúspide (RT) no plano apical 4 câmaras. B: Doppler do RT. C: Padrão de fluxo do Doppler contínuo da tricúspide. AD: átrio direito; AE: átrio esquerdo; VD: Ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; RT: regurgitação tricúspide; P: pressão (mmHg); v: velocidade de fluxo (m/s).</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf02-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>Se o neonato tiver PCA, a PSAP pode ser estimada pelo alinhamento do Doppler do CA através da Equação 2:</p>
						<disp-formula id="e2002">
							<mml:math>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
								<mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
								<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>o</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:msup>
									<mml:mrow/>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:msup>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(2)</label>
						</disp-formula>
						<p>Onde</p>
						<p>PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (mmHg);</p>
						<p>PAS: pressão arterial sistólica (mmHg); e</p>
						<p>VAoTp: velocidade máxima de fluxo da aorta (Ao) para o tronco pulmonar (TP) (m/s).</p>
						<p>É fundamental comparar a pressão pulmonar obtida com a pressão sistólica sistêmica do paciente e não somente o valor absoluto. Vale a pena relatar se a pressão pulmonar obtida é menor do que 50% da pressão sistêmica, maior do que 50% da pressão sistêmica, ou maior do que a pressão sistêmica (HP importante).</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>1.2 Pressão média da artéria pulmonar (PMAP)</title>
						<p>A PMAP pode ser estimada através da curva de refluxo da artéria pulmonar (RP), através da Equação 3:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
						<disp-formula id="e3002">
							<mml:math>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:msup>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								</mml:msup>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:math>
							<label>(3)</label>
						</disp-formula>
						<p>Onde</p>
						<p>PMAP: pressão média da artéria pulmonar (mmHg);</p>
						<p>VRP: velocidade máxima do refluxo pulmonar (m/s); e</p>
						<p>PD<sub>2</sub>VD: pressão diastólica final do VD (mmHg).</p>
						<p>A PD<sub>2</sub> do VD pode ser considerada semelhante à PAD.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>1.3 Resistência vascular pulmonar: O padrão de Doppler pulmonar</title>
						<p>O padrão de Doppler da via de saída do VD pode prover informações relevantes sobre a estimativa da pós-carga do VD. Sabe-se que um encurtamento do tempo de aceleração sistólica correlaciona-se com o aumento da pressão pulmonar. Assim, espera-se um padrão de fluxo “simétrico” durante a sístole para pressões normais, um encurtamento do tempo de aceleração sistólica à medida que aumenta a pressão pulmonar e, por fim, um entalhe mesossistólico quando há HP suprassistêmica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>). Analogamente, a curva da integral da velocidade pelo tempo (VTI) reduz proporcionalmente com o aumento da resistência vascular pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f03002">
								<label>Figura 3</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Padrão de Doppler da artéria pulmonar. Na primeira imagem (a) observa-se o padrão simétrico do Doppler da artéria pulmonar no paciente com resistência vascular pulmonar normal, em azul, a área sob a curva proporcional ao VTI pulmonar. Na segunda imagem (b), observa-se o entalhe mesossistólico (seta) e a representação do VTI (área vermelha) do paciente com aumento da resistência vascular pulmonar. Imagem abaixo mostra a representação dos padrões de Doppler.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf03-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2. Força bruta contra a complacência: Dilatação e disfunção</title>
				<sec>
					<title>2.1 A avaliação das dimensões do VD:</title>
					<p>O VD é uma câmara cardíaca complacente que evolui com hipertrofia e dilatação como resposta ao aumento de pós-carga. Posto isso, deve-se buscar ativamente sinais de dilatação ventricular em todos os planos. Sabe-se que o acesso à morfologia do VD é complexo através da avaliação do ETT bidimensional, como pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4-A</xref> do ecocardiograma tridimensional do VD, reforçando a importância da avaliação por imagem em diferentes planos ecocardiográficos. O VD e o VE comumente têm dimensões semelhantes no plano apical 4 câmaras durante o período neonatal, porém o VD não deve ser maior do que o VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4-B e 4-C</xref>). O plano do eixo curto paraesternal complementa a avaliação do VD, podendo ser indexados por superfície corpórea e idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04002">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Ecocardiograma tridimensional do ventrículo direito, visto por diferentes ângulos, evidenciando a complexidade da sua morfologia (A). Ecocardiograma bidimensional mostrando plano apical 4 câmaras normal do RNPT sem hipertensão pulmonar com proporções normais de dimensões de VE e VD (B) e de RNPT com hipertensão pulmonar mostrando dilatação das câmaras direitas (C). AD: Átrio direito; AE: Átrio esquerdo; VD: Ventrículo direito; VE: Ventrículo esquerdo; RNPT: Recém nascido prétermo.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf04-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2.2 Avaliação da função sistólica do VD:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>2.2.1 Excursão Sistólica do Anel da Valva Tricúspide (TAPSE)</title>
