<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230033i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Contrast Echocardiography in Real Life: Practicality, Safety, and Cost-Effectiveness</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6110-2500</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Márcio Silva Miguel</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Coração</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Fleury</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Márcio Silva Miguel Lima • Instituto do Coração (InCor HCFMUSP). Av Dr Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal code: 05.403-000. São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>marcio.lima@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>21</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230033</elocation-id>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Safety</kwd>
				<kwd>Cost-Benefit Analysis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="27"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>After approximately 2 decades of use in practice, based also on several clinical studies, it can be stated that ultrasound enhancing agents (UEA) are extremely safe, following recommendations for their preparation and administration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Severe adverse events are very rare, with an approximate prevalence of around 1 in every 10,000 administrations, anaphylactoid reactions being the most frequent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Specifically with the contrast SonoVue® (sulfur hexafluoride) used in Brazil, Furtado, Rassi, et al., in their safety study, reported a very low incidence of only 0.6% of allergic reaction in their population of 1,099 patients who received this agent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In general, allergic reactions occur immediately or within 30 minutes after administration; they are of mild intensity and transitory. The most common presentation is the appearance of erythematous skin lesions and urticaria. In this scenario, however, special attention should be paid to respiratory signs and symptoms, such as dyspnea, laryngeal stridor, and bronchospasm, as well as signs and symptoms of progression to eventual circulatory collapse, such as dizziness, paleness, and hypotension, as these are warning signs for the onset of anaphylactic shock. Patients must be carefully evaluated and observed, and measures aimed at anaphylaxis should be promptly instituted with antihistamines, corticosteroids, and epinephrine, following the care protocol of the institution, whose personnel must be very well trained.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In October 2007, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a general contraindication (“black box”) for the use of Definity® and Optison® agents in acutely ill patients after analysis of 11 deaths potentially related to the use of these UEA. This restriction was later withdrawn after subsequent clinical studies provided extensive evidence of safety. Advanced pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension initially represented contraindications, but clinical trials confirmed their safety.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Additionally, in relation to the suspicion or presence of significant intracardiac shunt, also a previous contraindication, it was suspended by the FDA in 2016.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Currently, only history of allergic reaction to any component of UEA constitutes an absolute contraindication to their use.</p>
		<p>Further supporting their safety, there is also the fact in which clinical scenarios UEA are used, often in technically more difficult exams of severely ill patients. Even so, multiple studies have not demonstrated an increase in morbidity and mortality outcomes. Additionally, in these adverse scenarios, it is also valid to argue that UEA can provide important definitions, such as assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic function in critically ill patients with marked limitation of the echocardiographic window or search for intracavitary thrombus, making intervention possible, with improved evolution and prognosis.</p>
		<p>In medical practice, we must always base our conduct on what is known as “evidence-based medicine,” on well-conducted and reliable studies. The medical literature is extremely important and must be followed. Nonetheless, I recognize that we must also consider the knowledge generated by the application of the various techniques in “real life,” a genuine translation of theory into practice with the challenges we face on a daily basis. A good example would be the use of UEA in stress echocardiography (SE), which is one of the main applications of contrast. Classically, its use is formally indicated when there is no clear visualization of at least 2 contiguous LV myocardial segments, but, in “real life” practice, it is justified in all exams in which the echocardiographer does not feel confident and judges the acoustic window suboptimal for interpretation, which is fundamental in this type of examination.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> UEA, in addition to increasing the sensitivity of the method, are also associated with an increase in the reproducibility of the wall motility score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In this field, I highlight an interesting study conducted by Larsson et al. The authors reported that, in 83 unenhanced exams, with acoustic windows considered adequate (with no formal indication for the use of UEA) and concluded as negative for the presence of myocardial ischemia, 46 patients (55%) showed evidence of myocardial ischemia (positive) when analyzed after the use of UEA and were reclassified.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Finally, I quote another situation that is not uncommon for those who routinely perform SE. Eventually, an exam with an adequate resting echocardiographic window may become suboptimal in the peak stage as cardiac imaging becomes more difficult to acquire. This certainly causes difficulties and can lead to inaccurate interpretation, especially in a context where there are symptoms suggestive of ischemia and electrocardiographic changes. Undoubtedly, UEA can be of great help at this crucial moment.</p>
