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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2022366i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach to Echocardiographic Assessment for Constrictive Pericarditis</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7868-6810</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rocha</surname>
						<given-names>Débora Freire Ribeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6281-0023</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Caroline Reinaldo de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4020-9434</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Verena Nunes e</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4335-4568</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>João Batista Masson</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label> 1 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goiás</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">Mailing Address: Débora Freire Ribeiro Rocha • Rua 235, Quadra 68, Lote 285, Setor Leste Universitário. Postal Code: 74605-050. Goiânia, GO, Brazil. E-mail: <email>freire.debora17@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>06</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e366</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>1</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>5</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is a condition in which scarring and loss of elasticity of the pericardium result in impaired ventricular filling</kwd>
				<kwd>diastolic dysfunction</kwd>
				<kwd>and right heart failure. The diagnosis of this pathology is challenging</kwd>
				<kwd>with frequent need for multimodal imaging techniques</kwd>
				<kwd>among which echocardiography represents the initial imaging modality for the diagnostic evaluation</kwd>
				<kwd>in addition to allowing the differentiation of CP from restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) and other conditions that mimic constriction.How I Perform Echocardiographic Assessment for CP</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Pericardium</kwd>
				<kwd>Constrictive pericarditis</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="15"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is characterized by focal or global scarring and loss of elasticity of the pericardium with or without associated thickening. Abnormal pericardium prevents diastolic filling, causing elevation of systemic venous pressures, despite preserved myocardial function of the ventricles. Therefore, it results in right heart failure, with the classic manifestations of edema of the lower limbs, pulsatile hepatomegaly, ascites, pleural effusion, fatigue, and low tolerance for effort. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The symptomatology of CP is not specific, and its manifestations can be confused with myocardial, coronary, pulmonary, or even gastrointestinal conditions, such as liver cirrhosis, RCM, endomyocardial fibrosis, among other pathologies, making the diagnosis challenging. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Several conditions can lead to CP, including infectious etiologies, connective tissue diseases, trauma, metabolic disorders (uremia), iatrogenic etiologies (pericardiotomy, radiotherapy), neoplasms or even idiopathies. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In Europe and the United States, the most frequent etiology is idiopathic, followed by post-cardiac surgery, while in other parts of the world, such as Brazil, tuberculosis is more common. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The pathophysiology of CP is related to the elevation and equalization of cardiac pressures, since the heart is located in a fixed space determined by the rigid pericardium, to exaggerated ventricular interdependence and to the dissociation of intrathoracic and intracardiac pressures. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>During inspiration, the rigid pericardium promotes the dissociation of intrathoracic and intracardiac pressures by preventing the decrease in intrathoracic pressure from being fully transmitted to the cardiac chambers. Thus, as the pressure in the extrapericardial pulmonary veins decreases during inhalation, there is attenuation of the pulmonary venous gradient toward the left atrium, contributing to the reduction of left ventricle (LV) filling. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>During inspiration, the decrease in LV filling allows for an increase in right ventricle (RV) filling with a deviation of the interventricular septum to the left, configuring ventricular interdependence. Consequently, fillings related to the left heart (mitral, aortic, and pulmonary venous flows) decrease, while fillings related to the right heart (tricuspid, hepatic, pulmonary artery, and inferior vena cava) increase. During expiration, all of the above mechanisms are reversed, except the superior vena cava (SVC) flow, which is not influenced by respiration in CP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The restriction to emptying of the left atrium during diastole results in an increase in its pressure and, subsequently, in pulmonary venous pressure.</p>
			<p>In CP, there is no impairment of ventricular relaxation during the initial phase of diastole, with early filling being faster than normal due to increased driving force resulted from high atrial pressure. However, the myocardium cannot continue its relaxation after meeting the rigid pericardium during middle and late diastole, leading to increased end-diastolic pressure in the ventricles and atria. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>There are three subtypes of CP, namely transient, chronic, and effusive constrictive pericarditis. Transient CP is a temporary form of constriction due to underlying inflammation, which may resolve spontaneously or after drug treatment. Chronic CP results from chronic inflammation and permanent scarring, potentially necessitating surgical intervention. Effusive CP is characterized by the coexistence of constriction by the visceral pericardium and tense pericardial effusion, with elevated right atrial pressure persisting after pericardiocentesis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Pericardiectomy is the definitive treatment in refractory patients to clinical treatment, as it relieves pericardial containment and, in the absence of concomitant myocardial dysfunction, effectively restores diastolic filling. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>How to assess?</title>
