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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230034i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach To: Vascular Ultrasonography in Dolichoarteriopathies of the Carotid Arteries</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4217-8977</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cantisano</surname>
						<given-names>Armando Luis</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research, acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content,analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-7652-093X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Grubert</surname>
						<given-names>Catarina Schiavo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Barra D’Or, Ecocardiograma</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Barra D’Or, Ecocardiograma, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Armando Luis Cantisano • Hospital Barra D’Or, Ecocardiograma. Av. Ayrton Senna, 3079. Postal Code: 22775-002. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil E-mail: <email>alcantisano@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Simone Nascimento dos Santos</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230034</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>7</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>9</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>This article provides step-by-step guidance on how I investigate, classify and evaluate dolichoarteriopathies anatomically and hemodynamically, often found in the carotid and vertebral arteries. Dolichoarteriopathies may be present in children, disappearing during growth and reappearing with increasing age. Previously considered benign anatomic variations (AVs), discussion has arisen on the topic in view of new implications due to associations with cardiovascular events, risk factors, and various pathologies.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Anatomic Variation</kwd>
				<kwd>Carotid Arteries</kwd>
				<kwd>Ultrasonography, Carotid Arteries</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="16"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="18"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The internal carotid artery (ICA) usually runs a straight extracranial course in the parapharyngeal space to the base of the skull, without branching. It runs posterolaterally to the pharyngeal wall and the external carotid artery and medial to the internal jugular vein. However, the vessel may elongate to form tortuosity, coils, loops, and kinks. These anatomic variations (AVs), also called dolichoarteriopathies, are frequently found in the general population, ranging from 10% to 45%, with 5% of them being pronounced aberrations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Among AVs, kinking is the most prevalent. Women are predominantly affected by kinking and coiling, while both men and women are equally affected by tortuosity. The incidence rate of AVs increases with age and is particularly high in people over the age of 70 years. The peak prevalence has a bimodal characteristic, occurring in the youngest and oldest extremities, with a lower incidence between 21 and 60 years of age ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Prevalence of coils and kinks stratified by age decades</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" scope="col">Age groups (years)</th>
								<th scope="col">Patients undergoing ECD of ICA (2856) (n)</th>
								<th scope="col">Patients with ICCK (284) (n)</th>
								<th colspan="2" scope="col">Prevalence, % (ratio)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">0–10</td>
								<td align="center">208</td>
								<td align="center">39</td>
								<td align="center">18.8</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">15.2% (57/374)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>11–20</td>
								<td align="center">166</td>
								<td align="center">18</td>
								<td align="center">10.8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>21–30</td>
								<td align="center">55</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">3.6</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">4.4 % (5/113)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>31–40</td>
								<td align="center">58</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">5.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>41–50</td>
								<td align="center">228</td>
								<td align="center">18</td>
								<td align="center">7.9</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">5.3% (36/682)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>51–60</td>
								<td align="center">454</td>
								<td align="center">18</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>61–70</td>
								<td align="center">777</td>
								<td align="center">59</td>
								<td align="center">7.6</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">11% (186/1687)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>71–80</td>
								<td align="center">680</td>
								<td align="center">90</td>
								<td align="center">13.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>&gt; 80</td>
								<td align="center">230</td>
								<td align="center">37</td>
