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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230012i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach to Imaging Cardiac Amyloidosis: Role of Bone-Seeking Tracers Scintigraphy</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5788-3500</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Glavam</surname>
						<given-names>Adriana Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data, writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9599-7688</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lopes</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael Willain</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data, writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9899-1612</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brandão</surname>
						<given-names>Simone Cristina Soares</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data, writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Copa Star</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Copa Star, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem CDPI/DASA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Coração</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Coração (Hcor), São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">DIA Medicina Nuclear</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">DIA Medicina Nuclear, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>7</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Diagson</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Diagson, João Pessoa, PB – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Simone Cristina Soares Brandão • Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Av. Prof Moraes Rego, SN. CEP: 50670-901. Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE – Brazil E-mail: <email>sbrandaonuclearufpe@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Marco Stephan Lofrano Alves</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>24</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230012</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>5</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>6</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Amyloidosis is a systemic infiltrative disease characterized by the extracellular deposition of amyloid fibrils. Heart involvement is common and associated with a poor prognosis. The most predominant types of cardiac amyloidosis (CA) are amyloid immunoglobulin light chain (AL) and amyloid transthyretin (ATTR). Diagnosis of CA and differentiation between the types are important for prognosis, therapy, and genetic counseling. ATTR-CA is an under-diagnosed cause of heart failure. However, great accomplishments in non-invasive imaging methods, as well as the possibility of effective clinical treatment, have shifted ATTR-CA from a rare and untreatable disease to a condition that clinicians should consider on a daily basis. The advent of scintigraphy imaging with bone-seeking tracers has allowed the early diagnosis of ATTR-CA with high accuracy once monoclonal gammopathies have been excluded. Interpretation of cardiac scintigraphy with bone-seeking tracers requires expertise, and we propose a step-by-step guide to performing this exam in clinical practice according to the most recent guidelines. Moreover, we reviewed some crucial points that we believe are of paramount importance in clinical practice and patient outcomes.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Scintigraphy</kwd>
				<kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Pre-Albumin</kwd>
				<kwd>Diphosphates</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiac insufficiency</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="27"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Amyloidosis is a systemic infiltrative disease characterized by the extracellular deposition of misfolded proteins which aggregate as amyloid fibrils. Heart involvement is common and, unfortunately, associated with a poor prognosis for those patients. The most predominant types of cardiac amyloidosis (CA) are amyloid immunoglobulin light chain (AL) and amyloid transthyretin (ATTR). The latter is further subtyped into hereditary (ATTRv), which results from protein mutations, and wild type (ATTRw), formerly known as senile type, which is not associated with DNA mutations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>ATTR-CA has been considered a rare disease, but recent data have shown an exponential increase in incidence over the past 10 years, especially for ATTR-CA wild type.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>Until very recently, only endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) could diagnose CA, and no specific treatment was available. Great accomplishments in non-invasive imaging methods, as well as the possibility of effective clinical treatment, have shifted ATTR-CA from a rare and untreatable disease to a condition that clinicians should consider on a daily basis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Bone-seeking tracers scintigraphy has assumed a central role in diagnosis since it is currently the only non-invasive imaging method capable of accurately diagnosing ATTR-CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In order to guide good practice, consensus,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> practice points,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> have been proposed by highly valued international societies. In this context, the authors decided to devise this guide based on their own experiences in the real world and call attention to some crucial points that we believe are of paramount importance in clinical practice and patient outcomes.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Bone-seeking tracers scintigraphy</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Bone-seeking tracers</title>
