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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.2023367i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2023367i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Role of Multimodality for the Diagnosis of Thrombosis at Late Follow-up of Patients Selected for TAVI: Review of a Case Series</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3676-5502</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gomes</surname><given-names>Laila Caroline Oliveira Souza Barbosa</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3275-9762</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Drubi</surname><given-names>Stephanie de Azevedo</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Junqueira</surname><given-names>Bruna de Mattos Ivo</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6933-8902</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bezerra</surname><given-names>Mariana Lins Baptista Guedes</given-names></name>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3927-778X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Melo</surname><given-names>Rodrigo Vieira de</given-names></name>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#xE3;o Rafael</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Rede D&#x27;or</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#xE3;o Rafael, Rede D&#x27;or, Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Laila Caroline Oliveira Souza Barbosa Gomes</bold> &#x2022; Hospital S&#xE3;o Rafael, Av. S&#xE3;o Rafael, 2152. Postal code: <postal-code>41253-190</postal-code>. S&#xE3;o Marcos, Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brazil. E-mail: <email>lailacarolines@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>31</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e367</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>26</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>31</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>07</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Multimodality</kwd>
<kwd>Prosthesis thrombosis</kwd>
<kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="14"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="14"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>The first transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) was performed by Alan Cribier in France in 2002 and the technique was introduced in Brazil in 2008. Since then, this modality has been consolidated and many patients have been approached using this technique. After more than 10 years of the first TAVI in Brazil, an increasing number of late complications appear in the cardiovascular imaging laboratory, with challenging anatomical and functional aspects in daily practice. Late thrombosis of aortic endoprosthesis may be one of the causes of dysfunction in the follow-up after TAVI. This clinical entity can assume a complex profile for accurate diagnosis and proper patient management, since it can have a variable presentation, ranging from subclinical leaflet thrombosis to limiting symptoms related to heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), the additional resource of 3D echocardiography and high-resolution computed tomography (CT) play a complementary role in the diagnosis of this etiology through anatomical valve reconstruction with evidence of hypoattenuated leaflet thickening (HALT) with or without hypoattenuation affecting motion (HAM) of one or more prosthetic valve leaflets.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The risk of embolic events after diagnosis of leaflet thrombosis is still uncertain, especially for the central nervous system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This case series presents two illustrative reports of aortic endoprostheses with high gradients and complementary aspects of the multimodality that direct the etiology to the diagnosis of late prosthesis thrombosis.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case report</title>
<sec>
<title>Case 1</title>
<p>Female patient, 87 years old, with stable coronary artery disease (CAD), history of coronary angioplasty and severe aortic stenosis, who underwent TAVI and definitive pacemaker implantation in 2019, was admitted in June/2022 due to chest pain. An electrocardiogram revealed no acute ischemic abnormalities and normal myocardial necrosis markers. The transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) showed aortic valve with high gradients, mean of 43 mmHg, differing from the last test performed in 2021, and transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) showed leaflet thickening with significant motion hypoattenuation of two of its mobile elements, suggestive of prosthesis thrombosis, with effective flow orifice estimated by 3D planimetry and 3D continuity equation to be 0.73 cm&#xB2; and 0.48 cm&#xB2;/m&#xB2;, indexed by the body surface (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> CT revealed advanced-grade HALT in the three leaflets: leaflet equivalent to that of the left coronary artery, involvement greater than 75% (grade 4); leaflet equivalent to that of the right coronary artery, involvement greater than 75% (grade 4). Full anticoagulation therapy was initiated and presented good evolution. The patient was discharged in June/2022, clinically stable and asymptomatic (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref>) for outpatient follow-up.