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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230008i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Comparative Analysis of Myocardial Work After Decongestion Therapy in a Patient With Acutely Decompensated HFrEF</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3275-9762</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Drubi</surname>
						<given-names>Stephanie de Azevedo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1375-785X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Junqueira</surname>
						<given-names>Bruna de Mattos Ivo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1465-2339</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Guedes</surname>
						<given-names>Ricardo André Sales Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4634-8187</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Almeida</surname>
						<given-names>Adriano Chaves de</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5129-7639</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Macêdo</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina Thé</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital São Rafael</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Rede D’Or São Luiz</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Rafael, Rede D’Or São Luiz, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D’Or de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto D’Or de Ensino e Pesquisa (IDOR), Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Alexandre Costa Souza • Hospital São Rafael, Ecocardiografia. Avenida São Rafael. Postal code: 41253-190. Salvador, BA – Brazil E-mail: <email>alexandrecostahsr@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>27</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230008</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="6"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Acutely decompensated reduced ejection fraction heart failure (HFrEF) is one of the leading causes of hospitalization in our setting, with a 90-day readmission rate of 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The use of additional tools in the assessment of the left ventricular function, such as the measurement of myocardial deformation through the Global Longitudinal Strain of the left ventricle (GLS) has greater prognostic value than the evaluation of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by the Simpson method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Despite the analysis of the myocardial deformity through the GLS being considered an independent predictor of mortality in patients with HFrEF, it is a parameter that experiences changes in pre- and after-load and, therefore, has limitations regarding the assessment of ventricular performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Myocardial work (MW) has stood out in recent years as a complementary tool to access parameters of myocardial function from the GLS-derived analysis, with the benefit of incorporating afterload information through the interpretation of the dynamic curve of deformity due to non-invasive left ventricular (LV) filling pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Hence, the analysis of MW has been encouraging in patients with HFrHF, and, when analyzed in combination with classic hemodynamic parameters, it can add information with greater accuracy and prognostic value in the cardiac decompensation scenario.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Clinical Case</title>
			<p>Male patient, 52 years old, hypertensive, dyslipidemic, former smoker, admitted to the emergency unit for progressive Dyspnea Functional Class IV (NYHA) approximately one month ago. He presented worsening of the clinical condition in the last few days associated with orthopnea, lower limb (LL) edema and reduced urinary volume. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), using low-flow oxygen through a nasal catheter, for investigation and standard treatment of decompensated heart failure, including decongestion therapy with intravenous diuretics and vasodilators. Electrocardiogram in sinus rhythm on admission, with first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block, signs of left chamber overload with LV strain pattern and QRS duration of 100ms. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) showed significant LV systolic dysfunction (LVEF: 25%) and right ventricle with borderline diameters (basal segment: 42mm and medial segment: 34mm); RV S’: 09 cm/s; TAPSE: 15mm; FAC: 30%; mild tricuspid valve reflux with estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) through tricuspid reflux of 75mmHg, considering right atrial pressure of 15mmHg (inferior vena cava measurement of 21mm with inspiratory collapse &lt; 50%); in addition to mitral valve reflux of an important degree of functional etiology. During the examination, blood pressure was 140 x 80 mmHg. The GLS analysis resulted in a value of -04%, global MW index of 385 mmHg%, constructive MW of 678 mmHg%, wasted MW of 359 mmHg% and efficiency of MW of 65%.</p>
			<p>From the laboratory point of view, the patient had plateau troponin I (TnI) (0.135 &gt; 0.133µg/L), increased NT pro-BNP and creatinine (6670 pg/m and 1.5 mg/dl, respectively), with no signs of associated infection. Cardiac catheterization was indicated to investigate coronary disease, without evidence of obstructive lesions.</p>