				<p>Amyloid deposits are the most direct targets to diagnose and type CA. They consist of insoluble b-pleated sheets of fibrils formed from misfolded precursor proteins, as well as non-fibrillar components of serum amyloid P (SAP), glycosaminoglycans, and calcium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nuclear medicine methods act on a molecular level and can identify amyloid deposits even before structural and functional changes can be observed on echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), leading to an early diagnosis that directly impacts prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In the past, bone-seeking tracers were used to detect myocardial necrosis, and their potential use to diagnose CA has been recently described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The phosphate domains in those tracers are supposed to bind to calcium in transthyretin fibrils. Pepys et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> suggest that the P-component could bind to amyloid fibrils via a calcium-mediated mechanism, and Stats et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> showed microcalcifications in EMB samples. The precise molecular mechanism behind differential uptake in ATTR and AL-CA is not well known, but it has been postulated that it might be related to a higher calcium content, i.e., microcalcifications in TTR amyloid fibrils.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Even so, in a few cases of AL-CA, the amount of microcalcifications is comparable to ATTR-CA, explaining why bone-seeking tracers are not specific for ATTR-CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Perugini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> first described that 3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanodicarboxylic acid linked to technetium-99m (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD) scintigraphy is highly sensitive and specific in differentiating ATTR-CA from AL-CA in patients with documented CA. Subsequently, other authors have confirmed scintigraphy as an accurate diagnostic method, even when other types of bone-seeking tracers were used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Gillmore et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> have revolutionized clinical practice by proposing that ATTR-CA could be non-invasively diagnosed using bone scintigraphy. In a multicenter study involving 1217 patients with suspected CA, grades 2 or 3 of myocardial radiotracer uptake, in the absence of monoclonal gammopathies in serum or urine, had a specificity and positive predictive value of 100% to detect ATTR-CA. The results were similar among the most available bone-seeking tracers, as well as for patients with hereditary and wild-type ATTR-CA. Therefore, in this context, EMB is not needed, and specific treatment can be safely initiated.</p>
				<p>As expected, after the publication of Gilmore et al.’s results,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> an increase in the number of patients referred to scintigraphy was observed. However, it is worth mentioning that the study had included patients with a high pretest probability of CA, i.e., symptoms of heart failure and echocardiogram or CMR consistent with CA, and the scans were carried out in reference centers following the best practices.</p>
				<p>Nowadays, three types of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-labeled myocardial bone-avid radiotracer have been used for the diagnosis of ATTR-CA: 99mTc-pyrophosphate (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP), <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD, and 99mTc-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMPD), and all have shown high accuracy for imaging cardiac TTR amyloid.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p><sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP is the most used radiotracer in the United States and Brazil. <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD and <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMPD are currently the most used in Europe and other countries. It is worth noting that, because of the <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP shortage, some centers in the United States have been using <sup>99m</sup>Tc-methylene diphosphonate (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-MPD) as well. It is important to highlight that <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MDP is currently used for bone scintigraphy, but it is not recommended for ATTR-CA diagnosis because of its low sensitivity compared to the other bone-seeking tracers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Imaging protocols and interpretation</title>
					<p>Since <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP is the only radiotracer used for ATTR-CA diagnosis in Brazil, it will be the focus of this document.</p>
					<p><sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP scintigraphy is a simple, inexpensive procedure available in major centers in Brazil. No absolute contraindications are described, and modern scans have allowed the use of lower doses of radiation. Furthermore, no preparation is required.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>An activity dose of 10 to 20 mCi (370 to 740 MBq) of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP is administered intravenously. Subsequently, 2 to 3 hours after the injection, anterior and left lateral chest planar images are acquired, followed by a cardiac single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. Whenever possible, a hybrid acquisition using SPECT associated to computed tomography (SPECT/CT) is advisable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Former consensus<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and practice points<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> recommended that planar and SPECT images should be obtained 1 hour after radiotracer injection. If a blood pool was present, a 3-hour image should be performed. Most recent data<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> suggest that the 1-hour imaging is optional. Hutt et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> have demonstrated that myocardial and bone uptake over time is distinct. As the peak myocardial counts on planar images occur 1 hour after injection of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD followed by a progressive decline over time, bone counts increase gradually and peak after 2 to 3 hours. Therefore, 1-hour imaging is more sensitive, and 3-hour imaging is more specific for ATTR-CA diagnosis. Similar kinetics is observed with the other radiotracers. It is important to emphasize that a 1-hour imaging protocol is equivalent to a 3-hour protocol since SPECT images are incorporated, which positively impacts patient comfort and laboratory output.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