				<p>Suspicion of CP is based on clinical history and physical examination, and requires evaluation and confirmation by imaging and hemodynamic data. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Echocardiography is the most commonly used imaging modality for the initial assessment of pericardial disease, as it is widely available, safe, fast, and inexpensive compared to other methods, aiding in the diagnosis of CP and excluding other causes of diastolic heart failure. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Doppler echocardiographic findings in constriction:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Increased pericardial thickness (≥ 3 mm), which may be absent in up to 12 to 18% of patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Due to the exacerbated pericardial refraction, even in normal individuals, it may be difficult to detect pericardial thickening and calcification, mainly by transthoracic echocardiogram, with the transesophageal echocardiogram having much higher sensitivity and specificity;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>During systole, restricted movement of the posterior wall of the left ventricle is observed due to pericardial adhesion. There is also an abrupt relaxation of the posterior wall with subsequent flattening of the endocardial movement during the rest of the diastole, which can be well observed in the M-mode; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Mitral <italic>annulus reversus</italic> , present in 74% of patients with CP, which represents the reversal of the normal ratio of early diastolic myocardial velocities with lateral e’ smaller than septal e’. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The septal e’ / lateral e’ ratio ≥ 0.91 has a sensitivity (S) of 75% and specificity (E) of 85% <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1D</xref>);</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f01">
								<label>Figure 1</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Tissue Doppler demonstrating the phenomenon of annulus reversus in Figures 1A and 1B, in which the velocity of the septal mitral annulus (18.1 cm/s) is greater than the lateral velocity (10.7 cm/s). After pericardiectomy, there was normalization of this relationship, with the septal velocity (12.1 cm/s) lower than the lateral velocity (15.4 cm/s), demonstrated in Figures 1C and 1D.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e366-gf01.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Normal or increased mitral inflow propagation velocity (&gt; 100 cm/s) in Color M-Mode (S 74%; E 91%) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>);</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f02">
								<label>Figure 2</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Color Doppler M-mode recording in a patient with CP. Note the rather steep propagation velocity (Vp) (&gt; 100 cm/s), helping to differentiate between constrictive and restrictive physiology.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e366-gf02.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Abnormal and oscillatory movement of the interventricular septum beat to beat, related to ventricular interdependence due to subtle differences in the timing of mitral and tricuspid valve opening and left and right atrial contraction (AC). In M-mode, a notch is observed at the beginning of diastole, followed by paradoxical movement and then normal movement of the interventricular septum <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>);</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f03">
								<label>Figure 3</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Beat-to-beat oscillatory movement of the interventricular septum and respirophasic movement recorded in windowed M mode parasternal long axis.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e366-gf03.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Presence of a septal leap with respirophasic deviation of the interventricular septum toward the left ventricular cavity during inspiration (two-dimensional mode: S 62% and E 93%; M-mode: S 93% and E 69%) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="media" rid="f05">Video 1</xref>);</p>
						<p>
							
<media id="f05" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="ABC-366-video-1A.mp4">
	<label>Video 1</label>
	<caption>
		<title>– Representation of the phenomenon of ventricular interdependence in a patient with CP. Note the deviation of the septum to the left during inspiration and shift to the right during expiration.</title>
	</caption>
</media>
<media id="f050" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="ABC-366-video-1B.mp4">
	<label>Video 1</label>
	<caption>
		<title>– Representation of the phenomenon of ventricular interdependence in a patient with CP. Note the deviation of the septum to the left during inspiration and shift to the right during expiration.</title>
	</caption>
</media>							
							
						</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Ventricular interdependence with respiratory variation ≥ 25% of peak mitral E wave velocity (S 88%; E 67%) or ≥ 40% of peak tricuspid E wave velocity (S 90%; E 88%) determined by pulsed wave Doppler at the level of the cuspid tips in an apical four-chamber view. The consensus for calculating the percentage of respiratory variation is (expiration - inspiration)/expiration <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4B</xref>);</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f04">
								<label>Figure 4</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Demonstration of transmitral (4A) and transtricuspid (4B) flow variation during breathing in a patient with CP. In the same patient,note the presence of reverse flow in the hepatic vein during expiration (4C), as well as dilation of the inferior vena cava with reduced collapsibility (4D).</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e366-gf04.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Preserved or increased velocity e’ of the septal mitral <italic>annulus</italic> , ≥ 9 cm/s (S 83%; E 81%); <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Percent change in mitral flow E velocity between inspiration and expiration ≥ 14.6% (S 84%; E 73%); <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Marked increase in early diastolic filling velocity (E velocity) of mitral flow with a rapid deceleration and a decreased late diastolic filling velocity after AC (A velocity), resulting in increased E/A ratio (E/A &gt; 2); <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>It is not uncommon to observe less typical patterns, in which there is a normal or inverted E/A ratio with exaggerated respiratory variation or in which only the tricuspid inflow reveals classic alterations;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Exaggerated respiratory variation in the isovolumetric relaxation time of the left ventricle;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>In CP, the average of early diastolic myocardial velocities (lateral e’ and septal e’) is preserved, despite having higher filling pressures. Septal e’ velocity increases progressively with the worsening of CP, causing a drop in the E/e’ ratio despite the increase in pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP). This inverse relationship between PCP and E/e’ is called <italic>annulus paradoxus;</italic>