					<p>A TAPSE é a medida da distância percorrida pelo anel da valva tricúspide em direção ao ápice cardíaco durante a sístole. É adquirida no plano apical quatro câmaras, usualmente posicionando-se o cursor do Modo M, na porção lateral do anel da valva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 5</xref>). O valor da TAPSE se correlaciona negativamente com os valores de resistência vascular pulmonar e de pressão pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os valores de normalidade para o TAPSE em neonatos são indexados por superfície corpórea e variam ao longo dos dias de vida. Jain et al. encontrou uma TAPSE média de 0,92 cm no primeiro dia de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f05002">
							<label>Figura 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– A: Plano apical 4 câmaras mostrando o Modo M da parede livre do VD, a seta vermelha mostra a movimentação sistólica do anel valvar tricúspide (TAPSE). B: Variação fracional da área do VD (FAC). VD: Ventrículo direito; VE: Ventrículo esquerdo; AD: Átrio direito; AE: Átrio esquerdo.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf05-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>2.2.2 Variação fracional da área do VD</title>
					<p>A variação fracional da área do VD (FAC) é a variação da área do VD da sístole comparada à diástole, incorpora a função sistólica global do VD, e pode ser obtida com imagem bidimensional do corte apical quatro câmaras modificado para o VD, no qual devem-se tracejar as paredes do endocárdio na diástole (área diastólica final) e na sístole (área sistólica final), conforme a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 5</xref>. O valor de normalidade da FAC em adultos é maior do que 35%; em neonatos também pode variar com os dias de vida e com a superfície corpórea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Pode ser obtido pela seguinte equação:</p>
					<disp-formula id="e4002">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfrac>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mtext> área diastólica final - área sistólica final </mml:mtext>
									<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
									<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mtext> área diastólica final </mml:mtext>
							</mml:mfrac>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
					<p>Há outros modos de avaliação da função sistólica do VD que não serão detalhados neste artigo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os citados acima são os mais utilizados na prática.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>3. Alta pressão: Dois corpos não ocupam o mesmo espaço. A retificação do septo interventricular (SIV)</title>
				<p>A sobrecarga pressórica do VD leva à retificação do SIV no final da sístole ventricular, resultando em alteração da configuração do VE que vai do formato de “O” (normal) para o formato de “crescente” (na HP importante) passando pelo formato de “D”, quando visualizado no corte paraesternal eixo curto. A avaliação do SIV oferece evidências indiretas de aumento das pressões em câmaras direitas e é especialmente importante na impossibilidade de obtenção de estimativa objetiva de pressão pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">Figura 6</xref>). Pode-se inclusive inferir a relação da pressão pulmonar com a sistêmica de acordo com a curvatura do SIV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> como visto na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f06002">
						<label>Figura 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiograma no eixo curto, mostrando o formato do VE. A: Formato de “O”, estimativa da PVD &lt;50% da PVE; B: RN com hipertensão pulmonar, formato de “D”, estimativa da PVD 50-100% da PVE; C: RN com hérnia diafragmática e HP importante, formato de “crescente”, estimativa da PVD &gt; 100% da PVE.</title>
							<p>VE: Ventrículo esquerdo; PVD: Pressão do ventrículo direito; PVE: Pressão do ventrículo esquerdo; RN: recém nascido; HP: Hipertensão pulmonar.</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf06-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Estimativa da PVD baseada na configuração do VE</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Configuração do VE</th>
									<th align="left">Estimativa da PVD</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Formato de “O”</td>
