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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<front>
  <journal-meta>
    <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
    <journal-title-group>
      <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
      <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
    </journal-title-group>
    <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
    <publisher>
      <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
    </publisher>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
    <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230006i</article-id>
    <article-categories>
      <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
        <subject>Review Article</subject>
      </subj-group>
    </article-categories>
    <title-group>
      <article-title>My Approach to Assessment After Tricuspid Interventions: Tips and Tricks</article-title>
    </title-group>
    <contrib-group>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0384-348X</contrib-id>
        <name>
          <surname>Assunção</surname>
          <given-names>Bruna Morhy Borges Leal</given-names>
        </name>
        <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
        <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
        <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5749-1419</contrib-id>
        <name>
          <surname>Gonçalves</surname>
          <given-names>Arthur Cortez</given-names>
        </name>
        <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
        <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2037-4686</contrib-id>
        <name>
          <surname>Dutra</surname>
          <given-names>Lucas Velloso</given-names>
        </name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9795-0106</contrib-id>
        <name>
          <surname>Cassar</surname>
          <given-names>Renata de Sá</given-names>
        </name>
        <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
        <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
      </contrib>
    </contrib-group>
    <aff id="aff1">
      <label> 1 </label>
      <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Sirio-Libanes</institution>
      <addr-line>
        <named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
        <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
      </addr-line>
      <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Sirio-Libanes , São Paulo , SP – Brazil </institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff2">
      <label> 2 </label>
      <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo</institution>
      <addr-line>
        <named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
        <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
      </addr-line>
      <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo , SP – Brazil </institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff3">
      <label> 3 </label>
      <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Edmundo Vasconcelos</institution>
      <addr-line>
        <named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
        <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
      </addr-line>
      <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Edmundo Vasconcelos , São Paulo , SP – Brazil </institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff4">
      <label> 4 </label>
      <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Coracão do Estado de São Paulo</institution>
      <addr-line>
        <named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
        <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
      </addr-line>
      <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Coracão do Estado de São Paulo (Incor), São Paulo , SP – Brazil </institution>
    </aff>
    <author-notes>
      <corresp id="c01">Mailing Address: Bruna Morhy Borges Leal Assunção • Rua Sabara, 315, apt 1003. Postal code: 01239-011. Higienópolis, São Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
        <email>brunaleal@gmail.com</email>
      </corresp>
      <fn fn-type="conflict">
      <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      </fn> <fn fn-type="edited-by">
      <p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
      </fn> </author-notes>
    <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
      <day>07</day>
      <month>03</month>
      <year>2023</year>
    </pub-date>
    <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
      <year>2023</year>
    </pub-date>
    <volume>36</volume>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <elocation-id>e20230006</elocation-id>
    <history>
      <date date-type="received">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </date>
      <date date-type="rev-recd">
        <day>1</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </date>
      <date date-type="accepted">
        <day>2</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </date>
    </history>
    <permissions>
      <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
        <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
      </license>
    </permissions>
    <abstract>
      <title>Abstract</title>
<p>Severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Given that surgical treatment of TR alone has been associated with high mortality, transcatheter
interventions in the tricuspid valve (TV) have been used for its treatment, with relatively lower risk. There is a delay in intervention for TR, and this is probably related to a limited understanding of the anatomy of the TV and the right ventricle, in addition to an
underestimation of the severity of TR. In this scenario, it is necessary to have comprehensive anatomical knowledge of the TV, the pathophysiology involved in the mechanism of regurgitation, and more accurate grading. The TV has anatomical, histological, and spatial peculiarities that make its assessment more complex when compared to the mitral valve, requiring knowledge and training in the various echocardiographic techniques that will often be used in combination for accurate assessment.</p>
<p>This review will describe the anatomy of the TV, the role of echocardiography in the  diagnosis, grading, and pathophysiology involved in TR; the main transcatheter treatment options currently available for TR; and the assessment of outcomes after transcatheter intervention by means of multiple echocardiographic modalities.</p>
    </abstract>	  
    <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
      <kwd>Tricuspid valve</kwd>
      <kwd>tricuspid regurgitation</kwd>
      <kwd>transcatheter</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
    <counts>
      <fig-count count="14"/>
      <table-count count="2"/>
      <equation-count count="0"/>
      <ref-count count="23"/>
    </counts>
  </article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
  <title>Introduction</title>
  <p>Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a frequent echocardiographic finding that is present in 80–90% of normal individuals. Mild or minimal TR has no impact on clinical outcomes. However, moderate or severe TR is associated with worse prognosis regardless of left ventricular dysfunction or pulmonary arterial hypertension. <sup>
    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
    </sup></p>
  <p>The cause of TR may be related to the valve apparatus (primary TR) or the heart structure (secondary or functional TR), the latter being responsible for up to 90% of cases. <sup>
    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
    </sup></p>
