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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Imagem cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2022357i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Left Atrial Strain in the Analysis of LV Diastolic Function: Ready to Use?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6569-0776</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Calvilho</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Amador</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5153-8420</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Assef</surname>
						<given-names>Jorge Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2901-9480</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Braga</surname>
						<given-names>João Moron Saes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0056-4378</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vilela</surname>
						<given-names>Andrea de Andrade</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2535-4342</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Paladino</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Tito</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7053-3684</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nishida</surname>
						<given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP </named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Conjunto Hospitalar de Sorocaba</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Sorocaba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP </named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Conjunto Hospitalar de Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Marília</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Marília</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP </named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Marília, Marília, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Fleury</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP </named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Vila Nova Star</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP </named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Vila Nova Star,São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address</label>: Antonio Amador Calvilho Júnior • Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal code: 04012-909. Vila Mariana São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>dr.calvilho@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>24</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e357</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>2</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>

<abstract><title>Abstract</title>
	<p>Left atrial (LA) dilation is a common indicator of diastolic dysfunction, and its analysis through a volume calculation reflects the cumulative effects of the left ventricular (LV) filling pressures. However, an increase in LA volume is not exclusive to diastolic dysfunction, which has also been observed in other clinical conditions. Thus, the evaluation of the LA strain enables a functional study of this chamber, adding to the morphological
analysis through the volume calculation.</p>
<p>The LA strain, measured using the speckle tracking technique, brings information on the reservoir, conduction, and contractile functions of the LA, and is related to the LV function. Moreover, the changes in the LA strain precede the volumetric changes by nearly
a decade, and correlate inversely with the degree of LA fibrosis – this has an important relationship with the diastolic dysfunction and its grading system. Albeit insufficient to explain its totality, LA fibrosis can partially justify the functional changes of this heart
chamber and can favor the use of this variable as a complement to the current protocols for the analysis of the diastolic function.</p>
<p>Although further study is still warranted to establish other clinical applications, the LA strain stands out in the analysis of diastolic dysfunction and can be considered ready to use,
offering a great potential to improve the evaluation of the overall cardiac function.</p></abstract>			
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Myocardium</kwd>
				<kwd>Left Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="59"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The study of myocardial deformation can be considered definitely implemented in the current echocardiographic routine. Although some people believe this topic is recent, or in the research and pre-implementation stage, it is not true. The first studies of myocardial deformation are as old as the use of two-dimensional images in echocardiography, and the vast majority of these studies address left ventricular myocardial deformation. From the first experimental studies with sonomicrometry crystals directly inserted into the myocardium of dogs through the use of Doppler echocardiography, maturity was reached with the development of speckle tracking, a widely validated method for use in echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Multiplicity of speckle tracking variables in the assessment of different cardiac structures</title>
				<p>Speckle tracking is the standard tool to study myocardial deformation by echocardiography and, when applied to the left ventricle (LV), provides a great amount of information that goes beyond the mere quantification of absolute deformation. Therefore, it is essential to standardize these measures.</p>
				<p>The expression strain is used as a synonym for myocardial deformation, which reduced the applicability of the method to this measure, which is certainly incomplete, because speckle tracking also allows for the measurement of rotational variables, even enabling to estimate myocardial work. Although terminology is internationally standardized, misunderstandings are still frequent. In Brazil, for example, the expression “two-dimensional strain” is used to refer to speckle tracking<italic>,</italic> which is in disagreement with international standards.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>LV longitudinal strain is the most renowned measure for use in speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). Examples of its applicability include: determination of subclinical myocardial disease in apparently normal ventricles, early diagnosis of chemotherapy cardiotoxicity, differentiation between the main causes of increased myocardial thickness, risk segmentation in different heart diseases, and in a myriad of other clinical conditions affecting the myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>LV circumferential and radial deformations can also be measured by the same method; moreover, the velocity at which these deformations occur, the so-called strain rate, can also be obtained<italic>.</italic> Rotational variables measured at the basal, medial, and apical segments may also complement the assessment, as well as LV twist<italic>,</italic> which is the difference between LV basal and apical rotations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> These assessment methods have a complementary role to that of LV longitudinal strain and do not imply its replacement.</p>
