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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230021i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>The Value of Vascular Ultrasonography in Defining Inflammatory Activity in Takayasu Arteritis: Case Reports</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4272-646X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barros</surname>
						<given-names>Fanilda Souto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3438-0526</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Simone Nascimento dos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9317-2105</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Storino</surname>
						<given-names>Joana</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2153-7301</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Freire</surname>
						<given-names>Cláudia Maria Vilas</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-4184-4031</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barros</surname>
						<given-names>Felipe Souto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6255-8048</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dinis</surname>
						<given-names>Valquiria Garcia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Laboratório Vascular Angiolab</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Vitória</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratório Vascular Angiolab, Vitória, ES – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Rita de Cássia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Vitória</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Rita de Cássia, Vitória, ES – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Superior de Ciências</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Vitória</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Ciências, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Vitória, ES – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Fanilda Souto Barros • Angiolab Laboratório Vascular. Rua José Teixeira, 290. Postal Code: 29055-310. Praia do Canto, Vitória, ES – Brasil E-mail: <email>fanildas@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Simone Nascimento dos Santos</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230021</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>2</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>3</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Vascular ultrasound</kwd>
				<kwd>Takayasu’s arteritis</kwd>
				<kwd>vasculitis</kwd>
				<kwd>intima-media thickness</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="14"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare large-vessel arteritis that primarily affects the aorta and its major branches.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The greatest challenge is to identify disease activity, since therapeutic measures modify the clinical course of the disease.</p>
			<p>Vascular ultrasonography (VUS) is a promising tool for characterizing vessel wall inflammation and monitoring hemodynamic changes in response to therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>We present 2 case reports that demonstrate the importance of VUS in identifying inflammatory activity in TA. The cases reflect the differences in thickened intima-media complex (IMC) between patients in active and non-active phases of the disease.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case reports</title>
			<p><bold>First case:</bold> A 6-year-old boy who was suffering headaches but had no previous comorbidities was brought to a pediatrician. Clinical examination detected arterial hypertension (140 x 90 mmHg), and laboratory tests and VUS were scheduled to assess the renal arteries.</p>
			<p>VUS revealed: 1) stenosis &gt; 80% in the proximal segment of the left renal artery, and 2) thickened IMC of the abdominal aorta, with a lumen reduction of approximately 40% in the segment adjacent to the origin of the mesenteric vessels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1 B.C</xref>). Magnetic resonance angiography of the abdominal aorta and its branches was then performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1D</xref>), with the findings confirming the VUS results.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– A) Color flow mapping shows lumen narrowing in the proximal course of the renal artery with flow turbulence; B) spectral Doppler analysis with PSV = 429cm/s and EDV = 208cm/s; C) measurement of the caliber of the abdominal aorta in the path with narrowing = 7.4mm, compared to the most distal path = 10.9mm; D) magnetic angioresonance of the abdominal aorta showing narrowing of the aorta in the path close to the origin of the mesenteric vessels.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230021-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Examination of the carotid arteries was indicated, and significant thickening of the IMC was detected in both common carotid arteries, although the internal carotid artery was preserved, which is suggestive of TA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2 A-C</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– A) Diffuse and hyperechogenic thickening of the intima-media complex of the left common carotid artery; B) a reduction of the vascular lumen is observed as a result of the intima-media thickening; C) diffuse and hyperechoic thickening of the intima-media complex of the right common carotid artery.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230021-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>VUS can be used to characterize vascular tissue as hypo- or hyperechogenic, and is validated by the adventitial layer or adjacent muscle. In this case, the IMC was characterized as hyperechogenic, suggesting fibrosis with no apparent disease activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The laboratory results showed no changes, with a C-reactive protein level of 0.1 mg/L and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 7 mm/h.</p>
