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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20230002i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230002i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>My Approach to &#x201C;Athlete&#x27;s Heart&#x201D;: Evaluation of the Different Types of Adaptation to Exercise</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8258-0584</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Mancuso</surname><given-names>Frederico Jos&#xE9; Neves</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>obtaining financing</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#xE3;o Paulo</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#xE3;o Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP &#x2013; Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Frederico Jos&#xE9; Neves Mancuso</bold> &#x2022; Rua Botucatu, 740 &#x2013; 2<sup>o</sup> andar. Postal Code <postal-code>04023-062</postal-code>. S&#xE3;o Paulo &#x2013; SP. E-mail: <email>fredmancuso@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other">
<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>31</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e20230002</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>08</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>09</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>12</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Exercise-induced adaptation may occur in amateur and professional athletes. This condition is commonly named &#x201C;athlete&#x27;s heart&#x201D;. The alterations observed include dilation of the heart chambers, increased myocardial thickness, improved ventricular filling, increased left ventricular trabeculation, dilation of the inferior vena cava, among others. These changes can also be observed in some heart diseases, such as dilated, hypertrophic and other cardiomyopathies (CMP). Thus, cardiac imaging tests are fundamental in identifying these alterations and in differentiating between &#x201C;athlete&#x27;s heart&#x201D; and possible heart disease.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Athlete&#x27;s heart</kwd>
<kwd>ecocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>cardiomyopathy</kwd>
<kwd>adaptive cardiac remodeling</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="12"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="11"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Exercise-induced structural and/or functional heart alterations have been the object of study for more than 100 years, with their first reports appearing at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, referent to a dilated heart and a lower heart rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The development of complementary exams showed changes in electrocardiograms, chest X-rays, echocardiography, among other exams in athletes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Exercise-induced cardiac remodelling depends on a wide range of variables, including the type of exercise, the intensity, and the duration of training, generally with a &#x201C;dose-effect&#x201D; relation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is interesting to note that other variables are also involved in the adaptation, such as age, ethnicity, gender, and body size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>The growing number of amateur and professional athletes periodically submitted to a cardiological evaluation before participating in activities or during the years of sports practice has led to a challenge in recognizing exercise-induced adaptation and its difference from potentially fatal heart conditions, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CMP), dilated CMP, arrhythmogenic right ventricular CMP, and non-compacted myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<sec>
<title>Types of exercise</title>
<p>Sports activities can be divided, in a simplified manner, into four categories: skill, power, endurance, and mixed. These activities mix, in greater or lesser quantity, isotonic (dynamic) and isometric (static) exercises, according to that described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Chart 1</xref>:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Chart 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Types of exercise and their alterations in cardiovascular physiology<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Type of exercise</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Characteristic</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Cardiac output</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Peripheral vascular resistance</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Result</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Isotonic</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Dynamic</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Significant increase</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Decrease</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Volume overload</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Isometric</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Static</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Slight increase</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Increase</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pressure overload</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>In this sense, the type of exercise will result in the exercise-induced cardiac remodelling observed in these individuals&#x2019; imaging exams. Thus, the greater the load of isotonic exercise, the greater the volume overload and the greater the possibility of observing a dilation in the heart chambers. By contrast, the greater the pressure overload, the greater the possibility of finding a dilation in the myocardial thickness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>It is also important to observe that no type of sport is purely isotonic or isometric. Therefore, physical activities can present a greater or lesser predominance of one type of exercise, such as that mentioned above.