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<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Imagem cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230005i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>A Clinician’s View of Tricuspid Regurgitation: What do I Need to Know? When to Intervene?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3543-754X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bignoto</surname>
						<given-names>Tiago</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address</label>: Tiago Bignoto Instituto do Coração (InCor) Faculdade de Medicina da USP. Seção de Cardiopatia Estrutural. Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code: 05.403-900. Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>tiagobignoto@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>24</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230005</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>9</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Tricuspid Valve</kwd>
				<kwd>Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Valve Diseases</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Tricuspid valve dysfunction was considered a benign clinical situation for a long time, but with the advancement of diagnostic imaging methods and better clinical stratification of patients with structural heart disease, adequate classification of tricuspid regurgitation has become fundamental to decision making in the context of a Heart Team.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The first assessment to be taken into account is the etiology of the dysfunction. With a low prevalence, the primary etiology, mainly due to rheumatic and congenital causes, has a well-established intervention flowchart, primarily based on the presence of symptoms or hemodynamic repercussions on the right side of the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The secondary etiology is the most prevalent, and it brings many challenges in its approach, as there are a number of conflicting publications regarding proposal of intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		<p>During the natural history of heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, tricuspid insufficiency of at least moderate intensity is common, and it has an unfavorable impact on morbidity and mortality. In this context, even mild regurgitation that is considered progressive, with evolution between serial echocardiograms of 0.2 cm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> in the effective regurgitation orifice (ERO) and 15 mL/beat in the regurgitant volume, has an unfavorable prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Some clinical aspects must be taken into account when evaluating tricuspid insufficiency of functional etiology in order to select patients who may have worse prognosis, and, in this context, the criterion with the greatest impact is permanent atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This clinical condition leads to progressive dilation of the tricuspid annulus and is time-mediated; that is, the longer the patient spends in permanent fibrillation, the greater the dilation and, consequently, the greater the degree of reflux.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Evaluation with multimodal diagnostic imaging methods is currently the recommended systematized approach, seeking anatomical and functional substrates of the tricuspid valve complex and the right ventricle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Transthoracic echocardiography is the first test to be indicated to assess the presence, etiology, and severity classification of tricuspid insufficiency. This valve dysfunction is very sensitive to pre- and post-load, and attention should be paid to the volume status and clinical stability of heart failure during image acquisition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Understanding the limitations of the method, qualitative data, such as anatomical alterations and coaptation failure, and quantitative data, such as ERO and regurgitant volume calculated by proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA), should be analyzed together by an echocardiographer who has experience with structural heart disease. Services that have complementary 3-dimensional echocardiography should use the method to improve the accuracy of the assessment, and complementary transesophageal echocardiography often adds little information, except in limited thoracic acoustic windows.</p>
		<p>Compared to other diagnostic imaging methods, cardiac magnetic resonance has excellent spatial resolution, and it is especially valuable for assessing right ventricular function. Due to the merely moderate correlation of quantitative assessment with echocardiography and the few data available in the literature on clinical impact, the use of the method is still limited.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>Cardiac tomography is important in planning a possible structural intervention with assessment of the annular shape, perimeter, diameter, location, and trajectory of the right coronary artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Efforts for adequate classification of tricuspid insufficiency are currently directed toward the following 2 main groups: those where it is possible to indicate the exact moment when the physiological limits were exhausted and the overload begins to negatively impact ventricular function, and those considered as having important tricuspid insufficiency, but well above the cutoff values. For the latter group, 2 new classifications have emerged, torrential and massive, which have negative prognostic and evolutionary impacts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