				<p>The right ventricle can also be assessed with regard to deformation; in this case, longitudinal strain of its free wall is the most validated and recommended measure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The same applies to left atrial (LA) longitudinal strain, a promising approach for functional studies and the focus of this review, which will subsequently describe the peculiarities of this measure, focusing on the study of LV diastolic function (DF).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Quantification of cardiac mechanics and its studies in diastology</title>
				<p>There is a significant number of publications on the complementation of DF analysis by techniques to quantify cardiac muscle mechanics, and the vast majority of these publications is related to the study of the LV with a focus on determining its filling pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Despite the favorable results of these techniques, their effective implementation to this end did not occur, which may be explained, among other reasons, by the complexity of these analyses compared to the traditional measures of LV DF by Doppler echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>However, although the assessment of LV filling pressure by STE is not part of 2016 recommendations for the assessment of DF, STE is indeed recommended to determine myocardial disease, especially LV global longitudinal strain, which may be used to determine myocardial disease and thus help in the initial analysis of DF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>What is the role of LA in the assessment of LV DF?</title>
				<p>Differently from other techniques to assess DF, which reveal cardiac hemodynamic status at the time of examination, the assessment of LA by calculating its volume reflects the cumulative effects of LV filling pressures.</p>
				<p>The use of LA dimensions in clinical practice precedes even the first guidelines for the assessment of DF diastole by the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE), published in 2009.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Many studies showed that increased LA volume is closely related not only to diagnosis, but also to the prognosis of patients with diastolic dysfunction (DD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>However, it is important to emphasize that LA enlargement is not exclusive to DD and can also be observed in mitral valve disease, long-lasting arrhythmia, anemia, and intense and prolonged practice of physical activity. However, LA enlargement in patients with arterial hypertension is considered, by some authors, as a diagnostic feature of DD, even when not associated with other echocardiographic features of DD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
				<p>From another perspective, the identification of normal-sized LA does not rule out the presence of DD, because recent or intermittent increases in LV filling pressure may not be sufficient to cause LA enlargement, which certainly makes it possible for this cavity to be assessed not only morphologically, but also functionally, more specifically by measuring its strain.</p>
				<p>Functional analysis of the LA by speckle tracking and its potential applicability in diastology</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Morphofunctional knowledge</title>
					<sec>
						<title><italic>Relationship between LA function and LV function</italic></title>
						<p>LA strain as measured by STE provides information on the reservoir, conduit, and contractile functions of this chamber (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). The usefulness of these measures is based on the close relationship between LA and LV functions. For example, the performance of reservoir and conduit functions is determined by, in addition to atrial compliance, ventricle relaxation and by transmitral pressure gradient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The conditions that impair any aspect of atrial function, especially mechanical alterations that lead to abnormalities in pressure-volume relationships, may affect overall cardiac performance, leading to unfavorable symptoms and outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f01">
								<label>Figure 1</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Phases of left atrial function evidenced by the study of longitudinal deformation. LA: left atrial.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e357-gf01.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title><italic>Causes of LA dysfunction</italic></title>
						<p>The hemodynamic effects of ventricle diseases seem insufficient to explain all the changes leading to LA dysfunction, because, in some patients, this dysfunction occurs even in the absence of significant morphological and/or functional changes in the LV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> This is corroborated by studies with previously healthy populations, in which LA function and its remodeling were independently associated and preceded the clinical manifestation of heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Another aspect that favors functional studies of LA results from the fact that, although LA strain is not totally independent from load, myocardial deformation tends to be less affected by load than LA volume would be.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Furthermore, changes in LA strain precede volume changes in almost a decade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
						<p>LA dysfunction is believed to result, at least in part, from LA myocardial fibrosis. This process has been associated with several biological factors, practically the same one that impact ventricular myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> LA strain is inversely correlated with the degree of LA fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> This association alone would not be sufficient to favor the use of this variable as a complementary tool in current protocols of DF analysis. However, LA function was shown to be a determinant factor of the time of decompensation of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), one of the reasons for the discussion on the potential use of LA strain as a marker of elevated LV filling pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> However, although functional changes may be partially justified by LA fibrosis, it is insufficient to fully explain the phenomenon, which is one of the topics that justify studies on the applicability of LA strain in diastology.</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f02">
