<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230010i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach to Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain with Automated 2D and 3D Software</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0471-4372</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>França</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas Arraes de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript e critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2037-4686</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dutra</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas Velloso</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript e critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label> 1 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein , São Paulo , SP – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label> 2 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano Paulista</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital Samaritano Paulista , São Paulo , SP – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label> 3 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Sírio Libanês</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital Sírio Libanês , São Paulo , SP – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label> 4 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Edmundo Vasconcelos</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital Edmundo Vasconcelos , São Paulo , SP – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">Mailing Address: Lucas Arraes de França • Av. Albert Einstein, 627/701. Postal code: 05652-900. Morumbi, São Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>lucas.franca81@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>06</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230010</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>29</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
<abstract><title>Abstract</title>
<p>Right ventricular strain analysis has emerged as an important diagnostic tool in the detection of early right ventricular systolic dysfunction not detected by conventional echocardiography
techniques. Furthermore, it is capable of providing additional diagnostic and prognostic information to the traditional parameters for evaluating right ventricular systolic function in
various pathologies. The echocardiography method of choice for its assessment is longitudinal strain derived from speckletracking. This method has been shown to be more sensitive for small changes in systolic function when compared to tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, tissue Doppler imaging of the tricuspid annular s’ wave, and right ventricular fractional area
change. Advances in artificial intelligence and software with automated analysis have been introduced to this scenario with the aim of making the method simpler and quicker to apply, with lower inter- and intra-observer variability. The objective of this review article is to demonstrate the technique step by step, from image optimization and acquisition to interpretation
of results, with illustrative figures of selected cases.</p></abstract>			
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Myocardium</kwd>
				<kwd>Left Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="22"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="16"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The assessment of right ventricular (RV) systolic function has long been neglected. In recent years, there has been a great leap in the understanding of the importance of the RV in cardiac function. This has given rise to advanced non-invasive echocardiographic techniques that make functional assessment more accurate.</p>
			<p>Several different acquired and congenital cardiac diseases can affect RV systolic function, leading to reduced stroke volume and cardiac output.</p>
			<p>The analysis of RV systolic function has extremely peculiar characteristics. First, its complex geometry prevents two-dimensional (2D) volumetric analysis with the application of geometric assumptions routinely used to measure left ventricular volumes. The RV is composed of an inlet, body, apical region, and outflow tract ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ), making it necessary, by means of 2D echocardiography, to use different views in different echocardiographic windows to assess its function, and it is impossible to estimate RV ejection fraction using 2D echocardiography. Furthermore, estimated RV systolic function is influenced by phasic changes in breathing and left ventricular mechanics that interfere with ventricular interdependence. It is also fundamental to understand that the myocardial contractility of the RV walls shows a different pattern of deformation in relation to the left ventricle. Finally, the RV myocardial wall is more trabeculated, which makes it more difficult to define its endocardial borders and the blood-tissue interface. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Three-dimensional reconstruction of the right ventricle using automated software demonstrating its peculiar geometry.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>RV systolic shortening occurs mainly due to the myocardial deformation of the fibers with longitudinal arrangement, which correspond to approximately 75%, and the contribution of the deformation of the radial fibers is very low. It is precisely for this reason that RV longitudinal strain has emerged in recent years as an important tool in the assessment of RV systolic function. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>There are two ways to study RV longitudinal strain: strain derived from tissue Doppler and strain derived from speckle-tracking. The second form is preferred and is widespread in the main echocardiography laboratories worldwide, due to the non-dependence on the angle between the longitudinal deformation and the ultrasound beam. Using the speckle-tracking technique, it is possible to measure RV free wall longitudinal strain (mean peak systolic strain of the 3 free-wall segments) and the 6-segment longitudinal strain (mean peak systolic strain of the 3 septum segments and the 3 segments of the free wall) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> ). RV free wall longitudinal strain is the most validated technique due to the fact that left ventricular mechanics participate greatly in septal deformation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Analysis of free wall longitudinal strain and 6-segment longitudinal strain, estimated at –15.2% and –12.8%, respectively, in a patient with arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy, using automated software.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Initially, the existing software on the market for evaluating 2D strain derived from speckle-tracking were exclusively intended for evaluating left ventricular myocardial deformation, and analysis of the RV was performed using this same software, which often made the analysis difficult, leading to inaccurate results.</p>
			<p>With technological advances and the emergence of artificial intelligence, it is now possible to analyze RV longitudinal strain in a completely automated manner, using 2D and 3D images with dedicated software for this purpose, with minimal need for adjustments. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical applicability</title>