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Images suggesting prosthesis thrombosis on TEE and cardiac CT. Reduced motion A and B: TEE at 45o and 130 o with evidence of leaflet thickening and reduced motion, respectively. C: HALT areas on cardiac CT.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e367-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Echocardiographic findings of endoprosthesis dysfunction. A: High mean transprosthetic gradient at aortic position on transthoracic echocardiogram. B: TEE at 130o showing left ventricular outflow tract and aliasing on color Doppler flow through the endoprosthesis.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e367-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>3D reconstruction of the aortic endoprosthesis. TEE at 45o with leaflet thickening and reduced motion (indicated by the arrow) with no images suggesting endocarditis.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e367-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>3D reconstruction of the aortic endoprosthesis. A: TEE at 45o with 3D reconstruction of the aortic endoprosthesis. B: estimation of effective flow orifice through 3D planimetry.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e367-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Case 2</title>
<p>Male patient, 70 years old, hypertensive, with virus C parenchymal liver disease and thrombocytopenia, bicuspid aortic valve with a history of TAVI five years prior and recent history of leaflet thrombosis with severe aortic stenosis, was taking Clopidogrel and direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC). The patient was hospitalized in June/22 with acute respiratory distress associated with cough and hemoptysis. Underwent CT angiography of the chest with negative result for pulmonary thromboembolism and a pattern suggestive of alveolar hemorrhage. During this hospitalization, a new transthoracic echocardiogram was performed with evidence of persistently high gradients of the aortic endoprosthesis (maximum: 50 mmHg and mean: 28 mmHg), with HALT improvement on CT. The patient was discharged after clinical compensation, stable and, due to the high risk of bleeding, was maintained without anticoagulation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Multiplanar tomographic reconstruction A and B: long and short axis, respectively, showing non-coronary leaflet with grade 4 HALT. PRE: HALT before anticoagulation.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e367-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>Transcatheter aortic valve replacement is a safe treatment and not inferior to conventional surgery for patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis and intermediate to high surgical risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> With the national experience in the long-term follow-up of patients undergoing TAVI, there is an increasing number of cases of prosthetic stenosis with increased gradients and transvalvular velocities. In these situations, transthoracic echocardiogram can support the screening and identification of high gradients, however, it has a limited role in the etiological investigation.</p>
<p>Aortic endoprosthesis valve dysfunction is defined by transthoracic echocardiogram when there is a mean transvalvular gradient greater than 20 mmHg or greater than 50% of the previous mean baseline gradient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Transesophageal echocardiography may have sensitivity comparable to cardiac CT in identifying signs of thrombosis, such as reduced leaflet motion, leaflet thickening, or even the identification of thrombi, especially in patients at increased risk of contrast nephropathy, which may contribute to the identification of the mechanism of prosthetic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>In this context, TEE can provide additional inputs in the evaluation of prosthesis dysfunction in the late follow-up of these patients. Real-time 3D complementation can be used in the evaluation of differential diagnoses of endoprosthesis dysfunction, especially for identifying images suggestive of endocarditis, mismatch, pannus and ascending aorta pathologies.</p>