  <p>In advanced stages, the conventional approach through open heart surgery may be indicated. Replacement of the diseased valve is performed with mechanical or biological valve prostheses. The choice of device depends on availability and on the age of the patient. Another surgical option is valve repair, mostly with the implantation of an associated valve annulus to reduce the size of the native valve annulus. Surgical repair mortality ranges from 13.9 to 33%. On average, operative mortality of tricuspid valve (TV) surgery is 19% at 30 days. <sup>
    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
    </sup> Due to advanced age and concomitant pathologies, many individuals with severe TR are considered inoperable or at prohibitive surgical risk, and only 18% of them are actually referred for valve surgery. <sup>
    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
    </sup></p>
  <p>Successful development and outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve implantation, followed by transcatheter therapies for mitral valve disease, have opened up a plethora of opportunities for transcatheter treatment of TR, a valvular heart disease traditionally considered benign and often left untreated. <sup>
    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
    </sup></p>
  <p>Current transcatheter treatment options mimic surgical techniques and include European-approved solutions such as leaflet approximation, direct annuloplasty, and heterotopic vena cava implantation, as well as transcatheter TV replacement systems not yet commercially available, using orthotopic valve implant. <sup>
    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
    </sup> (
    <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>
    ) Compared to mitral procedures, transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions (TTVI) present several additional technical and anatomic challenges, including difficult visualization of the VT apparatus, variable anatomy with thinner valve leaflets, and a large coaptation gap. An algorithm for TTVI device selection was recently proposed. <sup>
    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
    </sup> (
    <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>
    )</p>
  <p> <fig id="f01">
    <label>Figure 1</label>
    <caption>
    <title>– Current options for transcatheter TV intervention that are approved or under clinical evaluation. Adapted from Praz F, et al. 4 </title>
    </caption>
    <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230006-gf01.tif"/>
    </fig> </p>
  <p> <fig id="f02">
    <label>Figure 2</label>
    <caption>
    <title>– Algorithm for selecting the TTVI device. Adapted from Praz F, et al. 4 </title>
    </caption>
    <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230006-gf02.tif"/>
    <attrib>TR: tricuspid regurgitation.</attrib>
    </fig> </p>
  <sec>
    <title>The TV anatomy</title>
    <p>TV is the largest of the four heart valves, and its area varies between 7 and 9 cm <sup>2</sup> . Due to its large size and low pressure differences between the right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV), peak transvalvular diastolic velocities are typically smaller than 1 m/s with mean gradients &lt;2 mmHg. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
      </sup> TV has anterior, septal, and posterior cusps. The anterior cusp is usually the largest, 2.2 cm wide. The septal and posterior cusps are notably smaller and measure approximately 1.5 and 2.0 cm, respectively. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
      </sup> In addition, it is the most apically positioned valve and, similar to the mitral valve, it consists of four components: the annulus fibrosus, the three cusps, the papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
      </sup> The anterior papillary muscle has chordae for the anterior and posterior cusps, and the medial papillary muscle for the posterior and septal cusps. The septal wall provides chordae for the anterior and septal cusps. In addition, there may be accessory chordae connections to the RV free wall and to the moderator band. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
      </sup> The normal tricuspid annulus (TA) is triangular and saddle shaped. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
      </sup> When functional dilation occurs, the TA becomes more circular and planar, dilating from the septum to the lateral wall (
      <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3E</xref>
      ). <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p> <fig id="f03">
      <label>Figure 3</label>
      <caption>
      <title>– A) Parasternal short axis window (TTE). The leaflet adjacent to the free wall is posterior (green star) and the opposite leaflet adjacent to the aorta is anterior (blue star). B) Apical four-chamber window (TTE). The septal leaflet of the TV is adjacent to the septum (red star), while the opposite leaflet is anterior (blue star), once the aorta is displayed (white cross). C) Apical four-chamber window (TTE). The septal leaflet of the TV is adjacent to the septum (red star), while the opposite leaflet is posterior (green star), once the coronary sinus is displayed (“white X”). D) Transgastric short-axis view (TEE), which is the only two-dimensional view that generally provides simultaneous imaging of all three VT cusps. E) Evaluation of the measurements of the TA through multiplanar reconstruction (3D TEE). F) 3D TEE photorealistic rendering with transparency — atrial view of the TV and its relationships. (P: posterior cusp; S: septal cusp; A: anterior cusp); AoV: aortic valve; CS: coronary sinus; RAA: right atrial appendage)</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230006-gf03.tif"/>
      </fig> </p>
  </sec>
  <sec>
    <title>The role of echocardiogram</title>
    <p>Echocardiography is routinely used in clinical practice to assess the severity of TR. This is done in an integrated way, using the color Doppler study by calculating the jet area, evaluating vena contracta width, calculating convergence flow, in addition to the size and direction of regurgitant jet. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
      </sup> On a two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiogram (2D TTE), the three cusps cannot be viewed simultaneously, requiring the acquisition of different echocardiographic windows. Through the longitudinal parasternal window via RV inlet, the anterior cusp will always be viewed in the proximal field, but in the distal field the septal cusp may be present (when the interventricular septum and/or the left ventricle are seen) or the posterior cusp (when the interventricular septum is not seen). <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
      </sup> In the short-axis parasternal window, the cusp adjacent to the aorta is the septal (when the left ventricular outflow tract is seen) or anterior cusp (
      <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3A</xref>
      ), and the cusp adjacent to the free wall is usually the posterior cusp (
      <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3A</xref>
      ). <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
      </sup> In the apical four-chamber window, the septal cusp will always be adjacent to the septum and the opposite cusp will be the anterior one when the transducer is angled anteriorly, and the aorta is seen (
      <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3B</xref>
      ). However, if the transducer is angled posteriorly, displaying the coronary sinus, the opposite cusp will be the posterior one (
      <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3C</xref>
      ). <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