		<p>The association with real-time myocardial perfusion (RTMP) adds even more in terms of sensitivity and positive predictive value for the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease and as a prognostic predictor, as demonstrated by Tsutsui et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, this technique, in addition to still being considered “off-label” by various medical societies, requires an additional expertise of the echocardiographer, who must have experience in this analysis in multiple exams. This is a fact that makes RTMP less widely used; moreover, it is better applied in stress tests with a vasodilator, such as dipyridamole, which is known to be less frequently used than dobutamine. The observation of a “darkened” zone (perfusion deficit), without myocardial refilling with contrast after a pulse with a high mechanical index (“flash”), assists with eventual doubts regarding worsening of segmental contractile function (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). On the other hand, a bright myocardial segment denotes adequate flow in the microcirculation, and this may help to define normal local contraction.</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f01">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– A 60-year-old woman undergoing contrast-enhanced echocardiography with pharmacological stress with dobutamine. She had chest discomfort and presented a ST-segment depression in precordial leads on the electrocardiographic tracing. An area of hypoperfusion was identified in the apical region of the LV associated with local hypokinesia (arrows). Positive test for the presence of myocardial ischemia. LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230033-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>In relation to cost-effectiveness, UEA also have a favorable profile. A cost-effectiveness analysis of a diagnostic test considers the cost of the method itself compared to what results from it, in other words, how much the test, based on a diagnostic definition that it provides, reduces or eliminates the need for additional tests for the same purpose, promoting or modifying a conduct. In this sense, UEA have been shown to be cost-effective in different scenarios of cardiology. This is mainly evident in critical medicine and in SE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Technically difficult echocardiograms, with limited and suboptimal ultrasound windows in the emergency room and intensive care units are very common in daily care routine. This fact may be related to patient positioning, limited access to the thorax, inappropriate local lighting, among others. In these cases, for example, there may be a significant impairment or even impossibility of assessing the LV systolic function, leading to inconclusive tests, and sometimes requiring the use of another imaging method in the diagnostic process, which might eventually be more expensive, for example, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Within this adverse scenario, an accurate definition of LV volumes and calculation of the ejection fraction become possible with the aid of UEA, without requiring other methods. The use of contrast makes the echocardiographic examination more accurate and reproducible, similar to CMR, considered the gold standard. This will guide medical management, confirming its favorable cost-effectiveness profile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> This is very evident, for example, in patients with morbid obesity. In these patients, due to the limited acoustic window, an eventual search for intracavitary thrombi may be inaccurate, especially in the apical region of the LV, which is more difficult to visualize. The use of UEA makes this exam possible, eliminating the need to complement it with CMR and guiding the conduct regarding anticoagulation for the patient, with an evident impact on cost.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Finally, contrast echocardiography is virtually the only diagnostic method to confirm myocardial rupture in a critically ill patient at the bedside.</p>
		<p>In chest pain units, even though it is not included in several protocols at different services, the integration of SE with the aid of UEA to assess LV segmental contractility, with or without assessment by RTMP, can be an interesting alternative compared to other more expensive tests, such as tomography angiography of the coronary arteries and myocardial scintigraphy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Echocardiography with UEA may represent a cheaper, more accurate alternative, without radiation. When there is a positive result for myocardial ischemia, it is also more definitive regarding the need to refer the patient for coronary angiography, reinforcing its favorable cost-effectiveness profile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Similarly, when it does not reveal myocardial ischemia, it is possible to discharge the patient safely. Exams without evidence of ischemia are associated with a very low risk, with an annual cardiovascular event rate of less than 1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In the general field of SE, whether using physical or pharmacological stress, UEA have also been shown to be cost-effective. As shown by Mathias et al., SE with suboptimal windows in resting images can be “saved” using UEA, thus optimizing cost, given that it eliminates the need to add another method in the diagnostic process (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f02">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– A 60-year-old man with obesity and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An elective dobutamine stress echocardiogram was ordered. A) Suboptimal resting acoustic window for the exam. B) Echocardiographic contrast (sulfur hexafluoride; SonoVue®) was used, making the exam possible.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230033-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>In conclusion, over the years contrast echocardiography has shown its value in theory and in “real life” practice. Theory provides the basis for practice. Practice feeds theory and provides the foundation for experience. In the words of the historian Thomas Fuller (1608 to 1661): “Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it.”</p>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Senior R, Becher H, Monaghan M, Agati L, Zamorano J, Vanoverschelde JL, et al. Clinical Practice of Contrast Echocardiography: Recommendation by the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) 2017. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18(11):1205-1205af. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jex182.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Senior</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Becher</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Monaghan</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Agati</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zamorano</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vanoverschelde</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Clinical Practice of Contrast Echocardiography: Recommendation by the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) 2017</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>18</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1205</fpage>
					<lpage>1205af</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jex182</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. Porter TR, Mulvagh SL, Abdelmoneim SS, Becher H, Belcik JT, Bierig M, et al. Clinical Applications of Ultrasonic Enhancing Agents in Echocardiography: 2018 American Society of Echocardiography Guidelines Update. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018;31(3):241-74. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.11.013.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Porter</surname>
							<given-names>TR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mulvagh</surname>
							<given-names>SL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abdelmoneim</surname>
							<given-names>SS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Becher</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Belcik</surname>