								<td align="center">16.1</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>ECD : echo-color Doppler; ICA: internal carotid artery; ICCK: internal carotid coiling and kinking. Table adapted from Luigi Di Pino et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
							</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>In children, AVs are often the reason for reduced cognitive and neuropsychological capacity, with developmental delay and presence of focal seizures or status epilepticus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> It is a sporadic congenital condition that, apparently, decreases and/or disappears with increasing age and body growth due to stretching of the aorta and supra-aortic trunk. In older people, however, dolichoarteriopathies may manifest due to senile crushing (eg, osteoporotic vertebral compression).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Different hypotheses for the development of AVs include embryological and genetic causes and the presence of fibromuscular dysplasia (more closely related to coiling), as well as the process of atherosclerosis in patients with hypertension, diabetes and smokers (more closely related to kinking and tortuosity).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The ICA is normally coiled during intrauterine development, and straightening occurs as the fetal heart and great vessels descend into the mediastinum. If the descent is incomplete, coiling of the ICA occurs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>There is an increased prevalence of kinking in patients with arterial hypertension, probably due to increased endoluminal pressure and parietal tension, favoring endothelial thickening and deformation. A more severe alteration in vessel wall elasticity may also be related to postmenopause in women due to the hormonal process, without excluding a bias associated with the larger number of comorbidities in men. This might explain the higher overall prevalence of AVs in women than in men aged 60 years or older.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The carotid ultrasound study assesses ICA’s morphological and atherothrombotic risk by observing alterations in arterial wall thickness and hemodynamic disturbance due to luminal narrowing, which may lead to turbulent blood flow, thus predisposing patients to stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, not all AVs lead to stroke, which occurs in 11% to 33% of cases with AVs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Coiling and tortuosity cannot be considered risk factors for ischemic events due to their weak association with cerebrovascular events. Kinking, however, even in the absence of atherosclerotic plaques, is more closely associated with the onset of events, being aggravated when combined with carotid stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Cerebral ischemia occurs by two mechanisms: thromboembolic mechanism, resulting from endothelial lesions associated with blood flow stasis at the kink level and the occurrence of microembolization; and hemodynamic mechanism, which plays a role in both neutral and dynamic conditions. The smaller the angle formed between the kinked carotid segments, the greater the resistance to blood flow, which can worsen in conditions such as hypotension during sleep or flexion and/or extension of the head. Altogether, these situations may lead to vessel collapse at the point of greatest narrowing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Dolichoarteriopathies can be classified into 3 types, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> :<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Classification of dolichoarteriopathies: Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230034-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<list list-type="bullet">
				<list-item>
					<p>Type 1: S- or C-shaped tortuosity of a non-rectilinear artery segment with an angulation &gt; 90°;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Type 2: a 360° angulation of an artery on its transverse axis in a circular or spiral shape (coil);</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Type 3: torsion of the inflection of 2 or more segments of an artery with an internal angle of ≤ 90° (kinking).</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
			<p>While Type 2 or coiling is attributed to embryological causes, the other two types are generally caused by the aging process with progression of atherosclerosis or by fibromuscular dysplasia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The anatomic classification of kinks using the Metz criteria is performed as follows ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> ):<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Anatomic classification of kinks. Mild kinking, angle between 60° and 90° (A); moderate kinking, angle between 30° and 60° (B); severe kinking, angle &lt; 30° (C).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230034-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<list list-type="bullet">
				<list-item>
					<p>Mild kinking: acute ICA angle between the two segments forming the kink, ≥ 60°;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Moderate kinking: acute ICA angle between the two segments forming the kink, between 30° and 60°;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Severe kinking: acute ICA angle between the two segments forming the kink, &lt; 30°.</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