				<p>There are multiple clinical indications for evaluating RV systolic function by means of longitudinal strain. It plays an important role in several diseases involving the RV. It is already well documented in the literature that RV longitudinal strain has additional prognostic value to conventional echocardiographic parameters as a predictor of death and rehospitalization due to heart failure, detection of subtle involvement in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and prediction of the development of this disease in family members. It is also able to predict survival of major cardiac events after acute myocardial infarction more accurately than the tricuspid annulus plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and the RV fractional area variation (FAC), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> RV longitudinal strain having a better correlation with magnetic resonance imaging in estimating its systolic function. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>RV longitudinal strain already demonstrates superiority to TAPSE in predicting events in different etiologies and degrees of pulmonary hypertension. In severe tricuspid insufficiency, it is an independent factor associated with all-cause mortality, demonstrating additional prognostic value to TAPSE and FAC. Finally, in congenital heart diseases such as tetralogy of Fallot, it is a sensitive parameter for detecting RV systolic dysfunction and a predictor of functional capacity on exertion and postoperative systolic dysfunction. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Image acquisition</title>
				<p>The quality of the images acquired is fundamental to obtain accurate results. The steps for acquiring ideal images for 2D longitudinal strain derived from speckle-tracking in automated software are as follows:</p>
				<list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p>Acquire an apical 4-chamber view focused on the RV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). Analysis in this view is preferable because of better visualization of the RV free wall. For acquisition, after performing a conventional 4-chamber apical view, it is necessary to move the patient’s right shoulder backwards and tilt the transducer toward the liver. In this manner, it is possible to keep the emitting ultrasound source close to the apex of the left ventricle with the RV properly positioned in the center of the image.</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f03">
								<label>Figure 3</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Apical 4-chamber view focused on the right ventricle.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf03.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>The image must have a frame rate between 50 and 80 Hz. To optimize the temporal resolution, it is necessary to reduce the sector width and the depth.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>The image must be acquired after at least 2 to 3 cardiac cycles with the patient in expiratory apnea, with the goal of better subsequent recognition of the speckles by the software.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>4. In the current automated software, it is not necessary to mark the effective time of RV systole (time from the peak of the R wave to the closure of the pulmonary valve), which was routinely done for analysis in non-automated software and usually acquired by means of pulsed Doppler of the RV outflow tract.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>For accurate results, it is ideal for the patient to have a heart rate between 60 and 100 bpm and a regular heart rhythm. If the patient is in atrial fibrillation rhythm, heart rate variability between beats should not exceed 10%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>When measuring RV longitudinal strain by means of 3D echocardiography with automated software that uses artificial intelligence, it is possible to measure RV free wall longitudinal strain from a “full volume” acquisition in the dynamic heart model (DHM) modality. The steps to acquire a large 3D pyramidal block that contains the entire RV geometry consist of the following:</p>
				<list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p>Perform an apical 4-chamber view focused on the RV.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Activate the heart model (HM) acquisition mode, preferably with a double layout, paying attention to the fact that the lateral size of the 3D block and the width of the elevation contain the entire RV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f04">
								<label>Figure 4</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– “Full volume” 3D acquisition in HM mode with dual layout.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf04.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Ideally, the volume rate of the 3D block should be greater than 20 Hz, requiring adjustments to the width of the elevation and the lateral size to optimize the temporal resolution.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>At least 2 to 3 cardiac cycles must be acquired, with the patient in expiratory apnea and preferably regular heart rhythm. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Analysis of results</title>
				<p>In recent years, despite demonstrating that the evaluation by RV longitudinal strain using the speckle-tracking method in 2D echocardiography has important implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of patients in different clinical contexts, its application in daily practice has been challenged by a lack of the standardization of methods, software, and reference values. A 2016 publication suggested cutoff values of −20.2% for the arithmetic mean of the 6-segment model (including the free wall and interventricular septum) and −23.3% for the 3-segment model (free wall). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Since then, a task force <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and a review article <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> have attempted to standardize the acquisition method, strengthening as a standard the acquisition of an apical 4-chamber view focused on the RV. However, in many articles published to date, evaluation began from the apical 4-chamber view. There is also a great variability of results depending on manufacturer, software developer, and sex (higher values for women).</p>
				<p>Furthermore, data are limited for healthy individuals over 60 years of age and are still scarce and inconsistent for the pediatric population, with values ranging from −20.8% to −34.1%, with a mean of −30.1% in the 3-segment model (free wall), for example.</p>
				<p>The use of automated software with artificial intelligence, in addition to optimizing the workflow, may help standardize the results in the future, reducing the interobserver difference.</p>
				<p>As previously mentioned, RV strain derived from speckle-tracking can be used to evaluate patients with pulmonary hypertension (including patients with acute or chronic pulmonary embolism), valve diseases (mitral stenosis, functional tricuspid insufficiency), and heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. A recent review article <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> cited the advantages of the method as an additional parameter in the assessment of RV systolic function, with high predictive value, high reproducibility, and mechanical assessment of the entire RV free wall thickness that are relatively load- and angle-independent. In addition, it has high availability, low cost, short acquisition time, and no need for advanced training, albeit with the disadvantages of lack of consensus regarding normality values and the 6- or 3-segment model, the need for a high temporal resolution, difficulty with limited echocardiographic windows and free wall visualization, and the need for stable heart rhythm. The applicability of RV longitudinal strain has shown to be more robust in studies focused on the assessment of pulmonary hypertension, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and tricuspid insufficiency. In other clinical contexts, such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, aortic stenosis, and mitral insufficiency, data remain scarce and further investigation is needed. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Regarding the analysis of the results, instantaneous strain values are displayed on a percentage myocardial strain rate curve as a function of time. In the case of longitudinal strain, the curves are traced below the neutral horizontal line, considering the nadir as the maximum value (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figures 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">7</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">8</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">9</xref>). By convention, systolic fiber shortening is represented by negative values, and lengthening is expressed by positive values. The result is shown in percentage values. Normal longitudinal strain values vary according to age, sex, and software. The lower limit of normality is −20.0% for the 3-segment model (free wall) and −18.2% for the 6-segment model, using TomTec automated software with images from Philips, Siemens, and General Electric ultrasound systems, as suggested in a recent study, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> with a sample of 1,913 patients in which this system was used.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– AutoStrain RV TomTec: Primary pulmonary hypertension (obtained value of –14.1% for free wall longitudinal strain).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf05.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f06">
						<label>Figure 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Pulmonary hypertension due to acute pulmonary thromboembolism (value of –8.0% obtained for free wall strain).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf06.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f07">
						<label>Figure 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– AutoStrain RV TomTec: examination performed on the same patient in Figure 6 with acute pulmonary thromboembolism two days after treatment with fibrinolytics and full anticoagulation (value of –22.5% obtained for free wall strain).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf07.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f08">
						<label>Figure 8</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– AutoStrain RV TomTec: non-compaction cardiomyopathy (value of –18.1% obtained for free wall strain).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf08.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f09">
						<label>Figure 9</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– AutoStrain RV TomTec: apical form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (value of –14.7% obtained for free wall strain, with a lower absolute value in the apical segment).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf09.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Another advantage of evaluating the free wall using the method of RV strain compared to traditional quantification methods is that we can analyze the strain values in the apical, middle, and basal segments, as exemplified in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 8</xref> (non-compaction cardiomyopathy) and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 9</xref> (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, apical form), where the absolute values were notably reduced in the apical segments of both cases.</p>
				<p>After acquiring a 3D pyramidal block of the RV, it is possible to perform an automated analysis using dedicated software (for example, 3D Auto RV by Philips). In addition to providing detailed information on 3D RV volumes and ejection fraction ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 10</xref> ), it is possible to obtain 2D parameters from the 3D block, such as linear measurements and systolic function parameters, including TAPSE, FAC, and 2D strain in the model that includes the septum and free wall, as in the example below ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 11</xref> ), with values of −17.6% and −18.9%, respectively.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figure 10</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– RV volumes and ejection fraction obtained automatically using the software 3D Auto RV (TomTec).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf10.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f11">
						<label>Figure 11</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Information obtained automatically from a 2D image derived from the 3D volume, using the software 3D Auto RV (TomTec).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf11.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Automated 2D and 3D software facilitates the workflow, making it possible to incorporate the method of 2D RV longitudinal strain into clinical practice. The results obtained in recent studies demonstrate a prognostic role in the clinical context of different diseases, such as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, tricuspid insufficiency, and pulmonary hypertension.</p>
			<p>A value of −20% is considered as the lower limit of normality for RV free wall strain, considering the latest literature data obtained with TomTec’s “agnostic” automated software. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Addetia K, Muraru D, Badano LP, Lang RM. New Directions in Right Ventricular Assessment Using 3-Dimensional Echocardiography. JAMA Cardiol. 2019 Sep 1;4(9):936-44. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.2424.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Addetia</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Muraru</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Badano</surname>
							<given-names>LP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lang</surname>
							<given-names>RM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>New Directions in Right Ventricular Assessment Using 3-Dimensional Echocardiography</article-title>
					<source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<month>09</month>
					<day>1</day>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<issue>9</issue>
					<fpage>936</fpage>
					<lpage>944</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2019.2424</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. Muraru D, Haugaa K, Donal E, Stankovic I, Voigt JU, Petersen SE, et al. Right ventricular longitudinal strain in the clinical routine: a state-of-the-art review. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022 Jun 21;23(7):898-912. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeac022.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Muraru</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Haugaa</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Donal</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stankovic</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Voigt</surname>
							<given-names>JU</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Petersen</surname>
							<given-names>SE</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Right ventricular longitudinal strain in the clinical routine: a state-of-the-art review</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<month>06</month>
					<day>21</day>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>898</fpage>
					<lpage>912</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jeac022</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Badano LP, Kolias TJ, Muraru D, Abraham TP, Aurigemma G, Edvardsen T, et al. Industry representatives; Reviewers: This document was reviewed by members of the 2016–2018 EACVI Scientific Documents Committee. Standardization of left atrial, right ventricular, and right atrial deformation imaging using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: a consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018 Jun 1;19(6):591-600. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jey042. Erratum in: Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018 Jul 1;19(7):830-3. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jey042.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Badano</surname>
