<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Imagem cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2023368i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Incidental Tomographic Findings of Coronary Artery Calcifications: A Prevalence Study in Southern Brazil</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3523-7724</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Scopel</surname>
						<given-names>Karen Rafaela Okaseski</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0536-2110</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Medeiros</surname>
						<given-names>Tássia Machado</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Maicá</surname>
						<given-names>Bibiana Natalia Porto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6976-117X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Velho</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Carbonari</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4291-1684</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Mariana Motta Dias da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9520-8098</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mattos</surname>
						<given-names>Juliane Nascimento</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Heuser</surname>
						<given-names>Guilherme Galante</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Winkelmann</surname>
						<given-names>Eliane Roseli</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label> 1 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Ijui</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI), Ijui , RS – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label> 2 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Noroeste Unimed</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Ijui</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital Noroeste Unimed /RS, Ijui , RS – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFGRS) Porto Alegre , RS – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspondência: Eliane Roseli Winkelmann</bold> Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI). Rua do Comércio, 2000. CEP: 98700-000. Bairro Universitário, Ijuí, RS – Brasil. E-mail: <email>elianew@unijui.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Leonardo Sara Silva.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>24</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e368</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction</title>
					<p>Coronary artery calcifications (CAC) are shown to be a predictive factor of cardiovascular diseases. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest with a low-dose acquisition protocol is accurate in identifying CAC and provides incidental findings of these calcifications, which are commonly overlooked. This study will analyze the prevalence of incidental findings of calcification in coronary arteries in non-cardiac individuals undergoing chest CT.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p>Consecutive cross-sectional study of an analytical and descriptive nature. Individuals of both genders who underwent chest CT by referral, over 18 years of age and without heart disease were included. Data collection was carried out using medical records and a self-applied anamnesis form. The variables referring to the CAC and the extension of the impairment were obtained from the reassessment of the chest CT images available in the institution’s system. The exams were anonymized and evaluated by two experienced radiologists. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p>397 exams were analyzed. A prevalence of calcifications was found in 176 (44%) of the cases. The existence of these coronary calcifications is related to age (p&lt;0.001). Calcifications are related to gender (p = 0.03) with a higher odds ratio of development in men (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55). Smoking (p&lt;0.001), sedentary lifestyle (p&lt;0.001), systemic arterial hypertension (p&lt;0.001), Diabetes Mellitus (p = 0.04), and dyslipidemia (p&lt;0.001) showed a positive association.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p>The prevalence of incidental CAC findings was 44%; vary in greater numbers between mild and severe; higher odds ratio in males and increased prevalence with age. Therefore, chest CT proves to be an effective method to assess CAC, and together with the patient’s clinical history, it can be used to measure risk factors for CVD and intervene in the outcome of the condition.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Tomography, X-Ray Computed</kwd>
				<kwd>Incidental Findings</kwd>
				<kwd>Vascular Calcification</kwd>
				<kwd>Coronary Vessels</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="22"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducton</title>
			<p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the main health problems in the world and, therefore, they should be prevented. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Thus, coronary artery calcifications (CAC), initially asymptomatic, have proven to be an alarming and predictive factor for these diseases. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> They are characterized by a progressive and gradual pathophysiological process, which results in abnormal vasomotor responses and/or narrowing of the vessel lumen. These changes are strongly associated with advanced age, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), male gender, and smoking. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Computed tomography (CT) of the chest, used with low-dose acquisition protocols, was 97.13% accurate in identifying CAC and proved to be effective in detecting or excluding them. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This test, usually used for pulmonary diagnostic purposes, has been providing frequent incidental findings of calcifications, since there are cardiovascular conditions that can cause non-cardiac symptoms, such as dyspnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis. Thus, studies on these findings have been gaining space in the clinical and scientific scope. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Despite the confirmation of the negative impacts of coronary calcifications, incidental cardiac findings on chest CT are still commonly neglected. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Thus, the prevalence of incidentalomas and their clinical relevance have been estimated in several studies and based on different contexts. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, there are no studies of this nature in the northwest region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul; therefore, this research aimed to fill a gap regarding population-based information on the region under study in the clinical and scientific fields. In this perspective, the objective was to analyze the prevalence of incidental findings of calcification in coronary arteries in non-cardiac patients undergoing chest CT.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Participants</title>
				<p>This is a cross-sectional study of analytical and descriptive nature, developed in based on the Guidelines and Regulatory Norms for Research Involving Human Beings, in accordance with the Resolution of the National Health Council ( <italic>Conselho Nacional de Saúde</italic> – CNS) No. 466/12 and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of UNIJUÍ (CAAE: 84431118.2.0000.5350). Individuals of both genders who underwent chest CT by referral were included. Individuals under 18 years of age, exams performed by referral from a cardiac physician, exams with technical difficulties for image evaluation and duplicate exams, that is, two or more exams performed by the same patient within an interval of less than 6 months, were excluded.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Data collection</title>
				<p>It was carried out in medical records of a Hospital in the Northwest region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between March 27 <sup>th</sup> and October 5 <sup>th</sup> , 2019. The variables age, gender, associated comorbidities (SAH, DM, and dyslipidemia), family history of heart disease, previous history of heart disease (Heart Failure, Acute Myocardial Infarction), smoking, physical inactivity, and the patient’s symptomatology were collected from a self-administered anamnesis form with closed questions.</p>
				<p>The variables referring to calcifications of the left coronary, left anterior descending, circumflex, and right coronary arteries, as well as the extent of their impairment, were obtained from the reassessment of the chest CT images available on the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) (https://www.animati.com.br/animati-workstation/) of the institution. Also in this system, the reason for the medical referral to perform the examination described in the reports was obtained. Data were compiled by a single researcher for better quality and standardization of information.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Acquisition and Interpretation of Images</title>
				<p>The device used to perform the exams was a 32-slice Alexion CT scanner (Toshiba, Otawara, Japan) using a low-dose acquisition protocol. The examinations were performed with the patient in the supine position and in apnea. The chest images were analyzed in axial sections, in soft tissue window and only in the non-contrast phase. The exams were anonymized (Advantage Workstation, version 4.6. GE Healthcare) so that previous data did not influence the analyses and the evaluators were completely blinded regarding the patient and each other. The analyses were performed by two previously trained radiologists with more than 5 years of experience in the area. First, the images were evaluated independently by the professionals. The images that showed disagreement between physicians were reanalyzed converging on a consensual result.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Coronary calcification score by visual scale</title>