			<p>The patient evolved with progressive clinical and hemodynamic improvement, being discharged from the ICU within 48 hours and responding well to the therapy instituted, without the use of supplemental oxygen and maintaining a negative fluid balance. He remained stable after converting the diuretic to oral administration, showing improvement in objective laboratory parameters (TnI: 0.135&gt; 0.133&gt; 0.09 µg/L; NT pro-BNP: 6670&gt; 5594&gt; 3818 pg/m), function stability (Cr: 1.5&gt; 1.4&gt; 1.5 mg/dl), in addition to improvement in dyspnea (CF II NYHA) and LL edema, with good deambulation tolerance and estimated weight loss of 3.6 kg since admission and negative cumulative fluid balance of 4,000ml.</p>
			<p>TTE was performed at the time of hospital discharge, 72 hours after admission, with evidence of maintenance of the LVEF (26%), however, it showed indirect signs of reduced venous pressure in the right chambers (measurement of the inferior vena cava of 16mm with inspiratory collapse &gt; 50% and minimal tricuspid valve regurgitation with Doppler curve limitation for PASP estimation). At the time of the examination, the blood pressure measured was 130 x 80 mmHg, showing new parameters: GLS of -07%, global MW index of 614 mmHg%, constructive MW of 839 mmHg%, wasted MW of 152 mmHg% and efficiency of the MW of 80%.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>In the context of assessing ventricular performance in patients with HFrHF, the GLS has become a tool with prognostic information for the follow-up of this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nevertheless, one of the limitations of the Longitudinal Strain is the dependency on pre- and post-load, whose variations can lead to alterations in its values with subsequent interference in the results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Usually, the WM can allow an in-depth evaluation of the systolic performance of the myocardium through a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions in addition to traditional echocardiographic techniques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In this context, a recent study using MW in HFrEF showed greater sensitivity in the assessment of ventricular systolic function when using speckle tracking analysis of myocardial deformation combined with the measurement of non- invasively, LV ventricular pressure, reducing load-dependent limitation on myocardial contraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The quantification of cardiac work occurs through the following indexes: global MW index (GWI), constructive MW (GCW), wasted MW (GWW) and global efficiency (GWE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> There is growing evidence about the evaluation of constructive work (GCW) after optimization of therapy in heart failure, suggesting the identification of patients at increased risk of major cardiovascular events, as well as good correlation with conventional laboratory prognostic parameters, such as NT pro-BNP and troponin values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nevertheless, reference values for patients with HFrEF have not been described, so comparative analysis of parameters before and after decongestion therapy was used. Some studies also suggest a greater sensitivity of global MW index values related to functional improvement, demonstrated by the increase in the distance covered in 6 minutes without changes in LVEF and GLS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Comparatively in the case described, there was clinical improvement, reduction in the value of NT pro-BNP, improvement in all ventricular performance parameters analyzed, as well as an increase in GLS after decongestion therapy. In the analysis of the area of the deformity-pressure curve, there was an increase in the area correlated with the improvement in metabolism and the total amount of work performed by the LV, expressed through the reduction of global wasted work and increase of global constructive work (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). Additionally, there was an increase in overall efficiency of MW from 65% to 85%, with a reduction in overall wasted work from 359 mmHg% to 152 mmHg% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>), findings in line with published studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The described report demonstrates the use of this tool, through the recognition of the increase in GCW and GWE with a reduction in the rate of wasted MW, which can detect early markers of the effectiveness of therapy for decompensated HFrEF.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Comparative analysis of MW before and after decongestion therapy. Evaluation of the pressure-deformity curve of the left ventricle and bull’s eye of the 17 segments in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with severe ventricular dysfunction before (A) and after (B) decongestion therapy.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230008-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Comparative analysis of MW before and after decongestion therapy. Evaluation of the pressure-deformity curve of the left ventricle and bull’s eye of the 17 segments in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with severe ventricular dysfunction before (A) and after (B) decongestion therapy.