			<p>Kinks are common among patients with ischemic stroke, affecting both the intracranial and extracranial vasculature. The unfavorable anatomy of these vessels has been identified as an impediment to several types of endovascular treatment, such as ICA catheterization, leading to worse outcomes with increased revascularization time during thrombectomy. Alternative procedures include vessel resection and bypass grafting. Carotid stenting may also have its outcome quite impaired, since this device will further stretch the carotid artery, making a distal kink to become even more kinked. Twists and spirals are a contraindication to endovascular interventions because of the danger associated with passing a wire through an angled segment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Carotid ultrasound is the gold standard for assessing extracranial circulation, has replaced carotid arteriography as a screening test for carotid artery occlusive disease, and has low cost, minimal risk, and good diagnostic accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The use of intraoperative duplex ultrasonography in carotid endarterectomy has allowed the identification and repair of intraluminal residual defects, which may arise from the arterial reconstruction at the distal end of the repair and appear to result from hydrodynamic forces seen after primary closure of the arteriotomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The specificity of the method for predicting small ICA diameter, high carotid bifurcation, and a coiled or kinked carotid artery was 56%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The presence of severe tortuosity of an artery, high carotid bifurcation, obesity or arterial calcification will reduce the accuracy of the ultrasound. This method can be improved with the use of high-frequency combined with low-frequency probes. This combination can provide an intuitive interface with a complete anatomic image of the artery for surgeons.</p>
			<p>As it is a simple method that does not add risk or increase cost or discomfort for patients, the use of a convex probe is suggested as a complement to conventional ultrasound if necessary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> It is a noninvasive and effective method to easily detect vascular dysfunctions that allows us to assess the presence of AV-related submucosal masses in the posterior pharyngeal wall, which may be at risk for surgical injury to the oropharynx and laryngopharynx. Thus, it is possible try to predict cardiovascular events and complications during surgical procedures, both vascular and non-vascular, such as tonsillectomy, treatment of peritonsillar abscess, and adenoid surgery. Hence the great importance of careful and accurate examination prior to the procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Vascular ultrasound image acquisition technique with color flow mapping – “how I do it” step by step</title>
			<list list-type="order">
				<list-item>
					<p>Use a device with a multifrequency linear array transducer with frequencies greater than 7 MHz and color and power Doppler capability. Not infrequently, we need to use of a convex probe with frequencies ranging from 2 to 5 MHz in order to obtain an image of the complete extent of the carotid alteration and reach a greater depth;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Lay the patient in the supine position with the head slightly hyperextended and rotated 45° away from the side to be examined;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Perform an axial and longitudinal scan from the origin of the common carotid artery to the most distal visible portion of the ICA, looking for any tortuosity;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Using pulse Doppler, color Doppler and power Doppler, detect blood flow and determine its direction, velocity, spectral waveform, and morphology;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Using spectral or pulse Doppler, record the peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistance index in the common carotid artery, proximal ICA, and proximal external carotid artery;</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Once an AV is identified, still using pulse Doppler, record the velocities before, inside, and after the curved portion, keeping the angle correction at 0° ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref> ): <list list-type="alpha-lower">
							<list-item>
								<p>PSV &gt; 140 cm/s – hemodynamically significant parameter, suggestive of an approximately 50% diameter stenosis;</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>PSV &gt; 140 cm/s with EDV &lt; 70 cm/s – hemodynamically significant parameters, suggestive of 50% to 69% diameter stenosis;</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>PSV &gt; 140 cm/s with EDV &gt; 70 cm/s – parameter suggestive of 70% to 99% diameter stenosis.</p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Mapping of velocities along the kinked segment, without angle correction in the region of kinking.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230034-gf03.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04">