      </sup> The transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) includes additional images, many of which are intended to improve TV image. Given the position of the heart in relation to the esophagus and stomach, the mid-esophagus, distal esophagus, transgastric, and deep transgastric views can bring the probe closer to the TV for two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>Multiple echocardiographic windows are needed to assess TV starting from the mid-esophageal plane. Four-chamber window displays the septal cusp and anterior cusp; Biplanar imaging can help clarify which cusp is displayed because the anterior cusp is normally seen adjacent to the aorta (
      <xref ref-type="media" rid="f05">Video 1</xref>
      ). In the distal esophageal plane at the level of the coronary sinus, the posterior and anterior cusps are typically displayed. Advancing the TEE probe into the stomach and rotating approximately 20°–60° produces the transgastric short-axis view, which is the only two-dimensional view that generally provides simultaneous imaging of all three TV cusps (
      <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3D</xref>
      ). Using the biplanar image, all cusp coaptation points can be seen. Advancing the TEE probe along with the right anterior flexion and returning the angle to 0°–20° produces a deep transgastric plane of the TV. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p> 
      <media id="f05" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="convite-Bruna-Leal-video_01.mp4">
        <label>Video 1</label>
        <caption>
        <title>– Biplanar image through the middle esophageal plane (TEE). Commissural TV view (inlet and outlet of the RV), using a simultaneous orthogonal view for better identification of the cusps. (P: posterior cusp; S: septal cusp; A: anterior cusp) </title>
        </caption>
      </media>
    </p>
    <p>Three-dimensional echocardiography significantly improved the accuracy of imaging and identification of cusps and associated anatomical components of the TV complex, eliminating the need for mental reconstruction of multiple 2D planes. Lang et al. suggested standardization of 3D acquisition of the VT, with the interatrial septum positioned inferiorly (at six o'clock), so that the anterior cusp is on the right, the posterior cusp on the left and the septal cusp on the distal field. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
      </sup> Due to the more anterior position of the right heart chambers, 3D TV images on TTE can be equal to or sometimes better than the 3D images on TEE. As in TTE, 3D TV images on TEE must have the interatrial septum positioned inferiorly as standard. Thus, the anterior cusp is on the left, the posterior cusp on the right and the septal cusp in the distal field (
      <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3F</xref>
      ).</p>
  </sec>
  <sec>
    <title>Post-procedure assessment</title>
    <p>One of the main objectives of evaluating the success of percutaneous tricuspid procedure is evaluating residual TR. Similar to pre-procedure quantification, post-procedure assessment should attempt to quantify the severity of TR as much as possible. TR grading is well described both in the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography and in the European Cardiovascular Imaging Association. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
      ,
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
      </sup> In both documents, significant TR is defined as vena contracta diameter ≥0.7 cm; PISA radius &gt;0.9 cm (when aliasing speed=28 cm/s); ERO≥40 mm <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
      </sup> ; regurgitant volume ≥45 ml; inferior vena cava diameter &gt;25 mm; RA area &gt;18 cm <sup>2</sup> , triangular shape of TR on continuous Doppler flow, in addition to reverse flow in hepatic veins. Measurement of 3D vena contracta area (VCA) has a good correlation with the regurgitant orifice area. A cut off &gt;0.36 cm <sup>2</sup> for 3D VCA values has been shown to present 89% sensitivity and 84% specificity in predicting severe TR. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
      </sup> However, since patients undergoing TTVI often have an anatomical regurgitant area several times larger than an effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) of 0.40 cm <sup>2</sup> , an extended classification to include “massive” and “torrential” TR (both associated with harmful results) has been recently proposed (
      <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>
      ). To date, the complete elimination of TR after a percutaneous procedure is not achievable with currently available technology. However, most patients show significant improvement in functional class with reduction of at least two degrees of TR severity (e.g., from torrential to severe TR). <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
        <title>– Extended classification for grading TR. Adapted from Hahn et al. 17,18 </title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Parameters</th>
              <th>Mild</th>
              <th>Moderate</th>
              <th>Moderate/ Severe</th>
              <th>Severe</th>
              <th>Massive</th>
              <th>Torrential</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Vena contracta width</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 3 mm</td>
              <td align="center">3–6.9 mm</td>
              <td align="center">6–6.9 mm</td>
              <td align="center">7–13 mm</td>
              <td align="center">14–20 mm</td>
              <td align="center"><italic>≥</italic>
                21 mm</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>EROA</td>
              <td align="center">20 mm <sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">20–29 mm <sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">30–39 mm <sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">40–59 mm <sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">60–79 mm <sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center"><italic>≥</italic>
                80 mm <sup>2</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Regurgitant volume</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 15 mL</td>
              <td align="center">15–29 mL</td>
              <td align="center">30–44 mL</td>
              <td align="center">40–59 mL</td>
              <td align="center">60–74 mL</td>
              <td align="center"><italic>≥</italic>
                75 mL</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3D ECHO Regurgitant Fraction (MRI)*</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 25% (30%)*</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 25–44% (30–49%)*</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 45% (50%)*</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3D vena contracta</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td> </td>
              <td> </td>
              <td align="center">75–94 mm <sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">95–114 mm <sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center"><italic>&gt;</italic>
                115 mm <sup>2</sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot> <fn id="TFN1">
          <p>EROA: effective regurgitant orifice area; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
          </fn> </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>While it is important to assess residual TR, equally important is the assessment of RV size and systolic function. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