								<label>Figure 2</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– LA strain and myocardial atrial fibrosis. LA: left atrial</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e357-gf02.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p><italic>Applicability of functional analysis of LA aimed at the study of LVDD</italic></p>
						<p>To apply the study of LA deformation in LV diastology, it is important to first consider the intended purpose, which may be:</p>
						<p>1. To optimize the diagnosis of DD in general;</p>
						<p>2. To determine the presence or absence of increased filling pressure.</p>
						<p>A significant number of studies confirm the usefulness of measuring LA strain to diagnose DD by demonstrating a decrease in LA reservoir strain in critical situations such as hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease, even when LA volume and/or emptying pressure is still normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Similar findings were observed in a study of patients with hypertension, diabetes, or coronary disease, all of them with preserved LVEF, which revealed an increase close to 10% in the diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction when adding LA strain to the algorithm for DD detection used in the 2016 guidelines of ASE with the European Association of Cardiovascular Image (EACVI) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f03">
								<label>Figure 3</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Increase in the diagnosis of DD by including LA strain to the algorithm. Adapted from Morris et al. (reference 42). E: E wave velocity of the transmitral flow in pulse Doppler; e’: mitral annulus protodiastolic velocity in tissue Doppler; LA: left atrial; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; DD: diastolic dysfunction.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e357-gf03.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>In addition to diagnosis, LA strain may also be applied to categorize DD, because both reservoir and conduit functions decrease as the grade of DD increases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Analyses of ROC curve show that reservoir strain has high accuracy to grade DD compared to LV volume index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Despite this gradual and progressive reduction of reservoir and conduit functions, it should be observed that, a different behavior was observed in the first phases with regard to contractile function, which increases in DD grade 1 before decreasing, after grade 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Another interesting observation is that, in cases of changes in LV relaxation, there is an increase in the relative contribution of LA contractile function to its filling, while the conduit function decreases. When LV filling pressures increase significantly, the limits of LA preload are reached, and the LA will behave predominantly as a conduit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Such characteristics would not necessarily be useful to make the use of LA strain effective in diastology, but its knowledge may help avoid mistaken interpretations by simplifying the effects of LV diastolic function on LA.</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Standardization and atrial strain measures by speckle tracking</title>
			<p>Despite measuring LA two-dimensional strain by STE is relatively simple and direct, methodological differences initially contributed to a certain variation in normal values. This was improved with the recent systematization and standardization proposed by several international societies and by the industry, which defined the longitudinal strain, which is the strain the direction tangential to the endocardial atrial border in an apical view, as the only one recommended. The same document advise against a segmental study; therefore, only the overall value obtained in the analyzed view.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
			<p>It is possible to combine measures obtained by the 4- and 2- chamber views to calculate global longitudinal LA strain, and it was even recommended in a previous consensus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> However, studies using a single view are acceptable, specifically the 4-chamber view in this case, due to its practicality. Results from a recent meta-analysis including 30 studies, totaling 2038 healthy individuals, provided the normal reference values currently accepted for LA strain during the reservoir, conduit, and contraction phases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Measures of left atrial strain by speckle tracking. Orange and green arrows point to peak reservoir strains for the 4- and 2-chamber echocardiographic views, respectively. Red and yellow arrows indicate the automatic results for the reservoir, conduit, and contraction measures in the 4- and 2-chamber views, respectively, and the blue arrow highlights overall results (mean values) for the 2 views.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e357-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Therefore, recommendation allows for the analysis to be conduct in an apical 4-chamber view, avoiding cavity shortening, and with the region of interest measuring nearly 3 mm in width.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Normal values of left atrial strain</title>
			<p>As observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>, LA deformation may be assessed by means of 2 peaks: maximum deformation (also known as reservoir strain) and atrial contraction deformation (also known as contractile strain), and the difference between these peaks, which is the third measure known as conduit strain. Normal values currently accepted derive from the aforementioned 2017 meta-analysis and are the following:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
			<list list-type="bullet">
				<list-item>
					<p>Reservoir strain 39% (95% confidence interval: 38% to 41%)</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Conduit strain 23% (95% confidence interval: 21% to 25%)</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Contractile strain 17% (95% confidence interval: 16% to 19%)</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>How to use altered LA strain values in diastology?</title>
			<p>It would be convenient, with regard to diagnosis and classification of DD, that abnormal LA strain succeed elevated LV filling pressures, being a direct consequence of the latter. However, as previously shown, what actually occurs is the progressive reduction of LA strain as DD grade increases; therefore interpretation of the abnormality should be performed with caution and contextualized in the interest of the investigation.</p>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Applicability of LA strain to determine cardiovascular prognosis</italic></title>