							<given-names>LP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kolias</surname>
							<given-names>TJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Muraru</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abraham</surname>
							<given-names>TP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aurigemma</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Edvardsen</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
						<collab>Industry representatives</collab>
						<collab>Reviewers: This document was reviewed by members of the 2016–2018 EACVI Scientific Documents Committee</collab>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Standardization of left atrial, right ventricular, and right atrial deformation imaging using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: a consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<month>06</month>
					<day>1</day>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>591</fpage>
					<lpage>600</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jey042</issue-id>
					<comment>Erratum in: Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018 Jul 1;19(7):830-3. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jey042</comment>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Voigt JU, Pedrizzetti G, Lysyansky P, Marwick TH, Houle H, Baumann R, et al. Definitions for a common standard for 2D speckle tracking echocardiography: consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015 Jan;16(1):1-11. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu184.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Voigt</surname>
							<given-names>JU</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pedrizzetti</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lysyansky</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marwick</surname>
							<given-names>TH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Houle</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baumann</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Definitions for a common standard for 2D speckle tracking echocardiography: consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<month>01</month>
					<volume>16</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>11</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jeu184</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Prihadi EA, van der Bijl P, Dietz M, Abou R, Vollema EM, Marsan NA, et al. Prognostic Implications of Right Ventricular Free Wall Longitudinal Strain in Patients With Significant Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 Mar;12(3):e008666. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.118.008666.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Prihadi</surname>
							<given-names>EA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>van der Bijl</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dietz</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abou</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vollema</surname>
							<given-names>EM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marsan</surname>
							<given-names>NA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Prognostic Implications of Right Ventricular Free Wall Longitudinal Strain in Patients With Significant Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation</article-title>
					<source>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<month>03</month>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<elocation-id>e008666</elocation-id>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.118.008666</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. Leong DP, Grover S, Molaee P, Chakrabarty A, Shirazi M, Cheng YH, et al. Nonvolumetric echocardiographic indices of right ventricular systolic function: Validation with cardiovascular magnetic resonance and relationship with functional capacity. Echocardiography. 2012;29(4):455-63. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2011.01594.x.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Leong</surname>
							<given-names>DP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grover</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Molaee</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chakrabarty</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shirazi</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cheng</surname>
							<given-names>YH</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Nonvolumetric echocardiographic indices of right ventricular systolic function: Validation with cardiovascular magnetic resonance and relationship with functional capacity</article-title>
					<source>Echocardiography</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>29</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>455</fpage>
					<lpage>463</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1540-8175.2011.01594.x</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. Vizzardi E, Bonadei I, Sciatti E, Pezzali N, Farina D, D’Aloia A, et al. Quantitative analysis of right ventricular (RV) function with echocardiography in chronic heart failure with no or mild RV dysfunction: comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. J Ultrasound Med. 2015;34(2):247-55. DOI: 10.7863/ultra.34.2.247.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Vizzardi</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bonadei</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sciatti</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pezzali</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Farina</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>D’Aloia</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Quantitative analysis of right ventricular (RV) function with echocardiography in chronic heart failure with no or mild RV dysfunction: comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</article-title>
					<source>J Ultrasound Med</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>34</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>247</fpage>
					<lpage>255</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7863/ultra.34.2.247</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. Lu KJ, Chen JX, Profitis K, Kearney LG, DeSilva D, Smith G, et al. Right ventricular global longitudinal strain is an independent predictor of right ventricular function: a multimodality study of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, real time three-dimensional echocardiography and speckle tracking echocardiography. Echocardiography. 2015;32(6):966-74. DOI: 10.1111/echo.12783.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lu</surname>
							<given-names>KJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>JX</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Profitis</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kearney</surname>
							<given-names>LG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>DeSilva</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Smith</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Right ventricular global longitudinal strain is an independent predictor of right ventricular function: a multimodality study of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, real time three-dimensional echocardiography and speckle tracking echocardiography</article-title>
					<source>Echocardiography</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>32</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>966</fpage>