      </sup> Including TA plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), RV fractional area change (FAC), tissue Doppler-derived lateral TA systolic wave velocity, RV myocardial performance index (MPI), myocardial strain indices, such as the global longitudinal strain or longitudinal strain of the 2D RV free wall, in addition to RV ejection fraction by the three-dimensional method. TAPSE values &lt;17 mm, FAC &lt;35%, S' &lt;9.5 cm/s, RV free wall longitudinal strain &lt;20% (absolute values), RV MPI by pulsed Doppler &lt;0.43 s and 3D RV ejection fraction &lt;45% are considered abnormal RV systolic function values <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
      </sup> (
      <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>
      ).</p>
    <p> <fig id="f04">
      <label>Figure 4</label>
      <caption>
      <title>– Quantitative parameters for assessing RV function (TTE): A) TA plane systolic excursion (TAPSE); B) RV fractional area change (FAC); C) lateral TA systolic wave velocity derived from tissue Doppler; D) 2D RV free wall longitudinal strain; E) and assessment of RV volumes and three-dimensional RV ejection fraction.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230006-gf04.tif"/>
      </fig> </p>
    <p>Significant TA dilation is defined by a diastolic diameter of ≥40 mm or &gt;21 mm/m <sup>2</sup> by the apical four-chamber TTE window and is indicative of severe TR by the latest American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
      </sup> Besides, TV thetering distance measurements (&gt;0.76 cm) and TV thetering area (&gt;1.63 cm <sup>2</sup> ) are predictors of TR recurrence after surgery. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
      ,
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>The TriClip system (Abbott Vascular, Abbott Park, Illinois) is an adaptation of the Abbott Vascular MitraClip system for the TV. The main objective of the tricuspid transcatheter edge-to-edge repair system is to restore coaptation between leaflets and reduce the regurgitant orifice area. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
      </sup> Quantification of TR severity can be challenging because TR jets are often deflected in multiple directions. Furthermore, it is important to inform the number of clips released, commissures/cusps captured and whether there is a single leaflet captured by the device. A mean transvalvular gradient &lt;3 mmHg is acceptable after clip release. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>The FORMA Spacer System is a device that aims to fill the coaptation gap resulting from annulus and TV leaflet dilation. It consists of two pieces: a foam polymer balloon spacer placed in the regurgitant orifice, creating a surface for cusp coaptation and an anchorage system attached to the apex of the RV. After the FORMA procedure, it is difficult to quantify TR due to non-circular jets that appear around the device. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
      </sup> It is important to describe the percentage of device length in RV and RA.</p>
    <p>RV inlet and outlet images are the main echocardiographic windows on TTE to assess device position (TriClip and FORMA). Short-axis parasternal and short-axis subcoastal windows are also helpful. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
      </sup> On TEE, the distal esophagus plane is typically the best for assessing regurgitant jet, leaflet capture by the clip, and tricuspid transvalvular gradients. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
      </sup> Transgastric planes are also useful for evaluating clip position, and Doppler scan in the deep transgastric planes. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
      </sup> The PISA method is generally not suitable for evaluating multiple regurgitant jets. A semiquantitative approach based on color Doppler and multiple echocardiographic windows might be required in such patients. The vena contracta area measured by 3D can also be useful in this context to assess the severity of residual TR after the procedure. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>There are two TTVI devices available in Brazil: TricValve and the Valve-in-Valve Tricuspid. TricValve (P&amp;F Products &amp; Features Vertriebs GmbH, Vienna, Austria, in cooperation with Braile Biomedica, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil) consists of two self-expanding heterotopic bioprosthetic valves implanted in the superior and inferior vena cava and anchored in the cavo-atrial inflow. Transcatheter implantation of Valve-in-Valve Tricuspid through expandable balloon prosthesis consists of percutaneously treating dysfunction of TV bioprosthesis (
      <xref ref-type="media" rid="f07">Video 3</xref>
      ). A recent pilot study carried out at Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, from June 2015 to August 2022, evaluated 12 patients, most of them with congenital heart disease (66% Tetralogy of Fallot or Ebstein anomaly), who underwent percutaneous implantation of Valve-in-Valve in the tricuspid position due to symptomatic bioprosthesis dysfunction (50% NYHA functional class III-IV heart failure). The main mechanism of prosthetic dysfunction was failure (66%) and double prosthetic dysfunction (75%). Two expandable balloon prostheses were used: Inovare (Braile) in 10 patients and Sapien 3 (Edwards) in two patients. Mean length of stay was 12±5.4 days, with 67% of patients discharged in NYHA functional class I. There were no in-hospital or 29-month follow-up deaths; the predominant antithrombotic regimen was vitamin K antagonist in 10 (83%) and late bioprosthesis thrombosis occurred in one (8.3%) patient (
      <xref ref-type="media" rid="f06">Video 2</xref>
      ), due to Covid-19 infection. One-year echocardiographic control showed a mean tricuspid gradient of 7.7±2.4 mmHg and one case with moderate paravalvular leak. This pilot retrospective registry demonstrated safety, efficacy and significant improvement in symptoms in the medium term. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>
<media id="f06" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="convite-Bruna-Leal-video_02.mp4">
      <label>Video 2</label>
      <caption>
      <title>– 3D TEE Tricuspid endoprosthesis (Valve-in-Valve) with restricted leaflet mobility.</title>
      </caption>
		</media>	
<media id="f07" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="convite-Bruna-Leal-video_03.mp4">
	<label>Video 3</label>
	<caption>
		<title>– Tricuspid Valve-in-Valve image (Edwards 3 prosthesis number 29): endoprosthesis placement on three-dimensional TEE image.</title>
	</caption>
</media>
		 </p>
    <p>The presence of potential short- and long-term complications, such as device detachment, degeneration, annulus or leaflet rupture, endocarditis, pericardial effusion or cardiac tamponade, prosthetic thrombosis and perivalvular regurgitation in cases of tricuspid valve-in-valve), in addition to impairment of right coronary artery should be investigated and detected by TTE. In case of doubtful findings, 2D/3D TEE should be requested. <sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
      </sup></p>
  </sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
  <title>Conclusion</title>
  <p>Interest in TV has increased in a scenario of evidence that TR impacts morbidity and mortality of individuals. The complex anatomy and function of TV implies an evaluation using multiple windows and echocardiographic modalities (2D/3D TTE and 2D/3D TEE). After percutaneous TV intervention, residual TR, annulus size, RV function and size should be evaluated. The main complications include significant TR (single leaflet captured by the device), prosthesis thrombosis, endocarditis, pericardial effusion, and impairment of right coronary artery. Ideally, TTE should be performed at one, six and twelve months, and annually after the procedure.</p>
</sec>
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  <fn-group><fn fn-type="other">
    <p>Study Association</p>
    <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work</p>