							<given-names>JT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bierig</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Clinical Applications of Ultrasonic Enhancing Agents in Echocardiography: 2018 American Society of Echocardiography Guidelines Update</article-title>
					<source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>31</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>241</fpage>
					<lpage>274</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2017.11.013</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Porter TR, Feinstein SB, Senior R, Mulvagh SL, Nihoyannopoulos P, Strom JB, et al. CEUS Cardiac Exam Protocols International Contrast Ultrasound Society (ICUS) Recommendations. Echo Res Pract. 2022;9(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s44156-022-00008-3.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Porter</surname>
							<given-names>TR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Feinstein</surname>
							<given-names>SB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Senior</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mulvagh</surname>
							<given-names>SL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nihoyannopoulos</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Strom</surname>
							<given-names>JB</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>CEUS Cardiac Exam Protocols International Contrast Ultrasound Society (ICUS) Recommendations</article-title>
					<source>Echo Res Pract</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<size units="pages">7</size>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s44156-022-00008-3</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Kusnetzky LL, Khalid A, Khumri TM, Moe TG, Jones PG, Main ML. Acute Mortality in Hospitalized Patients Undergoing Echocardiography with and without an Ultrasound Contrast Agent: Results in 18,671 Consecutive Studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(17):1704-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.03.006.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kusnetzky</surname>
							<given-names>LL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khalid</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khumri</surname>
							<given-names>TM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moe</surname>
							<given-names>TG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jones</surname>
							<given-names>PG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Main</surname>
							<given-names>ML</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Acute Mortality in Hospitalized Patients Undergoing Echocardiography with and without an Ultrasound Contrast Agent: Results in 18,671 Consecutive Studies</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2008</year>
					<volume>51</volume>
					<issue>17</issue>
					<fpage>1704</fpage>
					<lpage>1706</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2008.03.006</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Main ML, Ryan AC, Davis TE, Albano MP, Kusnetzky LL, Hibberd M. Acute Mortality in Hospitalized Patients Undergoing Echocardiography with and without an Ultrasound Contrast Agent (Multicenter Registry Results in 4,300,966 Consecutive Patients). Am J Cardiol. 2008;102(12):1742-6. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.08.019.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Main</surname>
							<given-names>ML</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ryan</surname>
							<given-names>AC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Davis</surname>
							<given-names>TE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Albano</surname>
							<given-names>MP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kusnetzky</surname>
							<given-names>LL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hibberd</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Acute Mortality in Hospitalized Patients Undergoing Echocardiography with and without an Ultrasound Contrast Agent (Multicenter Registry Results in 4,300,966 Consecutive Patients)</article-title>
					<source>Am J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2008</year>
					<volume>102</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>1742</fpage>
					<lpage>1746</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.08.019</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. International Collaborative Study of Severe Anaphylaxis. Risk of Anaphylaxis in a Hospital Population in Relation to the Use of Various Drugs: An International Study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2003;12(3):195-202. doi: 10.1002/pds.822.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>International Collaborative Study of Severe Anaphylaxis</collab>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Risk of Anaphylaxis in a Hospital Population in Relation to the Use of Various Drugs: An International Study</article-title>
					<source>Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf</source>
					<year>2003</year>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>195</fpage>
					<lpage>202</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/pds.822</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. Wei K, Mulvagh SL, Carson L, Davidoff R, Gabriel R, Grimm RA, et al. The Safety of deFinity and Optison for Ultrasound Image Enhancement: A Retrospective Analysis of 78,383 Administered Contrast Doses. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(11):1202-6. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2008.07.019.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wei</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mulvagh</surname>
							<given-names>SL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carson</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Davidoff</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gabriel</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grimm</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Safety of deFinity and Optison for Ultrasound Image Enhancement: A Retrospective Analysis of 78,383 Administered Contrast Doses</article-title>
					<source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
					<year>2008</year>
					<volume>21</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1202</fpage>
					<lpage>1206</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2008.07.019</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. Muskula PR, Main ML. Safety with Echocardiographic Contrast Agents. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(4):e005459. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.005459.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Muskula</surname>
							<given-names>PR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Main</surname>
							<given-names>ML</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Safety with Echocardiographic Contrast Agents</article-title>
					<source>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<elocation-id>e005459</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.005459</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>9. Furtado RG, Rassi DDC, Melato LH, Oliveira ACR, Nunes PM, Baccelli PE, et al. Safety of SF6(SonoVue®) Contrast Agent on Pharmacological Stress Echocardiogram. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;117(6):1170-8. doi: 10.36660/abc.20200475.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Furtado</surname>