					<lpage>974</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/echo.12783</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>9. Focardi M, Cameli M, Carbone SF, Massoni A, De Vito R, Lisi M, et al. Traditional and innovative echocardiographic parameters for the analysis of right ventricular performance in comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16:47-52. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu156.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Focardi</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cameli</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carbone</surname>
							<given-names>SF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Massoni</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>De Vito</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lisi</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Traditional and innovative echocardiographic parameters for the analysis of right ventricular performance in comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>16</volume>
					<fpage>47</fpage>
					<lpage>52</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jeu156</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation>10. Li YD, Wang YD, Zhai ZG, Guo XJ, Wu YF, Yang YH, et al. Relationship between echocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging derived measures of right ventricular function in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Thromb Res. 2015;135(4):602-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.01.008.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Li</surname>
							<given-names>YD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>YD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhai</surname>
							<given-names>ZG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guo</surname>
							<given-names>XJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wu</surname>
							<given-names>YF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yang</surname>
							<given-names>YH</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Relationship between echocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging derived measures of right ventricular function in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
					<source>Thromb Res</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>135</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>602</fpage>
					<lpage>606</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.thromres.2015.01.008</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation>11. Fine NM, Chen L, Bastiansen PM, Frantz RP, Pellikka PA, Oh JK, Kane GC. Outcome prediction by quantitative right ventricular function assessment in 575 subjects evaluated for pulmonary hypertension. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013 Sep;6(5):711-21. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.000640.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Fine</surname>
							<given-names>NM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bastiansen</surname>
							<given-names>PM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Frantz</surname>
							<given-names>RP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pellikka</surname>
							<given-names>PA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oh</surname>
							<given-names>JK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kane</surname>
							<given-names>GC</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Outcome prediction by quantitative right ventricular function assessment in 575 subjects evaluated for pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
					<source>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<month>09</month>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>711</fpage>
					<lpage>721</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.000640</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation>12. Medvedofsky D, Addetia K, Patel AR, Sedlmeier A, Baumann R, Mor-Avi V, Lang RM. Novel Approach to Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Quantification of Right Ventricular Volumes and Function from Focused Views. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015 Oct;28(10):1222-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2015.06.013.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Medvedofsky</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Addetia</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Patel</surname>
							<given-names>AR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sedlmeier</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baumann</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mor-Avi</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lang</surname>
							<given-names>RM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Novel Approach to Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Quantification of Right Ventricular Volumes and Function from Focused Views</article-title>
					<source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<month>10</month>
					<volume>28</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>1222</fpage>
					<lpage>1231</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2015.06.013</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation>13. Muraru D, Onciul S, Peluso D, Soriani MD, Cucchini U, Aruta P, et al. Sex and Method-Specific Reference Values for Right Ventricular Strain by 2 Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9(2):2003866. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2015.06.013.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Muraru</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Onciul</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Peluso</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Soriani</surname>
							<given-names>MD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cucchini</surname>
							<given-names>U</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aruta</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Sex and Method-Specific Reference Values for Right Ventricular Strain by 2 Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography</article-title>
					<source>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<size units="pages">2003866</size>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2015.06.013</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation>14. Badano LP, Muraru D, Parati G, Haugaa K, Voigt JU. How to do right ventricular strain. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;21(8):825. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeaa126.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Badano</surname>
							<given-names>LP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Muraru</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Parati</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Haugaa</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Voigt</surname>
							<given-names>JU</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>How to do right ventricular strain</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>21</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<size units="pages">825</size>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jeaa126</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation>15. Tadic M, Nita N, Schneider L, Kersten J, Buckert D, Gonska B, et al. The Predictive Value of Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain in Pulmonary Hypertension, Heart Failure, and Valvular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:698158. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.698158.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tadic</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nita</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schneider</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kersten</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Buckert</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gonska</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Predictive Value of Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain in Pulmonary Hypertension, Heart Failure, and Valvular Diseases</article-title>