				<p>Following the protocol performed by Shemesh et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> four coronary arteries were evaluated: left main, left anterior descending, circumflex, and right. Each of them was classified and scored as absent (0), mild (1), moderate (2), or severe (3). It was characterized as mild when less than one third of the length of the entire artery was compromised, moderate when there were calcifications in one to two thirds of the artery, and severe when more than two thirds of the artery was calcified. After scoring, the results were added up, classified into: absent (0), mild (1-3), moderate (4-6), and severe (7-12).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>Data collection was performed using Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and analysis using R Studio software (version 3.4.4). For the analysis of descriptive statistics, relative and absolute frequency, measures of central tendency and dispersion, were used. In the analytical statistics of the qualitative variables, the ꭓ <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> test was used to test the hypothesis of dependence between the variables as well as to verify the adherence between them, considering statistically significant p≤0.05. In the analytical statistics of the quantitative variables, the prevalence of calcification findings was estimated. To determine the number of classes for the age variable, the Sturges Rule was used.</p>
				<p>Inter-examiner agreement was estimated using Cohen’s Kappa and the reference values for analysis described by Landis and Koch. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> For the normality verification analysis, the Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used for the age variable along with the non-parametric Mann Whitney U test, considering statistically significant p≤0.05. The odds ratio was used to estimate the presence of calcification in relation to its predisposing variables.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>A total of 397 exams were analyzed, showing substantial inter-examiner agreement (κ = 0.77). Patients had a mean age of 61.88±16.26 years, with a predominance of females (52.14%). The commonly found reasons for referral were: changes in the respiratory system (n = 94), monitoring of a pulmonary nodule (n = 47), and lung cancer (n = 27).</p>
			<p>Sedentary lifestyle (69.02%) and family history of heart disease (44.84%) are the most worrying among the main risk factors, while cancer is the leader in relation to previous diseases, reaching 38.29% of cases, followed by SAH (46.85%), with a higher prevalence in females ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1"> Table 1 </xref> ).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Description of predisposing factors for the formation of arterial calcifications</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Female N = 207</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Male N = 190</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Total N = 397</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Age mean±SD, years</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>61.18±15.92</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>62.64±16.63</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>61.88±16.26</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4"><bold>Risk factors, N (%)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Smoking</td>
								<td align="center">55 (13.85)</td>
								<td align="center">85 (21.41)</td>
								<td align="center">140 (35.26)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sedentarism</td>
								<td align="center">153 (38.54)</td>
								<td align="center">121 (30.48)</td>
								<td align="center">274 (69.02)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Family history of heart disease</td>
								<td align="center">102 (25.69)</td>
								<td align="center">76 (19.14)</td>
								<td align="center">178 (44.84)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Family History of SAH</td>
								<td align="center">131 (33)</td>
								<td align="center">103 (25.94)</td>
								<td align="center">34 (58.94)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4"><bold>Prior Diseases, N (%)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Cancer</td>
								<td align="center">73 (18.39)</td>
								<td align="center">79 (19.90)</td>
								<td align="center">152 (38.29)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Acute myocardial infarction</td>
								<td align="center">7 (1.76)</td>
								<td align="center">8 (2.02)</td>
								<td align="center">15 (3.78)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Cardiac insufficiency</td>
								<td align="center">17 (4.28)</td>
								<td align="center">21 (5.29)</td>
								<td align="center">38 (9.57)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4"><bold>Comorbidities, N (%)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>SAH</td>
								<td align="center">101 (25.44)</td>
								<td align="center">85 (21.41)</td>
								<td align="center">186 (46.85)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DM</td>
								<td align="center">24 (6.05)</td>
								<td align="center">24 (6.05)</td>
								<td align="center">48 (12.10)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Dyslipidemias</td>
								<td align="center">48 (12.09)</td>
								<td align="center">49 (12.34)</td>
								<td align="center">97 (24.43)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>SD: standard deviation; SAH: Systemic Arterial Hypertension; DM: Diabetes Mellitus.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The population characterized above showed a prevalence of calcifications in 176 (44%) of the cases and it was found that the presence or absence of these coronary calcifications is related to age (p &lt; 0.001). A greater occurrence of calcifications was observed in the age group between 76 and 84 years. However, the highest prevalence of calcification was from 92 to 100 years (100%), being more severe. Furthermore, it was possible to note that there is an increasing prevalence of calcifications above 68 years of age, reaching more than 60% of patients ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2"> Table 2 </xref> ). In the score used for the analysis of the arteries, seen in isolation, it was possible to verify that the most compromised artery was the right coronary, in 193 (48.61%) of the cases.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Visual scale analysis of coronary calcifications and their prevalence</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="17%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Age</th>
								<th>Absent</th>
								<th>Mild</th>
								<th>Moderate</th>
								<th>Severe</th>
								<th>Prevalence</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>18 Ͱ27</td>
								<td align="center">11</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0.00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>27 Ͱ35</td>
								<td align="center">15</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0.00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>35 Ͱ43</td>
								<td align="center">28</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0.13</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>43 Ͱ51</td>
								<td align="center">31</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">0.14</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>51 Ͱ59</td>
								<td align="center">39</td>
								<td align="center">13</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">0.28</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>59 Ͱ68</td>
								<td align="center">44</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">11</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">0.45</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>68 Ͱ76</td>
								<td align="center">36</td>
								<td align="center">31</td>
								<td align="center">11</td>
								<td align="center">13</td>
								<td align="center">0.60</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>76 Ͱ84</td>
								<td align="center">11</td>
								<td align="center">18</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">14</td>
								<td align="center">0.78</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>84 Ͱ92</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">0.76</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>92 Ͱ101</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">1.00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Total</td>
								<td align="center">221</td>
								<td align="center">95</td>
								<td align="center">37</td>
								<td align="center">44</td>
								<td align="center">0.44</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Calcifications are related to gender (p = 0.03) with a higher odds ratio of development in men (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55). Still on the variables that influence the development of calcifications, smoking (p &lt; 0.001), sedentary lifestyle (p &lt; 0.001), SAH (p &lt; 0.001), DM (p = 0.04), and dyslipidemia (p &lt; 0.001) showed a positive association, with SAH (OR = 3.45) and sedentary lifestyle (OR = 2.97) having the highest odds ratio ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3"> Table 3 </xref> ). The results of the prevalence of CAC and the degree in relation to the age groups are graphically illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01"> Figure 1 </xref> . <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02"> Figure 2 </xref> represents the main findings of the study.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Relation of predisposing factors with coronary calcifications and the odds ratio of occurrence</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Characteristics</th>
								<th>p-value*</th>
								<th>OR <sup>
 <bold>†</bold>
</sup></th>
								<th>(95%)CI</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Gender</td>
								<td align="center">0.03</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Female</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">0.64</td>