    </fn><fn fn-type="other">
    <p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
    <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
    </fn><fn fn-type="supported-by">
    <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
    </fn></fn-group>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
  <front-stub>
    <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230006</article-id>
    <article-categories>
      <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
        <subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
      </subj-group>
    </article-categories>
    <title-group>
      <article-title>Como Eu Faço a Avaliação Pós-Intervenções Tricúspides: Dicas e Truques</article-title>
    </title-group>
    <contrib-group>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0384-348X</contrib-id>
        <name>
          <surname>Assunção</surname>
          <given-names>Bruna Morhy Borges Leal</given-names>
        </name>
        <role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
        <role>redação do manuscrito</role>
        <role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5749-1419</contrib-id>
        <name>
          <surname>Gonçalves</surname>
          <given-names>Arthur Cortez</given-names>
        </name>
        <role>redação do manuscrito</role>
        <role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2037-4686</contrib-id>
        <name>
          <surname>Dutra</surname>
          <given-names>Lucas Velloso</given-names>
        </name>
        <role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9795-0106</contrib-id>
        <name>
          <surname>Cassar</surname>
          <given-names>Renata de Sá</given-names>
        </name>
        <role>redação do manuscrito</role>
        <role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
      </contrib>
    </contrib-group>
    <aff id="aff1002">
      <label>1</label>
      <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      <institution content-type="original">Hospital Sirio-Libanes, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff2002">
      <label>2</label>
      <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff3002">
      <label>3</label>
      <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      <institution content-type="original">Hospital Edmundo Vasconcelos, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff4002">
      <label>4</label>
      <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coracão do Estado de São Paulo (Incor), São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
    </aff>
    <author-notes>
      <corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Bruna Morhy Borges Leal Assunção • Rua Sabara, 315, apt 1003. CEP: 01239-011. Higienópolis, São Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: brunaleal@gmail.com</corresp>
      <fn fn-type="conflict">
      <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
      <p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
      </fn><fn fn-type="edited-by">
      <p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
      </fn></author-notes>
<abstract><tile>Resumo</tile><p>A regurgitação tricúspide (RT) importante está associada à alta
morbidade e mortalidade. Como o tratamento cirúrgico da RT isolada tem sido associado à alta mortalidade, as intervenções transcateter na valva tricúspide (VT) têm sido utilizadas para o
seu tratamento, com risco relativamente mais baixo. Há um atraso na intervenção da RT e provavelmente está relacionado a uma compreensão limitada da anatomia da VT e do ventrículo
direito, além da subestimação da gravidade da RT. Nesse cenário, faz-se necessário o conhecimento anatômico abrangente da VT, a fisiopatologia envolvida no mecanismo de regurgitação, assim
como a sua graduação mais precisa. A VT tem peculiaridades anatômica, histológica e espacial que fazem a sua avalição ser mais complexa, quando comparado à valva mitral, sendo necessário o conhecimento e treinamento nas diversas técnicas ecocardiográficas que serão utilizadas frequentemente em combinação para uma avaliação precisa.</p>
<p>Esta revisão descreverá a anatomia da VT, o papel do ecocardiograma no diagnóstico, graduação e fisiopatologia envolvida na RT, as principais opções atuais de tratamento transcateter da RT e a avaliação do resultado após intervenção transcateter por meio de múltiplas modalidades
ecocardiográficas.</p></abstract>	  
    <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
      <kwd>Valva tricuspide</kwd>
      <kwd>regurgitação tricuspide</kwd>
      <kwd>transcateter</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
  </front-stub>
  <body>
  <sec sec-type="intro">
    <title>Introdução</title>
    <p>A regurgitação tricúspide (RT) é um achado ecocardiográfico frequente, presente em 80–90% dos indivíduos normais. A RT discreta ou mínima não tem impacto em desfechos clínicos. Entretanto, a RT moderada ou importante está associada a um pior prognóstico independente da presença de disfunção ventricular esquerda ou hipertensão arterial pulmonar.<sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>A causa da RT pode estar relacionada ao aparato valvar (insuficiência tricúspide primária) ou à estrutura do coração (insuficiência tricúspide secundária ou funcional), sendo esta última responsável por até 90% dos casos.<sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>Em estágios avançados, a abordagem convencional por cirurgia cardíaca aberta pode ser indicada. A substituição da valva doente é feita com próteses valvares mecânicas ou biológicas. A escolha do dispositivo depende da sua disponibilidade e, também, da idade do paciente. Outra opção cirúrgica é o reparo da valva, na maioria das vezes com o implante de um anel valvar associado para reduzir o tamanho do ânulo da valva nativa. A mortalidade no reparo cirúrgico varia de 13,9 a 33%. Em média, a mortalidade operatória na cirurgia de valva tricúspide (VT) é de 19% em 30 dias.<sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
      </sup>Desta forma, devido à idade avançada e à concomitância de outras patologias, muitos indivíduos com RT grave são considerados inoperáveis ou de risco cirúrgico proibitivo, e apenas 18% deles são efetivamente encaminhados para cirurgia valvar.<sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento e os resultados bem-sucedidos do implante de valva aórtica transcateter, seguido de terapias transcateter para doença valvar mitral, abriram uma infinidade de oportunidades para o tratamento transcateter de RT, uma doença cardíaca valvar tradicionalmente considerada benigna e muitas vezes deixada sem tratamento.<sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>As opções atuais de tratamento transcateter imitam técnicas cirúrgicas e incluem soluções aprovadas na Europa, como aproximação de folheto, anuloplastia direta e implante de valva heterotópica na veia cava, bem como sistemas de substituição da valva tricúspide transcateter ainda não disponíveis comercialmente, usando implante de válvula ortotópico.<sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
      </sup>(
      <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>
      ) Em comparação com os procedimentos mitrais, as intervenções valvares tricúspides transcateter (IVTT) apresentam vários desafios técnicos e anatômicos adicionais, incluindo difícil visualização do aparelho da VT, anatomia variável com folhetos valvares mais finos e um grande intervalo de coaptação. Recentemente, foi proposto um algoritmo para seleção do dispositivo de IVTT.<sup>
      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
      </sup>(
      <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>
      )</p>
    <p><fig id="f01002">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