				<p>Abnormalities resulting from LA deformation may be studied in order to determine cardiovascular risks. In these cases, these abnormalities show an independent correlation with cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Cutoff values found in these situations would not necessarily be useful to determine and categorize DD.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Applicability of LA strain to classify DD</italic></title>
				<p>Measures of LA deformation can also be used to help grade DD, which will also imply in determining prognosis, because, as already well established, the risk of cardiovascular events is directly correlated with grade of DD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Many studies were conducted to correlate reduction in LA myocardial deformation with increased LV filling pressures, especially pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) and mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. One of these studies, conducted in 2009 by Kurt <italic>et al.</italic>, assessed the so-called LA stiffness, calculated as the ratio of E/e´ (average) to LA strain during systole (currently more often referred to as LA reservoir strain). These researchers showed that LA stiffness presented a good correlation with the invasive measure of PASP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> Subsequent studies started to focus on reservoir strain alone.</p>
				<p>In 2019, Singh <italic>et al.</italic> showed that peak LA strain lower than 20% was able to accurately identify pre-A wave LV diastolic pressure higher than 15 mmHg, significantly improving the classification of DD made by current guidelines (2016), especially in individuals with preserved LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> Similar results were published in 2021 by Inoue <italic>et al.</italic>, in whose study LA reservoir strain &lt; 18% and LA contractile strain &lt; 8% determined increased LV filling pressure better than LA volume and other conventional Doppler parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In 2020, an editorial published in <italic>Journal of American College of Cardiology - Cardiovascular Imaging</italic> by Jae Oh proposed a new diagnostic approach of DD. Of the proposals, the use of LA reservoir strain to differentiate undetermined cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> In 2021, following exactly the same line, LA strain was included in an European consensus, in the case concerning the use of multimodality imaging in patients with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> This incorporation took into account the 2016 algorithm for the analysis of DF and the results from the study by Inoue <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Algorithm proposed to grade DD using left atrial reservoir strain. Adapted from Smiseth et al. (reference 57). A: transmitral flow A wave velocity in pulse Doppler; E: E wave velocity of the transmitral flow in pulse Doppler, e’: mitral annulus protodiastolic velocity in tissue Doppler; LA: left atrial; TR: tricuspid regurgitation.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e357-gf05.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>When not using LA strain to classify DD</italic></title>
				<p>In some situations, the measure of LA strain should not be considered, such as in limitations of echocardiographic images and in detriments to the analysis of two or more LA wall segments.</p>
				<p>Similarly, patients with AF should not have their LA reservoir strain analyzed for the purpose of estimating LV filling pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> This also applies to patients who presented with episodes of AF for more than 48 hours in the 90 days before the test. Such fact results from the possible presence of LA myocardial stunning, a situation characterized by very low reservoir strain low values. Therefore, this measure should not be used to diagnose HFpEF when there is possibility of atrial stunning.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Final considerations</title>
			<p>The importance of assessing LA function is unquestionable in several clinical situations and in specific patient populations. Considering the presented studies and the current technologies involved, the authors believe that LA strain is indeed ready to use, because it was shown that LA strain, especially its reservoir component, progressively decreases as LVDD worsens and may be useful in the reclassification of “undetermined” cases. Obviously, many questions remain to be answered regarding changes in LA function, especially in the context of diastology. However, this tool has potential for immediate use as a complementary diagnostic parameter.</p>
			<p>The EACVI made a right decision when recommending the use of LA reservoir strain as an additional measure in cases when filling pressures would be classified as undetermined by the algorithm of the 2016 guidelines to assess DF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></p>
			<p>It is important to emphasize that the use of LA strain is not limited to diastology, as previously described. Changes in LA deformation are associated with prognostic implications in several scenarios, such as in the prediction of a cardioembolic event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup> Furthermore, LA has been the focus of discussions and investigations that reinforce its role in a myriad of cardiovascular situations, including new concepts, such as the definition of atrial failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Hence, there is a great potential in the use of LA myocardial deformation in the context of analysis of LV DF to improve the accuracy of algorithms employed in clinical practice.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding</p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2022357</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>O Emprego do Strain do Átrio Esquerdo na Análise da Função Diastólica do VE: Pronto para o Uso?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6569-0776</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Calvilho</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Amador</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5153-8420</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Assef</surname>
						<given-names>Jorge Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2901-9480</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Braga</surname>
						<given-names>João Moron Saes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0056-4378</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vilela</surname>