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The classification adapted from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology is presented below, which shows the quantity of isometric and isotonic exercise associated with the main sports, as well as the intensity of the cardiac remodelling to them (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Chart 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Chart 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Characteristics of the exercises of different sports and intensity of the cardiac remodelling<sup>2</sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Skill</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Power</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Endurance</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mixed</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Isotonic</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+/-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+/++</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+++/++++</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">++/+++</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Isometric</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+/-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+++/++++</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">++/+++</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">++/+++</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiac remodelling</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+/-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+/++</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">++++</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">++/+++</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sports</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Table tennis, Karate, Golf, Yachting, Equestrianism</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Weight lifting, Judo, Boxing, Short-distance running. Discus/Javelin throw, Olympic Gymnastics, Short-distance skating</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Medium/Long-distance running, Medium/Long-distance cycling, Medium/Long-distance swimming, Triathlon, Canoeing/Rowing, Long-distance skating</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Soccer, Volleyball Basketball, Tennis, Handball, Rugby, Water polo, Fencing</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Thus, it is possible to predict the exercise-induced cardiac remodelling that can be observed in the imaging exams<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Chart 3</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Chart 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Cardiac remodelling according to the characteristic of the exercise<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Isotonic (dynamic) Exercise</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Isometric (static) Exercise</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LV</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dilation</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Minimum alteration in volume and without dilation</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">LV myocardial thickness</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">No alteration or minimal alteration</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Increase</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LV geometry</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Excentric hypertrophy</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Concentric hypertrophy</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">LA</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dilation</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dilation and/or hypertrophy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">RV</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dilation</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">No alteration</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">RA</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dilation</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">No alteration</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<p>RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Other adaptations are observed with sports practice<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Chart 4</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Chart 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Adaptations observed with sports practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Structure</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Adaptation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Improved left ventricular filling</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Wave e&#x27; &#x3E; 9 cm/s E/e&#x27; Ratio &#x3C; 6</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inferior vena cava</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Dilation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Myocardial trabecular</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Prominent trabeculations Increase in trabecular volume</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Intensity and prevalence of exercise-induced cardiac remodelling</title>
<p>Though explained well in the literature and with a consensus regarding the exercise-induced cardiac remodelling described in this text, it is important to emphasize that not all of the athletes present these adaptations in imaging exams.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>For example, many studies conducted to evaluate the different ethnicities and modalities have shown the following prevalence of left ventricular myocardial thickness &#x2265; 12 mm<sup>2</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Chart 5</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t5">
<label>Chart 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Prevalence of LV myocardial thickness &#x2265; 12 mm<sup>2</sup> according to ethnicity</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Ethnicity</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Prevalence</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Blacks</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Caucasians</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Asians</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Arabs</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3C; 1%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>One study evaluating elite athletes showed that 48% of them present a left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) of above 55 mm, while only 14% present a LVDD &#x2265; 60 mm. The average LVDD among women was 48.4 &#xB1; 4.2 mm (varying from 38 to 66 mm), whereas among men the average was 55.4 &#xB1; 4.3 mm (varying from 43 to 70 mm). There was a correlation between the LVDD and the body surface area (r = 0.76; p &#x3C; 0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> demonstrates an example of dilation of the left atrium and left ventricle in an amateur street race athlete.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
