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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223502eabc289</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Is Paclitaxel Less Cardiotoxic in the Treatment of Breast Cancer Before or After Doxorubicin?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Almeida</surname>
						<given-names>André Luiz Cerqueira de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Edval Gomes dos</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Monteiro</surname>
						<given-names>Aluísio José de Oliveira</given-names>
						<suffix>Neto</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santo</surname>
						<given-names>Thyago Monteiro do Espírito</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Almeida</surname>
						<given-names>Paulo André A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Affonseca</surname>
						<given-names>Samuel Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Almeida</surname>
						<given-names>Caroline de Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Matheus Pamponet</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Cecília Lopes Viana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ximenes</surname>
						<given-names>Vitória Régia Beserra Barbosa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Falcão</surname>
						<given-names>Mariana Andrade</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Reis</surname>
						<given-names>Israel Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Suzane Pereira de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Serra</surname>
						<given-names>Maurício Gomes da Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Beatriz Menezes de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Tayla Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Lopes</surname>
						<given-names>Nilson Lima</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Melo</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Misericórdia of Feira de Santana</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Misericórdia of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA - Brazil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">State University of Feira de Santana</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA - Brazil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Paraíba</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB - Brazil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>4</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">UNIFACS</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">UNIFACS Course of Medicine, Salvador, BA - Brazil.</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo •</bold> E-mail: <email>marcelot@alumni.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Author contributions</bold></p>
					<p>Conception and design: Almeida ALC, Melo MDT; Data collection: Melo MDT, Santo TME, Monteiro Neto AJO, Almeida CS, Santos CLV, Souza SP, Serra MGS, Oliveira ABM, Santos TS, Lopes NL, Ximenes VRBB, Lopes NL, Reis IC; Data analysis and interpretation: Santos Junior EG, Affonseca SO, Santo TM, Melo MDT, Almeida ALC; Statistical analysis: Santos Junior EG, Almeida ALC; Writing the manuscript: Almeida ALC, Monteiro Neto AJO, Melo MDT, Almeida PAA; Critical review for intellectual content: Melo MDT, Santos Júnior EGS, Almeida ALC, Affonseca SO.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>13</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc289</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background:</title>
					<p>The combination of doxorubicin (DOX) with paclitaxel (PTX) effectively treats breast cancer (BC). However, DOX-associated cardiotoxicity (CTX) is aggravated by the use of PTX. Consensus is lacking about which drug sequence involves the most CTX.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives:</title>
					<p>To evaluate whether DOX followed by PXT or the reverse sequence has the greatest cardiotoxic potential in the treatment of BC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>Prospective study of women with primary BC who received four cycles of DOX and 12 infusions of PTX. Participants were divided into Group 1 (G1; PXT before DOX) and Group 2 (G2; DOX before PXT) at the discretion of the oncologist. CTX was defined as an absolute reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &gt; 10% to a value &lt;53%. Patients underwent clinical evaluations and echocardiography before treatment (Phase 1) and one year after treatment (Phase 2).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p>Sixty-nine women were evaluated: 19 in G1 and 50 in G2. The groups had similar clinical characteristics. The doses of radiation, DOX, and PTX used were similar. Eight (11.6%) patients developed CTX: two (10.5%) in G1 and six (12.0%) in G2 (p=0.62). The mean LVEF was similar between groups in Phase 1 (G1=65.1±3.5%; G2=65.2±3.9%; p=0.96), with a significant reduction noted after one year in both groups: G1=61.4±8.1% (p=0.021) and G2=60.8±7.6% (p&lt;0.001). Although lower, mean LVEF remained similar between groups after Phase 2 (p=0.79).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions:</title>
					<p>In women with BC who underwent chemotherapy, the incidence of CTX at the end of the first year of treatment was similar regardless of whether DOX was used before or after PTX.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
				<kwd>Paclitaxel</kwd>
				<kwd>Doxorubicin</kwd>
				<kwd>Breast neoplasm</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="24"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Approximately 1.7 million new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 2019. Of them, 270,000 will be breast cancer (BC)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>. In Brazil, the National Cancer Institute estimates approximately 600,000 new cases of cancer in 2019, including 60,000 of BC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>. From 1991 to 2016, the overall cancer mortality rate steadily declined in the US by 27%, translating into approximately 2.6 million fewer cancer deaths than would be expected had mortality rates remained at their peak<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>. The mean 5-year survival rate of patients with BC is approximately 90%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>. The causes of this improvement in survival are multifactorial. Advances in antineoplastic therapy play an important role in this favorable outcome, but this type of therapy is also associated with undesirable cardiotoxic effects<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>.</p>
			<p>Doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX) are potent chemotherapeutic drugs that were introduced in the therapeutic arsenal in the 1960s and 1980s, respectively<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>. The combination of DOX with PTX is widely used in BC patients because of its efficacy against cancer cells<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>. DOX is a chemotherapeutic agent of the anthracycline class that, depending on the dose used, may feature left ventricular (LV) dysfunction as a side effect in 3–48% of cases<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>. PTX and DOX belong to the taxane class (antimicrotubule agents), which have an incidence of cardiotoxicity (CTX) of 1–13%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>. DOX-associated CTX is aggravated by PTX use<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>. In experimental study models, PTX may synergistically aggravate DOX-induced CTX. This result is reportedly more pronounced when PTX is used 24 hours after DOX<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>. Data from the FinHer trial, in contrast, suggested that CTX may remain low when a taxane (docetaxel) is given prior to the anthracycline<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>. Whether due to the therapeutic benefits or possible side effects, consensus is lacking about which drug should be used first in the treatment of BC patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>.</p>