							<given-names>RG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rassi</surname>
							<given-names>DDC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Melato</surname>
							<given-names>LH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oliveira</surname>
							<given-names>ACR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nunes</surname>
							<given-names>PM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baccelli</surname>
							<given-names>PE</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Safety of SF6(SonoVue®) Contrast Agent on Pharmacological Stress Echocardiogram</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>117</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>1170</fpage>
					<lpage>1178</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200475</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation>10. Abdelmoneim SS, Bernier M, Scott CG, Dhoble A, Ness SA, Hagen ME, et al. Safety of Contrast Agent Use During Stress Echocardiography in Patients with Elevated Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure: A Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3(3):240-8. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.895029.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Abdelmoneim</surname>
							<given-names>SS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bernier</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Scott</surname>
							<given-names>CG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dhoble</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ness</surname>
							<given-names>SA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hagen</surname>
							<given-names>ME</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Safety of Contrast Agent Use During Stress Echocardiography in Patients with Elevated Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure: A Cohort Study</article-title>
					<source>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2010</year>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>240</fpage>
					<lpage>248</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.895029</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation>11. Wever-Pinzon O, Suma V, Ahuja A, Romero J, Sareen N, Henry SA, et al. Safety of Echocardiographic Contrast in Hospitalized Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension: A Multi-Center Study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;13(10):857-62. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jes057.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wever-Pinzon</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Suma</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ahuja</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Romero</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sareen</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Henry</surname>
							<given-names>SA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Safety of Echocardiographic Contrast in Hospitalized Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension: A Multi-Center Study</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>13</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>857</fpage>
					<lpage>862</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jes057</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation>12. Parker JM, Weller MW, Feinstein LM, Adams RJ, Main ML, Grayburn PA, et al. Safety of Ultrasound Contrast Agents in Patients with Known or Suspected Cardiac Shunts. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112(7):1039-45. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.05.042.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Parker</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weller</surname>
							<given-names>MW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Feinstein</surname>
							<given-names>LM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Adams</surname>
							<given-names>RJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Main</surname>
							<given-names>ML</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grayburn</surname>
							<given-names>PA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Safety of Ultrasound Contrast Agents in Patients with Known or Suspected Cardiac Shunts</article-title>
					<source>Am J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>112</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>1039</fpage>
					<lpage>1045</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.05.042</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation>13. Mulvagh SL, DeMaria AN, Feinstein SB, Burns PN, Kaul S, Miller JG, et al. Contrast Echocardiography: Current and Future Applications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2000;13(4):331-42. doi: 10.1067/mje.2000.105462.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mulvagh</surname>
							<given-names>SL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>DeMaria</surname>
							<given-names>AN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Feinstein</surname>
							<given-names>SB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Burns</surname>
							<given-names>PN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kaul</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Miller</surname>
							<given-names>JG</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Contrast Echocardiography: Current and Future Applications</article-title>
					<source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
					<year>2000</year>
					<volume>13</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>331</fpage>
					<lpage>342</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1067/mje.2000.105462</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation>14. Nayyar S, Magalski A, Khumri TM, Idupulapati M, Stoner CN, Kusnetzky LL, et al. Contrast Administration Reduces Interobserver Variability in Determination of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Good Baseline Endocardial Border Delineation. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98(8):1110-4. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.05.038.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Nayyar</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Magalski</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khumri</surname>
							<given-names>TM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Idupulapati</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stoner</surname>
							<given-names>CN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kusnetzky</surname>
							<given-names>LL</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Contrast Administration Reduces Interobserver Variability in Determination of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Good Baseline Endocardial Border Delineation</article-title>
					<source>Am J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2006</year>
					<volume>98</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>1110</fpage>