							<label>Figure 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Stenotic kinking with a peak velocity of 2.26 m/s. The common carotid artery velocity before the kinked segment was 0.68 m/s. Ratio = 3.3.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230034-gf04.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Calculate the PSV ratio between two carotid segments (velocity at the kinking level divided by the velocity obtained at 2 cm proximal to the internal branch before the lesion).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
			<p>If:</p>
			<list list-type="alpha-lower">
				<list-item>
					<p>Ratio &lt; 1.5 → physiological or stenosis &lt; 50%</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Ratio &gt; 3.2 → stenosis &gt; 60%</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Ratio &gt; 3.3 → stenosis &gt; 70%</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Technical pitfalls</title>
			<p>In our service, we usually use a ratio of 2.5 for kinks with significant stenosis (above 60%), a criterion used for the serial assessment of the severity of peripheral arterial occlusion. It is important to note that a kink is considered occlusive only when it presents a significant increase in pulse Doppler velocities. The degree of kinking is not necessarily related to major occlusion (even with angles close to 0°). Also, the presence of turbulent flow on Doppler does not reflect the degree of stenosis, as it is found in all kinks, whether occlusive or not.</p>
			<p>Dolichoarteriopathies can be located at the very beginning of the common carotid artery or at a great distance from the carotid bifurcation in the internal branch, requiring a scan of the entire length of the carotid artery from the base of the neck until it is no longer visible in the skull vault. Approximately 75% of the abnormalities are found at 2-4 cm proximal to the carotid bifurcation, but they are also seen more distally, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A possible presence of distal kinking in the internal branch should be considered when the opening angle between the internal and external carotid arteries is greater than 60° ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref> ).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f05">
					<label>Figure 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Kinking far from the bifurcation. Bifurc: carotid bifurcation; Ext: external carotid artery; Int: internal carotid.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230034-gf05.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f06">
					<label>Figure 6</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– In the illustration, the angle formed between the carotid branches. A: small angle between the branches, which is more common; B: there is a greater probability of kinking, as the angle between them is &gt; 60°, as shown in the image on the right. Comun: common carotid; Ext: external carotid artery; Int: internal carotid.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230034-gf06.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Coils can be found in different planes, requiring a “3D mental” map, with image acquisition in different axes, planes and angles of the neck for their composition and evaluation ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 7</xref> ).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f07">
					<label>Figure 7</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Coil being built in two ways. A) circular, it appears entirely in the same plane; B) spiral, where its complete tracing is observed in several planes, requiring a scan with the transducer. Int: internal carotid.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230034-gf07.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>When associated with aneurysms, dilations, atheromatous plaques or thrombi in dolichoarteriopathies, the quantification of possible stenosis is even more difficult ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 8</xref> ).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f08">
					<label>Figure 8</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Associated conditions. A) occlusive atheromatous plaque preceding kinking (plaque turbulence, yellow arrows, mixes with kinking, white arrow); B) large internal branch aneurysm after kinking. Int: internal carotid artery; B: carotid bifurcation; T: thrombus; An: Aneurysm.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230034-gf08.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Dolichoarteriopathies are frequently found in our clinical practice, whether in preoperative patients with non-vascular or vascular diseases, patients with stroke, and those with genetic diseases or in children with seizures, who require a detailed study of the entire course of the vessel in the search for anatomic abnormalities with turbulent flows and increased velocities.</p>
			<p>Faced with a patient with a cerebrovascular condition, using the appropriate technique, we must actively search for these abnormalities, which may be responsible for the event and, thus, guide our decision on the optimal approach and treatment.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230034</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como Eu Faço Ultrassonografia Vascular nas Dolicoarteriopatias das Artérias Carótidas</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4217-8977</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cantisano</surname>