			<p>Echocardiography is an important tool in the follow-up of patients who are antineoplastic therapy candidates. In this scenario, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is the most commonly used echocardiographic parameter for monitoring ventricular function<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>. Although useful, LVEF has low sensitivity for detecting small changes in ventricular function. The evaluation of myocardial deformation through the study of strain by the speckle tracking technique allows detection of subclinical LV dysfunction in several scenarios<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>. The reduction in global longitudinal strain (GLS) in patients undergoing chemotherapy is a sign of subclinical myocardial alterations that occur secondary to cancer therapy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>. The change in GLS in this scenario usually occurs before any change in LVEF is detected<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>.</p>
			<p>The primary objective of this study was to evaluate which sequence has greater cardiotoxic potential in the treatment of BC patients: DOX followed by PTX or the reverse order. The secondary objective was to evaluate GLS and LVEF at the end of the first year of treatment of BC patients undergoing chemotherapy and compare GLS and LVEF between the DOX and PTX use sequences.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>This prospective study included women diagnosed with BC indicated for treatment with DOX and PTX who were admitted to the oncology service of our hospital for chemotherapy during the period of 06/2014 to 07/2015. The exclusion criteria were an LVEF &lt; 55%, previous cancer treatment, segmental dysfunction detected on echocardiography, diagnosis of heart failure by the Framingham criteria, inadequate echocardiographic window for GLS analysis, complex arrhythmia, valvular heart disease, any type of cardiomyopathy, and LV hypertrophy greater than discrete. All patients received four cycles of DOX (60 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) with intervals of three weeks between cycles and 12 weekly infusions of PTX (80 mg/m<sup>2</sup>). The sequence of use of both drugs was at the discretion of the treating oncologist. Participants were divided into Group 1 (PTX before DOX) and Group 2 (DOX before PTX). Patients underwent clinical evaluation and echocardiography prior to treatment initiation (Phase 1) and one year after initiation of DOX (Phase 2). CTX was defined as an absolute reduction in LVEF&gt;10%, to a value &lt;53%, one year after starting DOX<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>. The study was approved by our institution’s research ethics committee. All patients signed an informed consent form.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiography</title>
				<p>Transthoracic echocardiography was performed using a Vivid 6 or Vivid I cardiovascular ultrasound system (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA). All echocardiographic variables were analyzed off-line at the workstation of our service’s echocardiography laboratory. EchoPAC software version 112.0.x (GE Healthcare) was used for these analyses. LVEF was calculated using the modified biplane Simpson method with four- and two-chamber apical views of the LV. The other echocardiographic measurements were calculated based on American Society of Echocardiography guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>.</p>
				<p>Grayscale images of the two-dimensional echocardiograms were obtained in four-, three-, and two-chamber apical views for the measurement of the LV subjective global assessment (SGA). The aortic valve closure time was obtained using pulsed Doppler flow tracing in the aortic valve synchronized with the electrocardiogram.</p>
				<p>The professionals involved in the strain image acquisition received previous training to ensure the acquisition of adequate images for GLS analysis. The images corresponding to the GLS measurement were acquired with a frame rate of 50–80 cycles/s in three total cycles for each image. Proper tracking of points was checked and adjusted manually if necessary.</p>
				<p>The LV SGA was calculated by the mean longitudinal strain values in the basal, mid-, and apical segments obtained in the four-, three-, and two-chamber LV apical views (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). To avoid confusion and following previous recommendations, GLS is expressed as the absolute value (aGLS), thus eliminating the negative sign<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>.</p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Normal longitudinal strain before chemotherapy (A) and decreased longitudinal strain after chemotherapy (B).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc289-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Reproducibility</title>
				<p>To determine intraobserver variability, echocardiograms from 20 randomly selected patients were retested by the same evaluator (FTAA) six months after the initial analysis. To determine interobserver variability, the data of these 20 patients were analyzed by a second evaluator (VRBBX) using the same exams and the same cycles for each.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 2.0. The distribution of the studied variables was analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Quantitative variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and were compared by the <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, while qualitative variables are expressed as frequency and percentage and were compared by the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. The paired <italic>t</italic>test was used to determine if the mean of the differences between two paired samples differed from zero. The interobserver and intraobserver agreements were evaluated by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Values of p&lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Sample</title>
				<p>A total of 76 women with BC were treated with DOX and PTX during the study period. Of them, seven were excluded: two who requested exclusion and five who died before the evaluation in Phase 2 (two of sepsis, one of brain metastasis, one of sudden death, and of unknown cause). Of the 69 patients who composed the sample, 19 (27.5%) were treated with PTX before DOX (Group 1) and 50 (72.5%) were treated with DOX before PTX (Group 2).</p>
				<p>The patients’ main characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. At the start of the study, the two groups were similar in age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, and waist circumference. The same was observed in terms of the main cardiovascular risk factors and the use of cardiovascular drugs.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Patient characteristics by group.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Variable</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Group 1 (n=19)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Group 2 (n=50)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">P value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">50±13</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">49±13</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.76</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">SBP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">133±18</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">131±26</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.79</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">DBP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">83±12</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">81±13</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.63</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">26.9±5.1</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">27.3±4.7</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.74</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">90±12</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">88±14</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.71</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle"><bold>Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">9 (47)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">20 (41)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.63</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (21.1)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (8.5)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.21</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Smoking</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (6.5)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.55</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Sedentary lifestyle</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">15 (83.3)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">36 (81.8)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5.3)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (6.5)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Radiation therapy</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">16 (84.2)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">40 (80)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Trastuzumab</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (15.8)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">14 (28)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.36</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle"><bold>Cardiovascular medication, n (%)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">ACEI</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (13.3)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">8 (22.2)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.70</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Beta-blocker</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (5.6)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">ARB</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (33.3)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (13.2)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.09</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle"><bold>Antineoplastic treatment (n of doses)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">DOX (mg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">240±11</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">237±14</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.38</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PTX (mg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1570±138</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1567±236</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.96</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Radiation (Gy)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">58±5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">56±6</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.39</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation, while categorical variables are shown as frequency (percentage). ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DOX, doxorubicin; PTX, paclitaxel; SBP, systolic blood pressure.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>One patient (1.4%) in Group 2 had bilateral BC. Of the others, 34 (49.3%) had right BC, and 34 (49.3%) had left BC. Seven (37%) Group 1 patients had right BC, while 27 (54%) Group 2 patients had right BC (p=0.18).</p>
				<p>Eight patients (11.6%) developed CTX by the end of the study: two (10.5%) in Group 1 and six (12.0%) in Group 2 (p=0.62) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Cardiotoxicity after 1 year.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc289-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Antineoplastic treatment</title>
				<p>The cumulative dose of DOX and the total dose of PTX did not differ between groups (p=0.38 and p=0.96 for Groups 1 and 2, respectively; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>Radiation therapy was used in 16 (84.2%) patients in Group 1 and 40 (80%) patients in Group 2 (p=1.0). There was no intergroup difference in the radiation dose used (p=0.39; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>Seventeen (24.6%) patients were classified as being <italic>HER2</italic>-positive and, therefore, were treated with trastuzumab: 3 (15.8%) in Group 1 and 14 (28%) in Group 2 (p=0.36; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiographic variables</title>
				<p>The main echocardiographic variables in Phases 1 and 2 are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Echocardiographic parameters by group and study phase.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="20%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Variable</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Group 1 (n=19)</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Group 2 (n=50)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Phase 1</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Phase 2</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Phase 1</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Phase 2</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LVDD (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">44.7±3.8</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">44.2±5.6</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">44.8±3.9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">45.5±4.8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LVSD (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">28.8±3.0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">29.3±5.9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">29.0±3.0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">30.1±4.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">65.1±3.5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">61.4±8.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">†</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">65.2±3.9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">60.8±7.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E/A ratio</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.12±0.40</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.09±0.32</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.09±0.33</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.09±0.37</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E/E' ratio</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">8.6±2.7</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">9.9±3.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">†</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7.9±2.6</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">9.5±3.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral S' wave (cm/s)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6.7±1.0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6.0±1.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">†</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7.2±1.3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6.3±1.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">MAPSE (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">13.2±1.3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">12.2±2.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">†</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">13.4±1.8</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">12.2±1.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">aGLS (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">19.9±2.0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">18.4±2.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">†</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">20.0±2.4</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">18.9±2.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LSRs <sup>(-1)</sup></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.00±0.15</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">-0.90±0.13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">†</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">-1.02±0.17</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">-0.95±0.22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>aGLS, absolute global longitudinal left ventricular strain; LSRs, systolic longitudinal strain rate; LVDD, left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD, left ventricular systolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MAPSE, mitral annular plane systolic excursion.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<label>*</label>
							<p>p&lt;0.05 versus Phase 1 results.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<label>†</label>