			<p><bold>Clinical course:</bold> The patient was treated with antihypertensive drugs; the renal artery lesion was not treated with angioplasty due to his age. Ultrasound follow-up of the carotid arteries, aorta, and renal arteries 1 year after the initial examination showed no significant changes.</p>
			<p><bold>Second case:</bold> A 22-year-old woman presented with neck and axillary pain for the last 2 months, which worsened with movement and palpation. This was initially attributed to her physical activity. However, her neck and axillary pain worsened, and she progressed to fever and fatigue during light activity. She was evaluated by a rheumatologist, who requested laboratory tests and VUS of the carotid arteries, axillary vessels, and subclavian artery, in addition to magnetic resonance angiography of the cervical vessels.</p>
			<p>VUS of the brachiocephalic trunk, the right common carotid artery, and the right supraclavicular region of the subclavian artery revealed increased diameters at the expense of significant intima-media thickening, causing subocclusion of these vessels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3A-C</xref>). The movement of the vessels was blocked, representing a drop in pulsatility, and the presence of hypoechoic areas probably represented vascularization of the wall of the right common carotid artery, which was detected by B-mode, color flow mapping, and amplitude Doppler imaging (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4A-C</xref>). Retrograde flow in the external carotid artery flow was filling the internal carotid artery, which kept the flow at low speed, but in a cephalad direction. The caliber of both carotid branches was reduced, with no IMC involvement. The right vertebral artery was occluded (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4D</xref>). The caliber of the infraclavicular region of the subclavian artery and the axillary artery was reduced due to IMC thickening, with low-amplitude single-phase flow.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– A) Transverse section of the right common carotid artery with increased anteroposterior diameter (9.13mm); B) Longitudinal section of the right common carotid artery, with marked thickening of the intima-media complex, with color flow mapping showing significant reduction of the vascular lumen; C) right subclavian artery, in its supraclavicular course, with increased diameters and accentuated intima-media thickening.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230021-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– A) Transverse section of the right common carotid artery with color flow mapping showing areas of neovascularization intermingled in the thickened mediointimal complex; B) areas of vascularization in the arterial wall evidenced by amplitude Doppler in the transverse section; C) longitudinal section of the common carotid artery; D) absence of flow on color flow mapping in the right vertebral artery (occlusion).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230021-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Ultrasound imaging of the left carotid, subclavian, and axillary arteries showed no abnormalities.</p>
			<p>In maximum intensity projection reconstruction, magnetic resonance angiography of the intracranial vessels showed no opacification of the right internal carotid artery, suggesting chronic occlusion or subocclusion, and the right middle cerebral and right anterior cerebral arteries were visualized through the right anterior and posterior communicating arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5A</xref>). However, contrasted axial sections showed diffuse parietal thickening and thread-like flow in the right internal carotid artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5B</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f05">
					<label>Figure 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– AngioRM of intracranial vessels. A) MIP reconstruction of cervical AngioMR: absence of flow in the right brachiocephalic trunk, right subclavian artery, ACCD and in most of the ACID; B) Axial section of MRA, with contrast: ACID with diffuse parietal thickening and marked luminal reduction, with threadlike flow inside it.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230021-gf05.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The patient’s laboratory results showed increased inflammatory response, with a C-reactive protein level of 97 mg/L and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 114 mm/h.</p>