								<td align="center">(0.42 – 0.98)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Male</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1.55</td>
								<td align="center">(1.02 - 2.37)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Smoking</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								<td align="center">2.45</td>
								<td align="center">(0.26 - 0.64)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sedentarism</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								<td align="center">2.97</td>
								<td align="center">(0.20 - 0.55)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Family history of heart disease</td>
								<td align="center">0.92</td>
								<td align="center">1.03</td>
								<td align="center">(0.64 - 1.48)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Family History of SAH</td>
								<td align="center">0.22</td>
								<td align="center">1.30</td>
								<td align="center">(0.50 - 1.18)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Cancer</td>
								<td align="center">0.47</td>
								<td align="center">1.17</td>
								<td align="center">(0.56 - 1.32)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>SAH</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								<td align="center">3.45</td>
								<td align="center">(0.19 - 0.45)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DM</td>
								<td align="center">0.04</td>
								<td align="center">1.93</td>
								<td align="center">(0.27 - 1.00)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Dyslipidemias</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								<td align="center">2.65</td>
								<td align="center">(0.23 - 0.62)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>*ꭓ2 Test; † Odds Ratio; CI: confidence interval; SAH: Systemic Arterial Hypertension.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Graphical representation of the prevalence of CAC and the degree of involvement in relation to age.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e368-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– CAC: coronary artery calcification; DM: diabetes mellitus; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; OR: odds ratio.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e368-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>The present study observed a 44% prevalence of incidental findings of CAC on chest CT in patients asymptomatic for heart disease, which increases with age and with greater chances of developing in males. It can also be observed that there is a direct relationship with risk factors and associated comorbidities, both closely linked to daily living habits. Regarding the diagnostic method, its effectiveness in the clinical and scientific scope can be seen, as in previous studies.</p>
			<p>In this line of analysis of coronary arteries, studies <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> with predominantly male population characterization, but similar mean age to our study, found that the prevalence of CAC in asymptomatic individuals is greater than 53%. These data are in line with what was presented in this research, with a predominance of mild and severe calcifications. In the analysis of calcifications in isolation, based on the score, the right coronary artery was shown to be the most compromised, unlike other studies that point to the anterior descending coronary artery. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, this proximal compromise can cause reduction or blockage of the blood flow to a certain area of the myocardium, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> whose outcome is one of the main causes of death. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This prevalence in asymptomatic patients is important, because when recognized early, helps in prevention, reduces the speed of disease progression, and reduces the associated morbidity and mortality.</p>
			<p>Therefore, there are some factors that predispose the appearance of CAC. Among them, the present study found that men are more likely to develop CAC (OR = 1.55), as observed in previous studies; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> however, there are studies that point out that these findings are independent of gender. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Another point that was proven statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001) was the increasing prevalence with growing age. Other studies <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> present data in line with these findings, which can be explained by the fact that these calcifications occur progressively, as a result of the sum of advancing age and complex biological processes, including genetics, risk factors, diseases acquired throughout life, and environmental factors. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Furthermore, the study on the prevalence of CAC in Mexico corroborates what was previously shown and demonstrates that 27% of the participants have CAC, the majority being men (40%), followed by women (13%); both genders were older and had higher values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, and LDL cholesterol. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In another recent study conducted in northern Brazil, a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors associated with coronary calcifications was observed, especially SAH (83.33%), dyslipidemia (62.22%), sedentary lifestyle (74.44%), and overweight (64.44%), being more prevalent in women, who were menopausal in the majority (90.48%). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Based on these data, the relevance of this topic can be seen and the relationship between CAC and the variables mentioned is confirmed.</p>
			<p>Along these lines, SAH and dyslipidemia, as described in other studies, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> are statistically significant and have high odds ratios. Studies show that a sedentary lifestyle <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and smoking <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> have substantial impacts on risk factors, as found in this study. These data are of greater importance when considering that 80% of deaths from CVD could be avoided by quitting smoking habits and practicing physical activity regularly. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The present study is a pioneer in the Northwest region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul and has a considerably large sample number for the collection period. However, the limitations of the study include divergences between the observers who analyzed the images, which can be explained by the fact that the exam was not performed with ECG-Gated Cardiac CT (image captured in cardiac diastole), making the analysis difficult; however, they were reassessed, reaching a consensus. The study population showed a selection bias, firstly because the study was carried out in a single hospital and secondly because the individuals included were referred due to clinical indications of different pathologies. The self-applied questionnaire can be considered a weakness, as individuals may omit or not fully understand what is being asked.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>The incidental findings of CAC in asymptomatic individuals for heart disease undergoing chest CT showed a prevalence of 44% in the interior of the Northwest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. These vary between mild and severe, with a higher odds ratio in males and an increase in prevalence with age. Therefore, chest CT proves to be an effective method to assess CAC, along with the patient’s clinical history, and can be used to measure risk factors for CVD and intervene in the outcome of the condition.</p>
			<p>This study is a pioneer in this region and shows the importance of future investigations, surveys and/or evaluations of patients with CVD.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgment</title>
			<p>To the Diagnostic Imaging Center of <italic>Hospital Unimed Noroeste</italic> , Rio Grande do Sul, for their availability to carry out the work, to <italic>Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul</italic> (UNIJUI) for the opportunity to carry out the research, and to the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development ( <italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico</italic> – CNPq) for granting scientific initiation scholarships.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia . Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: Pocket Book 2009-2014 . Rio de Janeiro: SBC; 2014.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: Pocket Book 2009-2014</source>
					<publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>SBC</publisher-name>
					<year>2014</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. Liberman M , Pesaro AEP , Carmo LS , Serrano CV . Calcificação Vascular: Fisiopatologia e Implicações Clínicas . Einstein. 2013 ; 11 ( 3 ): 376 - 82 . doi: 10.1590/S1679-45082013000300021 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Liberman</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pesaro</surname>
							<given-names>AEP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carmo</surname>
							<given-names>LS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Serrano</surname>
							<given-names>CV</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Calcificação Vascular: Fisiopatologia e Implicações Clínicas</article-title>
					<source>Einstein</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>376</fpage>
					<lpage>382</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1679-45082013000300021</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Madhavan MV , Tarigopula M , Mintz GS , Maehara A , Stone GW , Généreux P . Coronary Artery Calcification: Pathogenesis and Prognostic Implications . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2014 ; 63 ( 17 ): 1703 - 14 . doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.017 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Madhavan</surname>