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230008-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>In the context of acute decompensation of heart failure, non-invasive dynamic assessment using MW is more sensitive than GLS in characterizing myocardial performance, adding prognostic value to other parameters already established.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Additionally, the joint assessment of WM with the patient’s clinical condition and laboratory tests, such as NT pro-BNP and troponin values, can help in decisions regarding the adjustment of pharmacological therapy, diuretic conversion, evaluation of hospital discharge and even in the follow-up clinical.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Although it is a technique with encouraging applicability in this scenario of assessing ventricular performance in HFrEF, there are intrinsic limitations to the method that must be considered. The measurement of myocardial deformation depends on the quality of the 2D image and the frame rate, and may generate inaccurate results in the presence of limited acoustic windows as well as in the presence of non-sinusal rhythm. The software for MW analysis is owned by a single company, with low reproducibility so far; alterations in ventricular geometry, as well as the presence of aortic stenosis are conditions in which the measurement of wall stress should be included in the assessment of WM instead of, exclusively, the non-invasive estimation of LV pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In addition, the technique does not allow the performance evaluation, combined with the speckle tracking analysis, of other chambers, such as the right ventricle and left atrium, which are important for the global evaluation of the prognosis of patients with HFrHF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Additional studies are required to validate these parameters and their correlation with clinical and laboratory markers, with the possibility of adding prognostic value to this patient profile, being able to identify patients at greater risk of readmissions, as well as monitoring the response to clinical therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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						<name>
							<surname>Benfari</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Esposito</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Myocardial Work by Echocardiography: Principles and Applications in Clinical Practice</article-title>
					<source>J Clin Med</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>19</issue>
					<size units="pages">4521</size>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/jcm10194521</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. Boe E, Skulstad H, Smiseth OA. Myocardial Work by Echocardiography: A Novel Method Ready for Clinical Testing. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;20(1):18-20. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jey156.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Boe</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Skulstad</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Smiseth</surname>
							<given-names>OA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Myocardial Work by Echocardiography: A Novel Method Ready for Clinical Testing</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>18</fpage>
					<lpage>20</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jey156</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230008</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Análise Comparativa de Trabalho Miocárdico após Terapia de Descongestão em Paciente com ICFEr Agudamente Descompensada</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3275-9762</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Drubi</surname>
						<given-names>Stephanie de Azevedo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1375-785X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Junqueira</surname>
						<given-names>Bruna de Mattos Ivo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1465-2339</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Guedes</surname>
						<given-names>Ricardo André Sales Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4634-8187</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Almeida</surname>
						<given-names>Adriano Chaves de</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5129-7639</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Macêdo</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina Thé</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Rafael, Rede D’Or São Luiz, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto D’Or de Ensino e Pesquisa (IDOR), Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Alexandre Costa Souza • Hospital São Rafael, Ecocardiografia. Avenida São Rafael. CEP: 41253-190. Salvador, BA – Brasil E-mail: alexandrecostahsr@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca de fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) agudamente descompensada é uma das principais causas de internação hospitalar em nosso meio com taxa de reinternação em 90 dias de 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A utilização de ferramentas adicionais na avaliação da função do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), como a medida de deformação miocárdica através do <italic>Strain</italic> Longitudinal Global do VE (SGL), tem maior valor prognóstico do que a avaliação da fração de ejeção do VE (FEVE) pelo método de Simpson.