			<p><bold>Clinical course:</bold> Treatment consisted of prednisone 1 mg/kg and methylprednisolone pulse therapy 1000 mg for 3 consecutive days, associated with 6 monthly pulses of cyclophosphamide. Approximately 1 month after treatment began, the clinical picture improved and new VUS of the cervical arteries showed reduced arterial caliber and no signs of artery wall vascularization, but arterial obstruction had not reduced.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>TA is a chronic granulomatous panarteritis of unclear etiology that involves the large vessels, primarily the aorta and its major branches. The vast majority of cases (75% to 97%) occur women &lt; 40 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> There is no gold standard imaging or laboratory test with adequate sensitivity or specificity to diagnose TA. The diagnostic criteria for TA are a combination of physical examination, laboratory findings, and imaging studies.</p>
			<p>Several authors have demonstrated the importance of VUS in diagnosis and follow-up of giant cell arteritis, suggesting that it should be included as a complementary exam in both TA and temporal arteritis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The recommended technique for evaluating IMC in patients with suspected arteritis is longitudinal ultrasound section imaging in B-mode with a high-frequency linear transducer. Measurement is made from the inner edge of the IMC to the outer edge of the adventitial layer of the vessel. Diffuse, homogeneous, and concentric increase in IMC, associated or not with loss of pulsatility, are considered positive criteria. The degree of echogenicity depends on disease stage. Vascularization in the arterial wall indicates disease activity, which can be further investigated through ultrasound with contrast-enhancing agents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>After the creation of fast-track clinics, which provide clinical and laboratory tests and VUS within 24 hours, the importance of ultrasound assessment for patients with suspected arteritis has become clear. The decreased number of patients with permanent vision loss and the reduced number of biopsies in patients with suspected temporal arteritis, which have been demonstrated in 2 important studies, reinforce the value of VUS in the rapid diagnosis of this disease, as well as arteritis in general.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Increased IMC thickness, which is identified through B-mode VUS, reflects inflammation in the vessel wall due to the mobilization and migration of myofibroblasts to the IMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This increase in mural thickness can cause stenosis, occlusion and, consequently, ischemia and damage to the target organ tissue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In ultrasound assessment, an arteritic IMC will be concentrically and homogeneously arranged, which must be differentiated from non-homogeneous, asymmetrical, and partially calcified alterations of the arterial wall, which are typically observed in atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>IMC thickening, which is associated with vessel caliber &gt; 10 mm and neovascularization, has been described as a sign of disease activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> As has been described in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis, an inflammatory halo, representing low IMC echogenicity, may be a sign of disease activity in a thickened IMC in TA. The opposite is also true, ie, hyperechogenic areas in a thickened IMC indicate the presence of fibrotic material, characterizing a more chronic stage of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Svensson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> compared IMC characteristics in patients with and without disease activity, characterizing the different stages into five grades. Grades I, II and V are considered disease activity:</p>
			<list list-type="bullet">
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Grade I</bold>: <list list-type="bullet">
							<list-item>
								<p>- Increased IMC, low-to-medium echogenicity and hypoechoic areas in the IMC</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>- Increased IMC, low-to-medium echogenicity and neovascularization</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>- Increased IMC, low-to-medium echogenicity, and increased vessel diameter</p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Grade II:</bold> Increased IMC, medium echogenicity (no increase in diameter or hypoechoic areas)</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Grade III:</bold> Increased IMC, medium echogenicity and fibrotic areas</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Grade IV:</bold> Increased IMC, high echogenicity and fibrotic areas</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Grade V:</bold> Grade III or IV with any signs of grade I</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>VUS is a non-invasive method that can aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory changes in the vessel wall of patients with TA. Increased artery diameter at the expense of a thickened hypoechoic IMC or with signs of increased vascularization of the arterial wall are suggestive of disease activity. Thickening of the IMC, which is characterized by greater echogenicity and the appearance of fibrotic elements in the wall, suggests disease stability and a lack of inflammation.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230021</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Valor da Ultrassonografia Vascular na Definição de Atividade Inflamatória da Arterite de Takayasu: Relatos de Casos</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4272-646X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barros</surname>