							<given-names>MV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tarigopula</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mintz</surname>
							<given-names>GS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Maehara</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stone</surname>
							<given-names>GW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Généreux</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Coronary Artery Calcification: Pathogenesis and Prognostic Implications</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2014</year>
					<volume>63</volume>
					<issue>17</issue>
					<fpage>1703</fpage>
					<lpage>1714</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.017</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Pelandré GL , Sanches NMP , Nacif MS , Marchiori E . Detection of Coronary Artery Calcification with Nontriggered Computed Tomography of the Chest . Radiol Bras . 2018 ; 51 ( 1 ): 8 - 12 . doi: 10.1590/0100-3984.2016.0181 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pelandré</surname>
							<given-names>GL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sanches</surname>
							<given-names>NMP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nacif</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marchiori</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Detection of Coronary Artery Calcification with Nontriggered Computed Tomography of the Chest</article-title>
					<source>Radiol Bras</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>51</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>8</fpage>
					<lpage>12</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0100-3984.2016.0181</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Jairam PM , Gondrie MJ , Grobbee DE , Mali WP , Jacobs PC , van der Graaf Y , et al . Incidental Imaging Findings from Routine Chest CT Used to Identify Subjects At High Risk of Future Cardiovascular Events . Radiology . 2014 ; 272 ( 3 ): 700 - 8 . doi: 10.1148/radiol.14132211 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Jairam</surname>
							<given-names>PM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gondrie</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grobbee</surname>
							<given-names>DE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mali</surname>
							<given-names>WP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jacobs</surname>
							<given-names>PC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>van der Graaf</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Incidental Imaging Findings from Routine Chest CT Used to Identify Subjects At High Risk of Future Cardiovascular Events</article-title>
					<source>Radiology</source>
					<year>2014</year>
					<volume>272</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>700</fpage>
					<lpage>708</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1148/radiol.14132211</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. Sverzellati N , Arcadi T , Salvolini L , Dore R , Zompatori M , Mereu M , et al . Under-Reporting of Cardiovascular Findings on Chest CT . Radiol Med. 2016 ; 121 ( 3 ): 190 - 9 . doi: 10.1007/s11547-015-0595-0 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sverzellati</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arcadi</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salvolini</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dore</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zompatori</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mereu</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Under-Reporting of Cardiovascular Findings on Chest CT</article-title>
					<source>Radiol Med</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>121</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>190</fpage>
					<lpage>199</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11547-015-0595-0</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. Secchi F , Di Leo G , Zanardo M , Alì M , Cannaò PM , Sardanelli F . Detection of Incidental Cardiac Findings in Noncardiac Chest Computed Tomography . Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 ; 96 ( 29 ): e7531 . doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000007531 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Secchi</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Di Leo</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zanardo</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alì</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cannaò</surname>
							<given-names>PM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sardanelli</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Detection of Incidental Cardiac Findings in Noncardiac Chest Computed Tomography</article-title>
					<source>Medicine (Baltimore)</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>96</volume>
					<issue>29</issue>
					<elocation-id>e7531</elocation-id>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MD.0000000000007531</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. Sconfienza LM , Mauri G , Muzzupappa C , Poloni A , Bandirali M , Esseridou A , et al . Relevant Incidental Findings at Abdominal Multi-Detector Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography: A Collateral Screening? World J Radiol . 2015 ; 7 ( 10 ): 350 -6. doi: 10.4329/wjr.v7.i10.350 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sconfienza</surname>
							<given-names>LM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mauri</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Muzzupappa</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Poloni</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bandirali</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Esseridou</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Relevant Incidental Findings at Abdominal Multi-Detector Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography: A Collateral Screening?</article-title>
					<source>World J Radiol</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>350</fpage>
					<lpage>356</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4329/wjr.v7.i10.350</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>9. Verdini D, Lee AM, Prabhakar AM, Abbara S, Ghoshhajra B, Writing Group . Detection of Cardiac Incidental Findings on Routine Chest CT: The Impact of Dedicated Training in Cardiac Imaging . J Am Coll Radiol . 2018 ; 15 ( 8 ): 1153 - 7 . doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2016.02.011 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Verdini</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lee</surname>
							<given-names>AM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Prabhakar</surname>
							<given-names>AM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abbara</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ghoshhajra</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<collab>Writing Group</collab>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Detection of Cardiac Incidental Findings on Routine Chest CT: The Impact of Dedicated Training in Cardiac Imaging</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Radiol</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>15</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>1153</fpage>
					<lpage>1157</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacr.2016.02.011</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation>10. Shemesh J , Henschke CI , Shaham D , Yip R , Farooqi AO , Cham MD , et al . Ordinal Scoring of Coronary Artery Calcifications on Low-Dose CT Scans of the Chest is Predictive of Death From Cardiovascular Disease . Radiology . 2010 ; 257 ( 2 ): 541 - 8 . doi: 10.1148/radiol.10100383 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Shemesh</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Henschke</surname>
							<given-names>CI</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shaham</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yip</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Farooqi</surname>
							<given-names>AO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cham</surname>
							<given-names>MD</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Ordinal Scoring of Coronary Artery Calcifications on Low-Dose CT Scans of the Chest is Predictive of Death From Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
					<source>Radiology</source>
					<year>2010</year>
					<volume>257</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>541</fpage>
					<lpage>548</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1148/radiol.10100383</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation>11. Landis JR , Koch GG . The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data . Biometrics . 1977 ; 33 ( 1 ): 159 -74.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Landis</surname>
							<given-names>JR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Koch</surname>
							<given-names>GG</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data</article-title>
					<source>Biometrics</source>
					<year>1977</year>
					<volume>33</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>159</fpage>
					<lpage>174</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation>12. Gabriel FS , Gonçalves LFG , Melo EV , Sousa ACS , Pinto IMF , Santana SMM , et al . Atherosclerotic Plaque in Patients with Zero Calcium Score at Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography . Arq Bras Cardiol . 2018 ;110(5):420-7. doi: 10.5935/abc.20180063 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gabriel</surname>
							<given-names>FS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gonçalves</surname>
							<given-names>LFG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Melo</surname>
							<given-names>EV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sousa</surname>
							<given-names>ACS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pinto</surname>
							<given-names>IMF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santana</surname>