					<source>Front Cardiovasc Med</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<size units="pages">698158</size>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcvm.2021.698158</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation>16. Addetia K, Miyoshi T, Citro R, Daimon M, Gutierrez Fajardo P, et al. WASE Investigators. Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Right Ventricular Size and Systolic Function Measurements Stratified by Sex, Age, and Ethnicity: results of the World Alliance of Societies of Echocardiography Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2021 Nov;34(11):1148-57.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2021.06.013.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Addetia</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Miyoshi</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Citro</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Daimon</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gutierrez Fajardo</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
						<collab>WASE Investigators</collab>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Right Ventricular Size and Systolic Function Measurements Stratified by Sex, Age, and Ethnicity: results of the World Alliance of Societies of Echocardiography Study</article-title>
					<source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<month>11</month>
					<volume>34</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1148</fpage>
					<lpage>57.e1</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2021.06.013</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230010</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como eu Faço o Strain Longitudinal do Ventrículo Direito com Softwares Automatizados 2D e 3D</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0471-4372</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>França</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas Arraes de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2037-4686</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dutra</surname>
						<given-names>Lucas Velloso</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label> 1 </label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label> 2 </label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital Samaritano Paulista, São Paulo, SP – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label> 3 </label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, SP – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label> 4 </label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Hospital Edmundo Vasconcelos, São Paulo, SP – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Lucas Arraes de França • Av. Albert Einstein, 627/701. Postal code: CEP: 05652-900. Morumbi, São Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: lucas.franca81@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract><title>Resumo</title>
<p>A análise da deformação miocárdica ventricular direita tem surgido como uma ferramenta diagnóstica importante na detecção de disfunção sistólica ventricular direita inicial não detectada pelas técnicas ecocardiográficas convencionais. Além disso, é capaz de trazer informações diagnósticas e prognósticas adicionais aos parâmetros tradicionais de avaliação da função sistólica ventricular direita em diversas patologias. O método ecocardiográfico de escolha para sua avaliação é o strain longitudinal derivado do speckletracking. Ele tem se mostrado mais sensível para pequenas mudanças na função sistólica quando comparado à excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide, estudo da onda s´ao Doppler tecidual do anel tricúspide e variação da área fracional do ventrículo direito. O avanço da inteligência artificial e a presença de softwares com análise automatizada entram neste cenário visando tornar a aplicabilidade do 
método mais simples, rápida e com menor variabilidade inter e intraobservador. O objetivo deste artigo de revisão é demonstrar o passo a passo da técnica, desde a otimização e aquisição de imagens até a interpretação dos resultados, com figuras ilustrativas de casos selecionados.</p></abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Disfunção ventricular direita</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Por muito tempo a avaliação da função sistólica do ventrículo direito (VD) foi negligenciada. Nos últimos anos, houve um grande salto no entendimento da importância do VD na função cardíaca. Isso fez com que surgissem técnicas ecocardiográficas avançadas não invasivas que tornam sua avaliação funcional mais acurada.</p>
				<p>Diversas são as patologias cardíacas adquiridas e congênitas que podem afetar a função sistólica ventricular direita, levando a uma redução do volume sistólico ejetado ( <italic>stroke volume</italic> ) e do débito cardíaco.</p>
				<p>A análise da função sistólica ventricular direita tem características extremamente peculiares. Primeiramente pela sua geometria complexa que impede a análise volumétrica bidimensional (2D) com a aplicação de suposições geométricas rotineiramente usadas para aferição dos volumes do ventrículo esquerdo. O VD é composto de via de entrada, corpo, região apical e via de saída ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ), sendo necessária, por meio da ecocardiografia 2D, a realização de diversos planos de corte em janelas ecocardiográficas distintas para avaliação de sua função, sendo impossível por meio da ecocardiografia 2D estimar a fração de ejeção do VD. Além disso, a estimativa de sua função sistólica sofre influência de alterações fásicas da respiração e da mecânica ventricular esquerda que interferem na interdependência ventricular. É fundamental ainda entender que a contratilidade miocárdica das paredes do VD apresenta um padrão diferenciado de deformação em relação ao ventrículo esquerdo. Por último, a parede miocárdica do VD é mais trabeculada, o que torna mais difícil a definição de suas bordas endocárdicas e da interface sangue-tecido. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Reconstrução tridimensional do VD em software automatizado demonstrando sua geometria peculiar.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>O encurtamento sistólico do VD ocorre principalmente pela deformação miocárdica das fibras com disposição longitudinal, que correspondem a aproximadamente 75% delas, sendo a contribuição da deformação das fibras radiais muito pobre. E é justamente por esta razão que o strain longitudinal do VD surgiu nos últimos anos como uma ferramenta importante na avaliação da função sistólica ventricular direita. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Há duas formas de se estudar o strain longitudinal do VD: strain derivado do Doppler tecidual e strain derivado do speckle-tracking. A segunda forma é a preferível e vastamente difundida nos principais laboratórios de ecocardiografia no mundo, devido a não dependência do ângulo entre a deformação longitudinal e o feixe de ultrassom. Pela técnica do speckle-tracking é possível aferir o strain longitudinal da parede livre do VD (média do strain de pico sistólico dos 3 segmentos da parede livre) e o strain longitudinal de 6 segmentos (média do strain de pico sistólico dos 3 segmentos do septo e dos 3 segmentos da parede livre) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> ). O strain longitudinal da parede livre do VD é a técnica mais validada devido à grande participação da mecânica ventricular esquerda na deformação do septo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Análise do strain longitudinal de parede livre e do strain longitudinal de 6 segmentos estimados, respectivamente, em –15,2% e –12,8% em paciente portador de cardiomiopatia arritmogênica do VD com software automatizado.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Inicialmente, os softwares existentes no mercado para avaliação do strain 2D derivado de speckle-tracking eram destinados exclusivamente a estudar a deformação miocárdica ventricular esquerda e a análise do VD era realizada utilizando estes mesmos softwares o que frequentemente dificultava a análise, levando a resultados inacurados.</p>