 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>During expiration, there is reduced forward diastolic flow in the hepatic vein with prominent telediastolic reverse flow and increased systolic forward flow on inspiration. High specificity mainly if reverse flow velocity is ≥ 0.8 m/s <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (Figure 4C);</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Hepatic vein diastolic flow reversal ratio (expiratory diastolic reversal velocity divided by forward diastolic hepatic vein flow velocity) ≥ 0.79 is one of the most specific findings (S 76%; E 88%; PPV 96%; NPV 49%); <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Dilation of the inferior vena cava (≥ 21 mm) and the suprahepatic vein with reduced respiratory variation (&lt; 50%) (Figure 4D);</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>The left atrium, which is only partially covered by the pericardium, may be enlarged. Enlargement of the right atrium may also occur (present in 61% of patients with CP);</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Premature opening of the pulmonary valve;</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Slight increase in pulmonary artery systolic pressure (generally not exceeding 50 mmHg);</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>“Warm septum” sign on dot-tracking echocardiography: due to adhesion of the free walls by the diseased pericardium, mainly the lateral wall, the modular value of the longitudinal tension in these areas is reduced in relation to the septal wall, where it is increased ( <italic>strain reversus</italic> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>The classic findings of constriction are more prominent in euvolemic patients. If absent in patients with suspected CP, it is advised to reassess them after fluid replacement, if there is volume depletion, or to examine them in the sitting position, if there is volume overload.</p>
				<p>Definitive diagnosis should be based on the combination of clinical and echocardiographic data, in addition to other complementary methods ( <italic>e.g</italic> ., computed tomography, magnetic resonance or invasive hemodynamic evaluation), when necessary.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>How to differentiate CP and RCM</title>
				<p>Both CP and RCM manifest themselves as a chronic clinical condition of volume overload, making the evaluation of multiple echocardiographic parameters important to establish the differential diagnosis, which has major implications for therapy and prognosis ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Echocardiographic aspects in the differentiation between CP and RCM</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Echocardiographic findings</th>
									<th>CP</th>
									<th>RCM</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>E/A Ratio</td>
									<td align="center">Increased (E/A&gt; 2)</td>
									<td align="center">Increased (E/A&gt; 2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>E deceleration time</td>
									<td align="center">Short (≤ 160 ms)</td>
									<td align="center">Short (≤ 160 ms)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Respiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid E-wave velocity</td>
									<td align="center">Δ VMi ≥ 25% Δ VTri ≥ 40%</td>
									<td align="center">Not variable</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Velocity of annular e’</td>
									<td align="center">Normal</td>
									<td align="center">Reduced</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Breathing movement of the interventricular septum</td>
									<td align="center">Present</td>
									<td align="center">Absent</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pulmonary hypertension</td>
									<td align="center">Rare</td>
									<td align="center">Frequent</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mitral inflow propagation velocity (color M-mode)</td>
									<td align="center">Increased (&gt; 55 cm/s)</td>
									<td align="center">Reduced</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LV isovolumetric relaxation time</td>
									<td align="center">Variable with breathing</td>
									<td align="center">Stable with breathing</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Flow in the pulmonary veins</td>
									<td align="center">S &gt; D, with small increment of D on expiration</td>
									<td align="center">S &lt; D throughout the respiratory cycle</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diastolic reverse flow in the hepatic vein</td>
									<td align="center">During expiration</td>
									<td align="center">During inspiration</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Flow in the SVC</td>
									<td align="center">S &lt; D, with a slight reduction in D during expiration and no variation in AC with the respiratory cycle</td>
									<td align="center">S &lt;&lt;&lt; D, with a decrease in D on expiration and an increase in AC on inspiration</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Strain analysis</td>
									<td align="center">Reduced circumferential strain, torsion, and distortion velocity Overall normal longitudinal strain, although there may be <italic>strain reversus</italic></td>
									<td align="center">Normal circumference strain Reduced longitudinal strain</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Appearance of the pericardium</td>
									<td align="center">Glossy/thick</td>
									<td align="center">Normal</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Atrial size</td>