					<lpage>1114</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.05.038</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation>15. Hoffmann R, von Bardeleben S, Kasprzak JD, Borges AC, ten Cate F, Firschke C, et al. Analysis of Regional Left Ventricular Function by Cineventriculography, Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Unenhanced and Contrast-Enhanced Echocardiography: A Multicenter Comparison of Methods. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(1):121-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.012.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hoffmann</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>von Bardeleben</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kasprzak</surname>
							<given-names>JD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Borges</surname>
							<given-names>AC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>ten Cate</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Firschke</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Analysis of Regional Left Ventricular Function by Cineventriculography, Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Unenhanced and Contrast-Enhanced Echocardiography: A Multicenter Comparison of Methods</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2006</year>
					<volume>47</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>121</fpage>
					<lpage>128</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.012</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation>16. Plana JC, Mikati IA, Dokainish H, Lakkis N, Abukhalil J, Davis R, et al. A Randomized Cross-Over Study for Evaluation of the Effect of Image Optimization with Contrast on the Diagnostic Accuracy of Dobutamine Echocardiography in Coronary Artery Disease The OPTIMIZE Trial. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008;1(2):145-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2007.10.014.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Plana</surname>
							<given-names>JC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mikati</surname>
							<given-names>IA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dokainish</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lakkis</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abukhalil</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Davis</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>A Randomized Cross-Over Study for Evaluation of the Effect of Image Optimization with Contrast on the Diagnostic Accuracy of Dobutamine Echocardiography in Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
					<source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2008</year>
					<volume>1</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>145</fpage>
					<lpage>152</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2007.10.014</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<label>17</label>
				<mixed-citation>17. Larsson MK, Silva C, Gunyeli E, Ilami AA, Szummer K, Winter R, et al. The Potential Clinical Value of Contrast-Enhanced Echocardiography Beyond Current Recommendations. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2016;14:2. doi: 10.1186/s12947-015-0045-0.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Larsson</surname>
							<given-names>MK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Silva</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gunyeli</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ilami</surname>
							<given-names>AA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Szummer</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Winter</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Potential Clinical Value of Contrast-Enhanced Echocardiography Beyond Current Recommendations</article-title>
					<source>Cardiovasc Ultrasound</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<size units="pages">2</size>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12947-015-0045-0</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<label>18</label>
				<mixed-citation>18. Tsutsui JM, Elhendy A, Anderson JR, Xie F, McGrain AC, Porter TR. Prognostic Value of Dobutamine Stress Myocardial Contrast Perfusion Echocardiography. Circulation. 2005;112(10):1444-50. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.537134.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tsutsui</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Elhendy</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Anderson</surname>
							<given-names>JR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xie</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McGrain</surname>
							<given-names>AC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Porter</surname>
							<given-names>TR</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Prognostic Value of Dobutamine Stress Myocardial Contrast Perfusion Echocardiography</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2005</year>
					<volume>112</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>1444</fpage>
					<lpage>1450</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.537134</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<label>19</label>
				<mixed-citation>19. Senior R, Moreo A, Gaibazzi N, Agati L, Tiemann K, Shivalkar B, et al. Comparison of Sulfur Hexafluoride Microbubble (SonoVue)-Enhanced Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography with Gated Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography for Detection of Significant Coronary Artery Disease: A Large European Multicenter Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(15):1353-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.082.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Senior</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moreo</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gaibazzi</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Agati</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tiemann</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shivalkar</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Comparison of Sulfur Hexafluoride Microbubble (SonoVue)-Enhanced Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography with Gated Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography for Detection of Significant Coronary Artery Disease: A Large European Multicenter Study</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>62</volume>
					<issue>15</issue>
					<fpage>1353</fpage>
					<lpage>1361</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.082</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<label>20</label>
				<mixed-citation>20. Kurt M, Shaikh KA, Peterson L, Kurrelmeyer KM, Shah G, Nagueh SF, et al. Impact of Contrast Echocardiography on Evaluation of Ventricular Function and Clinical Management in a Large Prospective Cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(9):802-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.01.005.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kurt</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shaikh</surname>
							<given-names>KA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Peterson</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kurrelmeyer</surname>
							<given-names>KM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shah</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nagueh</surname>
							<given-names>SF</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Impact of Contrast Echocardiography on Evaluation of Ventricular Function and Clinical Management in a Large Prospective Cohort</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2009</year>