							<p>p&lt;0.05 versus Phase 1 results.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>LVEF at baseline was similar between groups (Group 1, 65.1±3.5% versus Group 2, 65.2±3.9%; p=0.96; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). There was a significant decrease in LVEF after one year in both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The LVEF decreased by 3.7% in Group 1 (from 65.1±3.5% to 61.4±8.1%; p=0.021) and by 4.4% in Group 2 (from 65.2±3.9% to 60.8±7.6%; p&lt;0.001). One year after treatment, although lower, LVEF remained similar between groups (Group 1, 61.4±8.1% versus Group 2, 60.8±7.6%; p=0.79; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>LVEF and global longitudinal strain.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Group 1 (n=19)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Group 2 (n=50)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">P value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"><bold>Phase 1, %</bold></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">65,1±3,5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">65,2±3,9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,96</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">aGLS (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">19,9±2,0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">20,0±2,4</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,90</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"><bold>Phase 2, %</bold></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">61,4±8,1</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">60,8±7,6</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,79</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">aGLS (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">18,4±2,3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">18,9±2,7</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,48</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. aGLS, absolute global longitudinal strain of the left ventricle; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>The aGLS results were similar to the LVEF results. There was no intergroup difference in aGLS before treatment (Group 1, 19.9±2.0% versus Group 2, 20.0±2.4%; p=0.90; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). A significant decrease in aGLS was noted in both groups at the end of the first year of chemotherapy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), but the decreases were similar between them (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>Other variables associated with LV systolic function (mitral annular plane systolic excursion [MAPSE], mitral S’ wave, and systolic longitudinal strain rate [LSRs]) followed the same pattern as LVEF and aGLS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The same occurred in the ratio of early diastolic transmitral velocity-to-early diastolic tissue velocity ratio (E/E’ ratio), a variable related to LV diastolic function. However, no change was noted in the early-to-late diastolic transmitral flow velocity ratio (E/A ratio) of mitral flow.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Reproducibility</title>
				<p>There was excellent intraobserver agreement in aGLS (ICC, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.84–0.98) and interobserver (ICC, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.80–0.97).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>The present study demonstrated no difference in the incidence of CTX when DOX followed PTX or, conversely, when PTX followed DOX in the treatment of BC patients. Despite this, a significant decrease in aGLS and LVEF was noted at the end of the first year of chemotherapy. This decrease, however, was similar between the two groups regardless of the drug use sequence.</p>
			<p>Other variables evaluated in our study, such as MAPSE, mitral annulus S’ wave, and LSRs, followed the pattern observed for LVEF and aGLS. These data confer greater robustness to our results because they also provide important information about LV systolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In addition, because it is not possible to evaluate aGLS by using the speckle tracking technique, MAPSE and mitral annulus S’ wave are the variables recommended to ensure an adequate evaluation of LV longitudinal function<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>.</p>
			<p>DOX-associated CTX is aggravated by PTX treatment<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>. The latter increases the plasma concentration of the former<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>. PTX also stimulates the formation of DOX metabolites, which play a key role in the mechanism of CTX<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>. The effect of PTX on DOX metabolites can reportedly be attributed to interference by the PTX carrier in the biliary elimination of the anthracycline molecule, explaining the greater toxicity of the PTX-DOX association versus DOX alone<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>. Studies in laboratory animals have shown that PTX can aggravate DOX-induced CTX, especially when a taxane (paclitaxel) is used after DOX<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>. Another chemotherapeutic taxane, docetaxel, has effects similar to those of PTX<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>. However, the FinHer study showed that docetaxel, when used before DOX, was associated with low CTX rates<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>. Focan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> demonstrated that the use of an anthracycline (epirubicin) on day 1 followed by a taxane (PTX) on day 2 decreased the risks of hematological complications, especially neutropenia. However, the CTX, as in our study, did not change regardless of drug sequence<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>.</p>
			<p>The incidence of CTX in our sample was low (11.6%), similar to the 9% reported by Cardinale et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> but lower than those of other reports in the literature<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>. This relatively low incidence of CTX may be attributed to the low dose of DOX used by our patients (238±13 mg/m<sup>2</sup>). Higher rates are usually seen with higher doses. The increase in CTX related to the DOX-PTX combination is currently prevented by limiting the cumulative dose of DOX to 360 mg/m<sup>2</sup> or separating the infusion of the two drugs by an interval of more than four hours<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>; both approaches were used with our patients. Our patients were at low risk of developing CTX, and some were already using cardioprotective drugs. These factors may also be associated with the low incidence of CTX in our sample.</p>
			<p>The use of more sensitive methods for detecting subclinical ventricular dysfunction, such as GLS, has been very useful for monitoring patients undergoing chemotherapy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>. The data are very consistent regarding the diagnostic value of GLS in CTX screenings among these patients. A relative reduction in aGLS &gt; 15% compared to baseline is strong evidence of subclinical ventricular dysfunction in patients undergoing chemotherapy; furthermore, it is a predictor of an LVEF decrease and subsequent development of heart failure<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>. Charbonnel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> demonstrated that even at low doses of DOX (150 mg/m<sup>2</sup>), aGLS was an independent predictor of future CTX associated with anthracycline use. Our study demonstrated a decrease in aGLS at one year after the start of DOX treatment, a finding that did not depend on the sequence of DOX and PTX use. The patients who composed the sample in our study continue to be followed up to enable the future analysis of the prognostic value of aGLS in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events.</p>
			<p>The choice of the sequence of anthracycline and taxane administration in BC patients is currently based on classical biological factors as well as clinical and demographic factors associated with the risk of disease recurrence<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>. It is customary to use an anthracycline followed by a taxane based on the above information and on historical development, as anthracyclines were introduced first in clinical practice. This influences the routine of many services. However, recent studies reported using taxanes before anthracyclines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>, which has served as an example for other centers. Virtually all of these studies had the main objective of evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs; in most of them, there was no specific design to evaluate the cardiotoxic potential associated with the anthracycline and taxane administration sequences. Focan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> was one of the few that made this evaluation; epirubicin was the anthracycline used. Our study also performed this evaluation, but we used DOX instead. Based on our results, either sequence of DOX and PTX administration is safe from a cardiovascular standpoint since neither increases the risk of CTX in patients with BC. This information can give peace of mind to oncology services when choosing the treatment sequence. However, further studies are needed with larger numbers of patients that use the currently recommended doses and evaluate the CTX potential of possible anthracycline and taxane administration sequences in BC patients.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitations</title>
