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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Imagem cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2023347i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Pulmonary Thromboembolism Associated with Paradoxical Embolism in a Patient with Patent Foramen Ovale</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5142-9147</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vilarinho</surname>
						<given-names>Arthur Barroso Vidal</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9344-6615</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Danielly Bernardes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0032-4537</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Peres</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Rosaria Medeiros</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1783-826X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Rodolfo Loureiro Borges de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0940-395X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Amorelli</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo de Sousa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2759-1405</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Campedelli</surname>
						<given-names>Fábio Lemos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9900-2732</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alves</surname>
						<given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4538-7678</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio Augusto Cypreste de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital São Francisco de Assis, Serviço de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">ANGIOGYN</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Francisco de Assis, Serviço de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, ANGIOGYN, Goiânia, GO – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Correspondência</label>: Arthur Barroso Vidal Vilarinho Rua 9A, n° 110, setor aeroporto. Postal code: 74110-110. Goiânia, GO - Brazil E-mail: <email>arthur.bvvilarinho@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>24</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e347</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>9</day>
					<month>9</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>9</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Palavras-chave Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
				<kwd>Splenic Infarction</kwd>
				<kwd>Foramen Ovale</kwd>
				<kwd>Paradoxical Embolism</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="8"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a pathological condition characterized by an opening in the interatrial septum, that allows blood to flow from one atrium to the other. It is found in approximately 25% of the adult population, with no hemodynamic implications in most cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, due to persistence of the foramen, paradoxical embolism may occur as a cause of ischemic events; in some cases, closure of the PFO is indicated as a secondary prevention strategy for thromboembolic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Studies have demonstrated an association between PFO and many clinical conditions, some potentially severe, such as ischemic stroke and pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Although paradoxical embolism is a well-documented consequence of PFO, the passage of blood clot through the PFO has been little documented in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Thus, the present study aimed to report a typical case of PTE associated with paradoxical embolism probably caused by PFO.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical case</title>
				<p>A 58-year-old male patient urgently admitted with severe dyspnea, which started about one week before, and got worse within the last hours before admission. The patient reported no other comorbidities.</p>
				<p>The patient underwent computed tomography angiography of the chest, with a PTE protocol, which revealed bilateral PTE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Sagittal sections of computed angiography showing several intraluminal filling defects in segmental and subsegmental branches of main pulmonary arteries (some of them indicated by white arrows), indicating bilateral PTE; A. left lung; B. right lung (arrows).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e347-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>During hospitalization, the patient had abdominal pain; an abdominal magnetic resonance imaging was performed, which revealed splenic artery embolism, areas of multifocal infarcts, and absence of aortic lesions that may explain the embolism (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– T1 weighted axial magnetic resonance image, with fat suppression before (A) and after (B) administration of paramagnetic contrast, which showed low uptake of the contrast (white arrows), compatible with areas of splenic infarction.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e347-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Full anticoagulation therapy with low molecular weight heparin was then initiated. In light of both arterial and venous thromboembolic events, transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) was performed and revealed lipomatous interatrial septum, with bulging of the fossa ovalis region into the left right atrium, associated with delamination, with no evidence of interatrial tunnel or prominent Eustachian valve. Aired saline solution was infused, and right-to-left flow through the fossa ovalis was then observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– TEE (80º) showing passage of microbubbles (arrows), confirming the presence of PFO. LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium; IAS: interatrial septum.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e347-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The patient was regularly followed-up by the cardiology and vascular surgery staff. After excluding the presence of hematological disease, a percutaneous closure device was used to close the PFO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Implantation of a percutaneous closure device for PFO closure.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e347-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Following device implantation, transthoracic echocardiogram confirmed complete closure of the PFO, with no residual flow. The patient was discharged with anticoagulation therapy and regular follow-up by the cardiology and vascular surgery staff.