						<given-names>Armando Luis</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, obtenção de dados e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante,análise e interpretação dos dados e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-7652-093X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Grubert</surname>
						<given-names>Catarina Schiavo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Barra D’Or, Ecocardiograma, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Armando Luis Cantisano • Hospital Barra D’Or, Ecocardiograma. Av. Ayrton Senna, 3079. CEP: 22775-002. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil E-mail: alcantisano@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Simone Nascimento dos Santos</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Este artigo traz um passo a passo de orientações sobre como eu faço a investigação, classificação e avaliação anatômica e hemodinâmica das dolicoarteriopatias, frequentemente encontradas nas artérias carótidas e vertebrais. As dolicoarteriopatias podem estar presentes na população infantil, e podem desaparecer durante o crescimento e ressurgir na idade avançada. Consideradas anteriormente variações anatômicas (VAs) benignas, discussões sobre o tema vêm surgindo a partir de novas implicações por associações com eventos cardiovasculares, fatores de risco e diversas patologias.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Variação anatômica</kwd>
				<kwd>Artérias Carótidas</kwd>
				<kwd>Ultrassonografia das Artérias Carótidas</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A artéria carótida interna (ACI) geralmente percorre um trajeto extracranial linear no espaço parafaríngeo para a base do crânio, sem ramificações. Segue posterolateralmente à parede faríngea, à artéria carótida externa, e medial à veia jugular interna. No entanto, o vaso pode se alongar e formar tortuosidades, fazer voltas ( <italic>coil</italic> ou <italic>looping</italic> ) ou chegar aos acotovelamentos ( <italic>kinkings)</italic> . Tais variações anatômicas (VAs), também chamadas de dolicoarteriopatias, são frequentemente encontradas na população em geral, variando entre 10 e 45%, sendo 5% dessas pronunciadas aberrações.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Entre as variações anatômicas, os <italic>kinkings</italic> são os mais prevalentes. O sexo feminino é o mais acometido por <italic>kinking</italic> e <italic>coil,</italic> enquanto as tortuosidades acometem igualmente ambos os sexos. A taxa de incidência das VAs aumenta com a idade e é particularmente elevada em idosos acima de 70 anos. O pico de prevalência apresenta característica bimodal, ocorrendo na extremidade mais jovem e na mais velha, com menor incidência entre 21-60 anos de idade ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Prevalência de <italic>coils</italic> e <italic>kinkings</italic> estratificados por décadas</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" scope="col">Grupos de idades (anos)</th>
									<th scope="col">Pacientes submetidos ao ECD da CI (2.856) (n)</th>
									<th scope="col">Pacientes com CKCI (284) (n)</th>
									<th colspan="2" scope="col">Prevalência, % (relação)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">0–10</td>
									<td align="center">208</td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
									<td align="center">18,8</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">15,2% (57/374)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>11–20</td>
									<td align="center">166</td>
									<td align="center">18</td>
									<td align="center">10,8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>21–30</td>
									<td align="center">55</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">3,6</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">4,4 % (5/113)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>31–40</td>
									<td align="center">58</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">5,2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>41–50</td>
									<td align="center">228</td>
									<td align="center">18</td>
									<td align="center">7,9</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">5,3% (36/682)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>51–60</td>
									<td align="center">454</td>
									<td align="center">18</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>61–70</td>
									<td align="center">777</td>
									<td align="center">59</td>
									<td align="center">7,6</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">11% (186/1,687)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>71–80</td>
									<td align="center">680</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">13,2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>&gt; 80</td>
									<td align="center">230</td>
									<td align="center">37</td>