					<p>The first step in scan interpretation is to proceed to a visual or semi-quantitative analysis using planar imaging. Radiotracer uptake into the bones (ribs) is compared to heart uptake and rated as previously described by Perugini et al.:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> grade 0 (no heart uptake and normal rib uptake), grade 1 (heart uptake less than rib uptake), grade 2 (heart uptake equal to rib uptake) and grade 3 (greater than rib uptake with mild/absent rib uptake), as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>. Heart uptake must be confirmed in SPECT or SPECT/CT images. Scans showing visual scores greater than or equal to 2, i.e., 2 or 3 on planar and SPECT images, are classified as positive and suggestive of ATTR-CA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). Analysis of planar images alone is no longer accepted, irrespective of the time between injection and scans, showing the importance of directly visualizing and confirming myocardial uptake. Then, we must always perform SPECT imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Grading 99mTc-PYP uptake on planar and SPECT images. This figure illustrates visual semi-quantitative analysis of cardiac 99mTc-PYP uptake using planar (upper) and SPECT (lower) imaging. Radiotracer uptake into the rib is compared to heart uptake and rated: grade 0 (no heart uptake and normal rib uptake), grade 1 (heart uptake less than rib uptake), grade 2 (heart uptake equal to rib uptake) and grade 3 (greater than rib uptake with mild/absent rib uptake). From “99mTechnetium-pyrophosphate Imaging for Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis” by Dorbala et al., 2019, ASNC Cardiac Amyloidosis Practice Points. Copyright 2019 by American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. Reprinted with permission.15 99mTc-PYP: 99mTc-pyrophosphate; SPECT: single photon emission computed tomography; SQA: semiquantitative score.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230012-gf01.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Positive cardiac 99mTc-PYP scintigraphy. Planar images (A) demonstrate abnormally increased radiotracer activity in the heart (arrows) and greater than the ribs (Perugini grade 3), and SPECT (B) and SPECT/CT (C) images confirm radiotracer uptake throughout the left ventricle (arrows). Those findings are highly suggestive of ATTR-CA. The advantage of SPECT/CT imaging is to better identify myocardial 99mTc-PYP uptake. Source: the authors. ATTR-CA: amyloid transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis; 99mTc-PYP: 99mTc-pyrophosphate; SPECT: single photon emission computed tomography; SPECT/CT: single photon emission computed tomography associated to computed tomography.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230012-gf02.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The second step is quantitative analysis. Bokhari et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> defined a simple technique based on drawing a circular region of interest (ROI) over the heart on the anterior chest planar imaging and mirroring this ROI over the contralateral chest to adjust for background and ribs. Heart-to-contralateral lung uptake ratio (H/CL) is calculated as a ratio of heart ROI mean counts to contralateral chest ROI mean counts. H/CL &gt; 1.5 at 1 hour-imaging and H/CL &gt; 1.3 at 3-hour imaging are highly accurate to diagnose ATTR-CA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). Hence, some caution is required when drawing the ROI, for example, size adjustment to maximize coverage of the heart without including the adjacent lung and avoiding sternal, ribs, and right ventricle areas to obtain reliable ratios.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Quantitation of cardiac 99mTc-PYP using heart-to-contralateral (H/CL) lung uptake ratio over the heart on the anterior chest planar imaging. This image (shown in 3 different colors) was acquired 3 hours after the radiotracer injection. The H/CL was 1.76, which is highly accurate to diagnose ATTR-CA. Source: the authors. ATTR-CA: amyloid transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis; 99mTc-PYP: 99mTc-pyrophosphate</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230012-gf03.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Planar imaging alone is limited in spatial resolution when compared to SPECT or SPECT/CT. Myocardial uptake cannot be differentiated from blood pool uptake; overlying rib uptake may add counts to the region of the heart, and attenuation correction is not feasible. SPECT overcomes these limitations and should always be performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Indeed, Régis et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> showed that visual analysis on SPECT imaging has led to fewer scans interpreted as equivocal when compared to quantitative analysis (H/CL ratio).</p>
					<p>Another important change in diagnostic criteria is the role of the H/CL ratio. In a former consensus,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> H/CL ratio &gt; 1.5 was considered as strongly suggestive of ATTR-CA. Currently, a scan is strongly suggestive of ATTR-CA if diffuse myocardial uptake grade 2 or 3 is observed in SPECT imaging, even if the H/CL ratio is &lt; 1.5. Nevertheless, the H/CL ratio can still be useful to reclassify equivocal exams as positive or negative.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>False-positive and false-negative results</title>
			<p>As previously stated, scintigraphy with bone-seeking tracers is a highly accurate method to diagnose ATTR-CA. However, some peculiar scenarios should always be considered, given that false-positive and false-negative results may occur, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Possible causes of false-positive scans for detecting transthyretin CA.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="100%">
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">AL-CA: AL-CA is the most common and important cause of misdiagnosis. Most clinicians are not familiar with the fact that nearly 20% of scans can be positive in patients with AL-CA; therefore, <bold>always properly rule out AL-CA.</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Blood pool uptake in planar images: Although they are not recommended, some labs still use solely planar images to diagnose CA, and a blood pool can be interpreted as a positive scan. Cardiac uptake must always be confirmed in SPECT images. <bold>Always perform SPECT.</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Rib fractures, valvular and annular calcifications, and breast implants: These structures may overlay the heart, thereby affecting H/CL results. Currently, H/CL alone is not recommended to diagnose CA. <bold>Always perform SPECT.</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Acute or subacute myocardial infarction (&lt; 4 months): Focal uptake may be present, and scintigraphy should not be used to diagnose CA in this early phase.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hydroxychloroquine cardiotoxicity (histological confirmation).</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Rare forms of CA for example, apolipoprotein A1).</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>AL-CA: amyloid immunoglobulin light chain cardiac amyloidosis; CA: cardiac amyloidosis; H/CL: heart-to-contralateral lung uptake ratio; SPECT: single photon emission computed tomography.