									<td align="center">Normal or slightly dilated</td>
									<td align="center">Very dilated</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p><italic>S: velocity of the wave formed by the flow of the pulmonary veins towards the left atrium during ventricular systole; D: flow wave velocity from the pulmonary veins towards the left ventricle, using the left atrium as a conduit during ventricular diastole; ΔVMi: respiratory variation of E-wave velocity in the mitral valve; Δ VTri: respiratory variation of E-wave velocity in the tricuspid valve; E/A: ratio between the early diastolic velocity of the mitral flow (E) and the velocity of atrial contraction of the mitral flow (A).</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In both conditions, increased E/A ratio with a shortened deceleration time can be noticed, however the respiratory variation in the velocity of the E wave is increased in constriction (&gt; 25%), while in RCM it is normal or slightly variable (&lt; 15%). In addition, this parameter tends to normalize in CP after pericardiectomy. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Since RCM is a myocardial disease, it tends to have lower tissue (septal and lateral) Doppler velocities in contrast to CP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In CP, there is respirophasic movement of the interventricular septum, which is not usually present in RCM.</p>
				<p>There is marked biatrial enlargement in RCM, but relatively normal or slightly increased sizes in CP.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Pulmonary hypertension is more common in RCM than in CP.</title>
				<p>The left ventricular isovolumetric relaxation time is stable in RCM, while in CP there is exaggerated respiratory variation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Mitral valve propagation velocity with Color M-Mode is increased in CP (&gt;55 cm/s), although reduced in RCM. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In CP, during inspiration, the flow velocity in the pulmonary veins is predominantly systolic over diastolic, with a small increase in the latter in expiration, while in RCM, the flow in the pulmonary veins is consistently greater in diastole than in systole and persists throughout the respiratory cycle. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In CP, there is an increase in diastolic reverse flow in the hepatic vein during expiration, while in RCM there may be reversal of diastolic flow in the hepatic vein during inspiration. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In RCM, the flow in the SVC presents a much larger D wave than S wave, with a reduction in the D wave during expiration and an increase in reverse flow during AC during inspiration. In CP, the D wave is slightly larger than the S wave, with a slight reduction in the D wave during expiration and no change in the AC wave during the respiratory. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>CP is characterized by reduced circumferential strain, torsion, and shear rate, but with normal overall longitudinal strain despite regional differences. In RCM, there is reduced longitudinal strain but normal circumferential strain. This is due to the fact that subendocardial fibers, which are mainly responsible for longitudinal shortening, are more affected in RCM, while in CP there is greater involvement of subepicardial fibers, predominantly responsible for circumferential shortening. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>According to the study carried out at the Mayo Clinic between January 2008 and December 2010, whose population consisted of patients with surgically confirmed CP, it was concluded that echocardiography makes it possible to differentiate CP from RCM and severe tricuspid insufficiency. The three independent criteria most associated with the diagnosis of CP were: ventricular septal deviation related to breathing, preserved or increased e’ velocity of the medial mitral <italic>annulus</italic> , and prominent reversal of the expiratory diastolic flow of the hepatic vein. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Each of these criteria was significantly associated with CP in the subgroup of patients with atrial fibrillation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>According to the American Society of Echocardiography (2016), when the medial e’ velocity of the mitral <italic>annulus</italic> is &gt; 8 cm/s, mitral <italic>annulus reversus</italic> and hepatic vein expiratory flow reversal are present, RCM can be excluded and CP diagnosis can be established with confidence. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitations of echocardiographic assessment in CP</title>
				<p>The e’ annular velocity through pulsed tissue Doppler may be reduced in cases of mitral valve replacement, severe annular calcification, and basal hypokinesia.</p>
				<p>Diastolic dysfunction commonly associated with ischemia or advanced age can also make it difficult to interpret the mitral inflow pattern.</p>
				<p>In aged and hypertensive patients, the LV cavity may be small, causing an increase in the propagation velocity of the mitral inflow despite the absence of CP.</p>
				<p>A mitral flow pattern similar to that of CP can be seen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary thromboembolism, right ventricular infarction, shock, and large bilateral pleural effusion.</p>
				<p>Diastolic posterior wall flattening during tachycardia may be difficult to detect.</p>
				<p>In adolescents and young adults, the E/A ratio &gt; 2 may be normal and they usually have mitral inflow propagation velocity &gt; 100 cm/s and septal e’ &gt; 12 cm/s.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>CP is an underdiagnosed cause of right and/or left ventricular failure caused by a reduction in the elasticity of the pericardium, resulting in impaired cardiac diastolic filling. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> It has characteristic pathophysiological mechanisms, which can be identified with Doppler echocardiography, and this test is useful both for diagnostic confirmation and for follow-up of treated patients. The decision to perform additional tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) or invasive hemodynamic study, must be individualized. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2022366</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como eu Faço Avaliação Ecocardiográfica de Pericardite Constritiva</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7868-6810</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rocha</surname>