							<given-names>SMM</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Atherosclerotic Plaque in Patients with Zero Calcium Score at Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>110</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>420</fpage>
					<lpage>427</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180063</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation>13. Phillips WJ , Johnson C , Law A , Turek M , Small AR , Inacio JR , et al . Reporting of Coronary Artery Calcification on Chest CT Studies in Breast Cancer Patients at High Risk of Cancer Therapy Related Cardiac Events . Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2018 ; 18 : 12 - 16 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2018.02.001 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Phillips</surname>
							<given-names>WJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Johnson</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Law</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Turek</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Small</surname>
							<given-names>AR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Inacio</surname>
							<given-names>JR</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Reporting of Coronary Artery Calcification on Chest CT Studies in Breast Cancer Patients at High Risk of Cancer Therapy Related Cardiac Events</article-title>
					<source>Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>18</volume>
					<fpage>12</fpage>
					<lpage>16</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcha.2018.02.001</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation>14. Ouchi JD , Teixeira C , Ribeiro CAG , Oliveira CC . Arrival time of Infarcted Patient in the Intensive Care Unit: Importante of Fast Care Services . Ensaios Cienc Biol Agrar. Saúde. 2017 ; 21(2):92-7.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ouchi</surname>
							<given-names>JD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Teixeira</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ribeiro</surname>
							<given-names>CAG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oliveira</surname>
							<given-names>CC</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<chapter-title>Arrival time of Infarcted Patient in the Intensive Care Unit: Importante of Fast Care Services</chapter-title>
					<source>Ensaios Cienc Biol Agrar. Saúde</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>21</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>92</fpage>
					<lpage>97</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation>15. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Sistema de Informação sobre a Mortalidade. Brasília; Ministério da Saúde; 2013 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="report">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>Brasil</collab>
						<collab>Ministério da Saúde</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Sistema de Informação sobre a Mortalidade</source>
					<publisher-loc>Brasília</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Ministério da Saúde</publisher-name>
					<year>2013</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation>16. Shemesh J . Coronary Artery Calcification in Clinical Practice: What We Have Learned and Why Should It Routinely Be Reported On Chest CT? Ann Transl Med . 2016 ; 4 ( 8 ): 159 . doi: 10.21037/atm.2016.04.08 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Shemesh</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Coronary Artery Calcification in Clinical Practice: What We Have Learned and Why Should It Routinely Be Reported On Chest CT?</article-title>
					<source>Ann Transl Med</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<size units="pages">159</size>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21037/atm.2016.04.08</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<label>17</label>
				<mixed-citation>17. Posadas-Romero C , López-Bautista F , Rodas-Díaz MA , Posadas-Sánchez R , Kimura-Hayama E , Juárez-Rojas JG , et al . Prevalence and Extent of Coronary Artery Calcification in an Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Mexican Population: Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease Study . Arch Cardiol Mex . 2017 ; 87 ( 4 ): 292 - 301 . doi: 10.1016/j.acmx.2016.12.004 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Posadas-Romero</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>López-Bautista</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rodas-Díaz</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Posadas-Sánchez</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kimura-Hayama</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Juárez-Rojas</surname>
							<given-names>JG</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Prevalence and Extent of Coronary Artery Calcification in an Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Mexican Population: Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease Study</article-title>
					<source>Arch Cardiol Mex</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>87</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>292</fpage>
					<lpage>301</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.acmx.2016.12.004</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<label>18</label>
				<mixed-citation>18. Silveira EL, Cunha LM, Pantoja MS, Lima AVM, Cunha ANA. Risk Factors of Coronary Disease Among Patients Subjected to Myocardial Revascularization (ABG) in Joinville/SC. Rev Fac Ciênc Méd Sorocaba. 2018 ;20(3):172-8. doi: 10.13037/ras.vol18n65.6517.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Silveira</surname>
							<given-names>EL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cunha</surname>
							<given-names>LM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pantoja</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lima</surname>
							<given-names>AVM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cunha</surname>
							<given-names>ANA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Risk Factors of Coronary Disease Among Patients Subjected to Myocardial Revascularization (ABG) in Joinville/SC</article-title>
					<source>Rev Fac Ciênc Méd Sorocaba</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>172</fpage>
					<lpage>178</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.13037/ras.vol18n65.6517</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<label>19</label>
				<mixed-citation>19. Oliveira JL , Hirata MH , Sousa AG , Gabriel FS , Hirata TD , Tavares Ida S , et al . Male Gender and Arterial Hypertension are Plaque Predictors at Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography . Arq Bras Cardiol . 2015 ;104(5):409-16. doi: 10.5935/abc.20150028 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Oliveira</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hirata</surname>
							<given-names>MH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sousa</surname>
							<given-names>AG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gabriel</surname>
							<given-names>FS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hirata</surname>
							<given-names>TD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tavares Ida</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Male Gender and Arterial Hypertension are Plaque Predictors at Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>104</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>409</fpage>
					<lpage>416</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150028</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<label>20</label>
				<mixed-citation>20. Delaney JA , Jensky NE , Criqui MH , Whitt-Glover MC , Lima JA , Allison MA . The Association Between Physical Activity and Both Incident Coronary Artery Calcification and Ankle Brachial Index Progression: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis . Atherosclerosis . 2013 ; 230 ( 2 ): 278 - 83 . doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.07.045 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Delaney</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jensky</surname>
							<given-names>NE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Criqui</surname>
							<given-names>MH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Whitt-Glover</surname>
							<given-names>MC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lima</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Allison</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Association Between Physical Activity and Both Incident Coronary Artery Calcification and Ankle Brachial Index Progression: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</article-title>
					<source>Atherosclerosis</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>230</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>278</fpage>
					<lpage>283</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.07.045</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<label>21</label>
				<mixed-citation>21. Pham T , Fujiyoshi A , Hisamatsu T , Kadowaki S , Kadota A , Zaid M , et al . Smoking Habits and Progression of Coronary and Aortic Artery Calcification: A 5-Year Follow-Up of Community-Dwelling Japanese Men . Int J Cardiol . 2020 ; 314 : 89 - 94 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.05.016 .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pham</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fujiyoshi</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hisamatsu</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kadowaki</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kadota</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zaid</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Smoking Habits and Progression of Coronary and Aortic Artery Calcification: A 5-Year Follow-Up of Community-Dwelling Japanese Men</article-title>
					<source>Int J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>314</volume>
					<fpage>89</fpage>
					<lpage>94</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.05.016</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<label>22</label>