				<p>Com o desenvolvimento tecnológico e o surgimento da inteligência artificial, nos dias de hoje já é possível de forma completamente automatizada realizar a análise do strain longitudinal do VD a partir de imagens 2D e tridimensionais (3D) com softwares dedicados para este fim com mínima necessidade de ajustes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Aplicabilidades clínicas</title>
					<p>Diversas são as indicações clínicas para o estudo da função sistólica ventricular direita por meio do strain longitudinal. Ele apresenta papel importante em diversas patologias que envolvem o VD. Já é bem documentado na literatura que o strain longitudinal do VD tem valor prognóstico adicional aos parâmetros ecocardiográficos convencionais como preditor de morte e rehospitalizações por insuficiência cardíaca, detecção de envolvimento sutil em pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica e predição de desenvolvimento desta doença em familiares. Ele ainda é capaz de predizer sobrevida de eventos cardíacos maiores após infarto agudo do miocárdio de forma mais acurada que a excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide (TAPSE) e a variação da área fracional do VD (FAC), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> tendo o strain longitudinal do VD melhor correlação com a ressonância nuclear magnética na estimativa de sua função sistólica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O strain longitudinal do VD já demonstra superioridade ao TAPSE para predizer eventos em diferentes etiologias e graus de hipertensão pulmonar. Na insuficiência tricúspide grave, ele é um fator independente associado à mortalidade por todas as causas, demonstrando valor prognóstico adicional ao TAPSE e FAC. Por fim, nas cardiopatias congênitas como tetralogia de Fallot, ele é um parâmetro sensível para detectar disfunção sistólica ventricular direita e preditor de capacidade funcional aos esforços e disfunção sistólica no pós-operatório. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Aquisição da imagem</title>
					<p>A qualidade da imagem adquirida é fundamental para obter resultados acurados. Os passos para aquisição da imagem ideal para realização do strain longitudinal 2D derivado do speckle-tracking em softwares automatizados são:</p>
					<list list-type="order">
						<list-item>
							<p>Adquirir um corte apical de 4 câmaras focado no VD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>). A análise é preferível neste plano de corte devido a uma melhor visibilização da parede livre do VD. Para sua aquisição, é necessário após a realização de um corte apical de 4 câmaras convencional, movimentar o ombro direito do paciente para trás e “bascular” o transdutor em direção ao fígado. Desta forma é possível manter a fonte emissora de ultrassom próxima ao ápice do ventrículo esquerdo e o VD adequadamente posicionado no centro da imagem.</p>
							<p>
								<fig id="f03002">
									<label>Figura 3</label>
									<caption>
										<title>– Corte apical de 4 câmaras focado no VD.</title>
									</caption>
									<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf03-pt.tif"/>
								</fig>
							</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>A imagem deve conter uma taxa de quadros por segundo ( <italic>frame rate</italic> ) entre 50 e 80 Hz. Para otimizar a resolução temporal é necessária a redução da largura do setor ( <italic>sector width</italic> ) e da profundidade.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Deve-se adquirir a imagem com no mínimo 2 a 3 ciclos cardíacos com paciente em apneia expiratória, visando um posterior melhor reconhecimento dos <italic>speckles</italic> por parte do software.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Nos softwares automatizados atuais, não é necessária a marcação do tempo efetivo de sístole ventricular direita (tempo desde o pico da onda R até o fechamento da valva pulmonar), que era rotineiramente realizada para análise em softwares não automatizados e habitualmente adquirida por meio do estudo com Doppler pulsátil da via de saída do VD.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Para resultados acurados, o ideal é que o paciente esteja com frequência cardíaca entre 60 e 100 bpm e com ritmo cardíaco regular. Caso o paciente esteja em ritmo de fibrilação atrial, a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca entre os batimentos não deve superar 10%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>Quando se fala em aferição do strain longitudinal do VD por meio da ecocardiografia 3D com softwares automatizados que utilizam a inteligência artificial, é possível aferir o strain longitudinal da parede livre do VD a partir de uma aquisição “ <italic>full volume</italic> ” na modalidade dynamic heart model (DHM). Os passos para se adquirir um bloco piramidal 3D grande que contenha toda geometria do VD consistem em:</p>
					<list list-type="order">
						<list-item>
							<p>Realizar um corte apical de 4 câmaras focado no VD.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Ativar o modo de aquisição <italic>heart model</italic> (HM), preferencialmente, com <italic>layout</italic> duplo, atentando-se para o fato do tamanho lateral do bloco 3D e da largura da elevação conter todo o VD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
							<p>
								<fig id="f04002">
									<label>Figura 4</label>
									<caption>
										<title>– Aquisição 3D “full volume” na modalidade HM com layout duplo.</title>
									</caption>
									<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf04-pt.tif"/>
								</fig>
							</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Idealmente o <italic>volume</italic>
 <italic>rate</italic> do bloco 3D deve ser superior a 20 Hz, sendo necessários ajustes da largura da elevação e do tamanho lateral para otimização da resolução temporal.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>O número de ciclos cardíacos adquiridos deve ser de no mínimo 2 a 3 ciclos, com paciente em apneia expiratória e ritmo cardíaco preferencialmente regular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análise dos resultados</title>
				<p>Nos últimos anos, apesar de demonstrada que a avaliação pelo strain longitudinal do VD pelo método de speckle-tracking na ecocardiografia 2D tem importante implicação no diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento de pacientes em diversos contextos clínicos, sua aplicação na prática diária vem sofrendo desafios pela falta da uniformização dos métodos, softwares e valores de referência. Em uma publicação em 2016 foi sugerido os valores de corte de −20,2% para a média aritmética do modelo de 6 segmentos (incluindo parede livre e septo interventricular) e −23,3% para o modelo de 3 segmentos (parede livre). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Desde então, uma força tarefa <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e um artigo de revisão <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> tentaram uniformizar a forma de aquisição, fortalecendo como padrão a obtenção do corte apical de 4 câmaras focado para o VD. Porém, em muitos artigos publicados até a atualidade essa avaliação partiu do corte apical de 4 câmaras. Existe também uma grande variabilidade de resultados a depender do fabricante, desenvolvedor dos softwares e sexo (valores maiores para mulheres).</p>