						<given-names>Débora Freire Ribeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6281-0023</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Caroline Reinaldo de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4020-9434</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Verena Nunes e</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4335-4568</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>João Batista Masson</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label> 1 </label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Débora Freire Ribeiro Rocha • Rua 235, Quadra 68, Lote 285, Setor Leste Universitário. CEP: 74605-050. Goiânia, GO, Brasil. E-mail: freire.debora17@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A pericardite constritiva (PC) é uma condição na qual a cicatrização e perda de elasticidade do pericárdio resultam em enchimento ventricular prejudicado, disfunção diastólica e insuficiência cardíaca direita. O diagnóstico dessa patologia é desafiador, sendo frequente a necessidade de técnicas de imagem multimodal, dentre as quais a ecocardiografia representa a modalidade de imagem inicial para a avaliação diagnóstica, além de permitir a diferenciação da PC da cardiomiopatia restritiva (CMR) e outras condições que mimetizam constrição.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Pericárdio</kwd>
				<kwd>Pericardite constritiva</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência cardíaca</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A pericardite constritiva (PC) é caracterizada por cicatrização focal ou global e perda de elasticidade do pericárdio com ou sem espessamento associado. O pericárdio anormal impede o enchimento diastólico, causando elevação das pressões venosas sistêmicas, apesar da função miocárdica dos ventrículos preservada. Assim sendo, resulta no quadro clínico de insuficiência cardíaca direita, com as manifestações clássicas de edema de membros inferiores, hepatomegalia pulsátil, ascite, derrame pleural, fadiga e baixa tolerância ao esforço. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A sintomatologia da PC não é específica e suas manifestações podem ser confundidas com condições miocárdicas, coronárias, pulmonares ou mesmo gastrointestinais, como cirrose hepática, cardiomiopatia restritiva, endomiocardiofibrose, dentre outras patologias, tornando o diagnóstico desafiador. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Várias condições podem levar à PC, incluindo etiologias infecciosas, doenças do tecido conjuntivo, trauma, distúrbios metabólicos (uremia), etiologias iatrogênicas (pericardiotomia, radioterapia), neoplasias ou até idiopatias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Na Europa e nos Estados Unidos, a etiologia mais frequente é a idiopática, seguida pela pós-cirúrgica cardíaca, enquanto em outras partes do mundo, como no Brasil, a tuberculose é mais comum. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A fisiopatologia da PC está relacionada à elevação e equalização das pressões cardíacas, uma vez que o coração se encontra em um espaço fixo determinado pelo pericárdio rígido, à interdependência ventricular exagerada e à dissociação das pressões intratorácica e intracardíaca. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Durante a inspiração, o pericárdio rígido promove a dissociação das pressões intratorácica e intracardíaca, impedindo que a diminuição da pressão intratorácica seja totalmente transmitida às câmaras cardíacas. Assim, à medida que a pressão nas veias pulmonares extrapericárdicas diminui durante a inspiração, ocorre atenuação do gradiente venoso pulmonar para o átrio esquerdo, contribuindo para a redução do enchimento do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Durante a inspiração, a diminuição do enchimento do VE permite o aumento do enchimento do ventrículo direito (VD)com um desvio do septo interventricular para a esquerda, configurando a interdependência ventricular. Consequentemente, os enchimentos relacionados ao coração esquerdo (fluxos mitral, aórtico e venoso pulmonar) caem, enquanto os enchimentos relacionados ao coração direito (fluxos tricúspide, hepático, arterial pulmonar e veia cava inferior) aumentam. Durante a expiração, todos os mecanismos acima são revertidos, exceto o fluxo da veia cava superior (VCS), que não é influenciado pela respiração na PC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A restrição ao esvaziamento do átrio esquerdo durante a diástole resulta em aumento de sua pressão e, posteriormente, da pressão venosa pulmonar.</p>
				<p>Na PC, não há comprometimento do relaxamento ventricular durante a fase inicial da diástole, sendo o enchimento precoce mais rápido do que o normal devido ao aumento da força motriz pela pressão atrial elevada. No entanto, o miocárdio não consegue continuar seu relaxamento após entrar em contato com o pericárdio rígido durante a diástole média e tardia, levando ao aumento da pressão diastólica final nos ventrículos e átrios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Existem três subtipos de PC: transitória, crônica e efusiva. A PC transitória é uma forma temporária de constrição devido a inflamação subjacente, que pode se resolver espontaneamente ou após tratamento medicamentoso. A PC crônica é resultante de inflamação crônica e cicatrização permanente, potencialmente necessitando de intervenção cirúrgica. A PC efusiva é caracterizada pela coexistência de constrição pelo pericárdio visceral e derrame pericárdico tenso, sendo que a pressão atrial direita elevada persiste após pericardiocentese. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A pericardiectomia é o tratamento definitivo em pacientes refratários ao tratamento clínico, pois alivia a contenção pericárdica e, na ausência de disfunção miocárdica concomitante, restaura efetivamente o enchimento diastólico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Como avaliar?</title>
