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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230015i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230015i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Cardiovascular Imaging In Assessment Of Athletes</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6737-4187</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Matos-Souza</surname><given-names>Jos&#xE9; Roberto</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9131-0439</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rassi</surname><given-names>Daniela do Carmo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Unicamp</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Unicamp, Campinas, SP &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#xE1;s</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina e Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Goi&#xE2;nia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina e Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas, Universidade Federal de Goi&#xE1;s, Goi&#xE2;nia, GO &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Daniela do Carmo Rassi</bold> &#x2022; Hospital S&#xE3;o Francisco de Assis. R. 9-A, 110. St. Aeroporto. Postal Code <postal-code>74075-250</postal-code>. Goi&#xE2;nia, GO &#x2013; Brazil. E-mail: <email>dani.rassi@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>31</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230015</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>cardiac remodeling</kwd>
<kwd>myocardial deformation</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="8"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>Physical training is linked to a series of cardiac, morphological, and functional adaptations known as &#x201C;athlete&#x27;s heart&#x201D;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> An athlete can be considered a youth or adult amateur or professional who exercises regularly and participates in official sports competitions. The changes demonstrated depend on the duration, intensity, and type of training (isotonic versus isometric).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>In recent years, a large number of studies have been published, which have improved our ability to understand the characteristics of physiological cardiac remodeling in athletes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nevertheless, there are gaps regarding the differential diagnosis of athlete&#x27;s heart, especially when it presents with a more intense expression. It can be difficult to differentiate this condition from inherited heart diseases such as hypertrophic, dilated, or arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular non-compaction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Technological advances, such as 3-dimensional echocardiography, analysis of myocardial strain, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and multidetector computed tomography, have significantly improved the diagnostic capacity of current imaging modalities, allowing the identification of a greater number of pathological cardiovascular conditions that may affect the athlete population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>The article by Mancuso<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> offers a review of interesting aspects regarding the most current division of sports modalities (skill, strength, endurance, and mixed) and their relationships with morphofunctional cardiac changes. The article indicates that most sporting disciplines are characterized by a varying degree of isometric and isotonic components; therefore, the original dichotomous classification into strength (isometric) or endurance (isotonic) disciplines is not applicable for most athletes. Moreover, it updates diagnostic criteria and describes the main challenges related to differential diagnoses.</p>
<p>Another interesting point concerning physical sporting activity and athlete&#x27;s heart is the difference that may exist in terms of sex and training time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Women who practice sports regularly show similar cardiac adaptations compared to men, but generally to a lesser degree, in terms of absolute values. Female athletes exhibit modest absolute increases in left ventricular wall thickness and cavity size, as well as modest increases in right ventricular and bi-atrial cavity size in comparison with sedentary women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>In relation to age, some differences have been reported in senior athletes compared to younger athletes. Master athletes show lower left ventricular volumes and mass compared to their younger counterparts, although both parameters are still higher compared to age-matched untrained controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Castillo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> have presented an interesting study comparing a very specific group of women in professional soccer training. They conducted an evaluation between beginner and advanced athletes and compared them to a control group of sedentary women. The authors indicated differences between athletes and controls, as well as variations in young athletes, with regard to cardiac dimensions and strain evaluation. Myocardial strain analysis showed a decrease in radial strain, basal rotation, apical rotation, and twist. These data reveal yet another contribution of strain analysis to the understanding of cardiac physiology, with its intricate interaction between rotation and radial and longitudinal strain. This information provides clarification, especially when obtained by the same strain software and examiner.</p>
<p>In summary, the correct diagnosis of alterations that may be compatible with &#x201C;athlete&#x27;s heart&#x201D; currently represents a well-recognized clinical need, especially on the part of cardiologists who work with cardiovascular imaging.</p>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
<p>Short editorial related to the articles: &#x201C;Mechanisms of Heart Adaptation in Elite Female Athletes: Comparison with Healthy Individuals and Training Time&#x201D; and &#x201C;My Approach to &#x201C;Athlete&#x27;S Heart&#x201D;: Evaluation of the Different Types of Adaptation to Exercise&#x201D;</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p>Editor responsible for the review: Marco Stephan Lofrano</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230015</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Imagem Cardiovascular na Avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Atletas</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6737-4187</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Matos-Souza</surname><given-names>Jos&#xE9; Roberto</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9131-0439</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rassi</surname><given-names>Daniela do Carmo</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Unicamp</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Unicamp, Campinas, SP &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#xE1;s</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina e Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Goi&#xE2;nia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina e Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas, Universidade Federal de Goi&#xE1;s, Goi&#xE2;nia, GO &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Daniela do Carmo Rassi</bold> &#x2022; Hospital S&#xE3;o Francisco de Assis. R. 9-A, 110. St. Aeroporto. CEP <postal-code>74075-250</postal-code>. Goi&#xE2;nia, GO &#x2013; Brasil. E-mail: <email>dani.rassi@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>remodelamento card&#xED;aco</kwd>