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Regarding possible false negatives of scintigraphy for detecting ATTR-CA, the most common causes are an early-stage disease where myocardial infiltration can be minimal or mild and not yet detectable, as well as some pathogenic TTR mutations such as Phe64Leu, Val30Met, Thr59Lys, Se77Tyr, and Glu61Ala;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> VaL122Ile has more recently been described in some subjects as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> It is well known that the sensitivity of bone avid tracer scintigraphy in hereditary ATTR-CA might be lower in some cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Scintigraphy with bone-seeking tracers has led to fewer cases where EMB is required, but EMB is still considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of CA. EMB should always be considered in the following cases: 1) <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP scan is negative or equivocal, but clinical suspicion is high, i.e., echocardiogram or CMR show typical findings in patients with suggestive symptoms; 2) <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP scan is positive, but free light chains are elevated, or monoclonal gammopathy is present. It has been described in the literature that, in elderly patients, AL-CA and ATTR-CA might coexist; 3) Bone-seeking tracer scintigraphy is unavailable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
			<p>It is worth mentioning that fat-pad biopsy is not highly sensitive to exclude ATTR amyloidosis and should not be routinely ordered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>How to properly exclude gammopathies</title>
			<p>Clinicians must not rely solely on imaging to confirm or exclude ATTR-CA. Gilmore et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> have shown that any grade of radiotracer uptake was associated with 99% sensitivity and 68% specificity to diagnose ATTR-CA. The poorer specificity was due to false positives related to AL-CA. Indeed, 40% of patients with AL-CA might show any grade of radiotracer uptake on scintigraphy. Therefore, only uptake grade 2 or 3 after the exclusion of AL- CA was associated with 100% specificity and positive predictive value for the non-invasive diagnosis of ATTR-CA.</p>
			<p>Serum-free light chain concentration and serum and urine immunofixation electrophoresis is &gt; 99% sensitive to detect AL amyloidosis. However, serum plasma and urine plasma electrophoresis are much less sensitive and should be avoided.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It is important to point out that up to 40% of patients with ATTR-CA may have a condition called monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS), and EMB is necessary to confirm ATTR-CA. Also, in some cases, MGUS may progress to AL amyloidosis or multiple myeloma, and those patients must be closely followed by a hematologist.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Algorithms to diagnose CA</title>
			<p>The Brazilian Society of Cardiology has proposed a very practical algorithm to guide CA diagnosis based on two main routes: Hematological and Cardiological (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Flowchart for diagnosing cardiac amyloidosis. Brazilian Society of Cardiology practical algorithm to diagnose CA based on two main routes: Hematological and Cardiological. Adapted from Position Statement on Diagnosis and Treatment of CA – 2021.25 CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; ECG: eletrocardiogram; ATTR: amyloid transthyretin; TTR: transthyretin; SPECT: single photon emission computed tomography</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230012-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Perspectives for the near future</title>
			<p>Studies have demonstrated that cardiac absolute quantification of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP uptake is feasible with cadmium-zinc-telluride gamma cameras (SPECT/CT), and that different quantification parameters correlated strongly with extracellular volume obtained by CMR. Larger studies are necessary to definitively establish the value of quantification in ATTR-CA and move to the next frontier in the non-invasive diagnostic evaluation of CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The advent of specific positron emission tomography (PET) amyloid-binding radiotracers has the potential to change currently employed diagnostic algorithms for imaging CA. These PET tracers have promising potential for the early detection of a particular type of CA, pursuing relevant medical intervention, assessing amyloid burden, monitoring treatment response, and determining overall prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Final considerations</title>
			<p>The advent of scintigraphy imaging with bone-seeking tracers has allowed the diagnosis of ATTR-CA with high accuracy once monoclonal gammopathies have been excluded. Interpretation of cardiac <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP images requires expertise, and we have proposed a step-by-step guide to performing this exam in clinical practice according to the most recent guidelines. We would like to highlight the importance of always performing SPECT imaging to truly ensure a positive test result and emphasize that false negatives can also occur, mostly in some inherited forms of ATTR-CA; in this scenario, an EMB might be necessary.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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							<given-names>GB</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Quantitation in ATTR Cardiac Amyloidosis: The Next Step is Almost There!</article-title>
					<source>J Nucl Cardiol</source>
					<year>2023</year>
					<volume>30</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>140</fpage>
					<lpage>143</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12350-022-03044-y</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<label>27</label>
				<mixed-citation>27. Saeed S, Saad JM, Ahmed AI, Han Y, Al-Mallah MH. The Utility of Positron Emission Tomography in Cardiac Amyloidosis. Heart Fail Rev. 2022;27(5):1531-41. doi: 10.1007/s10741-021-10183-w.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Saeed</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Saad</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ahmed</surname>
							<given-names>AI</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Han</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Al-Mallah</surname>
							<given-names>MH</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Utility of Positron Emission Tomography in Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
					<source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>27</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>1531</fpage>
					<lpage>1541</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10741-021-10183-w</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230012</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como eu Faço Imagem na Amiloidose Cardíaca: Papel da Cintilografia com Traçadores Ósseos</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5788-3500</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Glavam</surname>