									<td>&lt;50% da PVE</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Formato de “D”</td>
									<td>50-100% da PVE</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Formato de “crescente”</td>
									<td>&gt;100% da PVE</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>Modificado de WP de Boode et al.,2018. PVD: Pressão do ventrículo direito; VE: Ventrículo esquerdo; PVE: Pressão do ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>3.1. Índice de Excentricidade (IE)</title>
					<p>O IE é derivado da razão entre os diâmetros anteroposterior e septolateral do VE obtidos no corte paraesternal eixo curto no nível do músculo papilar no final da sístole ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07002">Figura 7</xref>). IE &gt; 1,3 está relacionado a pressão pulmonar superior à metade da pressão sistêmica, com boa especificidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f07002">
							<label>Figura 7</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Ecocardiograma no plano paraesternal eixo curto no nível do músculo papilar ao final da sístole ventricular. IE= A/B. IE: Índice de excentricidade.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf07-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>4. Tubos e conexões: Retorno venoso sistêmico prejudicado</title>
				<p>Observou-se até aqui que o RNPT com HP apresenta aumento da PD<sub>2</sub> do VD, com consequente aumento da pressão do AD e frequentemente apresenta dilatação e redução de colapsabilidade da VCI. Nessa população, a avaliação das dimensões da VCI é feita de forma subjetiva e a colapsabilidade pode ser calculada pela Equação 4:</p>
				<disp-formula id="e5002">
					<mml:math>
						<mml:msub>
							<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mo>max</mml:mo>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:msub>
						<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
						<mml:msub>
							<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mo>min</mml:mo>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:msub>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
						</mml:mrow>
						<mml:msub>
							<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mo>max</mml:mo>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:msub>
					</mml:math>
					<label>(4)</label>
				</disp-formula>
				<p>Onde D<sub>max</sub> é o diâmetro máximo da VCI e D<sub>min</sub> é o diâmetro mínimo medido, como na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>. Essa medida é expressa em porcentagem<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>. Outro indicador subjetivo de aumento da pressão pulmonar que pode ser observado no retorno venoso sistêmico é o fluxo reverso evidente nas veias hepáticas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08002">Figura 8</xref>). Vale enfatizar que o aumento da pressão do AD pode se dar por diversas causas além de HP (hipervolemia, insuficiência tricúspide importante, disfunção sistólica ou diastólica do VD etc.), o que ressalta a importância da correlação com dados clínicos.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Transdutor de alta frequência usado para avaliação de estruturas próximas (4-6cm) ao esterno, útil para avaliação de pacientes de baixo peso.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f08002">
						<label>Figura 8</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A: Modo M da VCI, as setas em vermelho mostram a variação respiratória do diâmetro da VCI; B: Mapeamento de fluxo em cores da veia hepática mostrando fluxo anterógrado (azul) e reverso (vermelho). VCI: Veia cava inferior.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf08-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>5. Comunicações entre o leito sistêmico e pulmonar: Um problema ou um alívio?</title>
				<p>Nas situações de pressão pulmonar normal, <italic>shunts</italic> como a CIA e a PCA apresentam fluxo direcionado das câmaras esquerdas para as direitas. O aumento de pressão nas câmaras direitas faz com que haja fluxo do AD para o átrio esquerdo (AE) através da CIA. A inversão de fluxo no canal arterial (CA) traduz HP importante já que a pressão pulmonar supera a sistêmica. A pressão pulmonar pode ser estimada conforme comentada acima. Nos casos de HP importante, a pré-carga do VE proveniente do retorno venoso pulmonar pode estar muito reduzida, o fluxo proveniente do lado direito pelas comunicações pode ajudar a complementar essa pré-carga e elevar o débito cardíaco sistêmico.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Importância da avaliação do CA no prematuro</title>
				<p>A PCA é um problema comum na UTIN e pode ter efeitos deletérios tanto no recém-nascido de termo gravemente enfermo como no RNPT.</p>