						<given-names>Andrea de Andrade</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2535-4342</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Paladino</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Tito</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7053-3684</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nishida</surname>
						<given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Conjunto Hospitalar de Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Marília,3 Marília, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury,4 São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Vila Nova Star,São Paulo, SP – Brasil </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência</label>: Antonio Amador Calvilho Júnior • Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP: 04012-909. Vila Mariana São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: dr.calvilho@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
<abstract><title>Resumo</title>
	<p>A dilatação do átrio esquerdo (AE) é um indicador comum da disfunção diastólica, e sua análise por meio do cálculo de seu volume reflete os efeitos cumulativos das pressões de enchimento do VE. Entretanto, o aumento do volume do AE não é exclusivo da disfunção diastólica, sendo observado também em outras condições clínicas. Assim, a avaliação do strain do AE permite um estudo funcional dessa câmara, complementando a análise morfológica pelo volume.</p>
<p>O strain do AE medido pela técnica de speckle tracking traz informações sobre as funções reservatório, conduto e contrátil do átrio esquerdo e está relacionado à função do VE. Além disso, as alterações no strain do AE precedem as alterações volumétricas em quase uma década e correlacionam-se inversamente com o grau de fibrose do AE — isso tem importante relação com a
disfunção diastólica e sua graduação. Apesar de ser insuficiente para explicar sua totalidade, a fibrose do AE pode justificar parcialmente as alterações funcionais desta câmara cardíaca
e favorece o uso dessa variável como complemento aos atuais protocolos de análise da função diastólica.</p>
<p>Embora ainda sejam necessários mais estudos para estabelecer outras aplicabilidades clínicas, o strain do AE possui grande destaque na análise da função diastólica e já pode ser considerado pronto para uso e com grande potencial para melhorar a avaliação da função cardíaca.</p></abstract>			
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Miocárdio</kwd>
				<kwd>Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O estudo da deformação miocárdica pode ser considerado definitivamente implementado na rotina ecocardiográfica da atualidade. Embora existam aqueles que considerem esse tema como algo recente, ou em fase de pesquisa e pré-implementação, isso não é verdade. Os primeiros trabalhos sobre deformação miocárdica são tão antigos quanto o uso de imagens bidimensionais em ecocardiografia, e a vasta maioria desses trabalhos aborda a deformação do miocárdio ventricular esquerdo. Dos primeiros estudos experimentais com cristais de sonomicrometria inseridos diretamente no miocárdio de cães, passando pelo uso do Doppler em ecocardiografia, chegou-se à maturidade com o desenvolvimento do <italic>speckle tracking</italic>, método amplamente validado para uso em ecocardiografia e ressonância nuclear magnética.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>A multiplicidade de variáveis do speckle tracking na avaliação de diferentes estruturas cardíacas</title>
					<p>O <italic>speckle tracking</italic> é a ferramenta padrão para estudo da deformação miocárdica pela ecocardiografia e, quando aplicado ao ventrículo esquerdo (VE), resulta em um número grande de informações, que vão além da mera quantificação da deformação absoluta. Por esse motivo, a padronização dessas medidas é fundamental.</p>
					<p>Utiliza-se a expressão inglesa <italic>“strain</italic>” como sinônimo de deformação miocárdica, e isso faz com que se reduza o método a essa medida, o que é certamente incompleto, pois, além de o <italic>speckle tracking</italic> permitir também a mensuração de variáveis rotacionais, possibilita até estimar o trabalho miocárdico. Apesar de a terminologia ser padronizada internacionalmente, as confusões ainda são frequentes. No Brasil, por exemplo, a expressão “<italic>strain</italic> bidimensional” é utilizada para se referir ao <italic>speckle tracking</italic>, e isso conflita com a padronização internacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do VE é a medida mais conceituada para uso na ecocardiografia com <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (EST). Exemplos de sua aplicação são: determinação de doença miocárdica subclínica em ventrículos aparentemente normais, diagnóstico precoce da cardiotoxicidade por quimioterápicos, diferenciação entre as principais causas de aumento da espessura miocárdica, segmentação de risco em diferentes patologias cardíacas, e em uma série de outras condições clínicas que afetam o miocárdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>As deformações circunferenciais e radiais do VE também podem ser medidas pelo mesmo método; além disso, também pode-se obter a velocidade com que essas deformações ocorrem, o chamado <italic>strain rate.</italic> Variáveis rotacionais medidas na base, segmentos médios e segmentos apicais também podem complementar a avaliação, bem como o <italic>twist,</italic> que é a diferença entre as rotações basais e apicais do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Essas formas de avaliação possuem papel complementar ao <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do VE e não implicam na sua substituição.</p>
					<p>O ventrículo direito também pode ser estudado quanto à deformação; nesse caso, o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal da sua parede livre é a medida mais validada e recomendada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O mesmo se aplica ao <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do átrio esquerdo (AE), que é uma promissora abordagem de estudo funcional e foco desta revisão, sendo suas peculiaridades descritas posteriormente, com foco no estudo da função diastólica (FD) do VE.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>A quantificação da mecânica cardíaca e seus estudos na diastologia</title>
					<p>Existe um considerável número de publicações sobre a complementação da análise da FD pelas técnicas de quantificação da mecânica muscular cardíaca, e a ampla maioria dessas publicações está relacionada ao estudo do VE com foco na determinação das suas pressões de enchimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Apesar de muitos resultados favoráveis, a implementação efetiva de tais técnicas para esse fim não ocorreu, o que pode ser explicado, entre outros motivos, pela complexidade dessas análises em relação às clássicas medidas de FD do VE pelo Doppler.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Entretanto, apesar de a avaliação das pressões de enchimento do VE pela EST não fazer parte das recomendações de avaliação da FD de 2016, o seu uso para determinação de doença miocárdica o faz, particularmente o <italic>strain</italic> global longitudinal do VE, que pode ser utilizado como determinante de doença miocárdica e assim auxiliar na análise inicial da FD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Qual o papel do AE na avaliação da função diastólica do VE?</p>