						<given-names>Adriana Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, obtenção de dados, análise e interpretação dos dados, redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9599-7688</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lopes</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael Willain</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, obtenção de dados, análise e interpretação dos dados, redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9899-1612</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brandão</surname>
						<given-names>Simone Cristina Soares</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, obtenção de dados, análise e interpretação dos dados, redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6002"><sup>6</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7002"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Copa Star, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem CDPI/DASA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Coração (Hcor), São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6002">
				<label>6</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">DIA Medicina Nuclear, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7002">
				<label>7</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Diagson, João Pessoa, PB – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Simone Cristina Soares Brandão • Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Av. Prof Moraes Rego, SN. CEP: 50670-901. Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE – Brasil E-mail: sbrandaonuclearufpe@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Marco Stephan Lofrano Alves</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A amiloidose é uma doença infiltrativa sistêmica caracterizada pela deposição extracelular de fibrilas amiloides. O envolvimento cardíaco é comum e está associado a prognóstico desfavorável. Os tipos mais predominantes de amiloidose cardíaca (AC) são por cadeias leves de imunoglobulinas (AL) e por transtirretina (ATTR). O diagnóstico de AC e a diferenciação entre os tipos são importantes para o prognóstico, terapia e aconselhamento genético. A AC-ATTR é uma causa subdiagnosticada de insuficiência cardíaca. No entanto, grandes conquistas nos métodos de imagem não invasivos, bem como a possibilidade de tratamento clínico eficaz, transformaram a AC-ATTR de uma doença rara e intratável em uma condição que os médicos clínicos devem considerar diariamente. O advento da cintilografia com traçadores ósseos permitiu o diagnóstico da AC-ATTR com alta precisão, uma vez que as gamopatias monoclonais foram excluídas. A interpretação de cintilografia com traçadores ósseos requer expertise, e propusemos um guia passo a passo para a realização desse exame na prática clínica de acordo com as diretrizes mais recentes. Além disso, revisamos alguns pontos cruciais que acreditamos serem de suma importância na prática clínica e nos desfechos dos pacientes.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Cintilografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
				<kwd>Pré-Albumina</kwd>
				<kwd>Difosfatos</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A amiloidose é uma doença infiltrativa sistêmica caracterizada pela deposição extracelular de proteínas incorretamente dobradas que se agregam como fibrilas amiloides. O envolvimento cardíaco é comum e, infelizmente, associado a prognóstico desfavorável para esses pacientes. Os tipos mais predominantes de amiloidose cardíaca (AC) são por cadeias leves de imunoglobulinas (AL) e por transtirretina (ATTR). Este último é subdividido em hereditária (ATTRv), que resulta de mutações de proteínas, e tipo selvagem (ATTRw), anteriormente conhecido como tipo senil, que não está associado a mutações no DNA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A AC-ATTR tem sido considerada uma doença rara, mas dados recentes mostram um aumento exponencial na incidência nos últimos 10 anos, especialmente para AC-ATTR tipo selvagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>Até muito recentemente, apenas a biópsia endomiocárdica era capaz de diagnosticar a AC, e nenhum tratamento específico estava disponível. Grandes conquistas nos métodos de imagem não invasivos, bem como a possibilidade de tratamento clínico eficaz, transformaram a AC-ATTR de uma doença rara e intratável em uma condição que os médicos clínicos devem considerar diariamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A cintilografia com traçadores ósseos assumiu um papel central no diagnóstico, pois é atualmente o único método de imagem não invasivo capaz de diagnosticar a AC-ATTR com precisão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Com a finalidade de orientar as boas práticas, foram propostos consensos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> pontos de prática<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e diretrizes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> por sociedades internacionais altamente reconhecidas. Nesse contexto, os autores decidiram elaborar o presente guia com base em suas próprias experiências no mundo real e chamar a atenção para alguns pontos cruciais que acreditamos serem de suma importância na prática clínica e para os desfechos dos pacientes.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Cintilografia com traçadores ósseos</title>
					<sec>
						<title>Traçadores ósseos</title>
						<p>Os depósitos amilóides são os alvos mais diretos para diagnosticar e classificar a AC. Eles consistem em folhas beta-plissadas insolúveis de fibrilas formadas a partir de proteínas precursoras incorretamente dobradas, bem como componentes não fibrilares de amilóide P sérico (SAP), glicosaminoglicanos e cálcio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Os métodos de medicina nuclear atuam em nível molecular e podem identificar depósitos amiloides antes mesmo de alterações estruturais e funcionais poderem ser observadas na ecocardiografia ou ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC), levando a um diagnóstico precoce que tem impactos diretos no prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