				<p>Além disso, os dados são limitados para indivíduos saudáveis acima de 60 anos e ainda escassos e inconsistentes para a população pediátrica, podendo os valores variarem de −20,8% a −34,1%, com média de −30,1% no modelo de 3 segmentos (parede livre), por exemplo.</p>
				<p>O uso de softwares automatizados com inteligência artificial, além de otimizar o fluxo de trabalho, pode auxiliar futuramente na uniformização dos resultados, reduzindo a diferença interobservador.</p>
				<p>Como já citado anteriormente, o strain do VD derivado do speckle-tracking pode ser utilizado para avaliação de pacientes com hipertensão pulmonar (incluindo pacientes com embolia pulmonar aguda ou crônica), valvopatias (estenose mitral, insuficiência tricúspide funcional) e insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida ou preservada. Recente artigo de revisão <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> citou as vantagens do método como parâmetro adicional na avaliação da função sistólica do VD, com alto valor preditivo, alta reprodutibilidade e avaliação mecânica de toda espessura da parede livre do VD, relativamente independente de carga e independente de ângulo. Além disso, apresenta alta disponibilidade, baixo custo, tempo curto para aquisição e a não necessidade de treinamento avançado, porém com as desvantagens de falta de um consenso sobre valores de normalidade e sobre o modelo de 6 ou 3 segmentos, a necessidade de uma alta resolução temporal, dificuldade em janelas ecocardiográficas limitadas e visibilização da parede livre e a necessidade de um ritmo cardíaco estável. A aplicabilidade do strain longitudinal do VD mostrou ser mais robusta em estudos focados na avaliação de hipertensão pulmonar, insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida e insuficiência tricúspide. Em outros contextos clínicos, como na insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada, estenose aórtica e insuficiência mitral, os dados continuam escassos e existe a necessidade de maior investigação. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Quanto à análise dos resultados, valores instantâneos do strain são dispostos em uma curva de taxa de deformação miocárdica percentual em função do tempo. No caso do strain longitudinal, as curvas são inscritas abaixo da linha horizontal neutra, considerando-se o nadir o valor máximo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figuras 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07002">7</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08002">8</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09002">9</xref>). Por convenção o encurtamento sistólico das fibras é representado por valores negativos e o alongamento é expresso por valores positivos. O resultado é demonstrado em valores percentuais. Os valores normais do strain longitudinal variam de acordo com idade, sexo e software, sendo o limite inferior da normalidade de −20,0% para o modelo de 3 segmentos (parede livre) e −18,2% para o de 6 segmentos, utilizando o software automatizado TomTec com imagens de sistemas de ultrassom da Philips, Siemens e General Electric, conforme sugerido em um recente estudo, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> com uma amostra de 1.913 pacientes em que foi utilizado esse sistema.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05002">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– AutoStrain VD TomTec: Hipertensão pulmonar primária (valor obtido de –14,1% para o strain longitudinal de parede livre).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf05-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f06002">
						<label>Figura 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– AutoStrain VD TomTec: hipertensão pulmonar por tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo (valor obtido de –8,0% para o strain de parede livre).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf06-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f07002">
						<label>Figura 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– AutoStrain VD TomTec: exame realizado no mesmo paciente da Figura 6 com tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo dois dias após o tratamento com fibrinolítico e anticoagulação plena (valor obtido de –22,5% para o strain de parede livre).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf07-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f08002">
						<label>Figura 8</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– AutoStrain VD TomTec: cardiomiopatia não compactada (valor obtido de –18,1% para o strain de parede livre).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf08-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f09002">
						<label>Figura 9</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– AutoStrain VD TomTec: cardiomiopatia hipertrófica forma apical (valor obtido de –14,7% para o strain de parede livre, com menor valor em número absoluto no segmento apical).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf09-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Outra vantagem da avaliação da parede livre pelo método de strain do VD em relação aos métodos tradicionais de quantificação, é que podemos analisar os valores de deformação nos segmentos apical, médio e basal, como exemplificado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08002">Figura 8</xref> (cardiomiopatia não compactada) e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09002">Figura 9</xref> (cardiomiopatia hipertrófica forma apical), em que os valores absolutos estavam notadamente reduzidos nos segmentos apicais dos dois casos.</p>
				<p>Após a aquisição de um bloco 3D piramidal do VD, é possível realizar a análise automatizada por um software dedicado (exemplo, 3D Auto RV da Philips). Além de ele fornecer informações detalhadas dos volumes e fração de ejeção 3D do VD ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10002">Figura 10</xref> ), é possível obter parâmetros 2D a partir do bloco 3D, como medidas lineares e parâmetros de função sistólica, incluindo TAPSE, FAC e strain 2D no modelo que inclui o septo e parede livre, como no exemplo abaixo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11002">Figura 11</xref> ), com valores de −17,6% e −18,9%, respectivamente.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f10002">
						<label>Figura 10</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Volumes e fração de ejeção do VD obtidos de forma automatizada utilizando o software 3D Auto RV – TomTec.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf10-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f11002">
						<label>Figura 11</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Informações obtidas de forma automatizada a partir de imagem 2D derivada do volume 3D, utilizando o software 3D Auto RV – TomTec.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230010-gf11-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Os softwares automatizados 2D e 3D facilitam o fluxo de trabalho, permitindo que o método do strain longitudinal 2D do VD seja incorporado na prática clínica. Os resultados obtidos em estudos recentes demonstram papel prognóstico no contexto clínico de diversas patologias como insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida, insuficiência tricúspide e hipertensão pulmonar.</p>
				<p>É considerado como limite inferior da normalidade para o strain de parede livre do VD o valor de −20%, levando-se em conta os últimos dados da literatura obtidos com software automatizado “agnóstico” da TomTec. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>