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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2022309i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Noblestitch Failure After Percutaneous Patent Foramen Ovale Closure in a Case Of Platypnea-Orthodeoxia Syndrome: Is this Device Suitable for All Patients?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8010-8780</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moura</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Rita</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6339-659X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Mariana</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2603-0120</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
						<given-names>Alberto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>João Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2165-7680</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ribeiro</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Caeiro</surname>
						<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Casanova</surname>
						<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2306-8393</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fontes-Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label> 1 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Distrital de Santarém</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santarém</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital Distrital de Santarém , Santarém – Portugal </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label> 2 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Vila Nova de Gaia</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho , Vila Nova de Gaia – Portugal </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label> 3 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João , Porto – Portugal </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">Mailing Address: Ana Rita Baptista de Moura • Av. Bernardo Santareno, nº 3737B. Postal code: 2005-177. Santarém - Portugal E-mail: <email>an.rita5@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>06</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e309</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>31</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>29</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
				<kwd>Foramen Ovale, Patent</kwd>
				<kwd>Platypneia-Ortthodeoxia Syndrome</kwd>
				<kwd>NobleStich/methods</kwd>
				<kwd>Atrial Septum</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="12"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Patent <italic>foramen ovale</italic> (PFO) is a common congenital cardiac lesion corresponding to a normal fetal interatrial communication that typically closes after birth with the fusion of the atrial <italic>septum primum</italic> to the <italic>septum secundum</italic> . <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> When the <italic>foramen ovale</italic> persists, it is usually asymptomatic and benign, with no need for treatment. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In rare cases, it can be implicated in the pathogenesis of some medical conditions, such as platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome (POS). In this context, PFO closure may be indicated. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Several occluder devices, traditionally based on a double-disc design, have shown that percutaneous PFO closure is possible. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Despite the proven efficacy, their use is not technically feasible for some patients. In addition, they have the potential to cause some complications. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> NobleStitch EL (NS) is an alternative percutaneous PFO closure technique available in Europe, European Commission (EC) marked for cardiovascular suturing and PFO closure, and in the US, with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for vascular and cardiovascular suturing. It consists of a “deviceless” system with two dedicated suture delivery catheters. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> To date, the experience with the NS device is limited, and we still lack information about its failure determinants, which could help select patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Herein, we describe the case of a failed percutaneous PFO closure with NS that could add to the evidence that interatrial septum (IAS) anatomy may play a key role in the success of the procedure.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical Case</title>
				<p>We report the case of a 46-year-old man with a history of hypertension and acromegaly in the context of a pituitary adenoma, surgically removed in June 2020, and secondary panhypopituitarism developed after the procedure. He went to the emergency department complaining of 6-week exertional dyspnea. On examination, he was polypneic but hemodynamically stable, with no cardiac murmurs or adventitious lung sounds. Blood gases showed a severe type 1 respiratory failure, with a PaO2 of 33 mmHg in room air. Electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed no relevant anomalies in sinus rhythm. His blood test results had no significant abnormalities, with hemoglobin of 14 g/dL and no elevation of inflammatory parameters. A chest and abdominal computed tomography (CT) angiogram ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1A</xref> ) ruled out the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism and interstitial lung disease. The results described an abnormality in the normal liver morphology, with atrophy of the fourth segment, and kyphoscoliosis, determining a deformity of the anterior right costal grid. The oxygen saturation obtained in pulse oximetry was lower while the patient was standing or sitting. POS was then established. The patient was admitted for further study.