						<p>No passado, traçadores ósseos eram usados para detectar necrose miocárdica, e seu uso potencial para diagnosticar a AC foi recentemente descrito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Supõe-se que os domínios de fosfato nesses marcadores se liguem ao cálcio nas fibrilas de ATTR. Pepys et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> sugerem que o componente P pode se ligar a fibrilas amilóides por meio de um mecanismo mediado por cálcio, e Stats et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> mostraram microcalcificações em amostras de biópsia endomiocárdica. O mecanismo molecular preciso por trás da captação diferencial em AC-ATTR e AC-AL não é bem conhecido, mas postula-se que pode estar relacionado a um maior teor de cálcio, ou seja, microcalcificações em fibrilas amilóides de TTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Mesmo assim, em alguns casos de AC-AL, a quantidade de microcalcificações é comparável à AC-ATTR; isto explica porque os traçadores ósseos não são específicos para AC-ATTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Perugini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> descreveram pela primeira vez que a cintilografia com ácido 3,3-difosfono-1,2-propanodicarboxílico ligado ao tecnécio-99m (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD) é altamente sensível e específica para diferenciar AC-ATTR de AC-AL em pacientes com AC documentada. Subsequentemente, outros autores confirmaram a cintilografia como um método diagnóstico preciso, mesmo quando outros tipos de traçadores ósseos foram usados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Gillmore et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> revolucionaram a prática clínica ao propor que a AC-ATTR poderia ser diagnosticada de forma não invasiva usando cintilografia óssea. Em um estudo multicêntrico envolvendo 1.217 pacientes com suspeita de AC, os graus 2 ou 3 de captação miocárdica do radiotraçador, na ausência de gamopatias monoclonais no soro ou na urina, apresentaram especificidade e valor preditivo positivo de 100% para detectar AC-ATTR. Os resultados foram semelhantes entre os traçadores ósseos mais disponíveis, bem como para pacientes com AC-ATTR hereditária e de tipo selvagem. Portanto, neste contexto, a biópsia endomiocárdica não é necessária e o tratamento específico pode ser iniciado com segurança.</p>
						<p>Como esperado, após a publicação dos resultados de Gillmore et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> observou-se um aumento no número de pacientes encaminhados para cintilografia. No entanto, vale ressaltar que o estudo incluiu pacientes com alta probabilidade pré-teste de AC, isto é, sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca e ecocardiograma ou RMC compatível com AC, e os exames foram realizados em centros de referência seguindo as melhores práticas.</p>
						<p>Atualmente, três tipos de radiotraçadores miocárdicos marcados com <sup>99m</sup>Tc têm sido usados para o diagnóstico de AC-ATTR: <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP), <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD e <sup>99m</sup>Tc-hidroximetileno difosfonato (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMPD). Todos mostraram alta precisão para imagens de amiloide TTR cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
						<p>No Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP é o radiotraçador mais utilizado. Na Europa e em outros países, o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD e o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMPD atualmente são os mais utilizados. Vale ressaltar que, devido à escassez de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP, alguns centros nos Estados Unidos vêm utilizando o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-metileno difosfonato (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-MPD) também. É importante destacar que o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MDP é atualmente usado para cintilografia óssea, mas não é recomendado para o diagnóstico da AC-ATTR devido à sua baixa sensibilidade em comparação com os outros traçadores ósseos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Protocolos de imagem e interpretação</title>
						<p>Considerando que o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP é o único radiotraçador utilizado para o diagnóstico da AC-ATTR no Brasil, ele será o foco deste documento.</p>
						<p>A cintilografia com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP é um procedimento simples e de baixo custo disponível nos principais centros do Brasil. Nenhuma contraindicação absoluta é descrita, e os exames modernos permitem o uso de doses mais baixas de radiação. Além disso, nenhuma preparação é necessária.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Uma dose de atividade de 10 a 20 mCi (370 a 740 MBq) de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP é administrada por via intravenosa. Após 2 a 3 horas da injeção, são adquiridas imagens planares do tórax anterior e lateral esquerdo, seguidas por uma imagem de tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único (SPECT) cardíaca. Sempre que possível, é aconselhável uma aquisição híbrida usando SPECT associada à tomografia computadorizada (SPECT/CT).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Um consenso<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e pontos de prática<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> anteriores recomendavam que as imagens planares e SPECT fossem obtidas 1 hora após a injeção do radiotraçador. Na presença de um <italic>pool</italic> sanguíneo, uma imagem de 3 horas deve ser realizada. Dados mais recentes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> sugerem que a imagem de 1 hora seria opcional. Hutt et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> demonstraram que a captação miocárdica e óssea ao longo do tempo é distinta. Como as contagens miocárdicas de pico nas imagens planares ocorrem 1 hora após a injeção de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD, seguidas por um declínio progressivo ao longo do tempo, as contagens ósseas aumentam gradualmente e atingem o pico após 2 a 3 horas. Portanto, a imagem de 1 hora é mais sensível e a imagem de 3 horas é mais específica para o diagnóstico de AC-ATTR. Uma cinética semelhante é observada com os outros radiotraçadores. É importante enfatizar que um protocolo de imagem de 1 hora equivale a um protocolo de 3 horas, uma vez que as imagens SPECT são incorporadas, o que impacta positivamente no conforto do paciente e na produção do laboratório.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
						<p>O primeiro passo na interpretação do exame é proceder a uma análise visual ou semiquantitativa usando imagens planares. A captação do radiotraçador ósseo (arcos costais) é comparada à captação miocárdica e classificada conforme descrito anteriormente por Perugini et al.:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> grau 0 (sem captação miocárdica e captação normal dos arcos costais), grau 1 (captação miocárdica menor que captação dos arcos costais), grau 2 (captação miocárdica igual à captação dos arcos costais) e grau 3 (captação miocárdica superior à captação dos arcos costais, com captação leve/ausente dos arcos costais), conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>. A captação do coração deve ser confirmada nas imagens SPECT ou SPECT/CT. Exames com escores visuais maiores ou iguais a 2, ou seja, 2 ou 3 nas imagens planares e SPECT, são classificadas como positivas e sugestivas de AC-ATTR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>). A análise isolada de imagens planares não é mais aceita, independentemente do tempo entre a injeção e os exames, mostrando a importância de visualizar diretamente e confirmar a captação miocárdica. Então, devemos sempre realizar imagens de SPECT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f01002">