				<p>Our study has some limitations. Its relatively small number of patients may have contributed to the lack of statistically significant intergroup differences. As the number of patients who developed CTX was small, our findings require confirmation in a larger sample. The fact that the patients come from a single center raises the possibility of selection bias. This issue is attenuated by the fact that the sample comprised all the women who met the study inclusion criteria within one year and were admitted to our hospital’s oncology department for chemotherapy. Due to the variability in GLS among the different manufacturers of echocardiography devices, we cannot guarantee that our results can be replicated with devices of brands other than the one used here. The professionals who acquired the echocardiogram images were not blinded to the examination phase, which may have led to observation bias. And finally, it was not possible to measure biomarker levels, but this was not the objective of our study.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>In the present sample of BC patients referred to begin chemotherapy, the incidence of CTX at the end of the first year of treatment was similar regardless of whether DOX was used before or after PTX. The study also showed significant and similar decreases in aGLS and LVEF at the end of the first year of treatment regardless of the chemotherapeutic agent use sequence.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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					<name>
						<surname>Melo</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Misericórdia of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff7">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff8">
					<label>4</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">UNIFACS Course of Medicine, Salvador, BA - Brasil.</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo •</bold> E-mail: <email>marcelot@alumni.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Contribuição dos autores</bold></p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho do estudo: Almeida ALC e Melo MDT; Coleta de dados: Melo MDT, Santo TME, Monteiro Neto AJO, Almeida CS, Santos CLV, Souza SP, Serra MGS, Oliveira ABM, Santos TS, Lopes NL, Ximenes VRBB, Lopes NL e Reis IC; Análise e interpretação de dados: Santos Junior EG, Affonseca SO, Santo TM e Melo MDT, Almeida ALC; Análise estatística: Santos Junior EG, Almeida ALC; Redação do manuscrito: Almeida ALC, Monteiro Neto AJO, Melo MDT e Almeida PAA; Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante. Melo MDT, Santos Júnior EG, Almeida ALC e Affonseca SO.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Conflito de interesses</bold></p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento:</title>
					<p>A combinação de doxorrubicina com paclitaxel é eficaz no tratamento do câncer de mama. No entanto, a cardiotoxidade associada à doxorrubicina é agravada pelo uso do paclitaxel. Não há consenso sobre qual sequência é mais segura.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos:</title>
					<p>Avaliar qual sequência tem maior potencial cardiotóxico no tratamento do câncer de mama: doxorrubicina seguida de paclitaxel ou o inverso.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos:</title>
					<p>Estudo prospectivo de mulheres com câncer de mama primário. Todos os participantes receberam quatro ciclos de doxorrubicina e 12 infusões de paclitaxel. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos, a critério do oncologista: Grupo 1, que recebeu paclitaxel antes da doxorrubicina, e Grupo 2, que teve doxorrubicina antes do paclitaxel. Definiu-se cardiotoxicidade como uma redução absoluta na fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda &gt;10% para &lt;53%. Os pacientes foram submetidos a avaliação clínica e ecocardiografia antes do tratamento (fase 1) e 1 ano após o tratamento (fase 2).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p>Foram avaliadas 69 mulheres: 19 no Grupo 1 e 50 no Grupo 2. Os grupos apresentavam características clínicas semelhantes. As doses de radiação, doxorrubicina e paclitaxel utilizadas foram semelhantes. Oito (11,6%) pacientes desenvolveram cardiotoxicidade: dois (10,5%) no Grupo 1 e seis (12,0%) no Grupo 2 (p=0,62). A fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda se mostrou semelhante entre os grupos da fase 1 (Grupo 1 = 65,1±3,5; Grupo 2=65,2±3,9; p=0,96), com redução significativa após 1 ano em ambos os grupos: Grupo 1 = 61,4±8,1% (p=0,021) e Grupo 2 = 60,8±7,6% (p&lt;0,001). Embora menor, a fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda permaneceu semelhante entre os grupos após a Fase 2 (p=0,79).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão:</title>
					<p>Nas mulheres com câncer de mama submetidas à quimioterapia, a incidência de cardiotoxicidade ao final do primeiro ano de tratamento foi semelhante, independentemente do uso de doxorrubicina antes ou após o paclitaxel.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
				<kwd>Paclitaxel</kwd>
				<kwd>Doxorrubicina</kwd>
				<kwd>Neoplasias de mama</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>aproximadamente 1,7 milhão de novos casos de câncer serão diagnosticados nos Estados Unidos em 2019. Destes, 270 mil serão câncer de mama (CM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No Brasil, o Instituto Nacional de Câncer (Inca) estima aproximadamente 600 novos novos casos de câncer em 2019, dos quais 60 mil serão CM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> De 1991 a 2016, a taxa geral de mortalidade por câncer diminuiu progressivamente nos Estados Unidos em 27%, traduzindo-se em aproximadamente 2,6 milhões a menos de óbitos por câncer do que seria esperado se as taxas de mortalidade permanecessem em seu pico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Atualmente, a sobrevida média de 5 anos dos pacientes com CM é de aproximadamente 90%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As causas dessa melhora na sobrevida são multifatoriais. Os avanços na terapia antineoplásica desempenham papel importante nesse desfecho favorável, mas esse tipo de terapia também está associado a efeitos cardiotóxicos indesejáveis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A doxorrubicina (DOX) e o paclitaxel (PTX) são quimioterápicos potentes introduzidos no arsenal terapêutico nas décadas de 1960 e 1980, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A combinação de DOX com PTX é amplamente utilizada em pacientes com CM devido à sua eficácia contra células cancerígenas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A DOX é um quimioterápico da classe das antraciclinas que, dependendo da dose utilizada, pode apresentar disfunção ventricular esquerda como efeito colateral em 3% a 48% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O PTX, assim como o docetaxel, pertence à classe dos taxanos (agentes antimicrotúbulos), que apresentam incidência de cardiotoxicidade (CTX) entre 1% e 13% dos casos tratados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A CTX associada à DOX é agravada pelo uso de PTX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em modelos de estudos experimentais, o PTX pode agravar sinergicamente a CTX induzida pela DOX. Esse resultado foi mais pronunciado quando o PTX foi utilizado 24 horas após a DOX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os dados do estudo FinHer, em contraste, sugerem que a CTX pode permanecer baixa quando se administra um taxano (docetaxel) antes da antraciclina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Seja pelos benefícios terapêuticos ou pelos possíveis efeitos colaterais, não há consenso sobre qual medicamento deve ser usado primeiro no tratamento de pacientes com CM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A ecocardiografia é uma ferramenta importante no