				<mixed-citation>22. GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators . Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived with Disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 . Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1789-1858. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators</collab>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived with Disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017</article-title>
					<source>Lancet</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>392</volume>
					<issue>10159</issue>
					<fpage>1789</fpage>
					<lpage>1858</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association </p>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work. </p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p> Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate </p>
				<p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Regional do Nororeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul under the protocol number 2.739.345 / CAAE: 84431118.2.0000.5350. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding</p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2023368</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Achados Tomográficos Incidentais de Calcificações Coronarianas: Um Estudo de Prevalência na Região Sul do Brasil</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3523-7724</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Scopel</surname>
						<given-names>Karen Rafaela Okaseski</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0536-2110</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Medeiros</surname>
						<given-names>Tássia Machado</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Maicá</surname>
						<given-names>Bibiana Natalia Porto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6976-117X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Velho</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Carbonari</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4291-1684</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Mariana Motta Dias da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9520-8098</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mattos</surname>
						<given-names>Juliane Nascimento</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Heuser</surname>
						<given-names>Guilherme Galante</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Winkelmann</surname>
						<given-names>Eliane Roseli</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label> 1 </label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI), Ijui, RS – Brasil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label> 2 </label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital Noroeste Unimed/RS, Ijui, RS – Brasil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFGRS) Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência</label>: Eliane Roseli Winkelmann Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI). Rua do Comércio, 2000. CEP: 98700-000. Bairro Universitário, Ijuí, RS – Brasil. E-mail: elianew@unijui.edu.br</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Leonardo Sara da Silva</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento</title>
					<p>As calcificações de artérias coronárias (CAC) mostram-se como fator preditivo de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). A tomografia computadorizada (TC) de tórax com protocolo de aquisição de baixa dose apresenta acurácia na identificação de CAC e propicia achados incidentais dessas calcificações, que são comumente negligenciados. Este estudo analisará a prevalência de achados incidentais de calcificação em artérias coronárias em indivíduos não cardiopatas submetidos à TC de tórax.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p>Estudo transversal consecutivo de caráter analítico e descritivo. Foram incluídos indivíduos de ambos os sexos que realizaram TC de tórax por encaminhamento, acima de 18 anos e não cardiopatas. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de prontuários e ficha de anamnese auto aplicada. As variáveis referentes às CAC e à extensão do comprometimento foram obtidas a partir da reavaliação das imagens de TC de tórax disponíveis no sistema da instituição. Os exames foram anonimizados e avaliados por dois médicos radiologistas experientes. Considerou-se como estatisticamente significativo p≤0,05.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p>Foram analisados 397 exames. Encontrou-se prevalência de calcificações em 176 (44%) dos casos. A existência dessas calcificações coronárias está relacionada à idade (p&lt;0,001). As calcificações possuem relação com o sexo (p = 0,03) com maior razão de chance de desenvolvimento em homens (odds ratio [OR] = 1,55). O tabagismo (p&lt;0,001), o sedentarismo (p&lt;0,001), a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (p&lt;0,001), o diabetes mellitus (p = 0,04) e as dislipidemias (p&lt;0,001) mostraram associação positiva.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p>A prevalência de achados incidentais de CAC foi de 44%; variam em maior número entre leve e grave; maior razão de chance no sexo masculino e aumento da prevalência com a idade. Portanto, a TC de tórax mostra-se um efetivo método para avaliar as CAC, e juntamente com a história clínica do paciente pode ser utilizada para medir os fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e intervir no desfecho do quadro.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X</kwd>
				<kwd>Achados Incidentais</kwd>
				<kwd>Calcificação Vascular</kwd>
				<kwd>Vasos Coronários</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) estão entre os principais problemas mundiais de saúde e, portanto, é necessário preveni-las. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Assim, as calcificações de artérias coronárias (CAC), inicialmente assintomáticas, têm-se mostrado um fator alarmante e preditivo dessas doenças. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Caracterizam-se por um processo fisiopatológico progressivo e gradual, que resulta em respostas vasomotoras anormais e/ou estreitamento da luz dos vasos. Essas alterações estão fortemente associadas a idade avançada, diabetes mellitus (DM), dislipidemias, hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), sexo masculino e tabagismo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A tomografia computadorizada (TC) de tórax, utilizada com protocolos de aquisição de baixa dose, apresentou acurácia de 97,13% na identificação de CAC e mostrou-se eficaz na sua detecção ou exclusão. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Esse exame, usualmente empregado para fins de diagnóstico pulmonar, vem propiciando frequentes achados incidentais das calcificações, visto que há condições cardiovasculares que podem causar sintomas não cardíacos, como dispneia, dor torácica e hemoptise. Assim, estudos sobre esses achados vêm ganhando espaço em âmbito clínico e científico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Apesar da constatação dos impactos negativos das calcificações coronarianas, achados incidentais cardíacos em TC de tórax ainda são comumente negligenciados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Assim, a prevalência de incidentalomas e sua relevância clínica foram estimadas em diversos estudos e baseadas em diferentes contextos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Contudo, não há estudos dessa natureza na região Noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul; portanto, esta pesquisa visou preencher uma lacuna que tange a informação de base populacional da região em estudo nos âmbitos clínico e científico. Nesta perspectiva, objetivou-se analisar a prevalência de achados incidentais de calcificação em artérias coronárias em indivíduos não cardiopatas submetidos à TC de tórax.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Participantes</title>
					<p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal de caráter analítico e descritivo, desenvolvido conforme as orientações das Diretrizes e Normas Regulamentadoras de Pesquisas Envolvendo Seres Humanos segundo a Resolução do Conselho Nacional de Saúde (CNS) nº. 466/12 e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UNIJUÍ (CAAE: 84431118.2.0000.5350). Foram incluídos indivíduos de ambos os sexos que realizaram TC de tórax por encaminhamento. Foram excluídos indivíduos menores de 18 anos, exames realizados por encaminhamento médico cardíaco, exames com dificuldades técnicas para avaliação das imagens e exames duplicados, ou seja, dois ou mais exames realizados pelo mesmo paciente com intervalo inferior a 6 meses.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Coleta de dados</title>
					<p>Foi realizada em prontuários de um Hospital da região Noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre 27 de março e 05 de outubro de 2019. As variáveis idade, sexo, comorbidades associadas (HAS, DM e dislipidemias), histórico familiar de cardiopatias, história pregressa de cardiopatia (Insuficiência Cardíaca, Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio), tabagismo, sedentarismo e a sintomatologia do paciente foram coletadas a partir de uma ficha de anamnese auto aplicada com perguntas fechadas.</p>
					<p>As variáveis referentes às calcificações da artéria coronária esquerda, descendente anterior esquerda, circunflexa e coronária direita, bem como a extensão do comprometimento de cada uma delas, foram obtidas a partir da reavaliação das imagens de TC de tórax disponíveis no sistema <italic>Picture Archiving and Communication System</italic> (PACS) (https://www.animati.com.br/animati-workstation/) da instituição. Ainda neste sistema, foi obtido o motivo do encaminhamento médico para realização do exame descrito nos laudos. Os dados foram compilados por um único pesquisador para melhor qualidade e regularidade das informações.</p>
					<p>Aquisição e interpretação das imagens</p>