								<label>Figura 1</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Grau de captação de 99mTc-PYP em imagens planares e SPECT. Esta figura ilustra a análise visual semiquantitativa da captação cardíaca de 99mTc-PYP usando imagens planares (superiores) e SPECT (inferiores). A captação do radiotraçador nos arcos costais é comparada com a captação do coração e classificada: grau 0 (sem captação do coração e captação normal dos arcos costais), grau 1 (captação do coração menor que captação dos arcos costais), grau 2 (captação do coração igual à captação dos arcos costais) e grau 3 (captação miocárdica superior à captação dos arcos costais, com captação leve/ausente dos arcos costais). De “99mTechnetium-pyrophosphate Imaging for Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis” de Dorbala et al., 2019, ASNC Cardiac Amyloidosis Practice Points. Copyright 2019 da Sociedade Americana de Cardiologia Nuclear. Reimpresso com permissão.15 99mTc-PYP: pirofosfato ligado ao tecnécio-99m; SPECT: tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único; SQA: semiquantitative score.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230012-gf01-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f02002">
								<label>Figura 2</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Cintilografia cardíaca positiva com 99mTc-PYP. Imagens planares (A) demonstram atividade anormalmente aumentada do radiotraçador no coração (setas) e maior que os arcos costais (Perugini grau 3). As imagens SPECT (B) e SPECT/CT (C) confirmam a captação do radiotraçador em todo o ventrículo esquerdo (setas). Esses achados são altamente sugestivos de AC-ATTR. A vantagem de SPECT/CT é identificar melhor a captação miocárdica de 99mTc-PYP. Fonte: Autores.</title>
									<p>AC-ATTR: amiloidose cardíaca por ATTR; <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP: pirofosfato ligado ao tecnécio-99m; SPECT: tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único; SPECT/CT: tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único associada à tomografia computadorizada.</p>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230012-gf02-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>A segunda etapa é a análise quantitativa. Bokhari et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> definiram uma técnica simples baseada no desenho de uma região de interesse (ROI) circular sobre o coração na imagem planar do tórax anterior e espelhando esta ROI sobre o tórax contralateral para ajustar o fundo e os arcos costais. A relação entre a captação do coração e da região torácica contralateral (C/CL) é calculada como a razão entre as contagens médias de ROI do coração e as contagens médias de ROI do tórax contralateral. C/CL &gt; 1,5 na imagem de 1 hora e C/CL &gt; 1,3 na imagem de 3 horas apresentam alta acurácia para diagnosticar AC-ATTR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>). Portanto, alguns cuidados são necessários ao desenhar o ROI, por exemplo, o ajuste de tamanho para maximizar a cobertura do coração sem incluir o pulmão adjacente, evitando áreas do esterno, costelas e ventrículo direito para obtenção de relações confiáveis.</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f03002">
								<label>Figura 3</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Quantificação de 99mTc-PYP cardíaco usando a relação entre a captação do coração e da região torácica contralateral (C/CL) sobre o coração na imagem planar do tórax anterior. Esta imagem (mostrada em 3 cores diferentes) foi adquirida 3 horas após a injeção do radiotraçador. O C/CL foi de 1,76, tendo alta acurácia para diagnosticar AC-ATTR. Fonte: Autores. AC-ATTR: amiloidose cardíaca por ATTR; 99mTc-PYP: pirofosfato ligado ao tecnécio-99m.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230012-gf03-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>A imagem planar isolada é limitada em resolução espacial quando comparada ao SPECT ou SPECT/CT. A captação miocárdica não pode ser diferenciada da captação do <italic>pool</italic> sanguíneo; a captação do arco costal sobrejacente pode adicionar contagens à região do coração, e a correção da atenuação não é possível. A SPECT supera essas limitações e sempre deve ser realizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> De fato, Régis et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> mostraram que a análise visual na imagem SPECT levou a menos exames interpretados como ambíguos em comparação à análise quantitativa (relação C/CL).</p>
						<p>Outra mudança importante nos critérios diagnósticos foi o papel da relação C/CL. Em um consenso anterior,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> a relação C/CL &gt; 1,5 foi considerada fortemente sugestiva de AC-ATTR. Atualmente, um exame é considerado fortemente sugestivo de AC-ATTR se for observada captação miocárdica difusa de grau 2 ou 3 na imagem SPECT, mesmo se a relação C/CL for &lt; 1,5. No entanto, a relação C/CL ainda pode ser útil para reclassificar exames ambíguos como positivos ou negativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados falso-positivos e falso-negativos</title>
				<p>Como afirmado anteriormente, a cintilografia com traçadores ósseos é um método com alta acurácia para diagnosticar AC-ATTR. No entanto, alguns cenários peculiares devem sempre ser considerados, pois podem ocorrer resultados falso-positivos e falso-negativos, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Possíveis causas de exames falso-positivos para detecção de AC por ATTR.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="100%">