					<p>Diferentemente das outras técnicas de avaliação da FD, que mostram o estado hemodinâmico do coração no momento da realização do exame, a avaliação do AE por meio do cálculo de seu volume reflete os efeitos cumulativos das pressões de enchimento do VE.</p>
					<p>A utilização das dimensões do AE na prática clínica antecede até mesmo as primeiras diretrizes para avaliação da FD da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (ASE), publicadas em 2009.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Numerosos estudos demonstraram que o aumento do volume do AE está intimamente relacionado não somente ao diagnóstico, mas também ao prognóstico dos portadores de disfunção diastólica (DD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>Entretanto, é importante ressaltar que a dilatação do AE não é exclusiva da DD, podendo ser também observada em casos de valvopatia mitral, arritmias de longa duração, anemia e prática intensa e prolongada de exercícios físicos. Todavia, a dilatação do AE em pacientes com hipertensão arterial é considerada por certos autores como diagnóstica de DD, mesmo que ocorra sem associação com outras características ecocardiográficas de DD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Por outro ângulo, a constatação de AE com dimensões normais não exclui a presença de DD, pois elevações recentes ou intermitentes das pressões de enchimento do VE podem não ser suficientes para ocasionar a dilatação do AE, o que certamente abre espaço para avaliação não somente morfológica, mas também funcional dessa cavidade, mais especificamente a mensuração de seu <italic>strain</italic>.</p>
					<p>Análise funcional do AE pelo speckle tracking e sua potencial aplicação na diastologia</p>
					<sec>
						<title>Conhecimentos morfofuncionais</title>
						<sec>
							<title><italic>Relação entre a função do AE e a função do VE</italic></title>
							<p>O <italic>strain</italic> do AE medido pela EST traz informações sobre as funções reservatório, conduto e contrátil dessa câmara (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>). A utilidade dessas medidas está fundamentada na íntima relação entre funções do AE e do VE. Por exemplo, as performances das funções reservatório e conduto são determinadas, além de pela complacência atrial, pelo relaxamento ventricular e pelo gradiente pressórico transmitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> As condições que prejudicam qualquer aspecto da função atrial, especialmente as alterações mecânicas que levam a anormalidades das relações pressão-volume, podem afetar a performance cardíaca global, levando a sintomas e desfechos desfavoráveis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
							<p>
								<fig id="f01002">
									<label>Figura 1</label>
									<caption>
										<title>– Fases da função atrial esquerda evidenciadas pelo estudo da deformação longitudinal. AE: átrio esquerdo.</title>
									</caption>
									<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e357-gf01-pt.tif"/>
								</fig>
							</p>
						</sec>
						<sec>
							<title><italic>Causas da disfunção do AE</italic></title>
							<p>Os efeitos hemodinâmicos de ventrículos doentes parecem ser insuficientes para explicar todas as alterações que levam a disfunção do AE, pois, em alguns pacientes, esta ocorre mesmo na ausência de alterações morfológicas e/ou funcionais significativas do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Isso é corroborado por estudos com populações previamente saudáveis, nas quais a função do AE e seu remodelamento foram independentemente associados e precederam a manifestação clínica de insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>Um outro aspecto que favorece os estudos funcionais do AE decorre do fato de que, apesar de o <italic>strain</italic> do AE não ser totalmente independente de carga, a deformação miocárdica tende a ser menos afetada pela carga do que seria a medida volume do AE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Além disso, as alterações no <italic>strain</italic> do AE precedem as alterações volumétricas em quase uma década.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
							<p>Acredita-se que a disfunção do AE resulte, pelo menos em parte, da fibrose do seu miocárdio. Esse processo tem sido associado a diversos fatores biológicos, praticamente os mesmos que impactam o miocárdio ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> O <italic>strain</italic> do AE correlaciona-se inversamente com o grau de fibrose do AE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Essa associação não seria isoladamente suficiente para favorecer o uso dessa variável como complemento aos atuais protocolos de análise da FD. Entretanto, demonstrou-se que a função do AE é um determinante do momento de descompensação da insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEP), um dos motivos para a discussão sobre o potencial uso do <italic>strain</italic> do AE como marcador de elevação das pressões de enchimento do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Portanto, apesar de a fibrose do AE justificar parcialmente as alterações funcionais, é insuficiente para explicar sua totalidade, sendo esse um dos tópicos que fundamentam os estudos de sua aplicação em diastologia.</p>
							<p>
								<fig id="f02002">
									<label>Figura 2</label>
									<caption>
										<title>– Strain do AE e fibrose do miocárdio atrial. AE: átrio esquerdo.</title>
									</caption>
									<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e357-gf02-pt.tif"/>
								</fig>
							</p>
						</sec>
						<sec>
							<title><italic>Aplicação da análise funcional do AE direcionada ao estudo da DD do VE</italic></title>
							<p>Para aplicar o estudo das deformações do AE na diastologia do VE, deve-se primeiro considerar o propósito desejado, que pode ser:</p>
							<p>1. Otimizar o diagnóstico de DD de uma forma geral;</p>
							<p>2. Determinar a presença ou ausência da elevação das pressões de enchimento.</p>