      <title>– Opções atuais de intervenção transcateter da VT que estão aprovadas ou sob avaliação clínica. Adaptado de Praz et al. 4</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230006-gf01-pt.tif"/>
      </fig></p>
    <p><fig id="f02002">
      <label>Figura 2</label>
      <caption>
      <title>– Algoritmo para seleção do dispositivo de intervenção valvar tricúspide transcateter. Adaptado de Praz et al. 4 IT: insuficiência tricúspide; GAP: lacuna.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230006-gf02-pt.tif"/>
      </fig></p>
    <sec>
      <title>A anatomia da VT</title>
      <p>A VT é a maior das quatro valvas cardíacas, e sua área varia entre 7 a 9 cm<sup>2</sup>. Devido ao seu grande tamanho e às diferenças baixas de pressão entre o átrio direito (AD) e o ventrículo direito (VD), as velocidades diastólicas transvalvares máximas são tipicamente inferiores a 1 m/s com gradientes médios &lt;2 mmHg.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
        </sup>A VT possui cúspides anterior, septal e posterior. A cúspide anterior geralmente é a maior, com largura de 2,2 cm. As cúspides septal e posterior são notavelmente menores e medem cerca de 1,5 e 2,0 cm, respectivamente.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
        </sup>Além disso, ela é a valva mais apicalmente posicionada, e semelhante à valva mitral, é composta de quatro componentes: o anel fibroso, as três cúspides, os músculos papilares e as cordoalhas tendíneas.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
        </sup>O músculo papilar anterior apresenta cordoalhas para as cúspides anterior e posterior, e o músculo papilar medial, para as cúspides posterior e septal. Já a parede septal fornece cordoalhas as cúspides anterior e septal. Além disso, pode haver conexões acessórias de cordoalhas à parede livre do VD e à banda moderadora.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
        </sup>O anel tricúspide (AT) normal é triangular e em forma de sela.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
        </sup>Quando ocorre a dilatação funcional, o AT se torna mais circular e planar, dilatando na direção do septo para parede lateral (
        <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3E</xref>
        ).<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
        </sup></p>
      <p><fig id="f03002">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
        <title>– A) Janela paraesternal eixo curto (ECOTT). O folheto adjacente à parede livre é o posterior (estrela verde) e o folheto oposto adjacente à aorta é o anterior (estrela azul). B) Janela apical quatro câmaras (ECOTT). O folheto septal da VT está adjacente ao septo (estrela vermelha), enquanto o folheto oposto é o anterior (estrela azul), uma vez que a aorta é visualizada (cruz branca). C) Janela apical quatro câmaras (ECOTT). O folheto septal da VT está adjacente ao septo (estrela vermelha), enquanto o folheto oposto é o posterior (estrela verde), uma vez que o seio coronário é visualizado (“X” branco). D) Plano transgástrico eixo curto (ETE), que é a única visão bidimensional que geralmente fornece visualização simultânea de todas as três cúspides da VT. E) Avaliação das medidas do AT através de reconstrução multiplanar (ETE 3D). F) ETE 3D renderização fotorealista com transparência - visão atrial da VT e suas relações. (P: cúspide posterior; S: cúspide septal; A: cúspide anterior; VAo: valva aórtica; SC: seio coronário; AAD: apêndice atrial direito).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230006-gf03-pt.tif"/>
        </fig></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>O papel do ecocardiograma</title>
      <p>A ecocardiografia é utilizada rotineiramente na prática clínica na avaliação da gravidade da RT. Isso é feito de maneira integrada utilizando o estudo Doppler colorido através do cálculo da área do jato, avaliação da largura da
        <italic>venacontracta,</italic>
        cálculo do fluxo de convergência, além do tamanho e direção do jato regurgitante.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
        </sup>Pelo ecocardiograma transtorácico bidimensional (ECOTT 2D), as três cúspides não podem ser visualizadas simultaneamente, sendo necessária a aquisição de diferentes janelas ecocardiográficas. Pela janela paraesternal longitudinal via de entrada do VD, a cúspide anterior será sempre visualizada no campo proximal, porém no campo distal pode estar a cúspide septal (quando o septo interventricular e/ou o ventrículo esquerdo são visualizados) ou posterior (quando o septo interventricular não é visualizado).<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
        </sup>Na janela paraesternal eixo curto, a cúspide adjacente à aorta é a cúspide septal (quando a via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo é visualizada) ou anterior (
        <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3A</xref>
        ), e a cúspide adjacente à parede livre é geralmente a cúspide posterior (
        <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3A</xref>
        ).<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
        </sup>Na janela apical de quatro câmaras, a cúspide septal estará sempre adjacente ao septo e a cúspide oposta será a anterior quando o transdutor estiver angulado anteriormente e a aorta for visualizada (
        <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3B</xref>
        ). Entretanto, caso o transdutor seja angulado posteriormente com a visualização do seio coronário, a cúspide oposta será a posterior (
        <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3C</xref>
        ).<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
        </sup>O ecocardiograma transesofágico (ECOTE) inclui imagens adicionais, muitas das quais se destinam a melhorar a imagem da VT. Dada a posição do coração em relação ao esôfago e ao estômago, os cortes esófago médio, esôfago distal, transgástrico e transgástrico profundo podem aproximar a sonda da TV para imagens bidimensionais (2D) e tridimensionais (3D).<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
        </sup></p>
      <p>Múltiplas janelas ecocardiográficas são necessárias para a avaliação da VT, começando pelo plano esôfago médio. A janela quatro câmaras permite a visualização da cúspide septal e cúspide anterior; a imagem biplanar pode ajudar a esclarecer qual cúspide é visualizada porque a cúspide anterior é normalmente vista adjacente à aorta (
        <xref ref-type="media" rid="f05002">Vídeo 1</xref>
        ). No plano esôfago distal ao nível do seio coronário, tipicamente se visualizam ascúspides posterior e anterior. Ao avançar a sonda de ECOTE no estômago e girar aproximadamente 20°–60° produz-se o plano transgástrico eixo curto, que é a única visão bidimensional que geralmente fornece visualização simultânea de todas as três cúspides da VT (
        <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3D</xref>
        ). Utilizando a imagem biplanar, todos os pontos de coaptação das cúspides podem ser visualizados. Ao avançar a sonda do ECOTE junto com a flexão anterior direita e retornando o ângulo para 0°–20°, produz-se plano transgástrico profundo da VT.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
        </sup></p>
      <p>
        <media id="f05002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="convite-Bruna-Leal-video_01.mp4">
          <label>Vídeo 1</label>
          <caption>
          <title>– Imagem biplanar pelo plano esôfago médio (ETE). O plano comissural da VT (via de entrada e saída do VD), com utilização de um plano ortogonal simultâneo para melhor identificação das cúspides. (P: cúspide posterior; S: cúspide septal; A: cúspide anterior).</title>
          </caption>
        </media>
      </p>