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">AC-AL: É a causa mais comum e importante de erros de diagnóstico. A maioria dos médicos clínicos não está familiarizada com o fato de que quase 20% dos exames podem ser positivos em pacientes com AC-AL; portanto, <bold>a AL deve sempre ser adequadamente excluída.</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Captação de <italic>pool</italic> sanguíneo em imagens planares: Embora não sejam recomendadas, alguns laboratórios ainda usam apenas imagens planares para diagnosticar a AC, e um <italic>pool</italic> sanguíneo pode ser interpretado como um exame positivo. A captação cardíaca deve sempre ser confirmada nas imagens SPECT. <bold>Sempre realizar SPECT.</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Fraturas de costela, calcificações valvares e anulares e implantes mamários: Essas estruturas podem se sobrepor ao coração, assim afetando os resultados da relação C/CL. Atualmente, a relação C/CL isoladamente não é recomendada para diagnosticar AC. <bold>Sempre realizar SPECT.</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Infarto agudo ou subagudo do miocárdio (&lt; 4 meses): Pode haver captação focal e a cintilografia não deve ser usada para diagnosticar AC durante fase inicial.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Cardiotoxicidade por hidroxicloroquina (confirmação histológica).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Formas raras de AC (por exemplo, apolipoproteína A1).</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>AC: amiloidose cardíaca; AC-AL: amiloidose cardíaca por cadeias leves de AL; C/CL: relação entre a captação do coração e da região torácica contralateral; SPECT: tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Em relação a possíveis falso-negativos da cintilografia para detecção de AC-ATTR, as causas mais comuns são uma doença em estágio inicial, onde a infiltração miocárdica pode ser mínima ou leve e ainda não detectável, bem como algumas mutações patogênicas de TTR, por exemplo, Phe64Leu, Val30Met, Thr59Lys, Se77Tyr e Glu61Ala.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> VaL122Ile também foi descrito mais recentemente em alguns indivíduos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> É bem conhecido que a sensibilidade da cintilografia com traçadores ósseos em AC-ATTR hereditária pode ser menor em alguns casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A cintilografia com traçadores ósseos levou a menos casos em que a biópsia endomiocárdica é necessária, mas a biópsia endomiocárdica ainda é considerada o padrão ouro para o diagnóstico da AC. A biópsia endomiocárdica deve ser sempre considerada nos seguintes casos: 1) o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP é negativo ou ambíguo, mas a suspeita clínica é alta, ou seja, ecocardiograma ou RMC mostram achados típicos em pacientes com sintomas sugestivos; 2) O exame com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP é positivo, mas as cadeias leves livres estão elevadas ou gamopatia monoclonal está presente. Tem sido descrito na literatura que, em pacientes idosos, podem coexistir AC-AL e AC-ATTR; 3) A cintilografia com traçadores ósseos não está disponível.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Vale ressaltar que a biópsia de gordura abdominal não é altamente sensível para excluir ATTR e não deve ser solicitada rotineiramente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Como corretamente excluir as gamopatias</title>
				<p>Os médicos clínicos não devem contar apenas com imagens para confirmar ou excluir AC-ATTR. Gillmore et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> mostraram que qualquer grau de captação do radiotraçador foi associado a 99% de sensibilidade e 68% de especificidade para diagnosticar AC-ATTR. A especificidade mais baixa foi devido a falso-positivos relacionados à AC-AL. De fato, 40% dos pacientes com AC-AL podem apresentar qualquer grau de captação do radiotraçador na cintilografia. Portanto, apenas a captação grau 2 ou 3 após a exclusão da AC-AL foi associada a 100% de especificidade e valor preditivo positivo para o diagnóstico não invasivo da AC-ATTR.</p>
				<p>A concentração de cadeias leves livres de soro e a eletroforese de imunofixação de soro e urina são &gt; 99% sensíveis para detectar amiloidose por AL. No entanto, a eletroforese de plasma sérico e de urina são muito menos sensíveis e devem ser evitadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> É importante ressaltar que até 40% dos pacientes com AC-ATTR podem ter uma condição chamada gamopatia monoclonal de significado desconhecido (MGUS), a biópsia endomiocárdica sendo necessária para confirmar AC-ATTR. Além disso, em alguns casos, a MGUS pode progredir para amiloidose por AL ou mieloma múltiplo, e esses pacientes devem ser acompanhados de perto por um hematologista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Algoritmos para diagnosticar a AC</title>
				<p>A Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia propôs um algoritmo bastante prático para guiar o diagnóstico de AC baseado em duas rotas principais: Hematológica e Cardiológica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Fluxograma para o diagnóstico de amiloidose cardíaca. Algoritmo prático para diagnosticar AC baseado em duas rotas principais: Hematológica e Cardiológica. Adaptada do Posicionamento sobre Diagnóstico e Tratamento da AC – 2021.25 CMR: ressonância magnética cardíaca; ECG: eletrocardiograma; ATTR: amiloide transtirretina; TTR: transtirretina; SPECT: tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230012-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Perspectivas para o futuro próximo</title>
				<p>Estudos demonstraram que a quantificação absoluta da captação cardíaca de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP é possível com gamacâmeras de cádmio-zinco-telureto (SPECT/CT) e que diferentes parâmetros de quantificação estavam fortemente correlacionados com o volume extracelular obtido por RMC. Estudos maiores são necessários para definitivamente estabelecer o valor da quantificação em pacientes com AC-ATTR e avançar para a próxima fronteira na avaliação diagnóstica não invasiva da AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O advento de radiotraçadores específicos de ligação amilóide para tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET) tem o potencial de mudar os algoritmos diagnósticos atualmente empregados para imagem na AC. Esses traçadores para PET têm potencial promissor para a detecção precoce de um determinado tipo de AC, buscando intervenção médica relevante, avaliando a carga amilóide, monitorando a resposta ao tratamento e o prognóstico geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Considerações finais</title>
				<p>O advento da cintilografia com traçadores ósseos permitiu o diagnóstico da AC-ATTR com alta precisão, uma vez que as gamopatias monoclonais foram excluídas. A interpretação de imagens cardíacas de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP requer expertise, e propusemos um guia passo a passo para a realização desse exame na prática clínica de acordo com as diretrizes mais recentes. Gostaríamos de destacar a importância de sempre realizar SPECT para realmente garantir um resultado positivo do exame e enfatizar que falso-negativos também podem ocorrer, principalmente em algumas formas hereditárias de AC-ATTR; nesse cenário, uma biópsia endomiocárdica pode ser necessária.</p>
			</sec>
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					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
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				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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