<p>CT plays a crucial role in the complementary evaluation for the accurate diagnosis of post-TAVI prosthesis thrombosis. This test can identify prosthesis thrombosis through morphological criteria with a finding of HALT that may be associated with HAM, and the possibility of assessing the thrombotic load, a parameter that has been correlated with adverse clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> HALT can be classified according to the extent of leaflet involvement as &#x3C;25%, 25&#x2013;50%, 50&#x2013;75% or &#x3E;75%, with this assessment being performed on CT diastolic reconstructions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). However, the presence of HALT is observed at similar rates for transcatheter and surgical prosthetic valves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figure 6</label>
<caption>
<title>HALT classification through diastolic reconstruction by CT, cross-sectional and longitudinal axis. A: no leaflet involvement. B: leaflet involvement at &#x2264;25%, C: 26&#x2013;50%. D: 51&#x2013;75%. E: &#x3E;75%. HALT: hypoattenuated leaflet thickening.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e367-gf06.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Some elements are recognized as factors that may function as independent predictors of evolution to late thrombosis in the follow-up after TAVI. Some of these characteristics are based on clinical attributes, such as atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, male gender, absence of postoperative treatment with antiplatelet agents, obesity and active smoking. Other factors are related to the intra-procedure, such as the smaller diameter of the implanted prosthesis, the supra-annular device implantation, balloon under-expansion and valve-in-valve procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> As for imaging methods, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and paravalvular leak are strong predictors that may indicate a higher risk of thrombosis of an evolutionary prosthesis. Some studies describe a two-fold increase in late thrombosis in patients with at least mild leak.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>Symptomatic thrombosis of aortic valve endoprosthesis leaflets is rare, representing about 0.6 to 2.8% of reported cases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> contrasting with incidental finding in about 15&#x2013;40% of subclinical thrombosis with evidence of HALT on cardiac CT, with a potential association with cerebrovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Optimal antithrombotic therapy is still the focus of clinical trials, with current guidelines recommending dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for three to six months after TAVI and data regarding safety and longevity suggesting good durability in five years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, some studies suggest that subclinical thrombosis is more common in those who did not receive anticoagulation, so that, after discontinuing DOAC, CT can reveal HALT in a variable degree, revealing its dynamic nature due to the potential of spontaneous progression or regression, even in asymptomatic patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, the GALILEO trial demonstrated that the use of routine oral anticoagulants should be avoided after TAVI in order to prevent subclinical structural alterations, with well-established indications in view of the increased risk of death and bleeding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
<p>The follow-up of patients diagnosed with TAVI thrombosis and establishment of the indicated therapy are not well established in the literature. This follow-up is usually carried out systematically and periodically using serial transthoracic echocardiography with comparative assessment of transprosthetic systolic gradients and velocities, associated with complementary CT imaging to assess the quantitative reduction in leaflet thickening and improvement of leaflet motion<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 7</label>
<caption>
<title>Algorithm for diagnosis and follow-up of prosthesis thrombosis after TAVI. TTE: Transthoracic echocardiography; CNS: central nervous system; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography; CT: computed tomography; FC: functional class according to NYHA; TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation; IV: intravenous.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e367-gf07.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Aortic valve replacement with endoprostheses for the treatment of symptomatic aortic stenosis has raised the issue of long-term safety and longevity of the endoprosthesis. The use of multimodality in the follow-up of these patients has identified findings that vary from subclinical alterations to alterations that influence prognosis and symptoms. Based on a more accurate diagnosis of endoprosthesis dysfunction, through the combined findings of echocardiography and tomography, we can identify the precise mechanism of dysfunction in post-TAVI follow-up, allowing for more adequate quantification of leaflet involvement and motion restriction and earlier onset of specific therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>The study with the ethical aspects set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975. As this is a review study, in which clinical data, exams and therapeutic procedures, already performed in the routine of the service due to clinical indication, were used, we request the waiver of the free and informed consent form.