				<p>Uma falha no fechamento do CA associada a uma queda na resistência vascular pulmonar pós-parto resulta em um <italic>shunt</italic> esquerda-direita. As consequências podem incluir hiperfluxo pulmonar e/ou hipoperfusão sistêmica, ambas associadas a elevação de morbidade. O impacto clínico depende da magnitude do fluxo, das comorbidades existentes e da capacidade do neonato de iniciar mecanismos compensatórios. O aumento do fluxo pulmonar e o acúmulo de líquido intersticial secundário ao grande canal pérvio contribui para a diminuição da complacência pulmonar e para o aumento da PD<sub>2</sub> do VE, o que pode ser mais pronunciado em prematuros, uma vez que a complacência ventricular é menor.</p>
				<p>Em RNPT, um canal hemodinamicamente significativo está associado a um risco aumentado de edema pulmonar, hemorragia pulmonar, displasia bronco pulmonar e aumento do tempo de ventilação pulmonar. Embora a presença de um canal amplo corrobore para um débito cardíaco aumentado, o fluxo sanguíneo pós-ductal é reduzido devido ao <italic>shunt</italic> da esquerda para a direita, resultando em redução do fornecimento de oxigênio e perfusão para órgãos vitais, contribuindo assim para um risco aumentado de hemorragia intra- e periventricular, enterocolite necrosante, lesão renal e hipotensão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os achados clínicos podem desenvolver-se mais cedo naqueles pacientes tratados com surfactante porque a redução na resistência vascular pulmonar associada à melhora da função pulmonar resulta em aumento do <italic>shunt</italic> esquerda-direita.</p>
				<p>O fechamento cirúrgico ou farmacológico deve ser postergado em pacientes com HP importante devido ao risco de falência cardíaca direita. A avaliação da função ventricular deve ser realizada através de métodos qualitativos e quantitativos nesses casos, sempre comparando a exames anteriores, caso disponíveis.</p>
				<p>A quantificação do tamanho das câmaras cardíacas esquerdas reflete o efeito crônico da sobrecarga de volume do VE devido ao <italic>shunt</italic> esquerda-direita através do ducto e, portanto, não é um parâmetro precoce de repercussão hemodinâmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>1. Avaliação anatômica do CA</title>
				<p>A primeira avaliação ecocardiográfica deve ser sempre abrangente para excluir cardiopatias congênitas. Os seguintes planos são utilizados na avaliação do CA:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>No eixo curto paraesternal, o canal pode ser visualizado lateralmente ao ramo pulmonar esquerdo e conectando-se à aorta torácica descendente na extremidade oposta. Com uma leve inclinação, é possível alongar a aorta e obter uma melhor imagem do canal;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>No eixo curto paraesternal esquerdo alto, também chamado de corte do canal, é possível avaliar todo o trajeto do CA. Esse corte é obtido colocando-se o transdutor na área infraclavicular esquerda, entre a fúrcula e o plano paraesternal convencional. Esse plano permite uma medida mais precisa do tamanho do defeito, normalmente adquirida em seu ponto mais estreito, próximo da artéria pulmonar esquerda (APE). Preferir a medida ao bidimensional pois o Doppler colorido tende a superestimar o tamanho do CA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09002">Figura 9</xref>); e</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f09002">
								<label>Figura 9</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Corte paraesternal esquerdo alto. A: representação no boneco do local do corte paraesternal esquerdo alto (“corte do canal”). B: Ecocardiograma no plano paraesternal esquerdo alto demonstrando o local de medida do canal arterial, bem como a relação do mesmo com a artéria pulmonar esquerda, tronco pulmonar e aorta. TP: tronco pulmonar; PCA: persistência do canal arterial; Ao: aorta descendente.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf09-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>O plano supraesternal eixo longo com angulação na direção da APE permite uma ampla visualização do CA.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>O ecocardiografista deve fornecer informações referentes à morfologia, medidas dos diâmetros das extremidades pulmonar e aórtica, comprimento total e local de maior estreitamento do canal, principalmente nos casos candidatos a fechamento percutâneo. A determinação assertiva do diâmetro é de extrema importância no sentido de provável impacto hemodinâmico, sendo que diâmetro ≤1,5 mm está associado a um risco de discreta repercussão clínica, diâmetro entre 1,5 e 3,0mm com moderada repercussão hemodinâmica e acima de 3,0mm com importante repercussão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Krichenko et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> descreveram a PCA isolada como vista pela angiografia em cinco grupos principais, usando como referência o local de estreitamento do canal:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Grupo A ou ductus cônico: extremidade pulmonar estreita e ampulheta na extremidade aórtica;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Grupo B ou ductus tipo janela: canal curto e estreito na região aórtica, amplo na região pulmonar;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Grupo C: compreende o ductus tubular sem constrição na extremidade aórtica e pulmonar;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Grupo D ou sacular: o ductus tem região central ampla com constrição aórtica e pulmonar;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Grupo E: canal é alongado, com constrição na extremidade pulmonar; e</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Grupo F (fetal): em neonatos prematuros que não se enquadram em nenhuma morfologia descrita anteriormente, geralmente com canais amplos e tortuosos, sem estenoses significativas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10002">Figura 10</xref>).</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f10002">