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>The presence of foramen ovale is essential in fetal life as it allows oxygenated blood to flow directly to systemic circulation, bypassing the lungs which are collapsed in this stage of life. However, with lung expansion at birth, fusion of the septa and closure of the foramen ovale occur around the first month of life. Nonetheless, in nearly 25% of the general population, complete closure of the foramen ovale does not occur, and it either remains patent throughout life or closes at first and then open in situations of right pressure overload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>PFO may be diagnosed in association with PTE, and the concomitant presence of these both conditions is associated with systemic paradoxical embolism and greater severity of disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In patients with acute pulmonary embolism, right atrial pressure is increased, with elevates the risk of blood flow from the right to the left atrium through the PFO and thus potentially the risk of paradoxical embolism. Many prospective and retrospective observational studies have shown a high prevalence of stroke in patients with acute pulmonary embolism, and a disproportionately high prevalence of PFO among patients with acute pulmonary embolism who had a stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In this case reported, the patient had PTE and probably progressed to systemic paradoxical embolism. Although the passage of the thrombus through the PFO could not be visualized, this was a potential causal factor based on the echocardiographic findings.</p>
			<p>The foramen ovale can be defined as a risk factor for embolic events when it has specific echocardiographic features that become important in the therapeutic decision-making process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Some characteristics of the PFO are associated with paradoxical embolism, including a long-tunnel PFO, hypermobile interatrial septum, prominent Eustachian valve or Chiari’s network, a large right-to-left shunt during Valsalva maneuver, and a low angle between the PFO and the inferior vena cava. When two or more of these characteristics are detected by TEE, there is a strong association of PFO with thromboembolic events and therefore these patients will benefit from the PFO closure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The therapy adopted in the report was initially applied with the use of anticoagulant drugs and, later, percutaneous closure of the PFO, as already proposed by some studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Paradoxical embolism with involvement of the splenic artery and association with pulmonary embolism implies the need for diagnostic investigation for a source of embolism, such as the interatrial shunt. In these circumstances, closure of the interatrial sept defect should be considered, in view of echocardiographic characteristics, in addition to a multidisciplinary approach on the anticoagulant therapy, aiming at preventing new thromboembolic events.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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						<etal>et al</etal>
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			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding</p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2023347</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Tromboembolismo Pulmonar Associado com Embolia Paradoxal em um Paciente com Forame Oval Patente</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5142-9147</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vilarinho</surname>
						<given-names>Arthur Barroso Vidal</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9344-6615</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Danielly Bernardes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0032-4537</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Peres</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Rosaria Medeiros</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1783-826X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Rodolfo Loureiro Borges de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0940-395X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Amorelli</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo de Sousa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2759-1405</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Campedelli</surname>
						<given-names>Fábio Lemos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9900-2732</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alves</surname>
						<given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4538-7678</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio Augusto Cypreste de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Francisco de Assis, Serviço de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, ANGIOGYN,1 Goiânia, GO – Brasil </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência</label>: Arthur Barroso Vidal Vilarinho • Rua 9A, n° 110, setor aeroporto. CEP: 74110-110. Goiânia, GO - Brasil E-mail: arthur.bvvilarinho@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
				<kwd>Infarto do baço</kwd>
				<kwd>Forame Oval</kwd>
				<kwd>Embolia Paradoxal</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O forame oval patente (FOP) é uma condição clínico-patológica caracterizada por uma abertura na fossa oval, o que permite a passagem de sangue entre os átrios, presente em cerca de 25% da população adulta, na maioria sem repercussões hemodinâmicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, devido à patência desse forame, pode ocorrer o embolismo paradoxal como causa de eventos isquêmicos e, em alguns casos, há indicação de fechamento do forame oval como medida de prevenção secundária para eventos tromboembólicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Estudos comprovam a associação entre FOP e diversos quadros clínicos, alguns potencialmente graves, tais como acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico (AVEi) e tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Apesar de consequências bem documentadas do embolismo paradoxal no FOP, a verdadeira passagem do coágulo venoso através de um forame patente foi poucas vezes descrita na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Diante disso, o presente estudo teve por objetivo relatar um quadro típico de TEP associado com embolia paradoxal provavelmente causada por FOP.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Caso clínico</title>
