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<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230004i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Contemporary Non-Invasive Imaging in Chronic Coronary Syndrome: What Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance has to Offer</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4774-0888</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Leo</surname>
						<given-names>Isabella</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2435-958X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Araujo</surname>
						<given-names>Laura Torres</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2515-0852</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bucciarelli-Ducci</surname>
						<given-names>Chiara</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label> 1 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Guys’ and St Thomas’ NHS Trust</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">London</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals , Guys’ and St Thomas’ NHS Trust , London – United Kingdom </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Magna Graecia University</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Catanzaro</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , Magna Graecia University , Catanzaro – Italy </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label> 3 </label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">King’s College University</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">London</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences , Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine , King’s College University , London – United Kingdom </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">Correspondência: Chiara Bucciarelli-Ducci • Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guys’ and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust Email: <email>c.bucciarelli-ducci@rbht.nhs.uk</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>06</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>36</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20230004</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>2</day>
					<month>1</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>6</day>
					<month>1</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>9</day>
					<month>1</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Cardiovascular Imaging</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance</kwd>
				<kwd>Stress Imaging</kwd>
				<kwd>Chronic Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="11"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Non-invasive cardiac imaging has an established diagnostic and prognostic role in patients with suspected or known ischemic heart disease (IHD) and the imaging technology has significantly evolved over the years. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has emerged as a robust diagnostic and prognostic imaging modality and it currently represents a valid alternative to other existing and well-validated techniques, but also as a possible first-line strategy.</p>
		<p>Major clinical practice guidelines have been increasingly incorporating stress CMR as a clinical test indicated in patients with chest pain, receiving a Class I recommendation first in the 2014 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for revascularisation, followed by the 2017 ESC guidelines in the diagnosis and management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction which has been recommending CMR as an alternative test for left ventricular (LV) function when echocardiography is suboptimal, but also for the evaluation of myocardial viability and ischemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The recently published 2021 American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC) Guidelines also indicate stress CMR with class I recommendation in patients with acute and chronic chest pain and intermediate risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		<p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Role of cardiac magnetic resonance according to current European and United States Guidelines</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead>
						<tr>
							<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
							<th>Clinical scenarios</th>
							<th>Warranty period</th>
							<th>High-risk markers</th>
							<th>Added benefits</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td>ESC guidelines</td>
							<td align="center">Chronic IHD including: patients with an inconclusive echocardiographic test. In high-risk asymptomatic adults. To prove myocardial ischemia before revascularization.</td>
							<td align="center">1 year</td>
							<td align="center">2 or more of 16 segments with stress perfusion defects or ≥3 dobutamine-induced dysfunctional segments.</td>
							<td align="center">Useful to establish other etiologies (myocarditis etc.)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td>ACC-AHA chest pain guidelines</td>