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apesar de a análise da deformidade miocárdica através do SGL ser considerada um preditor independente de mortalidade em pacientes com ICFEr, é um parâmetro que sofre alterações da pré e pós-carga e, portanto, apresenta limitações quanto à avaliação da performance ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O trabalho miocárdio ou <italic>myocardial work</italic> (MW) tem se destacado nos últimos anos como uma ferramenta complementar para acessar parâmetros de função miocárdica a partir da análise derivada do SGL, com a vantagem de incorporar informações de pós-carga por meio da interpretação da curva dinâmica de deformidade por pressão de enchimento do VE não invasiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Desta forma, a análise do MW tem sido promissora em pacientes com ICFEr, e, quando analisado em conjunto aos parâmetros hemodinâmicos clássicos, pode agregar informações com maior acurácia e valor prognóstico no cenário de descompensação cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Caso Clínico</title>
				<p>Paciente masculino, 52 anos, hipertenso, dislipidêmico, ex-tabagista, admitido em unidade de emergência por dispneia progressiva Classe Funcional IV (NYHA) há cerca de 1 mês. Apresentou piora do quadro clínico nos últimos dias associada a ortopneia, edema de membros inferiores (MMII) e redução do volume urinário. O paciente foi admitido em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), em uso de oxigênio em baixo fluxo sob cateter nasal, para investigação e tratamento padrão da insuficiência cardíaca descompensada, incluindo terapia de descongestão com diurético e vasodilatador intravenosos. Eletrocardiograma da admissão em ritmo sinusal, com bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) de primeiro grau, sinais de sobrecarga de câmaras esquerdas com padrão de <italic>strain</italic> do VE e QRS com duração de 100ms. Ecocardiograma transtorácico (ECOTT) evidenciou disfunção sistólica de grau importante do VE (FEVE: 25%) e ventrículo direito com diâmetros limítrofes (segmento basal: 42mm e segmento médio: 34mm); S’ do ventrículo direito: 09 cm/s; TAPSE: 15mm; FAC: 30%; refluxo valvar tricúspide de grau discreto com estimativa da pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP) através do refluxo tricúspide de 75mmHg, considerando pressão do átrio direito de 15mmHg (medida da veia cava inferior de 21mm com colabamento inspiratório &lt; 50%). Além de refluxo valvar mitral de grau importante de etiologia funcional. Durante a realização do exame, a pressão arterial era de 140 x 80 mmHg. A análise do SGL resultou em valor de -04%, índice de trabalho miocárdico global de 385 mmHg%, trabalho miocárdico construtivo de 678 mmHg%, trabalho miocárdico desperdiçado de 359 mmHg% e eficiência do trabalho miocárdico de 65%.</p>
				<p>Do ponto de vista laboratorial, paciente apresentava troponina I (TnI) em platô (0,135 &gt; 0,133µg/L), NT pró-BNP e creatinina aumentadas (6670 pg/m e 1,5 mg/dl, respectivamente), sem sinais de infecção associada. Foi indicada a realização de cateterismo cardíaco para investigação de doença coronariana, sem evidência de lesões obstrutivas.</p>
				<p>Paciente evoluiu com melhora clínica e hemodinâmica progressiva, com alta da UTI em 48h e boa resposta à terapia instituída, já sem uso de oxigênio suplementar e mantendo balanço hídrico negativo. Permaneceu estável em enfermaria após conversão de diurético para via oral, apresentando melhora dos parâmetros laboratoriais objetivos (TnI: 0,135&gt; 0,133&gt; 0,09 µg/L; NT pró-BNP: 6670&gt; 5594&gt; 3818 pg/m), estabilidade da função renal (Cr: 1,5&gt; 1,4&gt; 1,5 mg/dl), além de melhora da dispneia (CF II NYHA) e de edema de MMII, com boa tolerância à deambulação e perda ponderal estimada em 3,6 Kg desde a admissão e balanço hídrico acumulado negativo de 4.000ml.</p>
				<p>Foi realizado ECOTT no momento da alta hospitalar, após 72h da admissão, com evidência de manutenção da FEVE (26%). Entretanto, apresentou sinais indiretos de redução da pressão venosa de câmaras direitas (medida da veia cava inferior de 16mm com colabamento inspiratório &gt; 50% e refluxo valvar tricúspide mínimo com limitação da curva Doppler para estimativa da PSAP). Pressão arterial aferida no momento do exame mostrou 130 x 80 mmHg, evidenciando novos parâmetros: SGL de - 07%, índice de trabalho miocárdico global de 614 mmHg%, trabalho miocárdico construtivo de 839 mmHg%, trabalho miocárdico desperdiçado de 152 mmHg% e eficiência do trabalho miocárdico de 80%.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>No cenário de avaliação de performance ventricular em pacientes com ICFEr, o SGL tornou-se uma ferramenta com informações prognósticas para o seguimento desta população.