 <title>Longitudinal parasternal cut in an echocardiography exam of a 36-year-old man, amateur athlete in marathons (10 K, half-marathons, and marathons). We observed an increase in the diameter of the left atrium (LA) (45 mm) and the diastolic diameter of the left ventricle (LV) (60 mm). RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium; AO: aorta.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230002-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>It is important to highlight that in one study published by Caselli et al. in 2015 in the Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was normal throughout the studied population (1,145 Olympic athletes), with the lower limit for LVEF being 53%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>This same study also showed that the left atrial diameter was larger than that of non-athletes; however, no differences were found when the diameter was indexed for the body surface area. Among athletes, 10% presented an LA diameter of above the reference values. In addition, 5.5% of the athletes presented an LVDD of above 60 mm and only 2.6% showed a myocardial thickness &#x2265; 13 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>In children and adolescent athletes, one can also observe a dilation in the LA and LV, and a slight increase in the myocardial thickness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Differentiation between the exercise-induced adaptation and heart diseases</title>
<p>Some echocardiographic tools, such as the Tissue Doppler (TD) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) aid in the differentiation between the &#x201C;athlete&#x27;s heart&#x201D; and heart diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>The exercise-induced alterations do not reduce the speed of the wave e&#x27; or increase the E/e&#x27; ratio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Another important point, and which can aid in determining the differentiation in relation to heart diseases, is the absence of a decrease in myocardial deformation (Strain values) in the &#x201C;athlete&#x27;s heart&#x201D;, observing negative values of higher than &#x2212;18%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>In questionable cases, the CMR is also very important in the differentiation between the athlete&#x27;s heart and heart diseases, given that, in the athlete&#x27;s heart, there is no delayed enhancement, no hypersignal in T1, or myocardial fat (this final concept in the differentiation from right ventricular arrhythmogenic CMP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>According to the characteristics observed in each &#x201C;athlete&#x27;s heart&#x201D;, the diagnostic differentiation should be performed with hypertrophic CMP, dilated CMP, arrhythmogenic right ventricular CMP, and/or non-compacted myocardium. In some specific cases, this differentiation can be more challenging, since it can exist in a &#x201C;grey area&#x201D; with similar characteristics among the different heart diseases and the exercise-induced adaptations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>&#x201C;Grey area&#x201D; of the overlapping between the &#x201C;athlete&#x27;s heart&#x201D; and some heart diseases (CMP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> CMP: cardiomyopathy.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230002-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Below are some points that aid in the differentiation in relation to each of the following heart diseases<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Chart 6</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t6">
<label>Chart 6</label>
<caption>
<title>Elements that help in the differentiation between adaptation to exercise and cardiomyopathies<sup>2,4,11</sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
<colgroup width="100%">
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Dilated myocardial thickness (13 to 16 mm) &#x2013; Findings that suggest hypertrophic CMP</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Normal or reduced LVDD (&#x3C; 54 mm)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Segmental hypertrophy of the LV</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Alteration of the diastolic function (wave e&#x27; &#x3C; 8.0 cm/s and/or E/A relation &#x3C; 1.0)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Left atrial dilation disproportional to the left ventricular dilation</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Delayed enhancement in the CMR</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Heart chamber dilation &#x2013; Findings that suggest dilated CMP</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Left ventricular dilation disproportional to the other heart chambers</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Alteration in segmental contractility</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Reduced systolic volume</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Delayed enhancement in the CMR</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Prominent Trabeculation in the LV &#x2013; Findings that suggest non-compacted myocardium</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Left ventricular dilation disproportional to the other heart chambers</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Left ventricular systolic dysfunction</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Trabeculation associated with the thinning of the myocardial wall</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Delayed enhancement in the CMR</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Heart chamber dilation &#x2013; Findings that suggest arrhythmogenic right ventricular CMP</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Right ventricular dilation disproportional to the other heart chambers</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Alteration in segmental contractility of the right and/or LV</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Delayed enhancement in the right and/or LV in the CMR</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2">