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2023367</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Papel da Multimodalidade para o Diagn&#xF3;stico de Trombose de Pr&#xF3;tese no Seguimento Tardio de Pacientes Submetidos a TAVI: Revis&#xE3;o Atrav&#xE9;s de uma S&#xE9;rie de Casos</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3676-5502</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gomes</surname><given-names>Laila Caroline Oliveira Souza Barbosa</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3275-9762</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Drubi</surname><given-names>Stephanie de Azevedo</given-names></name>
<role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Junqueira</surname><given-names>Bruna de Mattos Ivo</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6933-8902</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bezerra</surname><given-names>Mariana Lins Baptista Guedes</given-names></name>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3927-778X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Melo</surname><given-names>Rodrigo Vieira de</given-names></name>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#xE3;o Rafael, Rede D&#x27;or, Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Laila Caroline Oliveira Souza Barbosa Gomes</bold> &#x2022; Hospital S&#xE3;o Rafael, Av. S&#xE3;o Rafael, 2152. CEP: <postal-code>41253-190</postal-code>. S&#xE3;o Marcos, Salvador, BA &#x2013; Brasil. E-mail: <email>lailacarolines@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro n&#xE3;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Multimodalidade</kwd>
<kwd>Trombose de pr&#xF3;tese</kwd>
<kwd>Substitui&#xE7;&#xE3;o da Valva A&#xF3;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O primeiro caso registrado de troca valvar a&#xF3;rtica percut&#xE2;nea (<italic>transcatheter aortic valve implantation</italic> &#x2014; TAVI) foi realizado por Alan Cribier na Fran&#xE7;a em 2002 e a t&#xE9;cnica foi empregada no Brasil em 2008. Desde ent&#xE3;o, essa modalidade se consolidou e um grande n&#xFA;mero de pacientes foi abordado por meio dessa t&#xE9;cnica. Ap&#xF3;s mais de 10 anos da primeira TAVI implantada no Brasil, um n&#xFA;mero crescente de complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es tardias surge no laborat&#xF3;rio de imagem cardiovascular com aspectos anat&#xF4;micos e funcionais desafiadores na pr&#xE1;tica di&#xE1;ria. A trombose tardia de endopr&#xF3;tese a&#xF3;rtica pode ser uma das causas de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o no seguimento ap&#xF3;s TAVI. Essa entidade cl&#xED;nica pode assumir perfil complexo para o diagn&#xF3;stico preciso e manejo adequado do doente, uma vez que pode ter apresenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o vari&#xE1;vel, que vai desde trombose subcl&#xED;nica de folhetos a sintomas limitantes relacionados a insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O ecocardiograma transesof&#xE1;gico (ETE), o recurso adicional da ecocardiografia 3D e a tomografia computadorizada (TC) de alta resolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o t&#xEA;m seu papel complementar no diagn&#xF3;stico dessa etiologia atrav&#xE9;s da reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o anat&#xF4;mica da valva com evid&#xEA;ncia de espessamento hipoatenuado dos folhetos (<italic>hypoattenuated leaflet thickening</italic> &#x2014; HALT) com ou sem redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da mobilidade (<italic>hypoattenuation affecting motion</italic> &#x2014; HAM) de um ou mais folhetos da pr&#xF3;tese valvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O risco de eventos emb&#xF3;licos ap&#xF3;s o diagn&#xF3;stico de trombose dos folhetos ainda &#xE9; incerto, especialmente para o sistema nervoso central.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Esta s&#xE9;rie de casos traz dois relatos ilustrativos de endopr&#xF3;teses a&#xF3;rticas com gradientes elevados e aspectos complementares da multimodalidade que direcionam a etiologia para o diagn&#xF3;stico de trombose tardia de pr&#xF3;tese.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relatos do Caso</title>
<sec>
<title>1&#xB0; Caso</title>