						<given-names>Fanilda Souto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3438-0526</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Simone Nascimento dos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9317-2105</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Storino</surname>
						<given-names>Joana</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2153-7301</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Freire</surname>
						<given-names>Cláudia Maria Vilas</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-4184-4031</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barros</surname>
						<given-names>Felipe Souto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6255-8048</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dinis</surname>
						<given-names>Valquiria Garcia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6002"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratório Vascular Angiolab, Vitória, ES – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil </country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Rita de Cássia, Vitória, ES – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6002">
				<label>6</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Ciências, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Vitória, ES – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Fanilda Souto Barros • Angiolab Laboratório Vascular. Rua José Teixeira, 290. CEP: 29055-310. Praia do Canto, Vitória, ES – Brasil E-mail: fanildas@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Simone Nascimento dos Santos</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Ultrassonografia vascular</kwd>
				<kwd>arterite de Takayasu</kwd>
				<kwd>vasculite</kwd>
				<kwd>espessura mediointimal</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A arterite de Takayasu (AT) é uma rara doença inflamatória dos grandes vasos que afeta sobretudo a aorta e seus principais ramos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O grande desafio consiste em identificar a atividade da doença, visto que medidas terapêuticas modificam a sua evolução.</p>
				<p>A ultrassonografia vascular (USV) é uma ferramenta disponível e promissora para a caracterização da inflamação na parede do vaso e para o monitoramento das alterações hemodinâmicas em resposta à terapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O objetivo destes dois relatos de casos é descrever a importância da USV na identificação da atividade inflamatória da AT. Os casos refletem as diferenças encontradas no complexo médio-intimal (CMI) espessado, quando se compara um paciente com a doença em atividade e outro em uma fase sem atividade da doença.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relatos dos casos</title>
				<p><bold>Primeiro caso:</bold> Tratava-se de um paciente do sexo masculino, com 6 anos de idade, sem comorbidades prévias. Ele consultou com pediatra devido a um quadro de cefaleia. No exame clínico, foi detectada hipertensão arterial (140 x 90 mm Hg), sendo solicitados exames laboratoriais e a USV para o estudo das artérias renais.</p>
				<p>O estudo com USV evidenciou estenose superior a 80% no segmento proximal da artéria renal esquerda e espessamento do CMI da aorta abdominal reduzindo seu lúmen em cerca de 40%, no segmento adjacente à origem dos vasos mesentéricos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1A-C</xref>). Em seguida, o paciente foi submetido a angiorressonância magnética da aorta abdominal e ramos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1D</xref>), com achados confirmatórios aos da USV.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A) Mapeamento de fluxo em cores mostra a redução do lúmen no trajeto proximal da artéria renal com turbulência do fluxo; B) análise com Doppler espectral com VPS = 429cm/s e VDF = 208cm/s; C) medida do calibre da aorta abdominal no trajeto com estreitamento = 7,4mm, comparado ao trajeto mais distal = 10,9mm; D) angioressonância magnética da aorta abdominal evidenciando estreitamento da aorta no trajeto próximo à origem dos vasos mesentéricos.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230021-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Diante desses achados, foi indicado o estudo das artérias carótidas, sendo detectado espessamento significativo do CMI em ambas artérias carótidas comuns, com preservação da artéria carótida interna. Esses achados são sugestivos do diagnóstico de AT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figuras 2A-C</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A) Espessamento difuso e hiperecogênico do complexo mediointimal da carótida comum esquerda; B) observa-se redução do lúmen vascular em consequência ao espessamento mediointimal; C) espessamento difuso e hiperecogênico do complexo mediointimal da carótida comum direita.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230021-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A avaliação do grau de ecogenicidade em hipoecogênico ou hiperecogênico pela USV é validada tendo com referência a camada adventícia ou o músculo adjacente. Baseado nessa premissa, o CMI foi definido como hiperecogênico, sugerindo um aspecto fibrótico, com características de ausência de atividade da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os resultados laboratoriais do paciente em questão não mostravam alterações, incluindo a proteína C-reativa (PCR) = 0,1 mg/L e a velocidade de hemossedimentação (VHS) = 7 mm/h.</p>