					<volume>53</volume>
					<issue>9</issue>
					<fpage>802</fpage>
					<lpage>810</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2009.01.005</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<label>21</label>
				<mixed-citation>21. Siebelink HM, Scholte AJ, Van de Veire NR, Holman ER, Nucifora G, van der Wall EE, et al. Value of Contrast Echocardiography for Left Ventricular Thrombus Detection Postinfarction and Impact on Antithrombotic Therapy. Coron Artery Dis. 2009;20(7):462-6. doi: 10.1097/mca.0b013e328330d58f.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Siebelink</surname>
							<given-names>HM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Scholte</surname>
							<given-names>AJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Van de Veire</surname>
							<given-names>NR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Holman</surname>
							<given-names>ER</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nucifora</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>van der Wall</surname>
							<given-names>EE</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Value of Contrast Echocardiography for Left Ventricular Thrombus Detection Postinfarction and Impact on Antithrombotic Therapy</article-title>
					<source>Coron Artery Dis</source>
					<year>2009</year>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>462</fpage>
					<lpage>466</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/mca.0b013e328330d58f</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<label>22</label>
				<mixed-citation>22. Tong KL, Kaul S, Wang XQ, Rinkevich D, Kalvaitis S, Belcik T, et al. Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography versus Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction Score in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Chest Pain and a Nondiagnostic Electrocardiogram. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(5):920-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.076.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tong</surname>
							<given-names>KL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kaul</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>XQ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rinkevich</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kalvaitis</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Belcik</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography versus Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction Score in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Chest Pain and a Nondiagnostic Electrocardiogram</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2005</year>
					<volume>46</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>920</fpage>
					<lpage>927</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.076</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<label>23</label>
				<mixed-citation>23. Shah BN, Zacharias K, Pabla JS, Karogiannis N, Calicchio F, Balaji G, et al. The Clinical Impact of Contemporary Stress Echocardiography in Morbid Obesity for the Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease. Heart. 2016;102(5):370-5. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308796.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Shah</surname>
							<given-names>BN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zacharias</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pabla</surname>
							<given-names>JS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Karogiannis</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Calicchio</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Balaji</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Clinical Impact of Contemporary Stress Echocardiography in Morbid Obesity for the Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
					<source>Heart</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>102</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>370</fpage>
					<lpage>375</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308796</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<label>24</label>
				<mixed-citation>24. Jeetley P, Burden L, Stoykova B, Senior R. Clinical and Economic Impact of Stress Echocardiography Compared with Exercise Electrocardiography in Patients with Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome But Negative Troponin: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(2):204-11. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl444.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Jeetley</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Burden</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stoykova</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Senior</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Clinical and Economic Impact of Stress Echocardiography Compared with Exercise Electrocardiography in Patients with Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome But Negative Troponin: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>2007</year>
					<volume>28</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>204</fpage>
					<lpage>211</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehl444</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<label>25</label>
				<mixed-citation>25. Wyrick JJ, Kalvaitis S, McConnell KJ, Rinkevich D, Kaul S, Wei K. Cost-Efficiency of Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Chest Pain of Suspected Cardiac Origin and a Nondiagnostic Electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102(6):649-52. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.05.008.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wyrick</surname>
							<given-names>JJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kalvaitis</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McConnell</surname>
							<given-names>KJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rinkevich</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kaul</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wei</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cost-Efficiency of Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Chest Pain of Suspected Cardiac Origin and a Nondiagnostic Electrocardiogram</article-title>
					<source>Am J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2008</year>
					<volume>102</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>649</fpage>
					<lpage>652</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.05.008</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<label>26</label>
				<mixed-citation>26. Lerakis S, Kalogeropoulos AP, El-Chami MF, Georgiopoulou VV, Abraham A, Lynch SA, et al. Transthoracic Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg. 2007;17(11):1475-81. doi: 10.1007/s11695-008-9425-y.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lerakis</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kalogeropoulos</surname>
							<given-names>AP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>El-Chami</surname>
							<given-names>MF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Georgiopoulou</surname>
							<given-names>VV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abraham</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lynch</surname>