		<p>After obtaining multimodality images and extensive discussion in a Heart Team, the criteria for indicating intervention in tricuspid insufficiency are aligned with the main international guidelines. As previously mentioned, primary tricuspid insufficiency in the presence of symptoms or hemodynamic repercussions on the right ventricle is a clear indication for intervention, valve repair being the first option. In the event that this is technically impossible, the implantation of a biological prosthesis is a viable alternative, even with the high prevalence of thromboembolic phenomena, which discourages the implantation of mechanical devices in this topography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Regarding functional etiology, if a patient has significant tricuspid regurgitation and a clear indication for intervention due to another reason, such as left-sided valve disease or even myocardial revascularization, the tricuspid lesion should be corrected during the same surgical time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The presence of a tricuspid annulus greater than or equal to 40 mm assessed by echocardiography through the apical 4-chamber window also indicates a concomitant approach at the same surgical time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The most challenging situation in the presence of functional tricuspid insufficiency is the isolated lesion, with no other indication for intervention. In this context, the data in the literature are controversial as to whether there is clear indication for the approach. Conventional surgery with repair and implantation of a semi-rigid ring does not apparently benefit survival when compared to optimized clinical treatment, but, in very symptomatic cases, valve correction improves functional class.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The isolated approach may have a slightly clearer benefit in patients with very symptomatic functional tricuspid insufficiency in the presence of permanent atrial fibrillation or even in the presence of pacemaker electrodes altering the tricuspid valve dynamics. This fact has also led to a new etiological classification, creating a separate group within the secondary etiology for cases caused by the presence of this device.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In an era of catheter-based technologies, the selection of a device based on the analysis of anatomical characteristics is essential to obtain the best results. Assessment of the regurgitation mechanism should include the annular, leaflet, and subannular components.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In low-risk patients, surgery remains the gold-standard treatment for functional tricuspid insufficiency, but, in cases of high surgical risk, especially during the past decade when a large number of transcatheter devices were developed based on established surgical procedures, the clinical decision may be different.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The greatest experience is related to valve repair with edge-to-edge clipping, in which the most robust data show a reduction in the degree of regurgitation, good echocardiographic evolution, and improved functional class, with little evidence of improvement in mortality, including cases considered to have torrential tricuspid insufficiency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Some annuloplasty devices can be used in patients whose leaflet tethering is less pronounced. The combination of procedures and devices may also be an interesting strategy, depending on the pre-procedure anatomical and functional evaluation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>With the advancement of diagnostic methods and new devices for correcting tricuspid dysfunction, we will, in the coming years, be able to accompany a series of interesting data on clinical impact in the management of these patients, including changes in the level of recommendation for intervention depending on the clinical, anatomical, and functional characteristics, which will always be at the center of the discussion about tricuspid insufficiency.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study Association </p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p> Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
				<p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230005</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Visão do Clínico na Insuficiência Tricúspide: O que Eu Preciso Saber? Quando Intervir?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3543-754X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bignoto</surname>
						<given-names>Tiago</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência</label>: Tiago Bignoto • Instituto do Coração (InCor) Faculdade de Medicina da USP. Seção de Cardiopatia Estrutural. Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP: 05.403-900. Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: tiagobignoto@yahoo.com.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Valva Tricúspide</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência da Valva Tricúspide</kwd>
				<kwd>Doença das Valvas Cardíacas</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A disfunção da valva tricúspide durante muito tempo foi considerada uma situação clínica benigna, mas com o avanço dos métodos diagnósticos por imagem e uma melhor estratificação clínica dos pacientes portadores de cardiopatia estrutural, a adequada classificação de uma regurgitação tricúspide passou a ser fundamental na tomada de decisão em um ambiente de <italic>Heart Team</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A primeira avaliação a ser levada em consideração é a etiologia da disfunção. Tendo baixa prevalência, a etiologia primária, principalmente por causas reumáticas e congênitas, tem seu fluxograma de intervenção bem estabelecido, baseado principalmente na presença de sintomas ou repercussão hemodinâmica do lado direito do coração.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A etiologia secundária é a mais prevalente e traz muitos desafios em sua abordagem, visto que há uma série de publicações conflitantes acerca de uma proposta intervencionista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Durante a história natural de uma insuficiência cardíaca com queda na fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, a insuficiência tricúspide, pelo menos de moderada intensidade, é comum e apresenta impacto negativo em morbimortalidade. Nesse contexto, até mesmo uma regurgitação discreta, mas considerada progressiva, com evolução entre ecocardiografias seriadas de 0,2 cm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> no valor do ERO (<italic>effective regurgitation orifice</italic>) e de 15 mL/batimento no volume regurgitativo, apresenta prognóstico negativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Alguns aspectos clínicos devem ser levados em consideração ao avaliar uma insuficiência tricúspide de etiologia funcional afim de selecionarmos aqueles que possam apresentar pior prognóstico e, nesse contexto, o critério de maior impacto é a presença de uma fibrilação atrial permanente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Essa condição clínica leva à progressiva dilatação do anel tricúspide e é tempo-mediada, ou seja, quanto maior o tempo do paciente em fibrilação permanente, maior a dilatação e, por conseguinte, maior o grau do refluxo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Uma avaliação por métodos diagnósticos de imagem multimodalidade é a abordagem sistematizada preconizada atualmente, buscando substratos anatômicos e funcionais do