									<td align="center">16,1</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>ECD: eco-Doppler colorido; CI: carótida interna; CKCI: coil e kinking da carótida interna. Tabela adaptada de Di Pino et al.<sup>3</sup></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Entre as crianças, as VAs costumam ser causa de redução da capacidade cognitiva e neuropsicológica, com atraso no desenvolvimento e presença de convulsões focais ou de mal epilético.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A condição congênita esporádica aparentemente diminui e/ou desaparece com o aumento da idade e o crescimento corporal, devido ao estiramento da aorta e tronco supra-aórtico. Por outro lado, em idosos, as dolicoarteriopatias podem se manifestar devido ao esmagamento senil (por exemplo, compressão vertebral osteoporótica).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Diferentes hipóteses são consideradas para o surgimento das VAs. Entre elas, causas embriológicas, genéticas e a presença de displasia fibromuscular, estas últimas mais relacionadas aos <italic>coils</italic> . O processo de aterosclerose em pacientes hipertensos, diabéticos e tabagistas está mais relacionado aos <italic>kinkings</italic> e tortuosidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A ACI é normalmente enrolada na vida intrauterina, e o endireitamento acontece quando o coração fetal e os grandes vasos descem para o mediastino. Se a descida se faz de forma incompleta, ocorre o enrolamento ( <italic>coil</italic> ) da ACI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Há aumento da prevalência de torções em pacientes com hipertensão arterial, provavelmente devido ao aumento da pressão endoluminal e tensão parietal favorecendo o espessamento endotelial e sua deformação. Uma alteração mais severa na elasticidade da parede do vaso também pode estar relacionada a mulheres na pós-menopausa, devido ao processo hormonal, sem excluir um viés relacionado ao maior número de comorbidades nos homens. Talvez isso justifique a prevalência geral mais alta de VA em mulheres do que em homens, a partir dos 60 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O estudo ultrassonográfico carotídeo avalia o risco morfológico e aterotrombótico da ACI, observando-se alterações na espessura da parede arterial, distúrbio hemodinâmico devido ao estreitamento luminal, que leva a um fluxo sanguíneo turbulento, predispondo assim a acidente vascular encefálico (AVE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, nem todas as VAs costumam levar ao AVE, pois este está presente em 11-33% das VAs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O <italic>coil</italic> e as tortuosidades não podem ser considerados fatores de risco para eventos isquêmicos devido à sua fraca associação com eventos cerebrais. Já o <italic>kinking</italic> , mesmo na ausência de placas ateroscleróticas, está mais associado ao surgimento de eventos, sendo agravado quando há a combinação com estenose carotídea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A isquemia cerebral ocorre por dois mecanismos: mecanismo tromboembólico, resultante de lesões endoteliais, associado à estase do fluxo sanguíneo no nível da curvatura e ocorrência de microembolização; e um mecanismo hemodinâmico, que desempenha papel em condições neutras e dinâmicas. Quanto menor o ângulo formado entre os segmentos carotídeos acotovelados maior é a resistência ao fluxo sanguíneo, que pode piorar em condições como hipotensão arterial, durante o sono ou com a flexão e/ou extensão da cabeça. Essas situações juntas podem levar ao colapso do vaso no ponto de maior estreitamento carotídeo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As dolicoarteriopatias podem ser classificadas em três tipos, conforme mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Classificação das dolicoarteriopatias: Tipo1, Tipo 2 e Tipo 3.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230034-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Tipo 1: tortuosidade em forma de “S” ou “C” de um segmento da artéria não retilínea formando uma angulação maior que 90°;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Tipo 2: angulação de 360° da artéria em seu eixo transversal em forma circular ou em espiral ( <italic>coil</italic> );</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Tipo 3: torção da inflexão de dois ou mais segmentos da artéria formando um ângulo interno menor ou igual a 90° ( <italic>kinking</italic> ).</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>Enquanto o Tipo 2 ou <italic>coil</italic> é atribuído a causas embriológicas, os outros dois são causados, em geral, pelo processo de envelhecimento com progressão de aterosclerose ou por displasia fibromuscular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A classificação anatômica dos <italic>kinkings</italic> pelos critérios de Metz é feita da seguinte forma ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> ):<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Classificação anatômica dos kinkings. Kinking leve, ângulo entre 60º e 90º (A); Kinking moderado, ângulo entre 30º e 60º (B); Kinking grave, com ângulo &lt; 30º (C).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230034-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p><italic>Kinking</italic> leve: angulação aguda da carótida interna (CI) entre segmentos que formam o <italic>kink</italic> , ≥ 60°;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><italic>Kinking</italic> moderado: angulação aguda da CI entre segmentos que formam o <italic>kink</italic> , entre 30-60°;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><italic>Kinking</italic> grave: angulação aguda da CI entre segmentos que formam o <italic>kink</italic> , &lt; 30°.