<p>Paciente feminina, 87 anos, portadora de doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana (DAC) est&#xE1;vel, passado de angioplastia coronariana e de estenose a&#xF3;rtica significativa, submetida a TAVI e implante de marcapasso definitivo em 2019, foi admitida em junho/2022 por queixa de dor tor&#xE1;cica. Realizado eletrocardiograma, sem altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es isqu&#xEA;micas agudas e marcadores de necrose mioc&#xE1;rdica normais. O ecocardiograma transtor&#xE1;cico (ETT) evidenciou valva a&#xF3;rtica com gradientes elevados, m&#xE9;dio de 43 mmHg, diferindo do &#xFA;ltimo exame realizado em 2021, e o ETE demonstrou espessamento de seus folhetos com redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o importante de mobilidade de dois dos seus elementos m&#xF3;veis, sugestivo de trombose de pr&#xF3;tese, com estimativa do orif&#xED;cio efetivo do fluxo pela planimetria 3D e pela equa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de continuidade 3D de 0,73 cm&#xB2; e de 0,48 cm&#xB2;/m&#xB2; indexado pela superf&#xED;cie corp&#xF3;rea (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Realizada TC com imagem de HALT de grau avan&#xE7;ado nos tr&#xEA;s folhetos: folheto equivalente ao da coron&#xE1;ria esquerda, acometimento maior que 75% (grau 4); folheto equivalente ao da coron&#xE1;ria direita, acometimento maior que 75% (grau 4). Iniciado tratamento com anticoagula&#xE7;&#xE3;o plena com boa evolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o, e a paciente recebeu alta em junho/2022, clinicamente est&#xE1;vel e assintom&#xE1;tica (Imagens <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figuras 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">4</xref>) para seguimento ambulatorial.</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagens sugestivas de trombose de pr&#xF3;tese ao ETE e TC card&#xED;aca. A e B: ETE a 45&#xB0; e 130&#xB0; com evid&#xEA;ncia de espessamento dos folhetos e redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da mobilidade, respectivamente. C: &#xE1;reas de HALT &#xE0; TC card&#xED;aca.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e367-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Achados ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o da endopr&#xF3;tese. A: Gradiente m&#xE9;dio elevado transprot&#xE9;ico em posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o a&#xF3;rtica ao ecocardiograma transtor&#xE1;cico. B: ETE a 130&#xB0; com visualiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da via de sa&#xED;da do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo e forma&#xE7;&#xE3;o de &#x2018;aliasing&#x2019; no fluxo ao Doppler colorido atrav&#xE9;s da endopr&#xF3;tese.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e367-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o em 3D da endopr&#xF3;tese a&#xF3;rtica. ETE a 45&#xB0; com espessamento de seus folhetos e restri&#xE7;&#xE3;o da mobilidade (indicado pela seta) e sem imagens sugestivas da endocardite.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e367-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f11">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o em 3D da endopr&#xF3;tese a&#xF3;rtica. A: ETE a 45&#xB0; com reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o em 3D da endopr&#xF3;tese a&#xF3;rtica. B: estimativa do orif&#xED;cio eletivo do fluxo atrav&#xE9;s da planimetria 3D.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e367-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>2&#xB0; Caso</title>
<p>Paciente masculino, 70 anos, hipertenso, portador de doen&#xE7;a parenquimatosa hep&#xE1;tica por v&#xED;rus C e plaquetopenia, valva a&#xF3;rtica bic&#xFA;spide com passado de TAVI h&#xE1; cinco anos e hist&#xF3;rico recente de trombose de folheto com disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o tipo estenose a&#xF3;rtica de grau importante, vinha em uso de Clopidogrel e anticoagulantes orais diretos (direct oral anticoagulants &#x2014; DOAC). Foi internado em junho/22 com quadro de desconforto respirat&#xF3;rio agudo associado a tosse e hemoptise. Submetido &#xE0; angiotomografia de t&#xF3;rax com resultado negativo para tromboembolismo pulmonar e com padr&#xE3;o sugestivo de hemorragia alveolar. Nesse internamento, realizou-se novo ETT com evid&#xEA;ncia de gradientes persistentemente elevados da endopr&#xF3;tese a&#xF3;rtica (m&#xE1;ximo: 50 mmHg e m&#xE9;dio: 28 mmHg), com melhora do HALT na TC. O paciente recebeu alta ap&#xF3;s compensa&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica, est&#xE1;vel e, devido ao alto risco de sangramento, foi mantido sem anticoagula&#xE7;&#xE3;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f12">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o tomogr&#xE1;fica multiplanar. A e B: em meio longo e eixo curto respectivamente, evidenciando HALT grau 4 do folheto n&#xE3;o coronariano. PRE: HALT pr&#xE9;-anticoagula&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e367-gf05-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A troca valvar a&#xF3;rtica transcateter &#xE9; um tratamento seguro e n&#xE3;o inferior &#xE0; cirurgia convencional para pacientes com estenose a&#xF3;rtica grave sintom&#xE1;tica e risco cir&#xFA;rgico de intermedi&#xE1;rio a alto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Com a experi&#xEA;ncia nacional no seguimento a longo prazo dos pacientes submetidos &#xE0; TAVI, nota-se cada vez mais casos de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o prot&#xE9;tica do tipo estenose com eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o de gradientes e velocidades transvalvares. Nessas situa&#xE7;&#xF5;es, o ETT pode contribuir no rastreio e identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos gradientes elevados, por&#xE9;m, tem papel limitado quanto &#xE0; investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o etiol&#xF3;gica.</p>