							<given-names>SA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Transthoracic Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery</article-title>
					<source>Obes Surg</source>
					<year>2007</year>
					<volume>17</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1475</fpage>
					<lpage>1481</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11695-008-9425-y</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<label>27</label>
				<mixed-citation>27. Mathias W Jr, Arruda AL, Andrade JL, Orlando C Filho, Porter TR. Endocardial Border Delineation During Dobutamine Infusion Using Contrast Echocardiography. Echocardiography. 2002;19(2):109-14. doi: 10.1046/j.1540-8175.2002.00109.x.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mathias</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
							<suffix>Jr</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arruda</surname>
							<given-names>AL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Andrade</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Orlando</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
							<suffix>Filho</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Porter</surname>
							<given-names>TR</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Endocardial Border Delineation During Dobutamine Infusion Using Contrast Echocardiography</article-title>
					<source>Echocardiography</source>
					<year>2002</year>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>109</fpage>
					<lpage>114</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1046/j.1540-8175.2002.00109.x</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230033</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Contraste Ecocardiográfico na Vida Real: Praticidade, Segurança e Custo-efetividade</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6110-2500</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Márcio Silva Miguel</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Márcio Silva Miguel Lima • Instituto do Coração (InCor HCFMUSP). Av Dr Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP: 05.403-000. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: marcio.lima@incor.usp.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Segurança</kwd>
				<kwd>Análise de Custo-Benefício</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Após aproximadamente 2 décadas de uso na prática, balizado também em diversos estudos clínicos, pode-se afirmar que os agentes de contraste ecocardiográficos (ACE) são extremamente seguros, seguindo-se as suas recomendações de preparo e administração.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Eventos adversos graves são muito raros, com prevalência aproximada ao redor de 1 a cada 10.000 administrações, sendo as reações anafilactóides os mais frequentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Especificamente com o contraste SonoVue<sup>®</sup> (hexafluoreto de enxofre) utilizado no Brasil, Furtado, Rassi e colaboradores relataram em seu estudo de segurança uma incidência muito baixa de somente 0,6% de reação alérgica em sua população de 1.099 pacientes que receberam este agente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No geral, as reações alérgicas são imediatas ou em até 30 minutos após administração, de intensidade leve e transitórias. A apresentação mais comum é o surgimento de lesões eritematosas cutâneas e urticária. Neste cenário, contudo, deve-se ter especial atenção para sinais e sintomas respiratórios, como dispneia, estridor laríngeo e broncospasmo, e de progressão para um eventual colapso circulatório, como tontura, palidez e hipotensão, pois se tratam de alertas para instalação do choque anafilático. O paciente deve ser cuidadosamente avaliado e observado, e medidas direcionadas à anafilaxia prontamente instituídas com anti-histamínicos, corticoide e epinefrina, seguindo o protocolo de atendimento local, que deve ter seu pessoal sempre muito bem treinado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Em outubro de 2007, a agência reguladora ligada ao departamento de saúde do governo estadunidense (FDA — Food and Drug Administration) inseriu uma contraindicação geral (<italic>black box</italic>) para o uso dos agentes Definity<sup>®</sup> e Optison<sup>®</sup> em pacientes agudamente enfermos após análise de 11 óbitos potencialmente relacionados ao uso destes ACE. Esta restrição foi posteriormente retirada após vasta evidência de segurança demonstrada por estudos clínicos subsequentes. A doença pulmonar avançada e a hipertensão pulmonar, inicialmente, representavam contraindicações, mas ensaios clínicos ratificaram segurança.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Fato também ocorrido com a suspeita ou presença de <italic>shunt</italic> intracardíaco significativo, sendo esta última contraindicação suspensa pela FDA em 2016.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Atualmente, somente o histórico de reação alérgica a algum componente dos ACE é considerada uma contraindicação absoluta para o seu uso.</p>
			<p>Embasando esta segurança, agrega-se ainda o fato dos cenários clínicos onde os ACE são usados, por muitas vezes nos exames tecnicamente mais difíceis, em pacientes de maior gravidade, e mesmo assim, diversos estudos não demonstraram aumento de desfechos de morbimortalidade. Adicionalmente, nestes cenários adversos de gravidade, é válido também argumentar que os ACE podem fornecer definições importantes, como avaliação de função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) num paciente crítico com limitação acentuada de janela ecocardiográfica ou pesquisa de trombo intracavitário, possibilitando intervenção, com melhora da evolução e do prognóstico.</p>
			<p>Na prática médica, devemos sempre balizar a nossa conduta na chamada “medicina baseada em evidências”, nos estudos bem feitos e confiáveis. A literatura médica é extremamente importante e deve ser seguida. Contudo, reconheço que devemos também considerar o conhecimento gerado pela aplicação das diversas técnicas na “vida real”, uma tradução genuína da teoria na prática dos desafios que enfrentamos no dia a dia. Um bom exemplo está aqui: uso dos ACE na ecocardiografia sob estresse, uma das principais aplicações do contraste. Classicamente, o seu emprego está formalmente indicado quando não se tem uma nítida visibilização de pelo menos 2 segmentos miocárdicos contíguos do VE, mas na prática da “vida real” justifica-se em todos os exames nos quais o ecocardiografista não se sente confiante e julga a janela acústica subótima para interpretação, o que é fundamental nesse tipo de exame.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Os ACE, além de aumentarem a sensibilidade do método, também está associado a um aumento da reprodutibilidade do escore de motilidade de parede.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Neste campo, destaco um estudo interessante realizado por Larsson e colaboradores. Esses autores relataram que em 83 exames não contrastados, com janela acústicas consideradas adequadas (sem indicação formal para o uso de ACE) e concluídos como negativos para presença de isquemia miocárdica, 46 pacientes (55%) tiveram evidência de isquemia miocárdica (positivos) quando analisados após o uso do ACE, sendo reclassificados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Por fim, menciono uma outra situação que não é incomum, vivenciada por quem rotineiramente realiza a ecocardiografia sob estresse. Eventualmente, um exame com janela ecocardiográfica de repouso considerada adequada pode se torna subótima no estágio de pico à medida que a imagem cardíaca se torna de mais difícil aquisição. Isso certamente traz dificuldade e pode levar à imprecisão para interpretação, sobretudo num cenário onde há aparecimento de sintomas sugestivos de isquemia e alteração eletrocardiográfica. Sem dúvida, os ACE podem ser de grande ajuda nesse momento crucial.</p>