							<p>Há um número significativo de estudos que comprovaram a utilidade da mensuração do <italic>strain</italic> do AE para o diagnóstico de DD, ao demonstrar a redução do <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório do AE em situações clínicas como hipertensão, diabetes e doença renal crônica, mesmo quando o volume e/ou a fração de esvaziamento do AE ainda estão normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Achados similares em estudo com pacientes hipertensos, diabéticos e coronariopatas, todos com FEVE preservada, evidenciaram um incremento próximo de 10% no diagnóstico da DD com a incorporação do estudo do <italic>strain</italic> do AE ao algoritmo de detecção de DD utilizado na diretriz da ASE com a Associação Europeia de Imagem Cardiovascular (<italic>European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</italic>, EACVI) de 2016 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
							<p>
								<fig id="f03002">
									<label>Figura 3</label>
									<caption>
										<title>– Incremento no diagnóstico de DD com inclusão do strain do AE ao algoritmo. Adaptado de Morris et al. (referência 42). AE: átrio esquerdo; E: velocidade da onda E do fluxo transmitral ao Doppler pulsado; e’: velocidade protodiastólica do anel mitral ao Doppler tecidual; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; RT: regurgitação tricúspide; DD: disfunção diastólica.</title>
									</caption>
									<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e357-gf03-pt.tif"/>
								</fig>
							</p>
							<p>Além do diagnóstico, a graduação da DD também é uma aplicação possível para o <italic>strain</italic> do AE, o que se deve ao fato de ambas as funções reservatório e conduto decrescerem conforme o aumento do grau da DD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Análises de curva ROC demonstraram alta acurácia do <italic>strain</italic> reservatório para graduar a DD quando comparado com o volume indexado do AE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
							<p>Apesar dessa redução gradual e progressiva das funções reservatório e conduto, deve-se observar que, no caso da função contrátil, demonstrou-se um comportamento diferente nas primeiras fases, sendo que esse componente aumenta no grau 1 de DD antes de reduzir, o que ocorre a partir do grau 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Outra observação de interesse é que, nos casos de alteração no relaxamento do VE, ocorre aumento da contribuição relativa da função contrátil do AE ao seu enchimento, enquanto a função conduto decresce. Quando as pressões de enchimento do VE aumentam significativamente, os limites da pré-carga do AE são atingidos, o qual se comportará predominantemente como conduto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Tais características não necessariamente seriam úteis na efetivação do uso do <italic>strain</italic> do AE em diastologia; porém, seu conhecimento pode ajudar a evitar interpretações equivocadas pela simplificação dos efeitos da FD do VE na função do AE.</p>
						</sec>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Padronização e medidas do <italic>strain</italic> atrial pelo <italic>speckle tracking</italic></title>
				<p>Apesar de a mensuração do <italic>strain</italic> bidimensional do AE pela EST ser relativamente simples e direta, diferenças metodológicas inicialmente contribuíram para uma certa variação nos valores de normalidade. Isso foi otimizado com a recente sistematização e padronização proposta por diversas sociedades internacionais e pela indústria, que definiu a direção longitudinal, aquela tangencial à borda endocárdica atrial visualizada em janela apical, como a única recomendada. O mesmo documento desaconselha o estudo segmentar; portanto, deve-se observar somente o valor global obtido no plano de corte analisado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A combinação de medidas obtidas pelos cortes de 4 e 2 câmaras para cálculo do <italic>strain</italic> global longitudinal do AE pode ser feita, e foi até recomendada em consenso anterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Entretanto, é aceitável o estudo por meio de um único corte, no caso o da janela apical 4 câmaras, pela sua praticidade. Resultados de uma recente metanálise que incluiu 30 estudos, totalizando 2038 indivíduos saudáveis, descreveram os valores de referência de normalidade atualmente aceitos para o <italic>strain</italic> atrial durante as fases reservatório, conduto e contração.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Medidas de strain do átrio esquerdo pelo speckle tracking. As setas laranja e verde apontam os picos do strain reservatório para os cortes ecocardiográficos de 4 e 2 câmaras respectivamente. As setas vermelha e amarela destacam os resultados automáticos da medida reservatório, conduto e contrátil dos cortes de 4 e 2 câmaras, respectivamente, e a seta azul destaca os resultados globais (média) dos 2 cortes.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e357-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Portanto, a recomendação permite que a análise seja feita em janela apical de 4 câmaras, evitando encurtamento da cavidade, e com uma largura da região de interesse de cerca de 3 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Valores de normalidade do <italic>strain</italic> atrial esquerdo</title>
				<p>Conforme visto na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>, a deformação do AE pode ser avaliada por meio de 2 picos: a deformação máxima (também chamada de <italic>strain</italic> reservatório) e a deformação de contração atrial (também chamada de <italic>strain</italic> contrátil), além da diferença entre esses picos, que é uma terceira medida conhecida como <italic>strain</italic> de conduto. Os valores de normalidade aceitos atualmente derivam da mesma metanálise de 2017 citada anteriormente, e são os seguintes:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p><italic>Strain</italic> reservatório 39% (intervalo de confiança de 95%: 38% a 41%)</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><italic>Strain</italic> de conduto 23% (intervalo de confiança de 95%: 21% a 25%)</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><italic>Strain</italic> contrátil 17% (intervalo de confiança de 95%: 16% a 19%)</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Como utilizar os valores alterados do <italic>strain</italic> do AE em diastologia?</title>
				<p>Seria conveniente, em se tratando do diagnóstico e da classificação da DD, que a alteração do <italic>strain</italic> do AE sucedesse a elevação das pressões de enchimento do VE, sendo consequência direta desta última. Porém, como exposto anteriormente, o que ocorre de fato é uma redução progressiva do <italic>strain</italic> do AE conforme o grau de DD; portanto, a interpretação da anormalidade deverá ser cautelosa e contextualizada no interesse da investigação.</p>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Aplicação do</italic> strain <italic>do AE para determinação de prognóstico cardiovascular</italic></title>