								<label>Figura 11</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Padrão Doppler do canal arterial. A: fluxo pulsátil bidirecional pelo canal arterial. B: fluxo pulsátil direita-esquerda pelo canal arterial. C: Curva de fluxo com padrão contínuo esquerda-direita com velocidade diastólica maior que 50% da velocidade sistólica, sugestivo de canal restritivo. D: Curva de fluxo tendendo a pulsátil, com velocidade diastólica &lt; 50% da velocidade sistólica.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf10-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2. Avaliação Doppler do canal: novos paradigmas</title>
				<p>O mapeamento de fluxo a cores melhora a visualização do CA, principalmente daqueles com pequeno calibre (&lt;1mm), permite a visualização do local de maior aceleração do fluxo, melhorando o posicionamento e alinhamento da amostra do Doppler. A direção do fluxo pode ser esquerda-direita, bidirecional ou direita-esquerda, como visto na HP grave com pressão pulmonar suprassistêmica e nas cardiopatias com fluxo sistêmico dependente de CA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11002">Figura 11</xref>). Velocidades de fluxo abaixo de 1m/s devem ser registradas com o Doppler pulsátil. O Doppler contínuo com a amostra no CA permite quantificar a pressão da artéria pulmonar utilizando a equação de Bernoulli modificada. Essa medida se correlaciona com o gradiente de pico instantâneo entre a aorta e a artéria pulmonar pelo cateterismo cardíaco. Dessa forma, aferindo a pressão sistólica sistêmica do paciente pelos métodos convencionais durante o exame de ecocardiograma e subtraindo-se pelo gradiente de pico obtido pelo Doppler contínuo, é possível estimar a PSAP. No caso de fluxo direita-esquerda, a pressão sistólica pulmonar é estimada somando-se o gradiente de pressão obtido pela equação de Bernoulli à pressão sistólica sistêmica aferida no momento do exame. Se o padrão de fluxo ao Doppler é bidirecional, com fluxo direita-esquerda ocupando menos que 30% do ciclo cardíaco, provavelmente a pressão pulmonar é inferior à sistêmica. Essa medida de tempo do fluxo bidirecional pode ser obtida também usando o modo M colorido nos casos duvidosos. Cuidado adicional deve ser tomado com contaminação de fluxo no Doppler contínuo de estruturas adjacentes ao canal, como a APE, aorta e colaterais sistêmico pulmonares.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f11002">
						<label>Figura 10</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Classificação de Krichenco para canal arterial isolado Adaptado de: DeFaria Yeh, Doreen; Bhatt, Ami (2018). [In Clinical Practice] Adult Congenital Heart Disease in Clinical Practice || Patent Ductus Arteriosus. , (Chapter 7), 91–105. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67420-9_7</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf11-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>O aspecto e a velocidade da curva Doppler também já nos dá sinais importantes sobre o grau de restrição de fluxo. Em um CA pequeno, restritivo e sem repercussão hemodinâmica, a curva do Doppler mostra uma alta velocidade de fluxo contínuo, tanto na sístole quanto na diástole, com velocidade diastólica máxima superior a 2,0m/s. Os canais amplos, sem restrição de fluxo, com importante repercussão hemodinâmica, apresentam curva de fluxo tendendo mais a fluxo pulsátil, com componente diastólico com velocidade menor que 1,0m/s e uma ampla diferença de velocidade sistólica e diastólica. Os canais com moderada repercussão hemodinâmica têm modelo de fluxo pulsátil, não restritivo e velocidade diastólica máxima menor que 2,0m/s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11002">Figura 11</xref>).</p>
				<p>Quando se analisa a velocidade máxima do canal no final da sístole, é possível classificar como canal pequeno aquele com velocidade acima de 2,5m/s; como moderado entre 1,5 e 2,5m/s; e como grande aqueles com velocidade abaixo de 1,5m/s.</p>
				<p>É importante a diferenciação dos padrões Doppler da artéria pulmonar do CA com <italic>shunt</italic> direita-esquerda. O Doppler espectral da artéria pulmonar começa no início da sístole e alcança amplitude máxima rapidamente, enquanto o fluxo proveniente do CA com <italic>shunt</italic> direita-esquerda começa em uma fase mais adiantada da sístole e alcança amplitude máxima entre o meio e o final da sístole.</p>