<p>CMP: cardiomyopathy; LV: left ventricle; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The regular and intense practice of physical activity can induce a wide range of cardiovascular adaptations, including electric, structural, and functional adaptations. These exercise-induced adaptations can often coincide with alterations observed in some heart diseases. Cardiac imaging plays a key role in the differentiation between the &#x201C;athlete&#x27;s heart&#x201D; and pathological cardiovascular alterations, particularly in structural and functional evaluations.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230002</article-id>   
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revis&#xE3;o</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Como Eu Fa&#xE7;o no Cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Atleta: Avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos Diferentes Tipos de Adapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao Exerc&#xED;cio</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8258-0584</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Mancuso</surname><given-names>Frederico Jos&#xE9; Neves</given-names></name>
<role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role>
<role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role>
<role>an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role>
<role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de financiamento</role>
<role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role>
<role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#xE3;o Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP &#x2013; Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Frederico Jos&#xE9; Neves Mancuso</bold> &#x2022; Rua Botucatu, 740 &#x2013; 2<sup>o</sup> andar. CEP <postal-code>04023-062</postal-code>. S&#xE3;o Paulo &#x2013; SP. E-mail: <email>fredmancuso@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold></p>
<p>Declaro n&#xE3;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other">
<p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Daniela do Carmo Rassi</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>A pr&#xE1;tica regular de esportes pode induzir adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es no cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o, sendo essa condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o comumente chamada de &#x201C;cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de atleta&#x201D;. As altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es observadas incluem dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o das c&#xE2;maras card&#xED;acas, aumento da espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica, melhora do enchimento ventricular, aumento da trabecula&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (VE), dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o da veia cava inferior, entre outras. Essas altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es tamb&#xE9;m podem ser observadas em algumas doen&#xE7;as card&#xED;acas, como cardiomiopatia (CMP) dilatada, hipertr&#xF3;fica e outras. Dessa forma, os exames de imagem card&#xED;aca s&#xE3;o fundamentais na identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o dessas altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es e na diferencia&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre o &#x201C;cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de atleta&#x201D; e uma poss&#xED;vel cardiopatia.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de atleta</kwd>
<kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>cardiomiopatia</kwd>
<kwd>remodelamento card&#xED;aco adaptativo</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas estruturais e/ou funcionais induzidas pelo exerc&#xED;cio f&#xED;sico t&#xEA;m sido o objeto de estudo h&#xE1; mais de 100 anos, com relatos iniciais, no final do s&#xE9;culo XIX e in&#xED;cio do s&#xE9;culo XX, de aumento do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o e menor frequ&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Com o desenvolvimento de exames complementares, progressivamente se demonstraram altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es em eletrocardiograma, radiografia de t&#xF3;rax, ecocardiografia, entre outros exames, em atletas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>As adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas induzidas pelo exerc&#xED;cio dependem de diversas vari&#xE1;veis, incluindo tipo de exerc&#xED;cio, intensidade e dura&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos treinamentos, geralmente com rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#x201C;dose-efeito&#x201D;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> &#xC9; interessante notar que outras vari&#xE1;veis tamb&#xE9;m est&#xE3;o envolvidas na adapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o, como idade, etnia, g&#xEA;nero e dimens&#xE3;o corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>O n&#xFA;mero crescente de atletas amadores e profissionais periodicamente submetidos &#xE0; avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o cardiol&#xF3;gica pr&#xE9;-participa&#xE7;&#xE3;o em atividades ou durante os anos de pr&#xE1;tica esportiva leva a um desafio no reconhecimento de altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es adaptativas ao exerc&#xED;cio e sua diferencia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de patologias card&#xED;acas potencialmente fatais, como CMP hipertr&#xF3;fica, CMP dilatada, CMP arritmog&#xEA;nica do ventr&#xED;culo direito (VD) e mioc&#xE1;rdio n&#xE3;o compactado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<sec>
<title>Tipos de exerc&#xED;cios</title>
<p>As atividades esportivas podem ser divididas, de forma simplificada, em quatro categorias: habilidade, for&#xE7;a, endurance e mista. Essas atividades mesclam, em maior ou menor quantidade, exerc&#xED;cios isot&#xF4;nicos (din&#xE2;micos) e isom&#xE9;tricos (est&#xE1;ticos), conforme descrito no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Quadro 1</xref>:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<table-wrap id="t7">