							<td align="center">Acute and chronic chest pain: Intermediate-risk patients with acute chest pain and no known CAD who are eligible for cardiac testing. Suspected scar. Suspected microvascular disfunction. Acute chest pain plus intermediate risk with known CAD. Patients with an inconclusive echocardiographic test (2a). Chronic: In intermediate to high risk patients with stable chest pain and no known CAD, it is effective for diagnosis of myocardial ischemia and for estimating risk of major adverse cardiac events (1b). Patients with obstructive CAD who have stable chest pain despite optimal medical treatment (1b). Patients with known extensive nonobstructive CAD with stable chest pain symptoms (2a). Patients with persistent stable chest pain and nonobstructive CAD, with the addition of MBFR measurement (2a).</td>
							<td align="center">1 year</td>
							<td> </td>
							<td align="center">Useful to establish other etiologies (myocarditis etc). Higher diagnostic accuracy for CMR versus other non-invasive methods. CMR followed by selective ICA had projected reduced costs by ∼25% when compared with direct referral to ICA.</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN1">
						<p><italic>AHA/ACC: American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology; CAD: coronary artery disease; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; ESC: European Society of Cardiology; ICA: invasive coronary angiography; MBFR: myocardial blood flow reserve; IHD: ischemic heart disease.</italic></p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
		</p>
		<p>Whilst CMR is the gold standard test for the calculation of left and right ventricular volumes, it is unique compared to other imaging modalities due to its ability to non-invasively characterize the myocardial tissue. Using T2-weighted sequences, CMR can visualize myocardial oedema, whilst the use of T1-weighted sequences with gadolinium-based contrast agents allow the delineation of presence and extent of myocardial scarring or fibrosis, thus determining myocardial viability. Finally, its high spatial resolution in stress perfusion (~ 2 mm, compared to ~ 10 mm of single-photon emission computed tomography [SPECT] and ~ 4 mm of positron emission tomography — PET), provides high diagnostic accuracy for the detection of myocardial ischemia (inducible perfusion defects).</p>
		<p>A multi-parametric CMR protocol that includes myocardial edema, viability and ischemia aims at identifying the cause of chest pain both in the acute and in the chronic setting. Clinical scenarios include identifying the ischemic territory, if any, in patients with known or suspected CAD, identify the culprit vessel (edematous territory) in patients with acute coronary syndrome and multivessel disease with unclear culprit lesion, and assess the extent of myocardial viability and hibernation to guide revascularization. In the acute setting, the presence of edema can guide clinical management such as the identification of recent and old infarction or determine the differential diagnosis in patients with suspected myocardial infarction and unobstructed coronary arteries (MINOCA), whether acute myocarditis, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, or small myocardial infarction. All these differentials can be achieved based on the different patterns of myocardial oedema and fibrosis which differ in each condition.</p>
		<p>Finally, initial sequences covering the whole mediastinum and the upper portion of the abdomen are helpful in detecting some of the most common extracardiac causes of atypical chest pain, such as pleural effusion and hiatus hernia.</p>
		<p>The CMR stress perfusion protocol is straightforward, with some similarities with the SPECT protocol. The stressor used is mainly a vasodilator, either adenosine at an infusion rate of 140 mcg/kg/min for 2 to 4 minutes (titrated to 210 mg/kg/min to maximize response) or regadenoson as a single injection of 0.4 mg. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> At maximal vasodilation, contrast agent is injected and first pass perfusion images are acquired (typically 3 short-axis images: base, mid, apical), which are later repeated at rest for comparison. Contraindications are limited, and they include advanced second-degree atrioventricular block, systolic blood pressure &lt; 90 mmHg or &gt; 220/120 mmHg, severe sinus bradycardia (&lt; 40 bpm), active bronchospasm or known hypersensitivity. Dobutamine is used in selected cases such as patients with severe asthmas or those with coronary anomalies and myocardial bridges, following a protocol similar to echocardiography with incremental doses up to a maximum of 40 μg/kg/min. Inducible myocardial perfusion defect, a surrogate for inducible myocardial ischemia, can be assessed qualitatively (visually) as hypointense “darker” (hypoperfused) areas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ). A semi-quantitative evaluation can complement the visual assessment. Recent technical developments include a respiratory motion corrected method with automated in-line perfusion mapping which provides a quantitative assessment of myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) at a segmental or global level. This novel method has been validated against invasive angiography and demonstrated an excellent diagnostic performance and reproducibility. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f01">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Cardiac magnetic resonance in a patient with angina. Stress first-pass perfusion images showed significant inducible myocardial perfusion defect during adenosine infusion in the RCA territory (A, red arrows). The perfusion defect was confirmed by automated in-line perfusion mapping (B, blue areas) and quantified as segmental stress myocardial blood flow (MBF map, bottom right). Late gadolinium enhancement images showed no myocardial infarction or scarring, with all segments fully viable (panel C). The patient was therefore referred for coronary angiography that demonstrated significant stenosis in the RCA.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230004-gf01.tif"/>