					<p>O aparelho utilizado para realização dos exames foi um tomógrafo Alexion de 32 cortes (Toshiba, Otawara, Japão) utilizando protocolo de aquisição de baixa dose. Os exames foram realizados com o paciente em decúbito dorsal e em apneia. As imagens de tórax foram analisadas em cortes axiais, em janela de partes moles e somente na fase sem contraste. Os exames foram anonimizados (Advantage Workstation, versão 4.6. GE Healthcare) para que os dados prévios não influenciassem nas análises e os avaliadores estivessem completamente cegados referente ao paciente e entre si. As análises foram feitas por dois médicos radiologistas com mais de 5 anos de experiência na área, previamente treinados para as análises. Primeiramente, as imagens foram avaliadas de forma independente pelos profissionais. As imagens que apresentaram discordância entre os médicos foram reanalisadas convergindo a um resultado consensual.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Escore das calcificações coronárias pela escala visual</title>
					<p>Seguindo o protocolo realizado por Shemesh et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> foram avaliadas quatro artérias coronárias: principal esquerda, descendente anterior esquerda, circunflexa e direita. Cada uma delas foi classificada e pontuada como ausente (0), leve (1), moderada (2) ou grave (3). Caracterizou-se como leve quando menos de um terço do comprimento de toda a artéria apresentava-se comprometida, moderada quando havia calcificações de um a dois terços da artéria e grave quando superior a dois terços da artéria mostrava-se calcificada. Após pontuadas, somou-se os resultados apresentando o seguinte <italic>score</italic>: ausente (0), leve (1-3), moderado (4-6) e grave (7-12).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>A coleta de dados foi feita no Microsoft Office Excel 2010 e as análises pelo <italic>software R Studio</italic> (versão 3.4.4). Para análise da estatística descritiva foi utilizada a frequência relativa e absoluta, medidas de tendência central e de dispersão. Nas estatísticas analíticas das variáveis qualitativas utilizou-se o teste do ꭓ <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> para testar a hipótese de dependência entre as variáveis e, também, para verificar a aderência entre as mesmas, considerando estatisticamente significativo p≤0,05. Nas estatísticas analíticas das variáveis quantitativas foi estimada a prevalência dos achados de calcificações. Para a determinação do número de classes da variável idade, utilizou-se a Regra de Sturges.</p>
					<p>A concordância interexaminadores foi estimada usando o coeficiente Kappa de Cohen e os valores referenciais para análise descritos por Landis e Koch. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Para a análise de verificação de normalidade foi utilizado o teste de Kolmogorov Smirnov na variável idade e o teste não paramétrico de U de Mann Whitney, considerando estatisticamente significativo p≤0,05. O <italic>odds ratio</italic> foi utilizado para estimar a razão de chance de presença de calcificação em relação às suas variáveis predisponentes.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Foram analisados 397 exames apresentando uma concordância interexaminadores substancial (κ = 0,77). Os pacientes apresentaram idade média de 61,88±16,26 anos, com predominância do sexo feminino (52,14%). Os motivos do encaminhamento comumente encontrados foram: alterações no sistema respiratório (n = 94), acompanhamento de nódulo pulmonar (n = 47) e câncer de pulmão (n = 27).</p>
				<p>O sedentarismo (69,02%) e o histórico familiar de doenças cardíacas (44,84%) mostram-se os mais preocupantes dentre os principais fatores de risco, enquanto o câncer é líder em relação a doenças prévias, atingindo 38,29% dos casos, seguido da HAS (46,85%), com maior prevalência no sexo feminino ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Descrição de fatores predisponentes para a formação de calcificações arteriais</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="25%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Feminino N = 207</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Masculino N = 190</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Total N = 397</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Idade média±DP, anos</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>61,18±15,92</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>62,64±16,63</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>61,88±16,26</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4"><bold>Fatores de risco, N (%)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tabagismo</td>
									<td align="center">55 (13,85)</td>
									<td align="center">85 (21,41)</td>
									<td align="center">140 (35,26)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sedentarismo</td>
									<td align="center">153 (38,54)</td>
									<td align="center">121 (30,48)</td>
									<td align="center">274 (69,02)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Histórico Familiar de Doença Cardíaca</td>
									<td align="center">102 (25,69)</td>
									<td align="center">76 (19,14)</td>
									<td align="center">178 (44,84)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Histórico Familiar de HAS</td>
									<td align="center">131 (33)</td>
									<td align="center">103 (25,94)</td>
									<td align="center">34 (58,94)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4"><bold>Doenças Prévias, N (%)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Câncer</td>
									<td align="center">73 (18,39)</td>
									<td align="center">79 (19,90)</td>
									<td align="center">152 (38,29)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio</td>
									<td align="center">7 (1,76)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (2,02)</td>
									<td align="center">15 (3,78)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Insuficiência Cardíaca</td>
									<td align="center">17 (4,28)</td>
									<td align="center">21 (5,29)</td>
									<td align="center">38 (9,57)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4"><bold>Comorbidades, N (%)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HAS</td>
									<td align="center">101 (25,44)</td>
									<td align="center">85 (21,41)</td>
									<td align="center">186 (46,85)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DM</td>
									<td align="center">24 (6,05)</td>
									<td align="center">24 (6,05)</td>
									<td align="center">48 (12,10)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dislipidemias</td>
									<td align="center">48 (12,09)</td>
									<td align="center">49 (12,34)</td>
									<td align="center">97 (24,43)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>DP: desvio padrão; HAS: hipertensão arterial sistêmica; DM: diabetes mellitus.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A população caracterizada acima apresentou prevalência de calcificações em 176 (44%) dos casos e constatou-se que a presença ou ausência destas calcificações coronárias está relacionada à idade (p&lt;0,001). Pôde-se observar uma maior ocorrência de calcificações na faixa etária entre 76 e 84 anos. Entretanto, a maior prevalência de calcificação foi de 92 a 100 anos (100%), sendo mais severa. Ainda, foi possível notar que acima dos 68 anos há uma prevalência crescente de calcificações, atingindo mais de 60% dos pacientes ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> ). No <italic>score</italic> utilizado para a análise das artérias <italic>,</italic> vistas de forma isolada, foi possível constatar que a artéria mais comprometida foi a coronária direita em 193 (48,61%) dos casos.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Análise da escala visual das calcificações coronarianas e prevalência das mesmas</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="17%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Idade</th>
									<th>Ausente</th>
									<th>Leve</th>
									<th>Moderada</th>
									<th>Grave</th>
									<th>Prevalência</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>18 Ͱ27</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0,00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>27 Ͱ35</td>
									<td align="center">15</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0,00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>35 Ͱ43</td>
									<td align="center">28</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0,13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>43 Ͱ51</td>
									<td align="center">31</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">0,14</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>51 Ͱ59</td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">0,28</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>59 Ͱ68</td>
									<td align="center">44</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">0,45</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>68 Ͱ76</td>
									<td align="center">36</td>
									<td align="center">31</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">0,60</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>76 Ͱ84</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">18</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">0,78</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>84 Ͱ92</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">0,76</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>92 Ͱ101</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">1,00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Total</td>
									<td align="center">221</td>
									<td align="center">95</td>
									<td align="center">37</td>
									<td align="center">44</td>