      <p>A ecocardiografia tridimensional melhorou significativamente a precisão da imagem e identificação das cúspides e componentes anatômicos associados do complexo VT, eliminando a necessidade de reconstrução mental de múltiplos planos 2D. Lang et al sugeriram a padronização da aquisição 3D da VT, com o septo interatrial posicionado inferiormente (às seis horas), assim a cúspide anterior fica à direita, a cúspide posterior à esquerda e a cúspide septal fica no campo distal.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
        </sup>Devido à posição mais anterior das cavidades cardíacas direitas, as imagens 3D da VT pelo ECOTT podem ser iguais ou às vezes melhores que as imagens 3D pelo ECOTE. Como no ECOTT, as imagens 3D da VT pelo ECOTE devem ter como padronização o septo interatrial posicionado inferiormente. Assim, a cúspide anterior fica assim à esquerda, a cúspide posterior à direita e a cúspide septal no campo distal (
        <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3F</xref>
        ).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>A avaliação pós-procedimento</title>
      <p>Um dos principais objetivos para avaliar o sucesso do procedimento percutâneo tricúspide é a avaliação da RT residual. Semelhante à quantificação pré-procedimento, a avaliação pós-procedimento deve tentar quantificar o máximo possível a gravidade da RT. A graduação do RT está bem descrita tanto nos
        <italic>guidelines</italic>
        da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia como nos da Associação Europeia de Imagem Cardiovascular.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
        ,
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
        </sup>Em ambos os documentos, a RT importante é definida como diâmetro da
        <italic>venacontracta</italic>
        ≥0.7 cm; raio do PISA &gt;0.9 cm (quando a velocidade do aliasing=28 cm/s); ERO≥ 40 mm<sup>2</sup>; volume regurgitante ≥ 45 ml; diâmetro da veia cava inferior &gt;25 mm; área do AD &gt;18 cm<sup>2</sup>, forma triangular da RT ao fluxo Doppler contínuo, além do fluxo reverso em veias hepáticas. A medida da área da
        <italic>venacontracta</italic>
        3D (VCA) tem boa correlação com a área do orifício regurgitante. Demonstrou-se que um
        <italic>cut off</italic>
        &gt;0.36 cm<sup>2</sup>para valores VCA 3D tem uma sensibilidade de 89% e especificidade de 84% em predizer RT importante.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
        </sup>No entanto, uma vez que os pacientes submetidos a IVTT frequentemente têm uma área regurgitante anatômica várias vezes maior do que um EROA de 0,40 cm<sup>2</sup>, uma classificação estendida para incluir RT “maciço” e “torrencial” (ambos associados a resultados prejudiciais) foi recentemente foi proposta (
        <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>
        ). Até o momento, a eliminação completa da RT pós-procedimento percutâneo não é alcançável com a tecnologia atual disponível. No entanto, a maioria dos pacientes apresenta melhora significativa da classe funcional com redução de pelo menos dois graus de gravidade da RT (por exemplo, de RT torrencial para a forma importante).<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
        </sup></p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1002">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
          <title>– Classificação estendida para graduação da RT. Adaptada de Hahn et al. 17,18</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Parâmetros</th>
                <th>Discreta</th>
                <th>Moderada</th>
                <th>Moderada/ Importante</th>
                <th>Importante</th>
                <th>Maciços</th>
                <th>Torrencial</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Largura Vena contracta</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 3 mm</td>
                <td align="center">3–6.9 mm</td>
                <td align="center">6–6.9 mm</td>
                <td align="center">7–13 mm</td>
                <td align="center">14–20 mm</td>
                <td align="center"><italic>≥</italic>
                  21 mm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EROA</td>
                <td align="center">20 mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">20–29 mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">30–39 mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">40–59 mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">60–79 mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center"><italic>≥</italic>
                  80 mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume Regurgitante</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 15 mL</td>
                <td align="center">15–29 mL</td>
                <td align="center">30–44 mL</td>
                <td align="center">40–59 mL</td>
                <td align="center">60–74 mL</td>
                <td align="center"><italic>≥</italic>
                  75 mL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fração Regurgitante Eco3D (RNM)*</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 25% (30%)*</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 25–44% (30–49%)*</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 45% (50%)*</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vena Contracta 3D</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">75–94 mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">95–114 mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center"><italic>≥</italic>
                  115 mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1002">
            <p>
              <italic>EROA: área do orifício refurgitante efetivo; RNM: ressonância magnética nuclear.</italic>
            </p>
            </fn></table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Embora seja importante avaliar a RT residual, igualmente importante é a avaliação do tamanho e função sistólica do VD.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
        </sup>Incluindo excursão sistólica do plano do AT (TAPSE), variação fracional da área do VD (FAC), velocidade da onda sistólica do anel lateral tricúspide derivado do Doppler tecidual, índice de performance miocárdica (IPM) do VD, índices de deformação miocárdicas, como o
        <italic>strain</italic>
        longitudinal global ou
        <italic>strain</italic>
        longitudinal da parede livre do VD 2D, além da fração de ejeção do VD pelo método tridimensional. Valores de TAPSE &lt;17 mm, FAC &lt;35%, S’ &lt;9,5 cm/s,
        <italic>strain</italic>
        longitudinal da parede livre do VD &lt;20% (valores absolutos), IPM do VD pelo Doppler pulsado &lt;0,43 s e fração de ejeção do VD 3D &lt;45% são considerados valores anormais de função sistólica do VD<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
        </sup>(
        <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref>
        ).</p>
      <p><fig id="f04002">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
        <title>– Parâmetros quantitativos para avaliação da função do VD (ECOTT). Excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide (TAPSE) (A), variação fracional da área do VD (FAC) (B), velocidade da onda sistólica do anel lateral tricúspide derivado do Doppler tecidual (C), o strain longitudinal da parede livre do VD 2D (D) e avaliação dos volumes do VD e fração de ejeção tridimensional</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230006-gf04-pt.tif"/>
        </fig></p>
      <p>A dilatação significativa do AT é definida por um diâmetro diastólico de ≥40 mm ou &gt;21 mm/m<sup>2</sup>pela janela apical quatro câmaras do ECOTT e é indicativa de RT importante pelas últimas diretrizes da American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