					<p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 58 anos, internado em caráter de urgência com quadro intenso de dispneia. Relato de início dos sintomas há aproximadamente 1 semana, com piora nas últimas horas. Negava outras comorbidades.</p>
					<p>O paciente foi submetido a angiotomografia de tórax com protocolo para pesquisa de TEP, que evidenciou a presença de TEP bilateral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Cortes no plano sagital de angiotomografia computadorizada demostrando múltiplas “falhas de enchimento” intraluminais em ramos segmentares e subsegmentares das artérias pulmonares principais (algumas delas demonstradas pelas setas brancas nas imagens), configurando TEP bilateral; A) pulmão esquerdo; B) pulmão direito (setas).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e347-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Durante a internação, o paciente evoluiu com desconforto abdominal, sendo realizada ressonância magnética de abdome, que demostrou embolia da artéria esplênica, com áreas de infarto esplênico multifocal, na ausência de alterações aórticas que justificassem o quadro embólico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Cortes axiais de ressonância magnética ponderados em T1 com supressão de gordura, antes (A) e após (B) a injeção do agente de contraste paramagnético, demonstrando áreas de hipocaptação do meio de contraste (ver setas brancas), compatíveis com focos de infarto esplênico.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e347-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A anticoagulação plena foi prontamente iniciada como medida terapêutica utilizando heparina de baixo peso molecular. Mediante evento tromboembólico, tanto venoso quanto arterial, foi realizado ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE). No exame, foi detectado septo interatrial de aspecto lipomatoso, com abaulamento da região da fossa oval para o interior do átrio esquerdo associado com ampla delaminação, sem tunelização evidente ou valva de Eustáquio proeminente. Após infusão de solução salina aerada observou-se passagem de fluxo direita-esquerda pela região da fossa oval (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– ETE (80º) demostrando passagem de microbolhas (setas), confirmando a presença de FOP. AD: Átrio Direito; AE: Átrio Esquerdo; SIA: Septo Interatrial</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e347-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Paciente recebeu acompanhamento regular com equipe de cardiologia e cirurgia vascular. Após ser descartada doença hematológica associada ao quadro, o paciente foi submetido ao fechamento do FOP com implante de dispositivo de oclusão percutâneo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04002">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Sistema oclusor percutâneo sendo implantado durante o fechamento do FOP</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e347-gf04-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Ecocardiograma transtorácico realizado após o procedimento evidenciou fechamento completo do forame oval, sem passagem de fluxo residual. O paciente recebeu alta hospitalar com manutenção da terapia anticoagulante e segue em acompanhamento regular com equipe de cardiologia e cirurgia vascular.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A presença do forame oval é fundamental na vida fetal ao permitir que o sangue oxigenado passe diretamente para a circulação sistêmica, evitando os pulmões colapsados nessa fase da vida. No entanto, com a expansão pulmonar ao nascimento, ocorre fusão dos septos e o fechamento do forame oval por volta do primeiro mês de vida. Todavia, cerca de um quarto da população geral não apresenta essa fusão e o forame oval pode permanecer patente ao longo da vida ou se fechar inicialmente e depois abrir diante de situações de sobrecarga pressórica direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O FOP pode ser diagnosticado em associação à TEP, e a presença concomitante de FOP e TEP está associada a um maior risco de embolias paradoxais sistêmicas e, portanto, a maior gravidade do quadro clínico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em pacientes com embolia pulmonar aguda, a pressão atrial direita é elevada, o que aumenta o risco de passagem de fluxo da direita para a esquerda através do FOP e, portanto, potencialmente também o risco de embolia paradoxal. Vários estudos observacionais (retrospectivos e prospectivos) mostraram uma alta prevalência de acidente vascular cerebral entre pacientes com embolia pulmonar aguda e uma prevalência desproporcionalmente alta de FOP entre pacientes com embolia pulmonar aguda que tiveram um acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No caso relatado, o paciente apresentou TEP e provavelmente evoluiu com embolia paradoxal sistêmica. Apesar de não ter sido visualizado a passagem do trombo através do FOP, esse se demonstra como um forte fator causal mediante suas caraterísticas ecocardiográficas.</p>
				<p>O forame oval pode ser definido como um fator de alto risco para eventos embólicos quando possui características ecocardiográficas específicas que se tornam importantes na decisão terapêutica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>Algumas características do FOP estão associadas a embolia paradoxal, sendo elas: túnel longo, septo interatrial com grande mobilidade, valva de Eustaquio proeminente ou presença de rede de Chiari, grande shunt da direita para a esquerda durante manobra de Valsava, e pequena angulação entre o FOP e a veia cava inferior. Quando duas ou mais dessas características estão presentes no ETE, há uma forte associação da FOP com eventos tromboembólicos e, portanto, esses pacientes se beneficiarão do fechamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A terapêutica adotada no relato foi inicialmente com o uso de drogas anticoagulantes e posteriormente fechamento percutâneo do FOP, como já proposto por alguns estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A identificação da embolia paradoxal acometendo a artéria esplênica, em associação com a embolia pulmonar, implica na necessidade de investigação cardiológica diagnóstica à procura de fonte emboligênica, como shunt interatrial. Nessas circunstâncias, faz-se necessário a avaliação para fechamento do defeito do septo interatrial mediante suas características ecocardiográficas, além do controle multidisciplinar no uso da terapia anticoagulante, visando evitar novos eventos tromboembólicos.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>