									<td align="center">0,44</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>As calcificações possuem relação com o sexo (p = 0,03) com maior razão de chance de desenvolvimento em homens (odds ratio [OR] = 1,55). Ainda sobre as variáveis que influenciam no desenvolvimento das calcificações, o tabagismo (p &lt; 0,001), o sedentarismo (p &lt; 0,001), a HAS (p &lt; 0,001), a DM (p = 0,04) e as dislipidemias (p &lt; 0,001) mostraram associação positiva, sendo a HAS (OR = 3,45) e o sedentarismo (OR = 2,97) os que possuem maior razão de chance ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref> ). Os resultados da prevalência das CAC e o grau em relação às faixas etárias encontram-se ilustrados graficamente na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> . A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> representa os principais achados do estudo.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3002">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Relação dos fatores predisponentes com as calcificações coronarianas e a razão de chance de ocorrência</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="25%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variáveis</th>
									<th>p-valor*</th>
									<th>OR <sup>
 <bold>†</bold>
</sup></th>
									<th>IC (95%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Sexo</td>
									<td align="center">0,03</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Feminino</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">0,64</td>
									<td align="center">(0,42 – 0,98)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Masculino</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1,55</td>
									<td align="center">(1,02 - 2,37)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tabagismo</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									<td align="center">2,45</td>
									<td align="center">(0,26 - 0,64)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sedentarismo</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									<td align="center">2,97</td>
									<td align="center">(0,20 - 0,55)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>História Familiar de Doença Cardíaca</td>
									<td align="center">0,92</td>
									<td align="center">1,03</td>
									<td align="center">(0,64 - 1,48)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>História Familiar de HAS</td>
									<td align="center">0,22</td>
									<td align="center">1,30</td>
									<td align="center">(0,50 - 1,18)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Câncer</td>
									<td align="center">0,47</td>
									<td align="center">1,17</td>
									<td align="center">(0,56 - 1,32)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HAS</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									<td align="center">3,45</td>
									<td align="center">(0,19 - 0,45)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DM</td>
									<td align="center">0,04</td>
									<td align="center">1,93</td>
									<td align="center">(0,27 - 1,00)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dislipidemias</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									<td align="center">2,65</td>
									<td align="center">(0,23 - 0,62)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2002">
								<p>*Teste Qui-Quadrado; † Odds Ratio; IC: intervalo de confiança; HAS: hipertensão arterial sistêmica; DM: diabetes mellitus.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Representação gráfica da prevalência de CAC e o grau de acometimento em relação à idade.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e368-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– CAC: calcificação artéria coronária; DM: diabetes mellitus; HAS: hipertensão arterial sistêmica; OR: odds ratio.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e368-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O presente estudo observou uma prevalência de 44% de achados incidentais de CAC em TC de tórax em pacientes assintomáticos para doença cardíaca que se acentua com o aumento da idade e com maiores chances de desenvolvimento no sexo masculino. Pode-se observar, também, que há uma relação direta com fatores de risco e comorbidades associadas, ambos estreitamente ligados aos hábitos de vida diária. Referente ao método diagnóstico, pode-se constatar, assim como em estudos anteriores, sua efetividade em âmbito clínico e científico.</p>
				<p>Nessa linha de análise das coronárias, estudos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> com caracterização populacional predominantemente masculina, mas idade média semelhante ao de nosso estudo, constataram que a prevalência de CAC em indivíduos assintomáticos é superior a 53%. Esses dados vêm ao encontro do apresentado nesta pesquisa, com predominância de calcificações leves e graves. Na análise das calcificações de forma isolada, a partir do <italic>score</italic> , a artéria coronária direita mostrou-se a mais comprometida, diferente de outros estudos que apontam a artéria coronária descendente anterior. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Todavia, esse comprometimento proximal pode causar redução ou bloqueio do fluxo sanguíneo para determinada área do miocárdio, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> sendo esse desfecho um dos principais causadores de óbito. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Essa prevalência nos assintomáticos é importante, pois quando reconhecida precocemente auxilia na prevenção, diminui a velocidade de progressão das doenças e reduz a morbimortalidade associada.</p>
				<p>Mediante isso, há alguns fatores que predispõem o aparecimento das CAC. Dentre eles, constatamos que homens apresentam maior chance de desenvolver CAC (OR = 1,55), assim como observado em estudos anteriores; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> contudo, há estudos que apontam que esses achados independem do sexo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Outro ponto que se mostrou estatisticamente significativo (p &lt; 0,001) foi a crescente prevalência com o aumento da idade. Outros estudos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> apresentam dados em consonância a esses achados e isso pode ser justificado pela ocorrência dessas calcificações dar-se de modo progressivo, resultado do somatório do avanço da idade e processos biológicos complexos, incluindo genética, fatores de risco, doenças adquiridas ao longo da vida e fatores ambientais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Além disso, o estudo de prevalência de CAC no México corrobora o que foi mostrado previamente e demonstra que 27% dos participantes tem CAC, sendo a maioria homens (40%), seguido de mulheres (13%); ambos os sexos possuíam idade mais avançada e valores mais altos de pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, glicose e colesterol LDL. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em outro estudo recente realizado no Norte do Brasil, observou-se elevada prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovasculares associados a calcificações coronarianas, com destaque para HAS (83,33%), dislipidemia (62,22%), sedentarismo (74,44%) e excesso de peso (64,44%), sendo mais prevalente nas mulheres, as quais eram menopausadas na sua maioria (90,48%). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A partir desses dados nota-se a relevância desse tema e confirma-se a relação da CAC com as variáveis citadas.</p>
				<p>Nessa linha, a HAS e a dislipidemia, assim como descrito em outros estudos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> mostram-se estatisticamente significativas e têm razão de chance elevadas. Estudos mostram que o sedentarismo <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e o tabagismo <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> exercem impactos substanciais referente aos fatores de risco, assim como encontrado na presente pesquisa. Esses dados revestem-se de maior importância quando considerado que 80% das mortes por DCV poderiam ser evitadas com a cessação do tabaco e a prática regular de atividade física. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O presente estudo é pioneiro na região Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e conta com um número amostral consideravelmente grande para o período da coleta. Contudo, as limitações do estudo incluem divergências entre os observadores que analisaram as imagens, o que pode ser justificado pelo exame não ter sido realizado com <italic>ECG-Gated Cardiac CT</italic> (imagem captada na diástole cardíaca), dificultando a análise; no entanto, elas foram reavaliadas, chegando a um consenso. A população de estudo apresentou um viés de seleção, primeiro pelo estudo ter sido realizado em um único Hospital e segundo pelos indivíduos incluídos terem sido encaminhados por indicação clínica de diversas patologias. O questionário autoaplicado pode ser considerado uma fragilidade, pois os indivíduos podem omitir ou não compreender plenamente o que está sendo perguntado.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Os achados incidentais de CAC em indivíduos assintomáticos para doenças cardíacas submetidos à TC de tórax mostraram uma prevalência de 44% no interior do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estas variam em maior número entre leve e grave, apresentando maior razão de chance no sexo masculino e aumento da prevalência com a idade. Portanto, a TC de tórax mostra-se um método efetivo para avaliar as CAC, juntamente com a história clínica do paciente e pode ser utilizada para medir os fatores de risco para DCV e intervir no desfecho do quadro.</p>
				<p>Este estudo é pioneiro nessa região e mostra a importância de futuras investigações, pesquisas e/ou avaliações de pacientes sobre DCV.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimento</title>
				<p>Ao Centro Diagnóstico por Imagem do Hospital Unimed Noroeste, Rio Grande do Sul, pela disponibilidade na execução do trabalho, à Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI) pela oportunidade da pesquisa e ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pela concessão de bolsas de iniciação científica.</p>
			</ack>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica </p>
					<p> Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação. </p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p> Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado </p>
					<p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do(a) Universidade Regional do Nororeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul sob o número de protocolo 2.739.345 / CAAE: 84431118.2.0000.5350. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>