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Porém, uma das limitações do <italic>Strain</italic> Longitudinal é a dependência de pré e pós-carga, cujas variações podem levar a alterações nos seus valores com consequente interferência nos resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em geral, o MW pode permitir uma avaliação profunda do desempenho sistólico do miocárdio através de uma ampla gama de condições fisiológicas e patológicas além das técnicas ecocardiográficas tradicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, estudo recente utilizando MW em ICFEr demonstrou maior sensibilidade na avaliação da função sistólica ventricular ao utilizar a análise de <italic>speckle tracking</italic> de deformação miocárdica aliada à medida de pressão do VE de forma não-invasiva, reduzindo a limitação dependente de carga na contração miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A quantificação do trabalho cardíaco ocorre a partir dos seguintes índices: índice de trabalho miocárdico global (GWI), trabalho miocárdico construtivo (GCW), trabalho miocárdico desperdiçado (GWW) e eficiência global (GWE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Há evidências crescentes acerca da avaliação do trabalho construtivo global (GCW) após otimização de terapêutica na insuficiência cardíaca, sugerindo a identificação de pacientes com risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares maiores, assim como boa correlação com parâmetros prognósticos laboratoriais convencionais, como valores de NT pró-BNP e troponina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, ainda não foram descritos valores de referência para pacientes com ICFEr, sendo, então, utilizada a análise comparativa de parâmetros antes e após terapia de descongestão. Alguns estudos sugerem, ainda, uma maior sensibilidade dos valores de índice de trabalho miocárdico global relacionados à melhora funcional, traduzidos pelo aumento da distância percorrida em 6 minutos sem alterações na FEVE e no SGL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Comparativamente no caso descrito, houve melhora clínica, redução no valor do NT pró-BNP, melhora em todos os parâmetros de performance ventricular analisados bem como o incremento do SGL após terapia de descongestão. Na análise da área da curva deformidade-pressão, houve um aumento da área correlacionada com a melhora do metabolismo e da quantidade total de trabalho realizado pelo VE, expressa através da redução do trabalho global desperdiçado e aumento do trabalho construtivo global (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>). Além disso, houve um incremento da eficiência global do trabalho miocárdico de 65% para 85%, com redução do trabalho global desperdiçado de 359 mmHg% para 152 mmHg% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>), achados em confluência com estudos publicados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O relato descrito demonstra a utilização dessa ferramenta, através do reconhecimento do incremento do GCW e da GWE com redução da taxa do trabalho miocárdico desperdiçado, que pode identificar marcadores precoces da eficácia da terapia de ICFEr descompensada.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Análise comparativa do trabalho miocárdio antes e após terapia de descongestão. Avaliação da curva de deformidade-pressão do ventrículo esquerdo e bull´s eye dos 17 segmentos em paciente com miocardiopatia dilatada com disfunção ventricular grave antes (A) e após (B) terapia de descongestão.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230008-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Análise comparativa da eficiência do trabalho miocárdio antes e após terapia de descongestão. Avaliação da curva de deformidade-pressão do ventrículo esquerdo e bull´s eye dos 17 segmentos em paciente com miocardiopatia dilatada com disfunção ventricular grave antes (A) e após (B) terapia de descongestão.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-02-e20230008-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>No contexto de descompensação aguda de insuficiência cardíaca, a avaliação dinâmica não invasiva através do MW tem maior sensibilidade que o SGL na caracterização do desempenho miocárdico, agregando valor prognóstico aos demais parâmetros já estabelecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, a avaliação conjunta do MW com o quadro clínico do paciente e exames laboratoriais, como valores de NT pró-BNP e troponina, podem auxiliar em decisões quanto ao ajuste de terapia farmacológica, conversão de diurético, avaliação de alta hospitalar e mesmo no seguimento clínico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Ainda que seja uma técnica com aplicabilidade promissora neste cenário de avaliação da performance ventricular na ICFEr, existem limitações intrínsecas ao método que devem ser consideradas. A medida de deformação miocárdica é dependente da qualidade da imagem 2D e da taxa de <italic>frame rates</italic>, podendo gerar resultados imprecisos na presença de limitação de janelas acústicas bem como na vigência de ritmo não-sinusal. O software para análise do MW é próprio de uma única empresa, tendo baixa reprodutibilidade até o momento; alterações da geometria ventricular, bem como a presença de estenose aórtica são condições em que a mensuração do estresse da parede deve ser inclusa na avaliação do MW em lugar de, exclusivamente, a estimativa não-invasiva da pressão do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Além disso, a técnica não permite a avaliação de performance, aliada à análise de <italic>speckle tracking</italic>, de outras câmaras, como ventrículo direito e átrio esquerdo, importantes para avaliação global do prognóstico de doentes com ICFEr.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Concluindo, estudos adicionais são necessários para validação de tais parâmetros e sua correlação com marcadores clínicos e laboratoriais, com possibilidade de agregar valor prognóstico a este perfil de doente, podendo identificar pacientes com maior risco de reinternações, bem como na monitorização de resposta à terapia clínica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>