				<attrib>RCA: right coronary artery.</attrib>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>There is a wealth of literature and randomized clinical trials underpinning the clinical use of CMR in patients with IHD and its inclusion in all major clinical practice guidelines.</p>
		<p>The Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Myocardial Perfusion Assessment in Coronary artery disease-2 (MR-IMPACT-2) study demonstrated higher sensitivity of stress CMR than SPECT in detecting CAD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The Clinical Evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Coronary Heart Disease (CE-MARC) trial was a head-to-head comparison of stress CMR and SPECT in patient with known or suspected CAD, using invasive angiography as gold standard. It demonstrated that stress CMR has increased diagnostic accuracy compared to SPECT, both in single and multivessel disease, as well as in males and females. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Further, the CE-MARC 2 trial demonstrated that the use of a functional test (SPECT or CMR) significantly reduced the probability of unnecessary coronary angiography in patients with known or suspected CAD (28% versus 7.5% and 7.1% when using stress CMR or SPECT, respectively as gatekeeper for invasive angiography). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Most recently, the MR Perfusion Imaging to Guide Management of Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease (MR-INFORM) trial randomized 918 patients with known or suspected CAD to either stress CMR evaluation or invasive fractional flow reserve obtaining similar clinical outcomes in the two groups, but the coronary revascularization rate was reduced when using CMR. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In terms of prognostication, data coming from the Stress CMR Perfusion Imaging in the United States (SPINS) study also proved that patients with a negative stress CMR or negative late gadolinium enhancement had very low annual rates of cardiovascular death or nonfatal myocardial infarction (&lt; 1%) and coronary revascularization (1% to 3%) during the 5-year follow-up. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The non-invasive CMR-based approach has also proven to be cost-effective for healthcare systems, as demonstrated by consistent savings. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Importantly, approximately half of patients with angina do not have evidence of obstructive CAD, and, if imaged adequately, there is demonstration of MVD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> This is more prevalent in women than in men and in patients with hypertension and diabetes. Quantitative stress CMR is increasingly used in patients with ischemia and unobstructed coronary arteries (INOCA) with excellent diagnostic accuracy. Recent data published by Kotecha and colleagues confirmed the usefulness of these non-invasive CMR parameters of MBF and MPR, with an additional potential role in discriminating between three-vessel disease and MVD, two conditions that are often hard to distinguish without an anatomical test. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A global stress MBF &lt; 1.82 ml/g/min has in fact been proposed as a cut off to discriminate obstructive 3-vessel disease from MVD (area under the curve: 0.94; p &lt; 0.001). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Limitations of CMR include the relatively limited availability (although every MRI scanner has a cardiac package, often unused), high cost, limited access to existing MRI facilities, and a lack of trained CMR imaging specialists. In addition, there are some restrictions when performing CMR in patients with non-conditional devices, and the overall quality of the images acquired could be severely and unpredictably reduced in presence of metallic implants. Gadolinium-based contrast agents are relatively safe. However, caution should be used in presence of severe renal failure due to potential risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and during pregnancy where a careful risk-benefit assessment is mandatory. Nevertheless, the role of CMR has evolved from mainly a research tool to a multi-purpose clinical tool with unquestionable advantages compared to other modalities. This recognized role of CMR in the recently published ESC and AHA/ACC chest pain guidelines is a testament that this technique is part of modern cardiology, and it is here to stay.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