					<p>A suspeita de PC é baseada na história clínica e no exame físico, e requer avaliação e confirmação por imagem e dados hemodinâmicos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A ecocardiografia é a modalidade de imagem mais utilizada para a avaliação inicial de doença pericárdica, pois é amplamente disponível, segura, rápida e barata em comparação com outros métodos, auxiliando no diagnóstico de PC e excluindo outras causas de insuficiência cardíaca diastólica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Achados ecodopplercardiográficos na constrição:</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Espessura do pericárdio aumentada (≥ 3 mm), que pode estar ausente em 12 a 18% dos pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Devido à exacerbada refringência do pericárdio, mesmo em indivíduos normais, pode ser difícil detectar espessamento e calcificação pericárdicos, principalmente por ecocardiograma transtorácico, sendo que o ecocardiograma transesofágico apresenta sensibilidade e especificidade muito superiores;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Durante a sístole, observa-se movimento restrito da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo em decorrência da adesão pericárdica. Nota-se, também, relaxamento abrupto da parede posterior com subsequente achatamento da movimentação endocárdica durante o restante da diástole, que podem ser bem observados no modo M; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><italic>Annulus reversus</italic> mitral, presente em 74% dos pacientes com PC, que representa a reversão da relação normal das velocidades miocárdicas diastólicas precoces com e’ lateral menor que e’ septal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A razão e’ septal / e’ lateral ≥ 0,91 tem sensibilidade (S) de 75% e especificidade (E) de 85% <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figuras 1A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">1B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">1C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">1D</xref>);</p>
							<p>
								<fig id="f01002">
									<label>Figura 1</label>
									<caption>
										<title>– Doppler tecidual demonstrando o fenômeno do annulus reversus nas Figuras 1A e 1B, em que a velocidade do anel mitral septal (18,1 cm/s) é maior do que a lateral (10,7 cm/s). Após a pericardiectomia, houve normalização dessa relação, com a velocidade septal (12,1 cm/s) inferior à lateral (15,4 cm/s), demonstrada nas Figuras 1C e 1D.</title>
									</caption>
									<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e366-gf01-pt.tif"/>
								</fig>
							</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Velocidade de propagação do influxo mitral normal ou aumentada (&gt; 100 cm/s) no Modo M colorido (S 74%; E 91%) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>);</p>
							<p>
								<fig id="f02002">
									<label>Figura 2</label>
									<caption>
										<title>– Registro em modo M com Doppler colorido em um paciente com PC. Note a velocidade de propagação (Vp) bastante íngreme (&gt; 100 cm/s), ajudando a diferenciar a fisiologia constritiva da restritiva.</title>
									</caption>
									<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e366-gf02-pt.tif"/>
								</fig>
							</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Movimentação anormal e oscilatória do septo interventricular batimento a batimento, relacionado à interdependência ventricular devido a diferenças sutis no tempo de abertura valvar mitral e tricúspide e da contração atrial esquerda e direita. No modo M, nota-se entalhe no início da diástole, seguido por movimentação paradoxal e depois movimentação normal do septo interventricular <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>);</p>
							<p>
								<fig id="f03002">
									<label>Figura 3</label>
									<caption>
										<title>– Fenômeno do movimento oscilatório do septo interventricular batimento a batimento e movimento respirofásico registrado no modo M em janela paraesternal eixo longo.</title>
									</caption>
									<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e366-gf03-pt.tif"/>
								</fig>
							</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Presença de salto septal com desvio respirofásico do septo interventricular em direção à cavidade ventricular esquerda durante a inspiração (modo bidimensional: S 62% e E 93%; modo M: S 93% e E 69%) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="media" rid="f05002">Vídeo 1</xref>);</p>
							<p>
								
<media id="f05002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="ABC-366-video-1A.mp4">
	<label>Vídeo 1</label>
	<caption>
		<title>– Representação do fenômeno de interdependência ventricular em um paciente com PC. Observe o desvio do septo para a esquerda durante a inspiração e o desvio para a direita durante a expiração.</title>
	</caption>
</media>
<media id="f050020" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="ABC-366-video-1B.mp4">
	<label>Vídeo 1</label>
	<caption>
		<title>– Representação do fenômeno de interdependência ventricular em um paciente com PC. Observe o desvio do septo para a esquerda durante a inspiração e o desvio para a direita durante a expiração.</title>
	</caption>
</media>									
							</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Interdependência ventricular com variação respiratória ≥ 25% do pico de velocidade da onda E mitral (S 88%; E 67%) ou ≥ 40% do pico da onda E tricúspide (S 90%; E 88%), determinada pelo Doppler de onda pulsada ao nível das pontas das cúspides em um corte apical de quatro câmaras. O consenso para o cálculo do percentual de variação respiratória é (expiração - inspiração)/expiração <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">4B</xref>);</p>
							<p>
								<fig id="f04002">
									<label>Figura 4</label>
									<caption>
										<title>– Demonstração da variação do fluxo transmitral (4A) e transtricuspídeo (4B) durante a respiração em um paciente com PC. No mesmo paciente, note a presença de fluxo reverso na veia hepática durante a expiração (4C), assim como a dilatação da veia cava inferior com colapsibilidade reduzida (4D).</title>
									</caption>
									<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e366-gf04-pt.tif"/>
								</fig>
							</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Velocidade e’ do anel mitral septal preservada ou aumentada, sendo ≥ 9 cm/s (S 83%; E 81%); <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Alteração percentual na velocidade E do fluxo mitral entre inspiração e expiração ≥ 14,6% (S 84%; E 73%); <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Aumento acentuado da velocidade de enchimento diastólico precoce (velocidade E) do fluxo mitral com rápida desaceleração e velocidade de enchimento diastólico tardio diminuída após a contração atrial (velocidade A), resultando em aumento da razão E/A (E/A &gt; 2); <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Não é incomum observar padrões menos típicos, nos quais há uma relação E/A normal ou invertida com a variação respiratória exagerada ou na qual somente o influxo tricúspide revela alterações clássicas;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Variação respiratória exagerada no tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico do ventrículo esquerdo;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Na PC, a média das velocidades miocárdicas diastólicas precoces (e’ lateral e e’ septal) é preservada, apesar de apresentar pressões de enchimento mais altas. A velocidade de e’ septal aumenta progressivamente com a piora da PC, causando queda da relação E/e’ a despeito do aumento da pressão capilar pulmonar (PCP). Essa relação inversa entre PCP e E/e’ é chamada de <italic>annulus paradoxus;</italic>