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Pre-procedure percutaneous images. A: CT showing thoracic deformation with close relationship between right atrium and the liver; B: TTE showing right atrium compression; C: TEE mid-esophageal short axis view at 60º showing right atrium compression and PFO.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e309-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE – <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1B</xref> ) showed left ventricular hypertrophy, aneurysmatic IAS, and mild aortic root ectasia of 39 mm. Additionally, it revealed an extrinsic compression of the right atrium by the ascending thoracic aorta and the liver. No other relevant findings were identified, including the stigma of pulmonary hypertension. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE – <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1C</xref> ; <xref ref-type="media" rid="f04">Video 1</xref> ) corroborated the presence of PFO, which showed a spontaneous bidirectional flow. Right-sided catheterization confirmed that right chamber pressures were not increased; Qp/Qs in recumbent position was: 1.08.</p>
				<p>
<media id="f04" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="ABC-309-video01.mp4">
	<label>Video 1</label>
	<caption>
		<title>– Pre-procedure TEE showing right atrium compression and PFO with spontaneous bidirectional flow.</title>
	</caption>
</media>					
				</p>
				<p>Since the patient was clearly symptomatic, the decision was to proceed with percutaneous PFO closure. Given the marked right atrium deformation, he was considered a poor candidate for the placement of a traditional umbrella-like occluder device due to the high risk of wall erosion. The alternative chosen was the NS technique guided by fluoroscopy ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2A</xref> ) and TEE. Two sutures were placed due to the presence of a significant residual shunt after the first one ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2B</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2C</xref> , and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2D</xref> ; <xref ref-type="media" rid="f05">Video 2</xref> ). After 3 days, the patient complained of recurrent dyspnea while standing. Re-evaluation TTE showed the persistence of patency of the <italic>foramen ovale,</italic> and TEE revealed two linear echogenic structures compatible with previously implanted devices at the <italic>septum secundum</italic> , but detached from the <italic>septum primum</italic> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3B</xref> ; <xref ref-type="media" rid="f06">Video 3</xref> ). The patient was subsequently referred to and accepted for surgical PFO closure with a bovine pericardium patch, which was performed without complications. Postoperative TEE showed no residual shunt. The patient was discharged after 6 days. At 6-month follow-up, he was asymptomatic, reporting a significant improvement in quality of life.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Peri-procedure percutaneous images. A: Fluoroscopic image with a suture delivery catheter of the NobleStitch system; B and C: TEE mid-esophageal short axis view at 60° revealing significant residual shunt after placement of the first suture; D: TEE using the same view with the two sutures in place.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e309-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
<media id="f05" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="ABC-309-video02.mp4">
	<label>Video 2</label>
	<caption>
		<title>– Peri-procedure TEE images showing a significant residual shunt after placement of the first suture, which disappeared after the second suture was placed.</title>
	</caption>
</media>				
</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Post-procedure percutaneous images. TEE mid-esophageal short axis view at 60º with linear echogenic structures compatible with previously implanted devices at the septum secundum but detached from the septum primum and evident interatrial shunt.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e309-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
<media id="f06" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="ABC-309-video03.mp4">
	<label>Video 3</label>
	<caption>
		<title>– Post-procedure TEE showing NS failure with the two previously implanted devices detached from the septum primum.</title>
	</caption>
</media>						
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>POS is a rare syndrome caused by a right-to-left shunt (RLS) found in the heart or lungs. Most cases originate from an intracardiac shunt, which occurs when a structural component, such as interatrial communication, coexists with a functional component that favors an RLS in the upright position. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This can happen with conditions that affect the position and anatomy of the heart, dictating a transient increase in pressure in the right atrium and/or favoring the flow direction from the inferior vena cava directly through the septal defect, such as: aortic dilatation (one of the most common), diaphragmatic paralysis, post-pneumonectomy, kyphoscoliosis, prominent Eustachian valve or Chiari network, lipomatous hypertrophy of the IAS, or pericardial disease. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In our patient, thromboembolic disease, arteriovenous malformations, and interstitial lung disease were excluded by chest CT as plausible causes of POS. In the absence of abnormal liver function tests, hepatopulmonary syndrome seemed also unlikely. The PFO described in TEE prevailed as the only reliable cause for the syndrome manifestation. In our case, aortic ectasia, thoracic deformation, and liver distortion seemed to be the structural cause interfering with the heart, favoring the appearance of intracardiac shunt.</p>