				<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230004</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Imagem Não Invasiva Contemporânea na Síndrome Coronariana Crônica: O que a Ressonância Magnética Cardiovascular de Estresse Tem a Oferecer</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4774-0888</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Leo</surname>
						<given-names>Isabella</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2435-958X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Araujo</surname>
						<given-names>Laura Torres</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2515-0852</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bucciarelli-Ducci</surname>
						<given-names>Chiara</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label> 1 </label>
				<country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guys’ and St Thomas’ NHS Trust, London – United Kingdom </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro – Italy </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label> 3 </label>
				<country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College University, London – United Kingdom </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Chiara Bucciarelli-Ducci • Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guys’ and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust Email: c.bucciarelli-ducci@rbht.nhs.uk</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Imagem Cardiovascular</kwd>
				<kwd>Ressonância Magnética Cardiovascular</kwd>
				<kwd>Imagem de Estresse</kwd>
				<kwd>Síndrome Coronariana Crônica</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A imagem cardíaca não invasiva possui um papel diagnóstico e prognóstico estabelecido em pacientes com doença cardíaca isquêmica suspeita ou conhecida, e a tecnologia de imagem evoluiu tem evoluído significativamente ao longo dos anos. A ressonância magnética cardiovascular (RMC) surgiu como uma modalidade robusta de imagem diagnóstica e prognóstica e atualmente representa uma alternativa válida a outras técnicas existentes e bem validadas, mas também surgiu como uma possível estratégia de primeira linha.</p>
			<p>As principais diretrizes de prática clínica têm cada vez mais incorporado a RMC de estresse como um teste clínico indicado para pacientes com dor torácica. A RMC de estresse recebeu recomendação de classe I pela primeira vez nas diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC) de 2014 para revascularização, seguidas pelas diretrizes da ESC de 2017 no diagnóstico e tratamento do infarto do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST, que tem recomendado a RMC como um teste alternativo para a função ventricular esquerda quando a ecocardiografia é subótima, mas também para a avaliação da viabilidade miocárdica e isquemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As diretrizes da American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC) recentemente publicadas em 2021 também indicam a RMC de estresse com recomendação de classe I para pacientes com dor torácica aguda e crônica e risco intermediário de doença arterial coronariana (DAC) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1002">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Papel da ressonância magnética cardíaca de acordo com as diretrizes atuais europeias e estadunidenses</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>Cenários clínicos</th>
								<th>Período de garantia</th>
								<th>Marcadores de alto risco</th>
								<th>Benefícios adicionais</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Diretrizes da ESC</td>
								<td align="center">Doença cardíaca isquêmica crônica, incluindo: pacientes com exame ecocardiográfico inconclusivo. Em adultos assintomáticos de alto risco. Comprovar isquemia miocárdica antes da revascularização.</td>
								<td align="center">1 ano</td>
								<td align="center">2 ou mais de 16 segmentos com defeitos de perfusão de estresse ou ≥ 3 segmentos disfuncionais induzidos por dobutamina.</td>
								<td align="center">Útil para estabelecer outras etiologias (miocardite etc.)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Diretrizes de dor torácica da ACC-AHA</td>
								<td align="center">Dor torácica aguda e crônica: Pacientes de risco intermediário com dor torácica aguda e sem DAC conhecida que são elegíveis para testes cardíacos. Cicatriz suspeita. Suspeita de MVD. Dor torácica aguda mais risco intermediário com DAC conhecida. Pacientes com exame ecocardiográfico inconclusivo (2a). Crônica: Em pacientes de risco intermediário a alto com dor torácica estável e sem DAC conhecida, é eficaz para o diagnóstico de isquemia miocárdica e para estimar o risco de eventos cardíacos adversos graves (1b). Pacientes com DAC obstrutiva que apresentam dor torácica estável apesar do tratamento médico ideal (1b). Pacientes com DAC extensa não obstrutiva conhecida com sintomas de dor torácica estáveis (2a). Pacientes com dor torácica estável persistente e DAC não obstrutiva, com adição de medição da MBFR (2a).</td>
								<td align="center">1 ano</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Útil para estabelecer outras etiologias (miocardite etc.) Maior precisão diagnóstica para RMC em comparação com outros métodos não invasivos. A RMC seguida de ACI seletiva apresentou custos projetados reduzidos em ∼ 25% quando comparada com o encaminhamento direto para ACI.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="5"> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1002">