				<p>Em alguns casos, um serrilhado característico na curva do Doppler pulsado da valva pulmonar poderá ser observado, levantando a suspeita de CA pequeno não visualizado anteriormente no exame (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12002">Figura 12</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f12002">
						<label>Figura 12</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A: Doppler pulsado da valva pulmonar demonstrando um serrilhado na parte ascendente da curva conforme demostrado pela seta, sugestivo de contaminação de fluxo proveniente do canal arterial. B: Padrão Doppler do fluxo na artéria pulmonar esquerda demonstrando componente diastólico final com alta velocidade preditivo de hiperfluxo pulmonar.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf12-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>O fluxo anterógrado diastólico da APE tem sido considerado um marcador de hiperfluxo pulmonar nos neonatos. Essa medida é obtida com o marcador no terço proximal da APE. Alguns autores demonstraram que uma velocidade média da APE de 0,42m/s e/ou uma velocidade diastólica final de 0,2m/s são preditivos de um Q<sub>p</sub>/Q<sub>s</sub> acima de 2, com alta sensibilidade e especificidade (Figura 12-B).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A avaliação da relação E/A no Doppler pulsado da valva mitral pode mostrar sinais de elevação da pressão de enchimento do coração esquerdo, com relação E/A superior a 1,5 em canais grandes e relação E/A de 1 a 1,5 em canais moderados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13002">Figura 13</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f13002">
						<label>Figura 13</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A: Padrão Doppler da valva mitral no corte apical quatro câmaras demonstrando alteração da relação da onda E/A nos recém nascidos pré-termos com canal arterial amplo. B: Padrão Doppler da aorta descendente abdominal, seta mostra a presença de fluxo reverso holodiastólico.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230035-gf13-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>3. E a medida do Qp/Qs realmente importa no recém-nascido pré-termo?</title>
				<p>Em cardiopatias congênitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar, é comum o uso de medidas de comparação do débito cardíaco pulmonar com o débito sistêmico (Qp/Qs) para estimativa do grau do <italic>shunt</italic>. A ecocardiografia pode estimar essa relação com boa correlação com os dados obtidos durante o estudo hemodinâmico. No CA, o cálculo do Q<sub>p</sub>/Q<sub>s</sub> é realizado diferente da forma de outras cardiopatias congênitas como CIA e comunicação interventricular. O fluxo pela valva pulmonar corresponde ao fluxo sistêmico (Q<sub>s</sub>) e o fluxo pela valva aórtica representa o fluxo pulmonar efetivo (soma do Q<sub>s</sub> com o fluxo proveniente do CA, causando sobrecarga das câmaras cardíacas esquerdas). A presença de um FOP no neonato, comunicações interatriais maiores que 3mm, bem como alterações de fluxo proveniente das veias cavas, podem alterar a estimativa do débito do VD e consequentemente o fluxo sistêmico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>4. Sinais de roubo de fluxo sistêmico são facilmente avaliados?</title>
				<p>Um CA grande com desvio significativo de fluxo da esquerda para a direita resultará em um fluxo retrógrado significativo da aorta torácica e abdominal. A quantidade de fluxo diastólico retrógrado pode ser &gt;50% do fluxo aórtico total em recém-nascidos com CA grande, contribuindo para uma perfusão sistêmica diminuída (renal, intestinal e até mesmo coronariana). Vários índices baseados nos padrões de velocidade do fluxo arterial pulmonar, aórtico e periférico foram propostos como métodos objetivos na avaliação da magnitude do roubo ductal. A avaliação qualitativa do traçado do Doppler pulsado da aorta descendente permite identificar a presença de fluxo reverso holodiastólico na aorta abdominal e na artéria mesentérica superior, ambas avaliadas no plano subcostal ou sagital abdominal (Figura 13-B). A presença de fluxo reverso holodiastólico sugere roubo de fluxo moderado, o que se associa a um Q<sub>p</sub>/Q<sub>s</sub> superior a 1,6, sendo um dos sinais mais específicos de repercussão hemodinâmica. O fluxo reverso na aorta abdominal pode ocorrer em outras cardiopatias congênitas que devem ser exaustivamente investigadas e descartadas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>5. Proposta de avaliação do CA baseado em uma tabela de pontuações</title>
				<p>Um estudo recente do grupo de Iowa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> propõe um escore ecocardiográfico útil para avaliar a repercussão hemodinâmica do CA através de sinais de hiperfluxo pulmonar e hipofluxo sistêmico. O escore é obtido com a soma dos pontos das variáveis listadas na tabela abaixo somada ao diâmetro do canal dividido pelo peso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>). Tratamento tem sido considerado quando escore ≥ 6.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Escore IOWA de avaliação ecocardiográfica da repercussão do canal arterial</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">ESCORE IOWA PCA</th>