complexo valvar tricúspide e do ventrículo direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A ecocardiografia transtorácica é o primeiro exame a ser indicado para avaliar a presença, a etiologia e a classificação da gravidade de uma insuficiência tricúspide. Essa disfunção valvar é muito sensível à pré e pós-carga, devendo-se atentar para o status volêmico e estabilidade clínica da insuficiência cardíaca durante a obtenção das imagens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Conhecendo-se as limitações do método, dados qualitativos, como alterações anatômicas e falhas de coaptação, e quantitativos, como os cálculos de ERO e volume regurgitativo pelo método de PISA (<italic>proximal isovelocity surface area</italic>), devem ser analisados em conjunto por ecocardiografista experiente em cardiopatia estrutural. Serviços que disponham de complementação tridimensional devem fazer uso do método para melhorar a acurácia da avaliação e a complementação transesofágica muitas vezes acrescenta pouca informação, exceto em janelas acústicas torácicas limitadas.</p>
			<p>Sobre os outros métodos diagnósticos de imagem, a ressonância magnética cardíaca tem excelente resolução espacial, sendo especialmente valiosa para a avaliação da função ventricular direita. Devido à correlação apenas moderada da avaliação quantitativa com a ecocardiografia e poucos dados disponíveis na literatura sobre impacto clínico, a utilização do método ainda é limitada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Já a tomografia de coração é importante no planejamento de possível intervenção estrutural com avaliação do formato anular, perímetro, diâmetro, localização e trajeto da artéria coronária direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Os esforços para uma adequada classificação da insuficiência tricúspide atualmente se direcionam a dois grandes grupos: aquele que consegue assinalar o momento exato em que os limites fisiológicos foram esgotados e a sobrecarga começa a impactar negativamente a função ventricular, e aquele considerado como insuficiência tricúspide importante, mas que está bem acima dos valores de corte. Para esse último grupo, surgiram duas novas classificações – torrencial e maciça – que apresentam impactos prognósticos negativos e evolutivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Após obtenção de imagens multimodalidade e discussão extensa em ambiente de <italic>Heart Team</italic>, os critérios de indicação de intervenção na insuficiência tricúspide estão alinhados dentro das principais diretrizes internacionais. Como assinalado anteriormente, insuficiência tricúspide primária na presença de sintomas ou de repercussão hemodinâmica do ventrículo direito tem clara indicação de intervenção, sendo o reparo valvar a primeira opção. Em caso de impossibilidade técnica, o implante de prótese biológica é a alternativa viável, mesmo tendo alta prevalência de fenômenos tromboembólicos, motivo esse que desestimula o implante de dispositivos mecânicos nessa topografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Na etiologia funcional, a presença de uma regurgitação tricúspide importante em um paciente que tenha uma clara indicação de intervenção por outro motivo como valvopatia do lado esquerdo ou mesmo revascularização miocárdica, deve ter, no mesmo tempo cirúrgico, efetuada a correção da lesão tricúspide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A presença de um anel tricúspide maior ou igual a 40 mm avaliado na ecocardiografia através da janela apical de 4 câmaras também indica uma abordagem concomitante no mesmo tempo cirúrgico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A situação mais desafiadora na presença de uma insuficiência tricúspide funcional é a lesão isolada, sem outra indicação de intervenção. Nesse contexto, os dados na literatura são controversos sobre a clara indicação de abordagem. A cirurgia convencional com reparo e implante de anel semirrígido aparentemente não apresenta benefício na sobrevida, quando comparada ao tratamento clínico otimizado, mas em casos muito sintomáticos, a correção valvar apresenta melhora na classe funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A abordagem isolada pode ter benefício um pouco mais claro nos pacientes com insuficiência tricúspide funcional muito sintomática na presença de fibrilação atrial permanente ou mesmo na presença de eletrodos de marcapasso alterando a dinâmica valvar tricúspide, fato esse que, inclusive, tem motivado a uma nova classificação etiológica, separando dentro da etiologia secundária aquela causada pela presença desse dispositivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Em uma era de tecnologias baseadas em cateter, a seleção de um dispositivo apoiada na análise das características anatômicas é fundamental para obter os melhores resultados. A avaliação do mecanismo de regurgitação deve incluir componentes anulares, folhetos e subanulares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Em pacientes de baixo risco, a cirurgia continua sendo o tratamento padrão-ouro da insuficiência tricúspide funcional, mas em casos de alto risco cirúrgico e principalmente na última década, em que um grande número de dispositivos transcateteres foram desenvolvidos baseados em procedimentos cirúrgicos já consagrados, a decisão clínica pode ser diferente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A maior experiência está relacionada ao reparo valvar com clipagem borda com borda (<italic>edge-to-edge</italic>), em que os dados mais robustos mostram redução do grau da regurgitação, boa evolução ecocardiográfica e melhora da classe funcional, com pouca evidência sobre melhora na mortalidade, inclusive nos casos considerados como portadores de insuficiência tricúspide torrencial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Alguns dispositivos de anuloplastia podem ser usados em pacientes nos quais o “<italic>tethering</italic>” do folheto é menos pronunciado. Inclusive a combinação de procedimentos e dispositivos pode ser uma estratégia interessante a depender da avaliação anatômica e funcional pré-procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Com o avanço dos métodos diagnósticos e novos dispositivos para correção da disfunção tricúspide, podemos acompanhar nos próximos anos uma série de dados interessantes sobre impacto clínico na abordagem desses pacientes, inclusive com mudanças no grau de recomendação de intervenção a depender das características clínicas, anatômicas e funcionais, que sempre estarão no centro da discussão da insuficiência tricúspide.</p>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p> Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p> Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>