seguimento de pacientes candidatos à terapia antineoplásica. Nesse cenário, o parâmetro ecocardiográfico mais utilizado para monitorar a função ventricular é a fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda (FEVE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Apesar de útil, a FEVE tem baixa sensibilidade para detectar pequenas alterações na função ventricular. A avaliação da deformação miocárdica, por meio do estudo do <italic>strain</italic> pela técnica de <italic>speckle</italic> tracking, permite detectar disfunção subclínica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) em diversos cenários<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>. A redução do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) em pacientes submetidos à quimioterapia é um sinal de alteração miocárdica subclínica secundária à terapia do câncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A alteração do SLG nesse cenário geralmente ocorre antes de qualquer alteração na FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O objetivo primário deste estudo foi avaliar qual sequência tem maior potencial cardiotóxico no tratamento de pacientes com CM: a DOX seguida de PTX ou o inverso. O objetivo secundário foi avaliar SLG e FEVE ao final do primeiro ano de tratamento de pacientes com CM em tratamento quimioterápico e comparar SLG e FEVE entre as sequências de uso de DOX e PTX.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<p>Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo cuja amostra foi composta por mulheres diagnosticadas com CM com indicação de uso de DOX e PTX, encaminhadas para quimioterapia no serviço de oncologia do nosso hospital no período de junho de 2014 a julho de 2015. Os critérios de exclusão foram FEVE&lt;55%, tratamento oncológico prévio, disfunção segmentar ao ecocardiograma, diagnóstico de insuficiência cardíaca pelos critérios de Framingham, janela ecocardiográfica inadequada para análise de SLG, arritmia complexa, valvopatia, qualquer tipo de cardiomiopatia e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda maior que discreta. Todas as pacientes utilizaram quatro ciclos de DOX (60mg/m<sup>2</sup>) com intervalos de 3 semanas entre os ciclos e 12 infusões semanais de PTX (80mg/m<sup>2</sup>). A sequência de uso de ambos os fármacos ficou a critério do oncologista responsável pelo paciente. As participantes foram divididas em dois grupos: Grupo 1, com PTX antes da DOX, e Grupo 2, com DOX antes do PTX. As pacientes foram submetidas à avaliação clínica e à ecocardiografia antes do início do tratamento (fase 1) e 1 ano após o início da DOX (fase 2). Definiu-se CTX como redução absoluta da FEVE &gt;10% para &lt;53% 1 ano após o início da DOX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da nossa Instituição. Todas as pacientes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Exame ecocardiográfico</title>
					<p>Realizou-se o ecocardiograma transtorácico pelo sistema de ultrassom cardiovascular Vivid 6 ou Vivid I (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee). Todas as variáveis ecocardiográficas foram analisadas <italic>off-line</italic> na estação de trabalho do laboratório de ecocardiografia do nosso serviço. Utilizou-se o <italic>software</italic> EchoPAC versão 112.0.x (GE Healthcare) para essas análises. Calculou-se a FEVE pelo método biplanar de Simpson modificado com cortes apicais de quatro e duas câmaras do VE. As demais medidas ecocardiográficas foram calculadas com base nas recomendações das diretrizes da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
					<p>As imagens em escala de cinza dos ecocardiogramas bidimensionais foram obtidas em cortes apicais de 4, 3 e 2 câmaras para a medição da avaliação global subjetiva (AGS) do VE. O tempo de fechamento da valva aórtica foi obtido pelo traçado de fluxo Doppler pulsado na valva aórtica sincronizado com o eletrocardiograma.</p>
					<p>Os profissionais envolvidos na aquisição das imagens do <italic>strain</italic> receberam treinamento prévio para aquisição adequada de imagens para análise de SLG. As imagens correspondentes à medida do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal foram adquiridas com uma taxa de quadros entre 50 e 80 ciclos/segundo, em um total de três ciclos para cada imagem. O rastreamento adequado dos pontos foi verificado e ajustado manualmente, se necessário.</p>
					<p>A AGS do VE foi calculada pelos valores médios do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal nos segmentos basal, médio e apical obtidos nos cortes apicais do VE de 4, 3 e 2 câmaras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Para evitar confusão e seguindo recomendações anteriores, o SLG foi expresso como valor absoluto (aSLG), eliminando o sinal negativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Strain longitudinal normal antes da quimioterapia (A) e reduzido após a quimioterapia (B).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc289-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Reprodutibilidade</title>
					<p>Para a determinação da variabilidade intraobservador, os ecocardiogramas de 20 pacientes selecionadas aleatoriamente foram retestados pelo mesmo avaliador 6 meses após a análise inicial. Para a variabilidade interobservador, os dados dessas 20 pacientes foram analisados por um segundo avaliador, utilizando os mesmos exames e os mesmos ciclos em cada exame.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada utilizando-se o <italic>software Statistical</italic> Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 2.0. A distribuição das variáveis estudadas foi analisada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As variáveis quantitativas são expressas como média ± desvio-padrão e foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> para amostras independentes ou teste dos sinais de Wilcoxon, ao passo que as variáveis qualitativas são expressas como frequência e porcentagem e foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou pelo teste exato de Fischer. Utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> pareado para determinar se a média das diferenças entre duas amostras pareadas era diferente de zero. As concordâncias interobservador e intraobservador foram avaliadas pelo Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI) com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de p&lt;0,05.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Amostra</title>
					<p>Um total de 76 mulheres com CM utilizaram DOX e PTX durante o período do estudo. Dessas, sete foram excluídas: duas solicitaram a exclusão do estudo e cinco vieram a óbito antes da avaliação na fase 2 (duas por sepse, uma por metástase cerebral, uma por morte súbita e uma por causa desconhecida). Das 69 pacientes que compuseram a amostra, 19 (27,5%) utilizaram PTX antes da DOX (Grupo 1) e 50 (72,5%) utilizaram DOX antes do PTX (Grupo 2).</p>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 1</xref> mostra as principais características das pacientes. No início do estudo, os dois grupos eram semelhantes em idade, pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferência abdominal. O mesmo foi observado em relação aos principais fatores de risco cardiovascular e ao uso de medicamentos cardiovasculares.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Características da amostra.