<label>Quadro 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Tipos de exerc&#xED;cio e suas altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es na fisiologia cardiovascular<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Tipo de Exerc&#xED;cios</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Caracter&#xED;stica</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">D&#xE9;bito Card&#xED;aco</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Resist&#xEA;ncia vascular perif&#xE9;rica</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Resultado</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Isot&#xF4;nicos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Din&#xE2;micos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Aumento significativo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Sobrecarga vol&#xEA;mica</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Isom&#xE9;tricos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Est&#xE1;ticos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Aumento discreto</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Aumento</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Sobrecarga press&#xF3;rica</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Dessa forma, o tipo de exerc&#xED;cio ir&#xE1; resultar nas adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas observadas nos exames de imagem desses indiv&#xED;duos. Sendo assim, quanto maior a carga de exerc&#xED;cios isot&#xF4;nicos, maior ser&#xE1; a sobrecarga de volume e maior a possibilidade de observarmos aumento das c&#xE2;maras card&#xED;acas. Por outro lado, quanto maior a sobrecarga press&#xF3;rica, maior a possibilidade de encontrarmos aumento da espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Por sua vez, &#xE9; importante observar que nenhum tipo de esporte &#xE9; puramente isot&#xF4;nico ou isom&#xE9;trico. Assim, as atividades f&#xED;sicas podem apresentar maior ou menor predom&#xED;nio de um tipo de exerc&#xED;cio, como mencionado previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Abaixo, apresenta-se a classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o adaptada da <italic>European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</italic> e da <italic>European Association of Preventive Cardiology</italic>, que mostra a quantidade de exerc&#xED;cio isom&#xE9;trico e isot&#xF4;nico associada aos principais esportes, assim como a intensidade de adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o a eles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Quadro 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<table-wrap id="t8">
<label>Quadro 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Caracter&#xED;sticas dos exerc&#xED;cios dos diferentes esportes e intensidade das adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Habilidade</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">For&#xE7;a</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Endurance</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Mistos</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Isot&#xF4;nico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+/-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+/++</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+++/++++</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">++/+++</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Isom&#xE9;trico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+/-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+++/++++</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">++/+++</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">++/+++</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+/-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">+/++</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">++++</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">++/+++</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Esportes</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">T&#xEA;nis de mesa Carat&#xEA; Golfe Iatismo Hipismo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Levantamento de peso Jud&#xF4; Boxe Corrida de curta dist&#xE2;ncia Arremesso de disco/dardo Gin&#xE1;stica art&#xED;stica Patina&#xE7;&#xE3;o de curta dist&#xE2;ncia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Corrida de m&#xE9;dia/longa dist&#xE2;ncia Ciclismo Nata&#xE7;&#xE3;o de m&#xE9;dia/longa dist&#xE2;ncia Triatlo Canoagem/Remo Patina&#xE7;&#xE3;o de longa dist&#xE2;ncia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Futebol V&#xF4;lei Basquete T&#xEA;nis Handebol Rugby Polo aqu&#xE1;tico Esgrima</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Assim, &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel prever as adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas ao exerc&#xED;cio f&#xED;sico que podem ser observadas nos exames de imagem<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Quadro 3</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t9">
<label>Quadro 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas conforme caracter&#xED;stica do exerc&#xED;cio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Exerc&#xED;cios isot&#xF4;nicos (din&#xE2;micos)</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Exerc&#xED;cios isom&#xE9;tricos (est&#xE1;ticos)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">VE</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o m&#xED;nima do volume ou sem dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica do VE</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sem altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o ou altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o m&#xED;nima</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Aumento</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Geometria do VE</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertrofia exc&#xEA;ntrica</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertrofia conc&#xEA;ntrica</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">AE</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o e/ou hipertrofia</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">VD</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sem altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">AD</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sem altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3">