 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Durante a expiração, há redução do fluxo diastólico anterógrado na veia hepática com fluxo reverso telediastólico proeminente e aumento do fluxo anterógrado sistólico na inspiração. Alta especificidade principalmente se a velocidade de fluxo reverso ≥ 0,8 m/s <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> (Figura 4C);</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Razão de reversão do fluxo diastólico na veia hepática (velocidade de reversão diastólica expiratória dividida pela velocidade diastólica anterógrada do fluxo na veia hepática) ≥ 0,79 é um dos achados mais específicos (S 76%; E 88%; VPP 96%; VPN 49%); <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Dilatação da veia cava inferior (≥ 21 mm) e da veia supra-hepática com redução da variação respiratória (&lt; 50%) (Figura 4D);</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>O átrio esquerdo, que é coberto apenas parcialmente pelo pericárdio, pode estar aumentado. Também pode ocorrer aumento do átrio direito (presente em 61% dos pacientes com PC);</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Abertura prematura da valva pulmonar;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Aumento discreto da pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (geralmente não excedendo 50 mmHg);</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Sinal do “septo quente” na ecocardiografia com rastreamento de pontos: devido à adesão das paredes livres pelo pericárdio doente, principalmente da parede lateral, o valor modular da tensão longitudinal nessas áreas está diminuído em relação à parede septal, onde está aumentado ( <italic>strain reversus</italic> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>Os achados clássicos da constrição são mais proeminentes em pacientes euvolêmicos. Se ausentes em pacientes com suspeita de PC, orienta-se reavaliá-los após reposição hídrica, se houver depleção de volume, ou examiná-los na posição sentada, se houver sobrecarga de volume.</p>
					<p>O diagnóstico definitivo deve ser baseado na combinação de dados clínicos e ecocardiográficos, além de outros métodos complementares (por exemplo, tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética ou avaliação hemodinâmica invasiva), quando necessário.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Como diferenciar PC e cardiomiopatia restritiva</title>
					<p>Tanto a PC quanto a CMR se manifestam como um quadro clínico crônico de sobrecarga de volume, tornando importante a avaliação de múltiplos parâmetros ecocardiográficos para se estabelecer o diagnóstico diferencial, que tem grandes implicações na terapia e prognóstico ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Aspectos ecocardiográficos na diferenciação de PC e cardiomiopatia restritiva</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Achados ecocardiográficos</th>
										<th>PC</th>
										<th>Cardiomiopatia Restritiva</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Relação E/A</td>
										<td align="center">Aumentada (E/A&gt;2)</td>
										<td align="center">Aumentada (E/A&gt;2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Tempo de desaceleração de E</td>
										<td align="center">Curto (≤ 160 ms)</td>
										<td align="center">Curto (≤ 160 ms)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Variação respiratória na velocidade das ondas E mitral e tricúspide</td>
										<td align="center">Δ VMi ≥ 25% Δ VTri ≥ 40%</td>
										<td align="center">Não variável</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Velocidade de e’ anular</td>
										<td align="center">Normal</td>
										<td align="center">Reduzida</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Movimento respirofásico do septo interventricular</td>
										<td align="center">Presente</td>
										<td align="center">Ausente</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Hipertensão pulmonar</td>
										<td align="center">Rara</td>
										<td align="center">Frequente</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Velocidade de propagação do influxo mitral (modo M colorido)</td>
										<td align="center">Aumentada (&gt; 55 cm/s)</td>
										<td align="center">Reduzida</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico do VE</td>
										<td align="center">Variável com a respiração</td>
										<td align="center">Estável com a respiração</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Fluxo nas veias pulmonares</td>
										<td align="center">S &gt; D, com pequeno incremento de D na expiração</td>
										<td align="center">S &lt; D em todo o ciclo respiratório</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Fluxo reverso diastólico na veia hepática</td>
										<td align="center">Durante a expiração</td>
										<td align="center">Durante a inspiração</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Fluxo na VCS</td>
										<td align="center">S &lt; D, com discreta redução de D na expiração e sem variação de Ar com o ciclo respiratório</td>
										<td align="center">S &lt;&lt;&lt; D, com redução de D na expiração e aumento de Ar na inspiração</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Análise do <italic>strain</italic></td>
										<td align="center">Redução da tensão circunferencial, torção e velocidade de distorção Tensão longitudinal global normal, embora possa haver <italic>strain reversus</italic></td>
										<td align="center">Tensão circunferencial normal Tensão longitudinal reduzida</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Aspecto do pericárdio</td>
										<td align="center">Brilhante/espesso</td>
										<td align="center">Normal</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Tamanho atrial</td>
										<td align="center">Normal ou pouco dilatado</td>