			<p>The treatment for these patients consists of closing the atrial septal defect. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This option should be considered after ruling out other alternative causes of POS; when it has a significant impact on the patient’s functional capacity; and there are no increased right chamber pressures. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Our patient met all these criteria.</p>
			<p>Whenever possible, percutaneous closure is preferred. Double-disc occluder devices are the most used in these procedures; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> however, they were not considered a good option for our patient, given the atypical anatomy of his right atrium, which did not have enough space to accommodate the device. Instead, we opted to use the NS device, which would allow us to overcome this limitation associated with classical devices; yet, the procedure was not successful.</p>
			<p>To date, the experience with the NS device is limited, with only one published registry, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> which seems to confirm the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the procedure, with a documented closure rate (defined by RLS grade≤1) of 89% and a full closure rate of 75% at 12 months, results that are comparable with traditional devices. Nevertheless, we still lack experience and information on the determinants of residual RLS, which would help select patients with the most favorable anatomies for a suture-mediated closure technique.</p>
			<p>In the previous registry, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> the authors did not find a relevant correlation of significant RLS (grade≥2) or technique failure with the various baseline characteristics investigated. However, they highlighted that the presence of a wide redundant septum seemed to be a prevalent aspect in those patients. After a thorough literature search, we found only two case reports about NS failure. One was due to a septal tear, probably caused by the suture, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and the other was related to a significant residual RLS in an individual who also had an aneurysmatic IAS. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>POS is a rare condition that can have a significant impact on the patient’s quality of life. When it is due to PFO-related intracardiac shunt, the defect closure is a curative treatment. Different percutaneous closure devices can be used. NS is an upcoming appealing alternative; yet, we still lack knowledge of the characteristics that should be considered in patient selection. Herein, we describe the case of another failed percutaneous PFO closure with NS that could add to the evidence that IAS anatomy may play a key role in the success of the procedure, with its use being less favorable in patients with aneurysmatic IAS.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2022309</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Falência do Dispositivo Noblestitch após Encerramento Percutâneo de Foramen Ovale Patente em um Caso de Síndrome de Platipneia-Ortodeoxia: Será Este Dispositivo para Todos os Doentes?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8010-8780</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moura</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Rita</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6339-659X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Mariana</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2603-0120</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
						<given-names>Alberto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>João Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2165-7680</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ribeiro</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Caeiro</surname>
						<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Casanova</surname>
						<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2306-8393</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fontes-Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label> 1 </label>
				<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital Distrital de Santarém, Santarém – Portugal </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label> 2 </label>
				<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia – Portugal </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label> 3 </label>
				<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto – Portugal </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Ana Rita Baptista de Moura • Av. Bernardo Santareno, nº 3737B. CEP: 2005-177. Santarém - Portugal E-mail: an.rita5@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Cardiopatias Congênitas</kwd>
				<kwd>Forame Oval Patente</kwd>
				<kwd>Síndrome Platipneia-Ortodeoxia</kwd>
				<kwd>NobleStich/métodos</kwd>
				<kwd>Septo Interatrial</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O forame oval patente (FOP) é uma lesão cardíaca congênita comum, correspondendo a uma comunicação interatrial fetal normal que tipicamente fecha com a fusão do <italic>septum primum</italic> ao <italic>septum secundum</italic> após o nascimento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Quando persiste, o forame oval geralmente é assintomático e benigno, sem necessidade de tratamento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em casos raros, pode ter implicação na patogênese de algumas doenças como a síndrome de platipneia-ortodeóxia (SPO). Nesse contexto, pode ser indicado o fechamento do FOP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Vários dispositivos de oclusão tradicionalmente baseados em disco duplo demonstraram que o fechamento percutâneo do FOP é possível. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Apesar da eficácia comprovada, o uso destes dispositivos não é tecnicamente viável para alguns pacientes. Além disso, eles têm o potencial de causar algumas complicações. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> NobleStitch EL (NS) é uma técnica alternativa de fechamento percutâneo do FOP disponível na Europa, com marcação comissão europeia (CE) para sutura cardiovascular e fechamento de FOP, e nos EUA, com liberação da Food and Drug Administration (FDA) para sutura vascular e cardiovascular. Consiste em um sistema “sem dispositivos” com dois cateteres dedicados para colocação de sutura. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Até o momento, a experiência com o dispositivo NS é limitada e ainda faltam informações sobre determinantes de falha, o que ajudaria na seleção de pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Este trabalho descreve o caso falho de fechamento percutâneo de FOP com NS, o que poderia fortalecer a evidência de que a anatomia do septo interatrial (SIA) pode desempenhar um papel fundamental no sucesso do procedimento.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Caso Clínico</title>
				<p>Este é o relato de caso de um homem de 46 anos, com histórico de hipertensão e acromegalia no contexto de adenoma pituitário, removido cirurgicamente em junho de 2020, e pan-hipopituitarismo secundário desenvolvido após o procedimento. Ele foi ao pronto-socorro reclamando de dispneia de esforço que durava 6 semanas. Ao exame, apresentou polipneia, mas estava hemodinamicamente estável; não havia sopro cardíaco ou ruídos adventícios respiratórios. Os gases sanguíneos demonstraram insuficiência respiratória grave do tipo 1, com PaO2 de 33 mmHg ao ar ambiente. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) revelou ritmo sinusal sem alterações relevantes. Os resultados do exame de sangue não mostraram alterações significativas, com hemoglobina de 14 g/dL e nenhuma elevação nos parâmetros inflamatórios. Uma angiografia por tomografia computadorizada (TC) no tórax e abdômen ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1A</xref> ) descartou o diagnóstico de tromboembolismo pulmonar e doença pulmonar intersticial. Foi descrita uma alteração na morfologia normal do fígado, com atrofia do segmento quarto, e cifoescoliose, determinando uma deformidade da caixa torácica anterior direita. A saturação de oxigênio obtida na oximetria de pulso foi menor quando o paciente estava em pé ou sentado. SPO foi então estabelecida. O paciente foi admitido para mais estudos.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Imagens pré-procedimento percutâneo. A: TC do tórax mostrando deformação torácica com estreita relação entre o átrio direito e o fígado; B: ETT mostrando compressão do átrio direito; C: ETE em corte do esôfago médio eixo curto a 60º mostrando compressão do átrio direito e FOP.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e309-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Um ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT – <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1B</xref> ) demonstrou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, SIA aneurismático e uma leve ectasia da raiz da aorta de 39 mm. Revelou também compressão extrínseca do átrio direito pela aorta torácica ascendente e pelo fígado. Não foram identificados outros achados relevantes, incluindo o estigma da hipertensão pulmonar. O ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE – <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1C</xref> ; <xref ref-type="media" rid="f04002">Vídeo 1</xref> ) confirmou a presença de FOP, que mostrou fluxo bidirecional espontâneo. A cateterização do lado direito comprovou que as pressões da câmara direita não estavam elevadas; Qp/Qs em decúbito foi: 1,08.</p>
				<p>
<media id="f04002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="ABC-309-video01.mp4">
	<label>Vídeo 1</label>
	<caption>
		<title>– ETE pré-procedimento mostrando compressão do átrio direito e
FOP com fluxo bidirecional espontâneo.</title>
	</caption>
</media>					
				</p>
				<p>Como o paciente estava claramente sintomático, decidiu-se proceder com o fechamento percutâneo do FOP. Dada a acentuada deformação do átrio direito, ele foi considerado um candidato inadequado para a colocação de um dispositivo de oclusão tradicional tipo guarda-chuva, devido ao alto risco de erosão da parede. Como alternativa, optou-se pela técnica NS guiada por fluoroscopia ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2A</xref> ) e ETE. Duas suturas foram colocadas devido à presença de um <italic>shunt</italic> residual significativo após a primeira ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2B</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">2C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">2D</xref> ; <xref ref-type="media" rid="f05002">Vídeo 2</xref> ). Após 3 dias, o paciente queixou-se de dispneia recorrente ao levantar-se. Uma reavaliação por ETT mostrou persistência da patência do forame oval, e o ETE revelou duas estruturas ecogênicas lineares compatíveis com dispositivos previamente implantados no <italic>septum secundum</italic> , mas separados do <italic>septum primum</italic> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">3B</xref> ; <xref ref-type="media" rid="f06002">Vídeo 3</xref> ). Posteriormente, o paciente foi encaminhado e aceito para fechamento cirúrgico do FOP com retalho de pericárdio bovino, que ocorreu sem complicações. O ETE pós-cirúrgico não demonstrou <italic>shunt</italic> residual. O paciente recebeu alta após 6 dias. No acompanhamento do 6º mês, ele estava assintomático, com relato de melhora significativa na qualidade de vida.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Imagens peri-procedimento percutâneo. A: Imagem fluoroscópica com cateter de colocação de sutura do sistema NobleStitch; B e C: ETE em corte do esôfago médio eixo curto a 60° revelando shunt residual significativo após a realização da primeira sutura; D: ETE usando o mesmo corte com as duas suturas realizadas.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e309-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