        </sup>Além disso, medidas da distância do
        <italic>thetering</italic>
        da VT (&gt;0.76 cm) e da área do
        <italic>thetering</italic>
        da VT (&gt;1.63 cm<sup>2</sup>) são preditores de recorrência da RT após cirurgia.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
        ,
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
        </sup>O sistema TriClip (Abbott Vascular, Abbott Park, Illinois) é uma adaptação do sistema MitraClip da Abbott Vascular para a VT. O sistema de reparo VT transcateter através da aproximação da borda livre das cúspides tem como objetivo principal restaurar a coaptação entre folhetos e reduzir a área do orifício regurgitante.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
        </sup>A quantificação da gravidade da RT pode ser desafiadora porque os jatos da RT são frequentemente desviados em várias direções. Além disso, é importante informar o número de
        <italic>clips</italic>
        liberados, comissuras/cúspides que foram apreendidas e se existe um único de folheto apreendido pelo dispositivo. Um gradiente transvalvar médio &lt;3 mmHg é aceitável após a liberação do
        <italic>clip</italic>
        .<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
        </sup></p>
      <p>O FORMA Spacer System é um dispositivo que tem como objetivo preencher a lacuna de coaptação decorrente da dilatação do anel e folheto VT. É composto de duas partes: um espaçador, formado por um balão de polímero composto por uma espuma, que é posicionado no orifício regurgitante criando uma superfície para a coaptação das cúspides, e um sistema de ancoragem aderido ao ápice do VD. Após o procedimento FORMA também existe uma dificuldade em quantificar a RT devido a jatos não circulares que surgem ao redor do dispositivo.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
        </sup>É importante descrever no laudo a porcentagem do comprimento do dispositivo em VD e AD.</p>
      <p>As imagens da via de entrada e via de saída do VD são as principais janelas ecocardiográficas pelo ECOTT para avaliar a posição do dispositivo (TriClip e FORMA). As janelas paraesternal eixo curto e subcostal eixo curto também são úteis.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
        </sup>Pelo ETE, o plano esôfago distal é tipicamente o melhor para avaliar o jato regurgitante, a apreensão dos folhetos pelo
        <italic>clip</italic>
        , além da avaliação dos gradientes transvalvares tricúspide.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
        </sup>Os planos transgástricos também são úteis para avaliar a posição dos
        <italic>clips</italic>
        , e avaliação pelo Doppler nos planos transgástricos profundos.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
        </sup>O método PISA geralmente não é viável para avaliação de múltiplos jatos regurgitantes. Uma abordagem semiquantitativa baseada em Doppler colorido e múltiplas janelas ecocardiográficas deve ser necessária em tais pacientes. A área da
        <italic>venacontracta</italic>
        medida por 3D também pode ser útil neste contexto para avaliar a gravidade do RT residual após o procedimento.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
        </sup></p>
      <p>Existem dois dispositivos de IVTT disponíveis no Brasil: a TricValve e a Valve-in-Valve tricúspide. A TricValve (P &amp;F Products &amp; Features Vertriebs GmbH, Viena, Áustria, em cooperação com a Braile Biomedica, São José do Rio Preto, Brasil) consiste em duas válvulas bioprotéticas heterotópicas autoexpansíveis implantadas nas veias cavas superior e inferior e ancoradas no influxo cavo-atrial. Já o implante transcateter de Valve-in-Valve tricúspide através da prótese balão expansível consiste em tratar via percutânea a disfunção de bioprótese valvar tricúspide (
        <xref ref-type="media" rid="f07002">Vídeo 3</xref>
        ). Um recente estudo piloto realizado no Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, de junho de 2015 a agosto de 2022, avaliou 12 pacientes, em sua maioria com cardiopatia congênita (66% Tetralogia de Fallot ou anomalia de Ebstein), submetidos a implante percutâneo de Valve-in-Valve em posição tricúspide por disfunção de bioprótese sintomáticos (50% insuficiência cardíaca classe funcional III-IV NYHA). O principal mecanismo de disfunção de prótese foi insuficiência (66%) e dupla disfunção protética (75%). Foram utilizadas duas próteses balão expansíveis: a Inovare (Braile) em 10 pacientes e a Sapien 3 (Edwards) em 2 pacientes. O tempo médio de internação foi de 12±5,4 dias, com alta em classe funcional NYHA I em 67% dos pacientes. Não houve nenhum óbito intra-hospitalar ou no seguimento de 29 meses, o regime antitrombótico predominante foi antagonista da vitamina K em 10 (83%) e a trombose tardia de bioprótese ocorreu em um (8.3%) paciente (
        <xref ref-type="media" rid="f06002">Vídeo 2</xref>
        ), em vigência de infecção por Covid-19. O controle ecocardiográfico de um ano demonstrou gradiente tricúspide médio 7,7±2,4 mmHge 1 caso com
        <italic>leak</italic>
        paravalvar moderado. Este registro retrospectivo piloto demonstrou segurança, eficácia e melhora significativa dos sintomas no médio prazo.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
        </sup></p>
      <p>
        <media id="f06002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="convite-Bruna-Leal-video_02.mp4">
          <label>Vídeo 2</label>
          <caption>
          <title>– ETE 3D Endoprótese tricúspide (Valve-in-Valve) com restrição da mobilidade de seus folhetos.</title>
          </caption>
        </media>
        <media id="f07002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="convite-Bruna-Leal-video_03.mp4">
          <label>Vídeo 3</label>
          <caption>
          <title>– Imagem Valve-in-Valve tricúspide (prótese Edwards 3 número 29): posicionamento da endoprótese pela imagem do ETE tridimensional.</title>
          </caption>
        </media>
      </p>
      <p>A presença de potenciais complicações de curto a longo prazo, como descolamento do dispositivo, degeneração, ruptura do anel ou folheto, endocardite, derrame pericárdico ou tamponamento cardíaco, trombose protética e presença de regurgitações perivalvares nos casos de Valve-in-Valve tricúspide), além do comprometimento da artéria coronariana direita devem ser pesquisadas e detectadas pelo ECOTT. Em caso de achados duvidosos deve ser solicitado o ETE 2D/3D.<sup>
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
        </sup></p>
    </sec>
  </sec>
  <sec sec-type="conclusions">
    <title>Conclusão</title>
    <p>O interesse pela VT aumentou em um cenário de evidências de que a RT impacta na morbidade e mortalidade dos indivíduos. A complexa anatomia e função da VT implica em uma avaliação utilizando múltiplas janelas e modalidades ecocardiográficas (ECOTT 2D/3D e ECOTE 2D/3D). Após intervenção percutânea da VT deve-se avaliar a RT residual, tamanho do anel, função e tamanho do VD. As principais complicações incluem RT significativa (único de folheto apreendido pelo dispositivo), trombose prótese, endocardite, derrame pericárdico e comprometimento da artéria coronariana direita. Idealmente deve-se realizar o ECOTT um, seis e doze meses, e anualmente após o procedimento.</p>
  </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group><fn fn-type="other">
      <p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
      <p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
      </fn><fn fn-type="other">
      <p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
      <p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn><fn fn-type="supported-by">
      <p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn></fn-group>
  </back>
</sub-article>
</article>