										<td align="center">Muito dilatado</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p><italic>S: velocidade da onda formada pelo fluxo das veias pulmonares em direção ao átrio esquerdo durante a sístole ventricular; D: velocidade da onda de fluxo das veias pulmonares em direção ao ventrículo esquerdo, utilizando o átrio esquerdo como condutor durante a diástole ventricular; ΔVMi: variação respiratória da velocidade da onda E na valva mitral; Δ VTri: variação respiratória da velocidade da onda E na valva tricúspide; E/A: razão entre a velocidade diastólica precoce do fluxo mitral (E) e a velocidade de contração atrial do fluxo mitral (A).</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Em ambas, nota-se aumento da relação E/A com tempo de desaceleração encurtado, entretanto a variação respiratória na velocidade da onda E apresenta-se aumentada na constrição (&gt; 25%), enquanto na CMR é normal ou pouco variável (&lt; 15%). Além disso, esse parâmetro tende a se normalizar na PC após a realização de pericardiectomia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Considerando-se que a CMR é uma doença miocárdica, ela tende a apresentar velocidades de Doppler tecidual (e’ septal e lateral) mais baixas em contraste com a PC <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> .</p>
					<p>Na PC, ocorre o movimento respirofásico do septo interventricular, que não costuma estar presente na CMR.</p>
					<p>Há um aumento biatrial acentuado na CMR, mas tamanhos relativamente normais ou pouco aumentados na PC.</p>
					<p>Hipertensão pulmonar é mais comum na CMR do que na PC.</p>
					<p>O tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico do ventrículo esquerdo encontra-se estável na CMR, enquanto na PC ocorre variação respiratória exagerada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A velocidade de propagação da valva mitral com Modo M colorido é aumentada na PC (&gt; 55 cm/s), porém é reduzida na CMR. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Na PC, durante a inspiração, a velocidade de fluxo nas veias pulmonares apresenta-se com predomínio sistólico sobre o diastólico, com pequeno incremento deste último na expiração, enquanto na CMR, o fluxo nas veias pulmonares é consistentemente maior na diástole que na sístole e persiste por todo o ciclo respiratório. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Na PC, há um aumento do fluxo reverso diastólico na veia hepática durante a expiração, enquanto na CMR pode ocorrer reversão do fluxo diastólico na veia hepática durante a inspiração. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Na CMR, o fluxo na VCS apresenta onda D bem maior que a onda S, com redução da onda D na expiração e aumento do fluxo reverso durante a contração atrial (Ar) na inspiração. Já na PC, a onda D é um pouco maior que a onda S, com discreta redução da onda D na expiração e sem alteração na onda Ar durante o ciclo respiratório. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A PC é caracterizada por redução da tensão circunferencial, torção e velocidade de distorção, mas com tensão longitudinal global normal, apesar das diferenças regionais. Na CMR, há uma deformação longitudinal reduzida, mas uma deformação circunferencial normal. Isso se deve ao fato de as fibras subendocárdicas, principais responsáveis pelo encurtamento longitudinal, serem mais afetadas na CMR, enquanto na PC há maior comprometimento das fibras subepicárdicas, responsáveis predominantemente pelo encurtamento circunferencial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>De acordo com o estudo realizado na <italic>Mayo Clinic</italic> entre janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2010, cuja população consistiu em pacientes com PC confirmada cirurgicamente, concluiu-se que a ecocardiografia permite diferenciar PC de CMR e insuficiência tricúspide grave. Os três critérios independentes mais associados ao diagnóstico de PC foram: desvio do septo ventricular relacionado à respiração, velocidade e’ do anel mitral medial preservada ou aumentada e reversão proeminente do fluxo diastólico expiratório da veia hepática. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Cada um desses critérios foi significativamente associado à PC no subgrupo de pacientes com fibrilação atrial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
					<p>De acordo com a Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia, quando a velocidade e’ medial do anel mitral é &gt; 8 cm/s, o <italic>annulus reversus</italic> mitral e a reversão do fluxo expiratório da veia hepática estão presentes, a CMR pode ser excluída e o diagnóstico de PC pode ser estabelecido com confiança. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações da avaliação ecocardiográfica na PC</title>
					<p>A velocidade e’ anular por meio do Doppler tecidual pulsátil pode estar reduzida em casos de troca valvar mitral, calcificação anular grave e hipocinesia basal.</p>
					<p>A disfunção diastólica comumente associada à isquemia ou à idade avançada também pode dificultar a interpretação do padrão de influxo mitral.</p>
					<p>Em pacientes idosos e hipertensos, a cavidade do VE pode ser pequena, ocasionando aumento da velocidade de propagação do influxo mitral, apesar da ausência de PC.</p>
					<p>Um padrão de fluxo mitral semelhante ao da PC pode ser visto em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, tromboembolismo pulmonar, infarto do ventrículo direito, choque e grande derrame pleural bilateral.</p>
					<p>O achatamento diastólico da parede posterior durante a taquicardia pode ser de difícil detecção.</p>
					<p>Em adolescentes e adultos jovens, a relação E/A &gt; 2 pode ser normal e geralmente apresentam velocidade de propagação do influxo mitral &gt; 100 cm/s e e’ septal &gt; 12 cm/s.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A PC é uma causa subdiagnosticada de insuficiência ventricular direita e/ou esquerda causada pela redução da elasticidade do pericárdio, resultando em enchimento diastólico cardíaco prejudicado. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Apresenta mecanismos fisiopatológicos característicos, que podem ser identificados com o ecodopplercardiograma, sendo esse exame útil tanto para a confirmação diagnóstica quanto para o acompanhamento evolutivo dos pacientes tratados. A decisão de realizar exames adicionais, como ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC), tomografia computadorizada (TC) ou estudo hemodinâmico invasivo, deve ser individualizada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>