<p>A disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar de endopr&#xF3;tese a&#xF3;rtica &#xE9; definida atrav&#xE9;s do ETT quando se tem gradiente transvalvar m&#xE9;dio maior que 20 mmHg ou maior que 50% do gradiente m&#xE9;dio basal pr&#xE9;vio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O ETE pode ter sensibilidade compar&#xE1;vel &#xE0; TC card&#xED;aca na identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de sinais de trombose, como a redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da mobilidade dos folhetos, espessamento dos mesmos ou, ainda, a identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de trombos, especialmente em pacientes com risco aumentado de nefropatia com contraste, podendo contribuir para identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do mecanismo de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o prot&#xE9;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Neste contexto, o ETE pode fornecer informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es adicionais na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pr&#xF3;tese no seguimento tardio desses pacientes. A complementa&#xE7;&#xE3;o 3D em tempo real pode ser utilizada na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de diagn&#xF3;sticos diferenciais da disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o de endopr&#xF3;tese, especialmente para identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de imagens sugestivas de endocardite, <italic>mismatch</italic>, pannus e patologias da aorta ascendente.</p>
<p>A TC tem papel crucial na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o complementar para diagn&#xF3;stico preciso de trombose de pr&#xF3;tese p&#xF3;s TAVI. Esse exame &#xE9; capaz de identificar a trombose de pr&#xF3;tese atrav&#xE9;s de crit&#xE9;rios morfol&#xF3;gicos com achado de HALT que pode estar associado a HAM, e possibilidade de avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da carga tromb&#xF3;tica, par&#xE2;metro este que vem se correlacionando com desfechos cl&#xED;nicos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O HALT pode ser classificado de acordo com a extens&#xE3;o do envolvimento dos folhetos em &#x3C;25%, 25&#x2013;50%, 50&#x2013;75%, ou &#x3E;75%, sendo essa avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o feita em reconstru&#xE7;&#xF5;es diast&#xF3;licas &#xE0; TC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 6</xref>). Vale salientar, entretanto, que a presen&#xE7;a de HALT &#xE9; observada em taxas semelhantes para pr&#xF3;teses valvares transcateter e cir&#xFA;rgicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f13">
<label>Figura 6</label>
<caption>
<title>Classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de HALT atrav&#xE9;s da reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica pela TC nos eixos transversal e longitudinal. A: aus&#xEA;ncia de envolvimento dos folhetos. B: envolvimento dos folhetos em &#x2264;25%; C: 26-50%; D: 51-75%; E: &#x3E;75%. HALT: hypoattenuated leaflet thickening.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e367-gf06-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Alguns elementos s&#xE3;o reconhecidos como fatores que podem funcionar como preditores independentes de evolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o para trombose tardia no seguimento ap&#xF3;s TAVI. Parte dessas caracter&#xED;sticas s&#xE3;o baseadas nos atributos cl&#xED;nicos, como fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial, presen&#xE7;a de doen&#xE7;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#xF4;nica, g&#xEA;nero masculino, aus&#xEA;ncia de tratamento no p&#xF3;s-operat&#xF3;rio com antiagregantes, obesidade e tabagismo ativo. Outros fatores est&#xE3;o relacionados com o intra procedimento, como menor di&#xE2;metro da pr&#xF3;tese implantada, a implanta&#xE7;&#xE3;o supra anular do dispositivo, a sub expans&#xE3;o via bal&#xE3;o e procedimento tipo <italic>valve-in-valve</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Quanto aos m&#xE9;todos de imagem, a presen&#xE7;a de fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo reduzida e a presen&#xE7;a de <italic>leak</italic> paravalvar s&#xE3;o preditores fortes que podem indicar maior risco de trombose de pr&#xF3;tese evolutiva. Alguns estudos descrevem um aumento de duas vezes de trombose tardia nos pacientes com <italic>leak</italic> pelo menos de grau