<media id="f05002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="ABC-309-video02.mp4">
	<label>Vídeo 2</label>
	<caption>
		<title>– Imagens do ETE peri-procedimento mostrando um shunt residual significativo após a realização da primeira sutura, que desapareceu após a finalização da segunda sutura.</title>
	</caption>
</media>						

				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Imagens pós-procedimento percutâneo. ETE em corte do esôfago médio eixo curto a 60º com estruturas ecogênicas lineares compatíveis com dispositivos previamente implantados no septum secundum, mas separados do septum primum e shunt interatrial evidente.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e309-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
<media id="f06002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="ABC-309-video03.mp4">
	<label>Vídeo 3</label>
	<caption>
		<title>– ETE pós-procedimento mostrando falha do NS com os dois dispositivos previamente implantados separados do septum primum.</title>
	</caption>
</media>				
					
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>SPO é uma síndrome rara causada por um <italic>shunt</italic> direito-esquerdo (SDE) encontrado no coração ou nos pulmões. A maioria dos casos se origina de um <italic>shunt</italic> intracardíaco, que ocorre quando um componente estrutural, como uma comunicação interatrial, coexiste com um componente funcional, favorecendo o SDE na posição vertical. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Isso pode acontecer com quadros que afetam a posição e a anatomia do coração, ditando um aumento transitório da pressão no átrio direito e/ou favorecendo a direção do fluxo da veia cava inferior diretamente através do defeito septal, como: dilatação aórtica (uma das mais comuns), paralisia diafragmática, pós-pneumonectomia, cifoescoliose, valva de Eustáquio ou rede de Chiari proeminente, hipertrofia lipomatosa do SIA ou doença pericárdica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No paciente estudado, doença tromboembólica, malformações arteriovenosas e doença pulmonar intersticial foram excluídas pela TC torácica como causas plausíveis da SPO. Na ausência de alterações nos testes da função hepática, a síndrome hepatopulmonar também parecia improvável. O FOP descrito no ETE prevaleceu como a única causa confiável para a manifestação da síndrome. Neste caso, a ectasia da aorta, a deformação torácica e a distorção hepática pareciam ser a causa estrutural que interferia no coração, favorecendo a ocorrência do <italic>shunt</italic> intracardíaco.</p>
				<p>O tratamento desses pacientes consiste no fechamento da comunicação interatrial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Esta opção deve ser considerada após outras causas alternativas para a SPO serem descartadas; quando há um impacto significativo na capacidade funcional do paciente; e não há aumento nas pressões da câmara direita. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O paciente estudado satisfazia a todos esses critérios.</p>
				<p>Sempre que possível, o fechamento percutâneo é preferível. Os dispositivos de oclusão de disco duplo são os mais utilizados nesses procedimentos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> porém não foram considerados uma boa opção para este paciente, dada a anatomia atípica do átrio direito, que não tinha espaço suficiente para acomodar o dispositivo. Em vez disso, optou-se por usar o dispositivo NS, que permitiria superar essa limitação associada aos dispositivos clássicos; no entanto, não houve sucesso.</p>
				<p>Até o momento, a experiência com o dispositivo NS é limitada, com apenas um registro publicado, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> que parece confirmar a viabilidade, segurança e eficácia do procedimento, com uma taxa de fechamento documentada (definida por um SDE de grau≤1) de 89% e uma taxa de fechamento total de 75% aos 12 meses, resultados comparáveis aos dispositivos tradicionais. Contudo, ainda há uma carência de experiências e informações sobre os determinantes do SDE residual, que ajudariam a selecionar pacientes com anatomias mais favoráveis para uma técnica de fechamento mediado por sutura.</p>
				<p>No registro anterior, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> os autores não encontraram correlação relevante de SDE significativo (grau≥2) ou falha técnica com as várias caraterísticas de referência investigadas. Entretanto, eles destacaram que a presença de um septo largo redundante parecia ser um aspecto prevalente nesses pacientes. Após uma pesquisa bibliográfica minuciosa, foram encontrados apenas dois relatos de caso sobre falha de NS. Um devido a uma ruptura do septo, provavelmente causada pela sutura, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e outro relacionado a um SDE residual significativo em um indivíduo que também tinha SIA aneurismático. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusões</title>
				<p>A SPO é uma doença rara que pode ter um impacto significativo na qualidade de vida do paciente. Quando causada por <italic>shunt</italic> intracardíaco relacionado ao FOP, o fechamento do defeito é um tratamento curativo. Diversos dispositivos de fechamento percutâneo podem ser usados. O NS é uma alternativa recente e atrativa; no entanto, ainda faltam informações sobre as caraterísticas que devem ser consideradas na seleção de pacientes. Este trabalho descreve outro caso falho de fechamento percutâneo de FOP com NS, o que poderia fortalecer a evidência de que a anatomia do SIA pode desempenhar um papel fundamental no sucesso do procedimento, sendo o uso menos favorável em pacientes com SIA aneurismático.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>