				<p><bold>Evolução:</bold> O paciente foi tratado clinicamente com drogas anti-hipertensivas. Optou-se por não tratar a lesão da artéria renal com angioplastia devido à sua idade. O acompanhamento ecográfico das artérias carótidas, aorta e artérias renais, realizado 1 ano após o primeiro exame, não demonstrou alterações significativas.</p>
				<p><bold>Segundo caso:</bold> Tratava-se de uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 22 anos, com queixas de dor cervical e na região axilar que piorava com a movimentação e a palpação, com duração de 2 meses. O quadro foi inicialmente atribuído em consequência de atividade física. Evoluiu com piora da dor cervical e da região axilar, febre e fadiga durante atividades leves. Foi atendida por reumatologista, que solicitou exames laboratoriais e USV das artérias carótidas, dos vasos axilares e da artéria subclávia, além de angiorressonância magnética dos vasos cervicais.</p>
				<p>O estudo pela USV do tronco braquiocefálico, da carótida comum direita e da artéria subclávia direita supraclavicular mostrou um aumento nos seus diâmetros, às custas de espessamento médio-intimal significativo, causando suboclusão desses vasos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3A-C</xref>). Observou-se o movimento em bloco dos vasos, representando a queda na pulsatilidade e a presença de áreas hipoecogênicas provavelmente referentes à vascularização da parede da carótida comum direita, detectado pelo modo B, pelo mapeamento de fluxo em cores e pelo Doppler de amplitude (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4A-C</xref>). O fluxo na carótida externa era retrógrado, preenchendo a carótida interna, que mantinha o fluxo de baixa velocidade, porém com direção cefálica. Ambos os ramos carotídeos se apresentavam com calibres reduzidos, sem acometimento do CMI. A artéria vertebral direita estava ocluída (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4D</xref>). A artéria subclávia infraclavicular e a artéria axilar apresentavam-se com redução de seus calibres por conta do espessamento do CMI, com fluxo monofásico de baixa amplitude.O estudo ultrassonográfico das artérias carótidas, subclávia e axilar à esquerda não evidenciou anormalidades.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A) Corte transverso da artéria carótida comum direita com aumento do diâmetro antero-posterior (9,13mm); B) corte longitudinal da artéria carótida comum direita, com espessamento acentuado do complexo mediointimal, com mapeamento de fluxo em cores mostrando redução significativa do lúmen vascular; C) artéria subclávia direita, em seu trajeto supraclavicular, com diâmetros aumentados e acentuado espessamento mediointimal.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230021-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A) Corte transverso da artéria carótida comum direita com mapeamento de fluxo em cores evidenciando áreas de neovascularização em permeio no complexo mediointimal espessado; B) áreas de vascularização na parede arterial evidenciadas pelo Doppler de amplitude ao corte transverso; C) corte longitidinal da artéria carótida comum; D) ausência de fluxo ao mapeamento de fluxo em cores na artéria vertebral direita (oclusão).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230021-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A angiorressonância magnética dos vasos intracranianos evidenciou, em reconstrução com projeção de intensidade máxima (MIP), ausência de opacificação da artéria carótida interna direita, sugerindo oclusão crônica ou suboclusão, e as artérias cerebral média direita e cerebral anterior direita foram visualizadas por conta das artérias comunicante anterior e comunicante posterior direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 5A</xref>). No entanto, os cortes axiais contrastados evidenciaram espessamento parietal difuso e fluxo filiforme no interior da artéria carótida interna direita (Figura 5B).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05002">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– AngioRM dos vasos intracranianos. A) Reconstrução MIP da AngioRM cervical: ausência de fluxo no tronco braquiocefálico direito, artéria subclávia direita, ACCD e em grande parte da ACID; B) corte axial, de angioRM, com contraste: ACID com espessamento parietal difuso e acentuada redução luminal, com fluxo filiforme no seu interior.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230021-gf05-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Os resultados laboratoriais da paciente em questão evidenciaram aumento das provas inflamatórias, com PCR = 97 mg/L e VHS = 114 mm/h.</p>
				<p><bold>Evolução:</bold> Foi iniciado o tratamento com prednisona 1 mg/kg, e foi solicitada pulsoterapia com metilprednisolona 1.000 mg por 3 dias seguidos associada a seis pulsos de ciclofosfamida mensalmente. Cerca de 1 mês após o início do tratamento, houve melhora do quadro clínico, e a nova USV das artérias cervicais evidenciou redução do calibre das artérias e desaparecimento dos sinais de vascularização da parede da artéria, porém sem redução do grau de obstrução arterial.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A AT é uma pan-arterite granulomatosa de evolução crônica e etiologia ainda pouco esclarecida, que envolve os grandes vasos, preferencialmente a aorta e seus ramos principais. As mulheres jovens, com idade inferior a 40 anos, compreendem 75 a 97% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Não existem exames de imagem ou laboratoriais padrão-ouro com sensibilidade ou especificidade adequadas para o diagnóstico de AT. Os critérios diagnósticos para AT empregam uma combinação de exame físico, achados laboratoriais e exames de imagem.</p>