<kwd>deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>O treinamento f&#xED;sico est&#xE1; ligado a uma s&#xE9;rie de adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas, morfol&#xF3;gicas e funcionais chamadas de &#x201C;cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o do atleta&#x201D;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pode-se considerar atleta a pessoa jovem ou adulta, amadora ou profissional, que faz exerc&#xED;cio f&#xED;sico regularmente e participa de competi&#xE7;&#xF5;es desportivas oficiais. As altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es apresentadas dependem da dura&#xE7;&#xE3;o, intensidade e do tipo de treino (isot&#xF4;nico em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao isom&#xE9;trico).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Nos &#xFA;ltimos anos, um grande n&#xFA;mero de estudos foi publicado, o que melhorou a nossa capacidade de compreender as caracter&#xED;sticas do remodelamento card&#xED;aco fisiol&#xF3;gico nos atletas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Entretanto, h&#xE1; lacunas no que diz respeito ao diagn&#xF3;stico diferencial do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de atleta, principalmente quando se apresenta com uma express&#xE3;o mais intensa. Pode ser dif&#xED;cil diferenciar esta condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de doen&#xE7;as card&#xED;acas heredit&#xE1;rias, como a cardiomiopatia hipertr&#xF3;fica, dilatada ou arritmog&#xEA;nica e a n&#xE3;o-compacta&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os progressos tecnol&#xF3;gicos, como a ecocardiografia tridimensional, a an&#xE1;lise da deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica (<italic>strain</italic>), a resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca e a tomografia computadorizada com m&#xFA;ltiplos detectores, melhoraram significativamente a capacidade diagn&#xF3;stica das atuais modalidades de imagem, permitindo identificar com mais exatid&#xE3;o um n&#xFA;mero maior de condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es cardiovasculares patol&#xF3;gicas que podem afetar a popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o de atletas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>O artigo de Mancuso<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> traz uma revis&#xE3;o sobre aspectos interessantes sobre a mais atual divis&#xE3;o das modalidades esportivas (habilidade, for&#xE7;a, endurance e mista) e suas rela&#xE7;&#xF5;es com as altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es morfofuncionais card&#xED;acas. Ele ressalta que maioria das disciplinas esportivas &#xE9; caracterizada por um grau vari&#xE1;vel de componentes isom&#xE9;tricos e isot&#xF4;nicos e, portanto, a classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o dicot&#xF4;mica original em disciplinas de for&#xE7;a (isom&#xE9;trica) ou resist&#xEA;ncia (isot&#xF4;nica) n&#xE3;o &#xE9; aplic&#xE1;vel para a maioria dos atletas. Al&#xE9;m disso, atualiza os crit&#xE9;rios diagn&#xF3;sticos e descreve os principais desafios relacionados aos diagn&#xF3;sticos diferenciais.</p>
<p>Outro ponto interessante no que concerne a atividade f&#xED;sica esportiva e cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de atleta &#xE9; a diferen&#xE7;a que pode existir quanto a sexo e tempo de treinamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>As mulheres que praticam esportes regularmente mostram adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas semelhantes em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com os homens, mas geralmente em menor grau, em termos de valores absolutos. Atletas do sexo feminino exibem aumentos absolutos modestos na espessura da parede do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo e no tamanho da cavidade, bem como aumentos modestos no tamanho da cavidade ventricular direita e bi-atrial quando comparadas com mulheres sedent&#xE1;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Com rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; idade, algumas diferen&#xE7;as foram relatadas em atletas seniores em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com atletas mais jovens. Atletas master mostram valores de volumes e massa do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo mais baixos em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com a contraparte mais jovem, embora ambos os par&#xE2;metros ainda sejam maiores em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com controles n&#xE3;o treinados da mesma idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Castillo e colaboradores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> apresentam um estudo interessante comparando um grupo bem espec&#xED;fico de mulheres em treinamento profissional em futebol. Foi realizada uma avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre atletas iniciantes e avan&#xE7;adas, que foram comparadas ao grupo controle (sedent&#xE1;rias). Os autores apontaram diferen&#xE7;as entre as atletas e controles, e tamb&#xE9;m varia&#xE7;&#xF5;es com atletas jovens, no que se refere &#xE0;s dimens&#xF5;es e ao estudo das deforma&#xE7;&#xF5;es. A an&#xE1;lise da deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica mostrou diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o do <italic>strain</italic> radial, rota&#xE7;&#xE3;o basal, rota&#xE7;&#xE3;o apical e <italic>twist</italic>. Esses dados revelam mais uma contribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o do estudo da deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao entendimento da fisiologia card&#xED;aca, com sua intrincada intera&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre rota&#xE7;&#xE3;o e deforma&#xE7;&#xF5;es radiais e longitudinais. Essas informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es s&#xE3;o esclarecedoras, principalmente quando usado o mesmo software de <italic>strain</italic> e examinador.</p>
<p>Em s&#xED;ntese, o diagn&#xF3;stico correto das altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es que podem ser compat&#xED;veis com &#x201C;cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de atleta&#x201D;, representa, atualmente, uma necessidade cl&#xED;nica bastante reconhecida, sobretudo por cardiologistas que trabalham com imagem cardiovascular.</p>
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<p>Minieditorial referente aos artigos: &#x201C;Mecanismos de Adapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o do Cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o em Atletas de Elite do Sexo Feminino. Compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com Indiv&#xED;duos Sadios e Tempo de Treinamento&#x201D; e &#x201C;Como Eu Fa&#xE7;o no Cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Atleta: Avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos Diferentes Tipos de Adapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao Exerc&#xED;cio&#x201C;</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
<p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Marco Stephan Lofrano</p></fn>
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