					<p>As anormalidades da deformação do AE podem ser estudadas com objetivo de determinação de risco cardiovascular. Nesses casos, as alterações da deformação demonstraram correlação independente com eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Os valores de corte encontrados nessas situações não necessariamente serviriam para determinação e categorização da DD.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Aplicação do strain do AE para classificação da DD</italic></title>
					<p>Uma outra forma de utilização das medidas de deformação do AE é para o auxílio na classificação do grau de DD. Em suma, essa forma também implicará em determinação prognóstica, pois conforme já bem estabelecido, o risco de eventos cardiovasculares é diretamente correlacionado com o grau de DD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Numerosos estudos foram realizados com o objetivo de correlacionar a redução da deformação miocárdica do AE com as elevações das pressões de enchimento do VE, em especial a pressão sistólica de artéria pulmonar (PSAP) e a pressão capilar pulmonar média. Um destes estudos, realizado em 2009 por Kurt <italic>et al.</italic>, avaliou aquilo que fora denominado rigidez atrial esquerda, calculada pela razão da relação E/e´ (médio) com o <italic>strain</italic> sistólico do AE (atualmente mais referido como <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório do AE). Estes pesquisadores demonstraram que a rigidez do AE apresentou boa correlação com a medida invasiva da PSAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> Estudos posteriores passaram a enfocar o <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório de maneira isolada.</p>
					<p>Em 2019, Singh <italic>et al.</italic> demonstraram que o <italic>strain</italic> de pico do AE menor que 20% apresentou boa acurácia na identificação de pressão pré-A do VE maior que 15 mmHg, melhorando de maneira significativa a classificação da DD feita pelas diretrizes atuais (2016), principalmente em indivíduos com FEVE preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> Resultados similares foram publicados no ano de 2021 por Inoue <italic>et al.</italic>, neste estudo o <italic>strain</italic> reservatório do AE &lt; 18% e o <italic>strain</italic> contrátil do AE &lt; 8% determinaram elevação da pressão de enchimento do VE melhor que o volume do AE e outros parâmetros Doppler convencionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em 2020, já teria sido proposto por Jae Oh <italic>et al.</italic> em um editorial, publicado no <italic>Journal of American College of Cardiology - cardiovascular imaging</italic>, uma nova abordagem diagnóstica da DD. Dentre as propostas, destacou-se o uso do <italic>strain</italic> reservatório do AE para diferenciação dos casos indeterminados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> Em 2021, seguindo exatamente esta linha, o <italic>strain</italic> do AE foi incorporado a um consenso europeu, no caso referente ao uso de multimodalidade de imagem em ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> Essa incorporação levou em consideração o algoritmo de análise da FD de 2016 e os resultados do estudo de Inoue <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 5</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f05002">
							<label>Figura 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Algoritmo proposto para graduação da DD com uso do strain reservatório do AE. Adaptado de Smiseth et al. (referência 57). A: velocidade da onda A do fluxo transmitral ao Doppler pulsado; AE: átrio esquerdo; E: velocidade da onda E do fluxo transmitral ao Doppler pulsado; e’: velocidade protodiastólica do anel mitral ao Doppler tecidual; PAE: pressão do átrio esquerdo; RT: regurgitação tricúspide.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e357-gf05-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Quando não utilizar o strain do AE para classificação da DD</italic></title>
					<p>Em algumas situações, a medida do <italic>strain</italic> do AE não deve ser considerada, como na limitação das imagens ecocardiográficas e prejuízo na análise de dois ou mais segmentos da parede do AE.</p>
					<p>De maneira similar, pacientes em ritmo de FA não devem ter o <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório do AE analisado para fins de estimativa das pressões de enchimento do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> Isso também é válido para os pacientes que apresentaram episódio(s) de FA por mais de 48 horas nos 90 dias anteriores à realização do exame. Tal fato se deve à possibilidade da presença de “atordoamento miocárdico do AE”, situação em que o valor do <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório apresentará valores mais baixos. Portanto, essa medida não deve ser utilizada para o diagnóstico de ICFEP quando da possibilidade de atordoamento atrial.</p>
					<p>Considerações finais</p>
					<p>A importância da avaliação da função atrial esquerda é inquestionável em diversas situações clínicas e populações específicas de pacientes. Considerando os estudos apresentados e o estado atual do desenvolvimento das tecnologias envolvidas, é da opinião dos autores que sim, o <italic>strain</italic> do AE está pronto para uso, em razão da demonstração de que o <italic>strain</italic> atrial esquerdo, sobretudo em seu componente reservatório, diminui progressivamente de acordo com a piora da DD do VE, também podendo ser útil na reclassificação de casos “indeterminados”. Obviamente, ainda existem muitas questões a serem respondidas relativas às alterações da função do AE, em especial no contexto da diastologia. Contudo, trata-se de ferramenta potencial para emprego imediato como um parâmetro diagnóstico complementar.</p>
					<p>Considera-se acertada a escolha da EACVI pela recomendação de utilização da medida do <italic>strain</italic> reservatório do AE de forma adicional nos casos em que as pressões de enchimento seriam classificadas como indeterminadas pelo algoritmo das diretrizes de 2016 para avaliação da FD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></p>
					<p>É importante ressaltar que a utilização do <italic>strain</italic> do AE não se restringe à diastologia, conforme descrito anteriormente. Alterações na deformação do AE estão associadas a implicações prognósticas em cenários diversos, como por exemplo na predição de evento cardioembólico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup> Além disso, o AE tem sido foco de discussões e investigações que reforçam seu papel em uma ampla variedade de situações cardiovasculares, inclusive com novos conceitos, como é o caso da definição de insuficiência atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Portanto, há um grande potencial do uso da deformação miocárdica do AE no contexto da análise da FD do VE para otimização da acurácia de algoritmos empregados na prática clínica.</p>
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			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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