									<th>0</th>
									<th>1</th>
									<th>2</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Velocidade E Mitral (cm/s)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 45</td>
									<td align="center">45 - 80</td>
									<td align="center">&gt; 80</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TRIV (ms)</td>
									<td align="center">&gt; 50</td>
									<td align="center">30 - 50</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Velocidade D VP (cm/s)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,3</td>
									<td align="center">0,3 - 0,5</td>
									<td align="center">&gt; 0,5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>AE/Ao</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 1,3</td>
									<td align="center">1,3 - 2,2</td>
									<td align="center">&gt; 2,2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DCVE: DCVD</td>
									<td align="center">≤ 1</td>
									<td align="center">1 - 1,7</td>
									<td align="center">&gt; 1,7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Aorta / fluxo periférico</td>
									<td align="center">Anterógrado</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Reverso</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2002">
								<p>PCA: persistência do canal arterial; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico; VP: veia pulmonar; AE: átrio esquerdo; Ao: aorta; DCVE: debito cardíaco do ventrículo esquerdo; DCVD: debito cardíaco do ventrículo direito. Adaptado de John M. Dagle, Matthew A. Rysavy, Stephen K. Hunter, Tarah T. Colaizy, Timothy G. Elgin, Regan E. Giesinger, Steve J. McElroy, Heidi M. Harmon, Jonathan M. Klein, Patrick J. McNamara, Cardiorespiratory management of infants born at 22 weeks’ gestation: The Iowa approach, Seminars in Perinatology,Volume 46, Issue 1, 2022</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Logo após a ligadura do CA, alguns RNPT tornam-se hemodinamicamente instáveis devido a alterações agudas na pré- e na pós-carga, com falha na oxigenação e hipoperfusão sistêmica, particularmente nas primeiras 8 a 12h após a ligadura do CA. Dessa forma, uma avaliação ecocardiográfica precoce se faz necessária para otimizar o tratamento desses pacientes.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>6. O tratamento percutâneo tem o seu papel?</title>
				<p>Mais recentemente, vários estudos relataram experiências com a técnica de fechamento percutâneo, utilizando vários dispositivos para fechamento do canal em RNPT. A comparação com a ligadura cirúrgica revelou impacto positivo no desfecho pulmonar pós-procedimento. Atualmente, o fechamento percutâneo do CA em pacientes prematuros de extremo baixo peso, acima de 700 gramas, é um procedimento seguro, com alta eficácia, baixas taxa de complicações e está comprovadamente associado à melhora do prognóstico de pacientes bem selecionados. O ETT é o exame de escolha tanto na seleção dos casos favoráveis quanto para guiar o procedimento, reduzindo assim a quantidade de contraste utilizada. Os canais com diâmetro &lt; 4,0mm e comprimento &gt; 3,0mm são os mais apropriados para os dispositivos atualmente utilizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Novas perspectivas na avaliação do CA e da HP no recém-nascido pré-termo</title>
				<p>Métodos mais recentes para a avaliação da contratilidade miocárdica foram incorporados ao ecocardiograma com o intuito de avaliar a função do VE e do VD independentemente da sua geometria ou do enchimento ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Um desses métodos, o <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (ST) pela ETT, avalia a deformação da fibra miocárdica durante o ciclo cardíaco, permitindo o diagnóstico mais precoce de disfunção miocárdica, antes que ocorra queda da fração de ejeção. Levy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> demonstraram em um estudo prospectivo que é possível realizar <italic>strain</italic> global de pico sistólico longitudinal (SGPSL) do VD pelo método de ST em pacientes RNPT com reprodutibilidade confiável da função ventricular direita e das variações hemodinâmicas. Almeida et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> comprovaram que a análise da deformação miocárdica através da técnica de ST pela ETT é viável e reprodutível em RNPT ≤ 34 semanas de idade gestacional. Também foi evidenciado que as medidas de <italic>strain</italic> e SGPSL, radial e circunferencial, são significativamente maiores em RNPT com CA com repercussão hemodinâmica, possivelmente como um meio de compensar a sobrecarga de volume do VE imposta pelo grande canal.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimentos</title>
				<p>Às queridas Dra. Adriana Mello e Dra. Gabriela Leal, que contribuíram compartilhando experiência e bibliografia.</p>
			</ack>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>