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="25%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Variável</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 1 (n=19)</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 2 (n=50)</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Idade, anos</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">50±13</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">49±13</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,76</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PAS, mmHg</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">133±18</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">131±26</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,79</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PAD, mmHg</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">83±12</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">81±13</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,63</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">26.9±5,1</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">27.3±4,7</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,74</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Circunferência abdominal, cm</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">90±12</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">88±14</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,71</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle"><bold>Fatores de risco cardiovascular, n (%)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertensão</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">9 (47)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">20 (41)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,63</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (21,1)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">4 (8,5)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,21</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (6,5)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,55</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Estilo de vida sedentário</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">15 (83,3)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">36 (81,8)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Dislipidemia</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1 (5,3)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (6,5)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Radioterapia</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">16 (84,2)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">40 (80)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Trastuzumabe</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (15,8)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">14 (28)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,36</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle"><bold>Medicação cardiovascular, n (%)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">IECA</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (13,3)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">8 (22,2)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,70</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Betabloqueador</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">2 (5,6)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">BRA</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (33,3)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">5 (13,2)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,09</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle"><bold>Tratamento antineoplásico, dose</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">DOX (mg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">240±11</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">237±14</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,38</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PTX (mg)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1570±138</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1567±236</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,96</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Radiação (Gy)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">58±5</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">56±6</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,39</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>Resultados expressos como média ± desvio padrão ou n (%). PAS: pressão arterial sistólica; PAD: pressão arterial diastólica; IMC: índice de massa corporal; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; DOX: doxorrubicina; PTX: paclitaxel.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>Uma paciente (1,4%) do Grupo 2 teve acometimento em ambas as mamas. Das demais, 34 (49,3%) tinham câncer na mama direita e 34 (49,3%) tinham câncer na mama esquerda. Sete pacientes do Grupo 1 apresentaram CM na mama direita (37%), e 27 (54%) pacientes do Grupo 2 apresentaram CM na mama direita (p=0,18). Oito pacientes (11,6%) desenvolveram CTX ao final do estudo, sendo duas (10,5%) no Grupo 1 e seis (12,0%) no Grupo 2 (p=0,62) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Cardiotoxicidade após 1 ano.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc289-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tratamento antineoplásico</title>
					<p>A dose cumulativa de DOX e a dose total de PTX não diferiram entre os grupos: p=0,38 e p=0,96 para o Grupo 1 e Grupo 2, respectivamente.</p>
					<p>Utilizou-se radioterapia em 16 (84,2%) pacientes do Grupo 1 e em 40 (80%) pacientes do Grupo 2 (p=1,0). Não houve diferença na dose de radiação utilizada, com p=0,39.</p>
					<p>Dezessete (24,6%) pacientes foram classificadas como HER2 positivas e, assim, usaram trastuzumabe. Dessas, três (15,8%) pacientes estavam no Grupo 1 e 14 (28%) no Grupo 2, com p=0,36.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Variáveis ecocardiográficas</title>
					<p>As principais variáveis ecocardiográficas, obtidas nas fases 1 e 2, são apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Parâmetros ecocardiográficos na fase 1 e fase 2.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="25%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Variável</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Grupo 1 (n=19)</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Grupo 1 (n=50)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Fase 1</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Fase 2</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Fase 1</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Fase 2</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">DDVE, mm</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">44,7±3,8</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">44,2±5,6</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">44,8±3,9</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">45,5±4,8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">DSVE, mm</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">28,8±3,0</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">29,3±5,9</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">29,0±3,0</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">30,1±4,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE, %</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">65,1±3,5</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">61,4±8,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">†</xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">65,2±3,9</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">60,8±7,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Razão E/A</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1,12±0,40</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1,09±0,32</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1,09±0,33</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1,09±0,37</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Razão E/E”</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">8,6±2,7</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">9,9±3,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">†</xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">7,9±2,6</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">9,5±3,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Onda S’ mitral, cm/s</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">6,7±1,0</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">6,0±1,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">†</xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">7,2±1,3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">6,3±1,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">MAPSE, mm</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">13,2±1,3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">12,2±2,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">†</xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">13,4±1,8</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">12,2±1,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">aSLG, %</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">19,9±2,0</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">18,4±2,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">†</xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">20,0±2,4</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">18,9±2,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">TDLS,<sup>-1</sup></td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1,00±0,15</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,90±0,13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">†</xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">-1,02±0,17</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,95±0,22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>Resultados expressos como média ± desvio padrão.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<label>*</label>