			<p>A associação com a análise de perfusão miocárdica em tempo real (PMTR) agrega ainda mais em termos de sensibilidade e valor preditivo positivo para presença de doença arterial coronariana obstrutiva, e como preditor prognóstico, conforme demonstrado por Tsutsui e colaboradores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Entretanto, esta técnica, além de ainda ser considerada <italic>off-label</italic> pelas diversas sociedades médicas, requer uma <italic>expertise</italic> adicional do ecocardiografista, que deve ter experiência nesta análise em vários exames. Este é um fato que torna a PMTR menos utilizada, como também por ser melhor empregada nos exames de estresse que utiliza um vasodilatador, como o dipiridamol, reconhecidamente menos empregado nos exames farmacológicos, em comparação com a dobutamina. A observação de uma zona “enegrecida” (déficit perfusional), sem repreenchimento miocárdico com contraste após um pulso com alto índice mecânico (“flash”), auxilia numa eventual dúvida quanto à existência de uma piora contrátil segmentar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>). Por outro lado, um segmento miocárdico brilhante denota um adequado fluxo na microcirculação, e isso pode ajudar na definição de uma contração local normal.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01002">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Mulher de 60 anos submetida a ecocardiograma contrastado sob estresse farmacológico pela dobutamina. Apresentou desconforto torácico e infradesnivelamento do segmento ST em derivações precordiais no traçado eletrocardiográfico. Identificada área de hipoperfusão na região apical do VE associada à hipocinesia local (setas). Teste positivo para presença de isquemia miocárdica. VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230033-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Com relação a custo-efetividade, os ACE também têm um perfil favorável. Uma análise de custo-efetividade de um exame diagnóstico leva em consideração o custo do próprio método frente ao que resulta a partir dele. O quanto este, a partir de uma definição diagnóstica que fornece, reduz ou elimina a necessidade de exames adicionais para este fim, promovendo ou modificando uma conduta. Neste sentido, os ACE têm se mostrado custo-efetivos em diversos cenários da cardiologia, sendo bem evidente principalmente na medicina crítica e nos exames ecocardiográficos sob estresse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Ecocardiogramas tecnicamente difíceis, com janelas ultrassonográficas limitadas e subótimas no setor de emergência e nas unidades de tratamento intensivo são muito comuns na rotina diária assistencial, fato que pode estar relacionado ao posicionamento do paciente, limitação de acesso ao tórax, iluminação inapropriada local, dentre outros. Nestes casos, por exemplo, pode haver um comprometimento significativo ou até impossibilidade de se avaliar a função sistólica ventricular esquerda, levando a exames inconclusivos, e por vezes sendo necessário o emprego de um outro método de imagem na cadeia diagnóstica, eventualmente mais caro, como a ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC). Dentro deste cenário adverso, uma definição acurada dos volumes do VE e do cálculo da fração de ejeção se torna possível com o auxílio dos ACE, sem necessidade de outros métodos. O uso do contraste torna o exame ecocardiográfico mais acurado e reprodutível, semelhante à RMC, considerada o padrão-ouro. Isso irá guiar a conduta médica, ratificando o seu perfil de custo-efetividade favorável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Este fato é bem evidente, por exemplo, nos pacientes com obesidade mórbida. Nesses pacientes, devido à limitação de janela acústica, uma eventual pesquisa de trombos intracavitários pode ser imprecisa, principalmente na região apical do VE, de visibilização ainda mais difícil. O uso dos ACE possibilita esta pesquisa, eliminando a necessidade de se complementar com a RMC, e guiar a conduta quanto à anticoagulação do paciente, com impacto evidente em custo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Por fim, o ecocardiograma contrastado é quase o único método diagnóstico para se confirmar, na beira do leito, uma rotura miocárdica em um paciente grave.</p>
			<p>Nas unidades de dor torácica, apesar de não ser contemplada em vários protocolos dos diversos serviços, a integração do ecocardiograma sob estresse com auxílio de ACE para avaliação da contratilidade segmentar do VE, com ou sem avaliação da PMTR, pode ser uma alternativa interessante frente a outros exames mais caros, como a angiotomografia de artérias coronárias e a cintilografia miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O ecocardiograma com ACE pode representar uma alternativa mais barata, acurada, sem radiação, e, quando com resultado positivo para isquemia miocárdica, definidora quanto à necessidade de se encaminhar o paciente para a angiografia coronária, remetendo-se ao perfil favorável de custo-efetividade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Assim como, quando não demonstra isquemia miocárdica, possibilita dispensar o paciente com segurança. Exames sem evidência de isquemia estão associados a um risco muito baixo, com taxa de eventos cardiovasculares anuais inferiores a 1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
			<p>No campo geral da ecocardiografia sob estresse, seja por esforço físico ou farmacológico, os ACE também têm se mostrado custo-efetivos. Conforme demonstrado por Mathias e colaboradores, ecocardiogramas sob estresse com janelas subótimas nas imagens de repouso podem ser “salvos” com o uso dos ACE, otimizando custo, uma vez que elimina a necessidade de se agregar um outro método na cadeia diagnóstica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02002">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Homem de 60 anos portador de obesidade e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. Solicitado ecocardiograma eletivo sob estresse pela dobutamina. A) Janela acústica de repouso subótima para o exame. B) Foi utilizado contraste ecocardiográfico (hexafluoreto de enxofre; SonoVue®) que tornou possível a realização do exame. VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230033-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Concluindo, a ecocardiografia contrastada tem mostrado o seu valor ao longo dos anos, na teoria e na prática da “vida real”. A teoria baliza a prática. A prática alimenta a teoria e fornece o alicerce para a experiência, como cita o historiador Thomas Fuller (1608-1661): “<italic>O conhecimento é um tesouro, mas a prática é a chave</italic> para ele.”</p>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento : O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>