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>Os <italic>kinkings</italic> são comuns entre pacientes com AVE isquêmico, afetando tanto a vascularização intra quanto extracraniana. A anatomia desfavorável desses vasos tem sido identificada como um impedimento para vários tipos de tratamentos endovasculares, como o cateterismo da ACI, gerando piores resultados com aumento do tempo de revascularização durante a trombectomia, tendo como alternativa procedimentos como a ressecção e <italic>bypass</italic> do vaso. A aplicação de stent carotídeo também pode ter seu resultado bastante prejudicado, visto que irá estirar mais a carótida, fazendo com que um <italic>kinking</italic> distal a ele se acotovele ainda mais. Torções e espirais são uma contraindicação para intervenções endovasculares devido ao perigo associado à passagem de um fio através de um segmento arterial angulado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A ultrassonografia carotídea é o padrão-ouro para a avaliação da circulação extracraniana, substituiu a arteriografia carotídea como teste de triagem para doença oclusiva arterial e possui baixo custo, risco mínimo e boa acurácia diagnóstica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O uso da ultrassonografia duplex intraoperatória na endarterectomia carotídea tem permitido a identificação e correção de defeitos residuais intraluminais que podem decorrer da reconstrução arterial na extremidade distal ao reparo, e parece resultar de forças hidrodinâmicas vistas após o fechamento primário da arteriotomia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A especificidade do método para prever o pequeno diâmetro da ACI, bifurcação carotídea alta e artéria carótida enrolada ou dobrada foi de 56, 100 e 100%, respectivamente. Se houver grave tortuosidade de uma artéria, bifurcação carotídea alta, obesidade ou calcificação arterial, esses reduzirão a precisão do ultrassom. O método pode ser melhorado quando associado ao uso de sondas de alta e de baixa frequência, sendo que essa combinação pode fornecer uma interface intuitiva com imagem anatômica completa da artéria para os cirurgiões.</p>
				<p>De forma simples, sem adicionar risco, custo ou desconforto ao paciente, é sugerido o uso de sonda convexa como complementação à ultrassonografia convencional quando necessário.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> É um método não invasivo e efetivo para detectar disfunções vasculares com facilidade e permite a avaliação quanto à presença de massas submucosas na parede posterior da faringe relacionadas às VAs vasculares que podem estar em risco de lesão cirúrgica da orofaringe e laringofaringe. Dessa forma, é possível tentar prever eventos cardiovasculares e complicações durante procedimentos cirúrgicos, sejam eles vasculares ou não vasculares, como amidalectomia, abscesso tonsilar ou cirurgia para correção de adenoide. Por isso, a grande importância de um exame cuidadoso e preciso anterior ao procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Técnica de aquisição de imagem pela ultrassonografia vascular com mapeamento de fluxo em cores – passo a passo do “como eu faço”</title>
				<list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p>Utilizar um dispositivo com transdutor linear multifrequencial com frequências superiores a 7 MHz e capacidade para eco-Doppler colorido e Power Doppler. Não raramente, é preciso uma sonda convexa que tenha frequências entre 2 e 5 MHz para obter uma imagem de toda a extensão da alteração carotídea e alcançar maior profundidade;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Deitar o paciente em posição supina com a cabeça ligeiramente hiperestendida e rotacionada a 45° em posição contralateral ao lado a ser examinado;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Realizar uma varredura axial e longitudinal, desde a origem da artéria carótida comum até a porção mais distal visível da ACI, já em busca de tortuosidades;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Através do Doppler pulsado, Doppler colorido e Power Doppler, detectar o fluxo sanguíneo, determinar sua direção, velocidade de fluxo, espectro e morfologia;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Com o Doppler espectral ou pulsado, registrar a velocidade de pico sistólica (VPS), a velocidade diastólica final (VDF) e o índice de resistência na artéria carótida comum, na ACI proximal e da artéria carótida externa proximal;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Ao identificar uma VA, registrar ainda com o Doppler pulsado as velocidades antes, dentro e após a área de curvatura, mantendo a correção de ângulo a 0° ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">4</xref> ): <list list-type="alpha-lower">
								<list-item>
									<p>VPS &gt; 140 cm/s – parâmetro hemodinamicamente significativo e sugestivo de estenose em torno de 50% do diâmetro;</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>VPS &gt; 140 cm/seg com VDF &lt; 70 cm/s – parâmetros hemodinamicamente significativos e sugestivos de estenose entre 50-69%.</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>VPS &gt; 140 cm/seg com VDF &gt;70 cm/s – parâmetro sugestivo de estenose entre 70-99%.</p>
								</list-item>
							</list>
						</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f03002">
								<label>Figura 3</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Mapeamento das velocidades ao longo do kinking, sem correção de ângulo na região do acotovelamento.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230034-gf03-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f04002">