							<p>ACI: angiografia coronária invasiva; AHA/ACC: American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology; DAC: doença arterial coronariana; ESC: Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia; MBFR: reserva de fluxo sanguíneo miocárdico; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca; MVD: disfunção microvascular.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Embora a RMC seja o teste padrão-ouro para o cálculo dos volumes ventriculares esquerdo e direito, ela é única em comparação com outras modalidades de imagem devido à sua capacidade de caracterizar o tecido miocárdico de forma não invasiva. Usando sequências ponderadas em T2, a RMC pode visualizar edema miocárdico, enquanto o uso de sequências ponderadas em T1 com agentes de contraste à base de gadolínio permitem delinear a presença e a extensão de cicatriz ou fibrose miocárdica, determinando assim a viabilidade miocárdica. Finalmente, sua alta resolução espacial em perfusão de estresse (~ 2 mm, em comparação com ~ 10 mm de tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único [SPECT] e ~ 4 mm de tomografia por emissão de pósitrons), fornece alta precisão diagnóstica para a detecção de isquemia miocárdica (defeitos de perfusão induzíveis).</p>
			<p>Um protocolo multiparamétrico de RMC que inclui edema, viabilidade e isquemia do miocárdio visa identificar a causa da dor torácica tanto no quadro agudo quanto no crônico. Cenários clínicos incluem identificar o território isquêmico, se houver, em pacientes com DAC conhecida ou suspeita, identificar o vaso culpado (território edematoso) em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda e doença de múltiplos vasos com lesão culpada incerta e avaliar a extensão da viabilidade e hibernação miocárdica para orientar a revascularização. No quadro agudo, a presença de edema pode orientar o manejo clínico como a identificação de infarto recente e antigo ou determinar o diagnóstico diferencial em pacientes com suspeita de infarto do miocárdio com artérias coronárias não obstrutivas (MINOCA, sigla em inglês), seja miocardite aguda, cardiomiopatia de takotsubo ou infarto do miocárdio pequeno. Todos esses diferenciais podem ser alcançados com base nos diferentes padrões de edema e fibrose miocárdica que diferem em cada condição.</p>
			<p>Por fim, as sequências iniciais abrangendo todo o mediastino e a porção superior do abdome são úteis na detecção de algumas das causas extracardíacas mais comuns de dor torácica atípica, como derrame pleural e hérnia de hiato.</p>
			<p>O protocolo de perfusão da RMC de estresse é simples, com algumas semelhanças com o protocolo SPECT. O estressor usado é principalmente um vasodilatador, seja adenosina a uma taxa de infusão de 140 mcg/kg/min por 2 a 4 minutos (titulado para 210 mg/kg/min para maximizar a resposta) ou regadenoson com uma injeção única de 0,4 mg. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Na vasodilatação máxima, o agente de contraste é injetado e as imagens de perfusão de primeira passagem são adquiridas (normalmente 3 imagens de eixo curto: base, meio, apical), que são posteriormente repetidas em repouso para comparação. As contraindicações são limitadas e incluem bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo grau avançado, pressão arterial sistólica &lt; 90 mmHg ou &gt; 220/120 mmHg, bradicardia sinusal grave (&lt; 40 bpm), broncoespasmo ativo ou hipersensibilidade conhecida. A dobutamina é utilizada em casos selecionados, como pacientes com asma grave ou aqueles com anomalias coronarianas e pontes miocárdicas, seguindo um protocolo semelhante ao ecocardiográfico com doses incrementais até, no máximo, 40 μg/kg/min. O defeito de perfusão miocárdica induzível, substituto da isquemia miocárdica induzível, pode ser avaliado qualitativamente (de forma visual) como áreas hipointensas “mais escuras” (hipoperfusão) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ). Uma avaliação semiquantitativa pode complementar a avaliação visual. Desenvolvimentos técnicos recentes incluem um método de correção de movimento respiratório com mapeamento de perfusão em linha automatizada que fornece uma avaliação quantitativa do fluxo sanguíneo miocárdico (MBF, sigla em inglês) e da reserva de perfusão miocárdica (MPR, sigla em inglês) em nível segmentar ou global. Este novo método foi validado contra a angiografia invasiva e demonstrou excelente desempenho diagnóstico e reprodutibilidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01002">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Ressonância magnética cardíaca em um paciente com angina. As imagens de perfusão de primeira passagem de estresse mostraram defeito de perfusão miocárdica induzível significativo durante a infusão de adenosina no território da ACD (painel A, setas vermelhas). O defeito de perfusão foi confirmado por mapeamento de perfusão em linha automatizado (painel B, áreas azuis) e quantificado como MBF de estresse segmentar (mapa MBF, canto inferior direito). As imagens de realce tardio com gadolínio não mostraram infarto do miocárdio ou cicatriz, com todos os segmentos totalmente viáveis (painel C). O paciente foi, portanto, encaminhado para angiografia coronária que demonstrou estenose significativa na ACD.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230004-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					<attrib>ACD: artéria coronária direita.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Existe uma riqueza de literatura com ensaios clínicos randomizados que sustentam o uso clínico da RMC em pacientes com doença cardíaca isquêmica e a sua inclusão em todas as principais diretrizes de prática clínica.</p>