				<p>Vários autores têm demonstrado a importância da USV para o diagnóstico e para o acompanhamento das arterites de células gigantes e sugerem a sua inclusão como exame complementar na investigação tanto da AT como da arterite temporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A técnica recomendada para a avaliação do CMI em pacientes com suspeita de arterite consiste no estudo em corte ultrassonográfico longitudinal em modo B, utilizando o transdutor linear de alta frequência. A medida é feita da borda interna do CMI à borda externa da camada adventícia do vaso. Os critérios considerados positivos são o aumento difuso, homogêneo e concêntrico do CMI, associado ou não a perda da pulsatilidade. O grau de ecogenicidade dependerá de qual estágio a doença se encontra. A presença de vascularização no interior da parede arterial indica atividade da doença, podendo ser realçada com o estudo ultrassonográfico com agentes realçadores de contraste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os resultados apresentados, após a criação das <italic>fast track clinics</italic>, que proporcionam a avaliação clínica e laboratorial e a utilização de USV em um período de 24 horas em pacientes com suspeita de arterite, deixam claro a importância do estudo ultrassonográfico. A queda no número de pacientes com perda permanente da visão e a redução do número de biópsias em pacientes com suspeita de arterite temporal, demonstradas em dois importantes trabalhos, reforçam o valor da USV no diagnóstico rápido dessa doença e das arterites de forma geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O aumento da espessura do CMI, identificado pela USV em modo B, reflete a inflamação na parede do vaso devido à mobilização e migração de miofibroblastos para o CMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Esse aumento da espessura mural pode subsequentemente causar estenose, oclusão e, consequentemente, isquemia e dano ao tecido do órgão-alvo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A característica ultrassonográfica do CMI nas arterites consiste em uma disposição concêntrica e homogênea, devendo ser diferenciada de alterações não homogêneas, assimétricas e parcialmente calcificadas da parede arterial, tipicamente observadas na aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O espessamento do CMI associado a um aumento do calibre do vaso superior a 10 mm e a presença de neovascularização foram descritos como sinais de atividade da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Semelhante ao que foi descrito para o diagnóstico da arterite temporal, o halo inflamatório representado pela baixa ecogenicidade do CMI e as áreas hipoecogênicas presentes no CMI espessado na AT podem ser um sinal de atividade da doença. O inverso é verdadeiro: áreas hiperecogênicas no CMI espessado expressam presença de material fibrótico, caracterizando um estágio mais crônico da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Svensson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> compararam as características do CMI em pacientes com e sem atividade da doença e caracterizaram em cinco graus os diferentes estágios da doença. Os graus I, II e V são considerados atividade da doença.</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Grau I</bold>: <list list-type="bullet">
								<list-item>
									<p>– CMI aumentado, ecogenicidade baixa a média e áreas hipoecogênicas no interior do CMI.</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>– CMI aumentado, ecogenicidade baixa a média e presença de neovascularização.</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>– CMI aumentado, ecogenicidade baixa a média e aumento do diâmetro do vaso.</p>
								</list-item>
							</list>
						</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Grau II:</bold> CMI aumentado e ecogenicidade média (sem aumento do diâmetro ou de áreas hipoecogênicas).</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Grau III:</bold> CMI aumentado e ecogenicidade média com áreas fibróticas.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Grau IV:</bold> CMI aumentado e ecogenicidade alta com áreas fibróticas.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Grau V:</bold> Grau III ou IV, com qualquer dos sinais do grau I.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Conclusão</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>A USV é um método não invasivo que pode ser utilizado para auxiliar no diagnóstico e monitoramento das alterações inflamatórias na parede dos vasos de pacientes com AT. O aumento do diâmetro da artéria às custas do espessamento do CMI hipoecogênico ou com sinais de aumento da vascularização da parede arterial é sugestivo de atividade da doença. O espessamento do CMI, com maior ecogenicidade e aparecimento de elementos fibróticos na parede, sugere ausência de inflamação e consequente estabilidade da doença.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>