								<label>Figura 4</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Kinking obstrutivo com velocidade de pico de 2,26m/s. A velocidade da carótida comum antes do kinking era 0,68m/s. Razão = 3,3.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230034-gf04-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Calcular a relação do pico sistólico entre dois segmentos carotídeos (velocidade ao nível do <italic>kinking</italic> dividida pela velocidade obtida nos 2cm proximais do ramo interno antes da lesão).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>Se:</p>
				<list list-type="alpha-lower">
					<list-item>
						<p>Razão &lt; 1,5 → fisiológico ou obstruções &lt; 50%</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Razão &gt; 3,2 → obstrução acima de 60%</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Razão &gt; 3,3 → obstrução acima de 70%</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Dificuldade técnica</title>
				<p>Habitualmente, utilizamos em nosso serviço a razão de 2,5 para <italic>kinkings</italic> com obstruções significativas (acima de 60%), critério utilizado para avaliação da gravidade de obstruções arteriais periféricas em série. É importante lembrar que um <italic>kinking</italic> é considerado obstrutivo apenas quando apresenta aumento significativo de velocidades ao Doppler pulsado. O grau de acotovelamento não necessariamente se relaciona a uma obstrução importante (mesmo com ângulos próximos a 0°). A presença de turbulência do fluxo ao Doppler também não reflete o grau estenose, visto que é encontrada em todos os <italic>kinkings</italic> , sejam eles obstrutivos ou não.</p>
				<p>As dolicoarteriopatias podem estar situadas bem no início da carótida comum ou mais distante da bifurcação carotídea no ramo interno, sendo necessária uma varredura de toda a extensão da carótida, desde a base do pescoço até seu desaparecimento na calota craniana. Aproximadamente 75% das anormalidades encontram-se entre 2-4 cm proximais à bifurcação carotídea, porém também são vistas mais distalmente, como representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 5</xref> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Deve-se considerar como possível presença de <italic>kinking</italic> distal no ramo interno quando o ângulo de abertura entre as carótidas interna e externa for maior do que 60° ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">Figura 6</xref> ).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05002">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Kinking distante da bifurcação. Bifurc: bifurcação carotidea; Ext: carótida externa; Int: carótida interna.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230034-gf05-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f06002">
						<label>Figura 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– No esquema, ângulo formado entre os ramos carotídeos. A) pequena angulação entre os ramos, o que é mais comum; B) há maior probabilidade de haver kinking, pois o ângulo entre eles é &gt; 60°, como na foto que está à direita. Comum: carótida comum; Ext: carótida externa; Int: carótida interna.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230034-gf06-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Os <italic>coils</italic> podem ser encontrados em diferentes planos, sendo necessário um mapa “3D mental”, com a aquisição de imagem em diferentes eixos, planos e ângulos do pescoço para sua composição e avaliação ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07002">Figura 7</xref> ).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f07002">
						<label>Figura 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Coil sendo construído em duas formas. A) circular, aparece todo no mesmo plano; B) em espiral, onde seu traçado completo é observado em vários planos, sendo necessária uma varredura com o transdutor. Int: carótida interna.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230034-gf07-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Quando existe a associação com aneurismas, dilatações, placas de ateroma ou trombos nas dolicoarteriopatias, a quantificação das possíveis estenoses é ainda mais dificultada ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08002">Figura 8</xref> ).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f08002">
						<label>Figura 8</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Condições associadas. A) placa de ateroma obstrutiva precedendo um kinking (turbulência da placa, setas amarelas, se mistura com a do kinking,seta branca); B) grande aneurisma do ramo interno após kinking. Int: carótida interna; B: bifurcação carotídea; T: trombo; An: Aneurisma.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230034-gf08-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>As dolicoarteriopatias são frequentemente encontradas em nossa prática clínica, sejam em pacientes em pré-operatório de doenças não vasculares, vasculares, com quadro de AVE, doenças genéticas ou em crianças com quadros convulsivos, as quais necessitam um estudo detalhado de todo o percurso do vaso a procura das alterações anatômicas com fluxos turbulentos e velocidades aumentas. Diante de um paciente com quadro cerebrovascular, devemos buscar ativamente, através de técnica adequada, por essas alterações, que podem ser as responsáveis pelo evento, e, assim, decidir sobre a conduta e o tratamento necessário.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>