discreto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>A trombose sintom&#xE1;tica de folhetos da endopr&#xF3;tese valvar a&#xF3;rtica &#xE9; rara, representando cerca de 0,6 a 2,8% dos casos registrados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> contrastando com achado incidental em cerca de 15&#x2013;40% da trombose subcl&#xED;nica com evid&#xEA;ncia de HALT &#xE0; TC card&#xED;aca, com poss&#xED;vel associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o com eventos cerebrovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A terapia antitromb&#xF3;tica ideal ainda &#xE9; foco de ensaios cl&#xED;nicos, com recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o atual das diretrizes de uso de dupla antiagrega&#xE7;&#xE3;o plaquet&#xE1;ria (DAPT) por tr&#xEA;s a seis meses ap&#xF3;s TAVI e dados quanto &#xE0; seguran&#xE7;a e longevidade sugerindo uma boa durabilidade em cinco anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Entretanto, alguns estudos sugerem que a trombose subcl&#xED;nica seja mais comum naqueles que n&#xE3;o receberam anticoagula&#xE7;&#xE3;o, de modo que, ap&#xF3;s a suspens&#xE3;o de DOAC, a TC pode evidenciar a presen&#xE7;a de HALT em grau vari&#xE1;vel, revelando sua natureza din&#xE2;mica pelo potencial de progress&#xE3;o ou regress&#xE3;o espont&#xE2;nea, mesmo em pacientes assintom&#xE1;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Entretanto, o <italic>trial</italic> GALILEO demonstrou que o uso de anticoagulante oral de rotina deve ser evitado no p&#xF3;s TAVI a fim de prevenir altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es estruturais subcl&#xED;nicas, com indica&#xE7;&#xF5;es bem estabelecidas diante do risco aumentado de morte e sangramento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
<p>O seguimento dos pacientes com diagn&#xF3;stico de trombose de TAVI e a institui&#xE7;&#xE3;o da terapia indicada ainda n&#xE3;o est&#xE3;o bem estabelecidos na literatura. Esse acompanhamento &#xE9; habitualmente realizado de forma sistem&#xE1;tica e peri&#xF3;dica com a utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da ecocardiografia transtor&#xE1;cica seriada com avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o comparativa de gradientes e velocidades sist&#xF3;licas transprot&#xE9;ticas, associado &#xE0; imagem complementar da TC para avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o quantitativa do grau de espessamento dos folhetos e melhora da mobilidade dos folhetos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f14">
<label>Figura 7</label>
<caption>
<title>Algor&#xED;tmo para diagn&#xF3;stico e seguimento de trombose de pr&#xF3;tese p&#xF3;s TAVI. ETT: ecocardiograma transtor&#xE1;cico; SNC: sistema nevoso central; ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#xE1;gico; TC: tomografia computadorizada; CF: classe funcional conforme classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de NYHA; TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation; IV: intravenoso.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e367-gf07-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A substitui&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar a&#xF3;rtica por endopr&#xF3;teses para tratamento de estenose a&#xF3;rtica sintom&#xE1;tica trouxe &#xE0; tona a quest&#xE3;o da seguran&#xE7;a e longevidade da endopr&#xF3;tese a longo prazo. O emprego da multimodalidade no seguimento desses pacientes tem identificado achados que variam de altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es subcl&#xED;nicas at&#xE9; altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es que influenciam o progn&#xF3;stico e sintomas. A partir do diagn&#xF3;stico mais preciso da disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o da endopr&#xF3;tese, atrav&#xE9;s dos achados combinados da ecocardiografia e da tomografia, podemos identificar o mecanismo preciso da disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o no seguimento p&#xF3;s TAVI, permitindo quantifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o mais adequada do envolvimento dos folhetos e restri&#xE7;&#xE3;o de mobilidade e in&#xED;cio mais precoce de terapia espec&#xED;fica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5">
<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o Acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
<p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xC9;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>O estudo est&#xE1; de acordo com aspectos &#xE9;ticos dispostos na Declara&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Helsinki de 1975. Por tratar-se de um estudo de revis&#xE3;o, onde foram utilizados dados cl&#xED;nicos, exames e procedimentos terap&#xEA;uticos, j&#xE1; realizados na rotina do servi&#xE7;o por indica&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica, solicitamos a dispensa do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
<p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