			<p>O estudo Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Myocardial Perfusion Assessment in Coronary artery disease-2 (MR-IMPACT-2) demonstrou maior sensibilidade da RMC de estresse em comparação com SPECT na detecção de DAC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O ensaio Clinical Evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Coronary Heart Disease (CE-MARC) foi uma comparação direta de RMC de estresse e SPECT em pacientes com DAC conhecida ou suspeita, usando angiografia invasiva como padrão-ouro. Nele, foi demonstrado que a RMC de estresse aumentou a precisão diagnóstica em comparação com a SPECT, tanto na doença de um vaso quanto na doença de múltiplos vasos, tanto em homens quanto em mulheres. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Além disso, o ensaio CE-MARC 2 demonstrou que o uso de um teste funcional (SPECT ou RMC) reduziu significativamente a probabilidade de angiografia coronária desnecessária em pacientes com DAC conhecida ou suspeita (28% versus 7,5% e 7,1% ao usar RMC de estresse ou SPECT, respectivamente como <italic>gatekeeper</italic> para angiografia invasiva). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, o ensaio MR Perfusion Imaging to Guide Management of Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease (MR-INFORM) randomizou 918 pacientes com DAC conhecida ou suspeita para avaliação por RMC de estresse ou reserva de fluxo fracionado invasivo, obtendo resultados clínicos semelhantes nos dois grupos, porém com taxa de revascularização coronariana reduzida associado ao uso da RMC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em termos de prognóstico, os dados provenientes do estudo Stress CMR Perfusion Imaging in the United States (SPINS) também comprovaram que pacientes com RMC de estresse negativa ou realce tardio com gadolínio negativo apresentaram taxas anuais muito baixas de morte cardiovascular ou infarto do miocárdio não fatal (&lt; 1 %) e revascularização coronária (1% a 3%) durante o seguimento de 5 anos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A abordagem não invasiva baseada em RMC também provou ter bom custo-benefício para os sistemas de saúde, conforme demonstrado por economia consistente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>É importante ressaltar que aproximadamente metade dos pacientes com angina não apresenta evidência de DAC obstrutiva e, se a imagem for adequada, há demonstração de disfunção microvascular (MVD, sigla em inglês). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Isso é mais prevalente em mulheres do que em homens e em pacientes com hipertensão e diabetes. A RMC de estresse quantitativo é cada vez mais utilizada em pacientes com isquemia com artérias coronárias não obstrutivas (INOCA, sigla em inglês), com excelente acurácia diagnóstica. Dados recentes publicados por Kotecha e colegas confirmaram a utilidade de MBF e MPR enquanto parâmetros não invasivos de RMC, com um papel potencial adicional na discriminação entre doença de três vasos e MVD, duas condições muitas vezes difíceis de distinguir sem um teste anatômico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Uma avaliação global de estresse com MBF &lt; 1,82 ml/g/min foi de fato proposta como um ponto de corte para discriminar entre doença obstrutiva de três vasos e MVD (área sob a curva: 0,94; p &lt; 0,001). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>As limitações da RMC incluem a disponibilidade relativamente limitada (embora todo scanner de ressonância magnética tenha um pacote cardíaco, muitas vezes não utilizado), alto custo, acesso limitado aos serviços de ressonância magnética existentes e falta de especialistas treinados em RMC. Além disso, existem algumas restrições ao realizar RMC em pacientes com dispositivos não condicionais, e a qualidade geral das imagens adquiridas pode ser severa e imprevisivelmente reduzida na presença de implantes metálicos. Agentes de contraste à base de gadolínio são relativamente seguros. Apesar disso, deve-se ter cautela na presença de insuficiência renal grave devido ao risco potencial de fibrose sistêmica nefrogênica e durante a gravidez, quando uma avaliação cuidadosa do risco-benefício é obrigatória. No entanto, o papel da RMC evoluiu de uma ferramenta principalmente de pesquisa para uma ferramenta clínica multifuncional com vantagens inquestionáveis em comparação com outras modalidades. Esse papel reconhecido da RMC nas diretrizes de dor torácica da ESC e da AHA/ACC publicadas recentemente é uma prova de que essa técnica faz parte da cardiologia moderna e veio para ficar.</p>
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					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
					<p>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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