<p>VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; AE: &#xE1;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#xED;culo direito; AD: &#xE1;trio direito.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Outras adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es s&#xE3;o observadas com a pr&#xE1;tica esportiva<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Quadro 4</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t10">
<label>Quadro 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Outras adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es observadas com a pr&#xE1;tica esportiva<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Estrutura</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Adapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Melhora do enchimento ventricular esquerdo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Onda e&#x27; &#x3E; 9 cm/s Rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x27; &#x3C; 6</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Veia cava inferior</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Trabecular mioc&#xE1;rdica</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Trabecula&#xE7;&#xF5;es proeminentes Aumento do volume das trab&#xE9;culas</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Intensidade e preval&#xEA;ncia das adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas induzidas pelo exerc&#xED;cio</title>
<p>Embora bem demonstrado na literatura e com consenso sobre as adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas induzidas pelo exerc&#xED;cio descritas nesse texto, deve-se enfatizar que nem todos os atletas apresentam essas adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es aos exames de imagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Por exemplo, diversos estudos para avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de diferentes etnias e modalidades demonstraram as seguintes preval&#xEA;ncias de espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica do VE &#x2265; 12 mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Quadro 5</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t11">
<label>Quadro 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Preval&#xEA;ncias de espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica do VE &#x2265; 12 mm<sup>2</sup> conforme a etnia</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Etnia</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Preval&#xEA;ncia</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Negros</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Caucasianos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Asi&#xE1;ticos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle">&#xC1;rabes</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3C; 1%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Um estudo que avaliou atletas de elite mostrou que 48% deles apresentaram a DDVE acima de 55 mm, enquanto apenas 14% apresentaram o DDVE &#x2265; 60 mm. A m&#xE9;dia do DDVE entre as mulheres foi de 48,4 &#xB1; 4,2 mm (variando de 38 a 66 mm), enquanto entre os homens a m&#xE9;dia foi de 55,4 &#xB1; 4,3 mm (variando de 43 a 70 mm). Houve correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre o DDVE e a &#xE1;rea de superf&#xED;cie corp&#xF3;rea (r = 0,76; p &#x3C; 0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> demonstra um exemplo de dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do &#xE1;trio esquerdo e ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo em atleta amador de corrida de rua.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Corte paraesternal longitudinal em exame de ecocardiografia de homem, 36 anos, atleta amador de corridas de rua (10 K, meia-maratona e maratonas). Observa-se aumento do di&#xE2;metro do AE (45 mm) e do di&#xE2;metro diast&#xF3;lico do VE (DDVE) (60 mm). VD: ventr&#xED;culo direito; VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; AE: &#xE1;trio esquerdo; AO: aorta.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230002-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>&#xC9; importante destacar que um estudo publicado em 2015 no <italic>Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography</italic> por Caselli e cols., a fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE (FEVE) foi normal em toda a popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o estudada (1.145 atletas ol&#xED;mpicos), sendo o limite inferior da FEVE de 53%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Nesse mesmo estudo, demonstrou-se que o di&#xE2;metro do &#xE1;trio esquerdo (AE) era maior do que o de indiv&#xED;duos n&#xE3;o atletas, por&#xE9;m n&#xE3;o houve diferen&#xE7;as quando o di&#xE2;metro foi indexado para a &#xE1;rea de superf&#xED;cie corp&#xF3;rea. Entre os atletas, 10% apresentaram di&#xE2;metro do AE acima dos valores de refer&#xEA;ncia. Al&#xE9;m disso, 5,5% dos atletas apresentaram DDVE acima de 60 mm e apenas 2,6% tiveram espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica &#x2265; 13 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em crian&#xE7;as e adolescentes atletas, tamb&#xE9;m pode se observar dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do AE e do VE e aumento discreto da espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Diferencia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de adapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o induzida pelo exerc&#xED;cio com doen&#xE7;as card&#xED;acas</title>
<p>Algumas ferramentas ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficas, como o Doppler tecidual (DT) e a resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca (RMC) auxiliam na diferencia&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre o &#x201C;cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de atleta&#x201D; e doen&#xE7;as card&#xED;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>As altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es induzidas pelo exerc&#xED;cio n&#xE3;o reduzem a velocidade da onda e&#x27; ou aumentam a rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x27;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Outro ponto importante e que auxilia na diferencia&#xE7;&#xE3;o em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o a doen&#xE7;as card&#xED;acas &#xE9; a aus&#xEA;ncia de redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica (valores de <italic>Strain</italic>) no &#x201C;cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de atleta&#x201D;, sendo observados valores negativos superiores aa partir de &#x2212;18%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em casos duvidosos, a RMC tamb&#xE9;m possui grande valor na diferencia&#xE7;&#xE3;o do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de atleta de doen&#xE7;as card&#xED;acas, sendo que, no cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o do atleta, n&#xE3;o se observa realce tardio, hipersinal em T1 ou gordura mioc&#xE1;rdica (essa &#xFA;ltima na diferencia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de CMP arritmog&#xEA;nica do VD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>Conforme as caracter&#xED;sticas observadas em cada &#x201C;cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de atleta&#x201D;, a diferencia&#xE7;&#xE3;o diagn&#xF3;stica deve ser feita com CMP hipertr&#xF3;fica, CMP dilatada, CMP arritmog&#xEA;nica do VD e/ou mioc&#xE1;rdio n&#xE3;o compactado. Em alguns casos espec&#xED;ficos, essa diferencia&#xE7;&#xE3;o pode ser mais desafiadora, j&#xE1; que pode existir uma &#x201C;zona cinzenta&#x201D; com caracter&#xED;sticas semelhantes entre as diferentes doen&#xE7;as card&#xED;acas e as adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es induzidas pelo exerc&#xED;cio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>&#x201C;Zona cinzenta&#x201D; de intersec&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre o &#x201C;cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de atleta&#x201D; e algumas doen&#xE7;as card&#xED;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> CMP: cardiomiopatia.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-36-01-e20230002-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A seguir s&#xE3;o apresentados alguns pontos que ajudam na diferencia&#xE7;&#xE3;o em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o a cada uma dessas doen&#xE7;as card&#xED;acas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Quadro 6</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t12">
<label>Quadro 6</label>
<caption>
<title>Elementos que auxiliam na diferencia&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre adapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao exerc&#xED;cio e cardiomiopatias<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="none">
<colgroup width="100%">
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874;">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica aumentada (13 a 16 mm) &#x2013; Achados que sugerem CMP hipertr&#xF3;fica</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>DDVE normal ou reduzido (&#x3C; 54 mm)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Hipertrofia segmentar do VE</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Obstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o da via de sa&#xED;da do VE</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica (onda e&#x27; &#x3C; 8,0 cm/s e/ou rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/A &#x3C; 1,0)</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do AE desproporcional &#xE0; dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Realce tardio na RMC</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o das c&#xE2;maras card&#xED;acas &#x2013; Achados que sugerem CMP dilatada</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE desproporcional &#xE0;s outras c&#xE2;maras card&#xED;acas</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica do VE</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o contr&#xE1;til segmentar</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Volume sist&#xF3;lico reduzido</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Realce tardio na RMC</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Trabecula&#xE7;&#xE3;o proeminente no VE &#x2013; Achados que sugerem mioc&#xE1;rdio n&#xE3;o compactado</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF;">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE desproporcional &#xE0;s outras c&#xE2;maras card&#xED;acas</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica do VE</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Trabecula&#xE7;&#xE3;o associada ao afilamento da parede mioc&#xE1;rdica</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Realce tardio na RMC</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o das c&#xE2;maras card&#xED;acas &#x2013; Achados que sugerem CMP arritmog&#xEA;nica do VD</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><list list-type="simple">
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VD desproporcional &#xE0;s outras c&#xE2;maras card&#xED;acas</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o contr&#xE1;til segmentar do VD e/ou esquerdo</p></list-item>
<list-item><label>&#x2013;</label><p>Realce tardio em VD e/ou esquerdo na RMC</p></list-item></list></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN4">
<p>VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; AE: &#xE1;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#xED;culo direito; DDVE: di&#xE2;metro diast&#xF3;lico do VE; RMC: resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca CMP: cardiomiopatia.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A pr&#xE1;tica regular e intensa de atividade f&#xED;sica pode induzir diversas adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es no cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o, incluindo adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es el&#xE9;tricas, estruturais e funcionais. Essas adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es induzidas pelo exerc&#xED;cio por vezes podem ser coincidentes com altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es observadas em algumas doen&#xE7;as card&#xED;acas. Os exames de imagem card&#xED;aca desempenham papel fundamental na diferencia&#xE7;&#xE3;o do &#x201C;cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de atleta&#x201D; de altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas patol&#xF3;gicas, particularmente na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o estrutural e funcional.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
<p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
<p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o Acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xC9;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo n&#xE3;o cont&#xE9;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>