								<p>p&lt;0,05 quando comparado aos resultados da fase 1;</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<label>†</label>
								<p>p&lt;0,05 quando comparado aos resultados da fase 1. DDVE: diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo; DSVE: diâmetro sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; MAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano anular mitral; aSLG: strain longitudinal global absoluto do ventrículo esquerdo; TDLS: taxa de deformação longitudinal sistólica.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>A FEVE basal se mostrou semelhante entre os grupos: Grupo 1 = 65,1±3,5% e Grupo 2 = 65,2±3,9%, com p=0,96 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). Houve diminuição significativa da FEVE após 1 ano em ambos os grupos. A FEVE diminuiu 3,7% no Grupo 1 (de 65,1±3,5% para 61,4±8,1%; p=0,021) e 4,4% no Grupo 2 (de 65,2±3,9% para 60,8±7,6%; p&lt;0,001). Um ano após o tratamento, a FEVE, embora menor, permaneceu semelhante entre os grupos: 61,4±8,1% (Grupo 1) e 60,8±7,6% (Grupo 2), com p=0,79.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e strain longitudinal global.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="25%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Variável</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 1 (n=19)</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 2 (n=50)</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
									<td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"><bold>Fase 1, %</bold></td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">65,1±3,5</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">65,2±3,9</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,96</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">aSLG</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">19,9±2,0</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">20,0±2,4</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,90</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
									<td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"><bold>Fase 2, %</bold></td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">61,4±8,1</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">60,8±7,6</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,79</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">aSLG</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">18,4±2,3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">18,9±2,7</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,48</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN10">
								<p>Resultados expressos como média ± desvio padrão. FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; aSLG: strain longitudinal global absoluto do ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>Os resultados do aSLG foram semelhantes aos resultados de FEVE. Não houve diferença no aSLG entre os grupos antes do tratamento: Grupo 1 = 19,9±2,0% e Grupo 2 = 20,0±2,4%, com p=0,90. Houve diminuição significativa do aSLG nos dois grupos ao final do primeiro ano de quimioterapia, mas essa diminuição foi semelhante entre os grupos tratados.</p>
					<p>As demais variáveis associadas à função sistólica do VE (excursão sistólica do plano anular mitral – MAPSE –, onda S’ mitral e taxa de deformação longitudinal sistólica – TDLS) seguiram o mesmo padrão da FEVE e aSLG. O mesmo ocorreu em relação à razão velocidade diastólica precoce transmitral/velocidade diastólica precoce tecidual (razão E/E’), variável relacionada à função diastólica do VE. Não houve alteração na razão da velocidade de fluxo transmitral diastólico precoce para tardio (relação E/A) do fluxo mitral.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Reprodutibilidade</title>
					<p>Houve excelente concordância intraobservador (CCI de 0,94; IC95% 0,84-0,98) e interobservador (CCI de 0,92; IC95% 0,80-0,97) em relação ao aSLG.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O presente estudo demonstrou que não houve diferença na incidência de CTX com o PTX seguido de DOX ou com a DOX seguida de PTX no tratamento de pacientes com CM. Apesar disso, houve diminuição significativa no aSLG e na FEVE ao final do primeiro ano de quimioterapia. Essa diminuição, no entanto, ocorreu de forma semelhante entre os dois grupos, independentemente da sequência de uso do fármaco.</p>
				<p>Outras variáveis avaliadas em nosso estudo, como MAPSE, onda S’ do anel mitral e TDLS, seguiram o padrão observado para FEVE e aSLG. Esses dados conferem maior robustez aos nossos resultados, pois esses parâmetros também fornecem informações importantes sobre a função sistólica do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Além disso, por não ser possível avaliar o aSLG pela técnica de <italic>speckle tracking</italic>, o MAPSE e a onda S’ do anel mitral são as variáveis recomendadas para uma adequada avaliação da função longitudinal do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A CTX associada à DOX é agravada pelo uso de PTX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O último aumenta a concentração plasmática do primeiro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Além disso, o PTX estimula a formação de metabólitos da DOX, que desempenham papel fundamental no mecanismo da CTX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Há relatos de que o efeito do PTX sobre os metabólitos da DOX pode ser atribuído à interferência do carreador do PTX na eliminação biliar da molécula de antraciclina, explicando a maior toxicidade da associação PTX-DOX comparada à DOX isolada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Estudos em animais de laboratório mostraram que o PTX pode agravar a CTX induzida pela DOX, principalmente quando um taxano (PTX) foi utilizado após a DOX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Outro taxano quimioterápico, o docetaxel, causa efeitos semelhantes aos do PTX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, o estudo FinHer mostrou que o docetaxel, quando usado antes da DOX, esteve associado a baixas taxas de CTX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Focan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> demonstraram que o uso de uma antraciclina (epirrubicina) no dia 1 seguido de um taxano (PTX) no dia 2 diminuiu os riscos de complicações hematológicas, notadamente neutropenia. No entanto, a CTX, como em nosso estudo, não se alterou independentemente da sequência de uso do fármaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A incidência de CTX em nossa amostra foi baixa (11,6%), semelhante aos 9% relatados por Cardinale et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> mas inferior a outros relatos da literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Pode-se atribuir essa incidência relativamente baixa de CTX à baixa dose de DOX utilizada por nossos pacientes: apenas 238±13mg/m<sup>2</sup>. Taxas de incidência mais elevadas são geralmente observadas com doses mais altas. Atualmente, o aumento da CTX relacionada à combinação DOX-PTX pode ser evitado limitando-se a dose cumulativa de DOX a 360mg/m<sup>2</sup> ou separando a infusão dos dois medicamentos por um intervalo superior a 4 horas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> ambos realizados com nossas pacientes. Além disso, nossas pacientes apresentavam baixo risco de desenvolver CTX, e algumas já faziam uso de medicamentos cardioprotetores. Esses fatores também podem estar associados à baixa incidência de CTX na amostra.</p>
				<p>A utilização de métodos mais sensíveis para detecção de disfunção ventricular subclínica, como o SLG, tem sido muito útil para o monitoramento de pacientes em quimioterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Os dados são bastante coerentes em relação ao valor diagnóstico do SLG na triagem de CTX nessas pacientes. A redução relativa do aSLG &gt;15% em relação às medidas basais é uma forte evidência de disfunção ventricular subclínica em pacientes submetidas à quimioterapia e, além disso, é preditor de diminuição da FEVE e posterior desenvolvimento de insuficiência cardíaca nessas pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Charbonnel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> demonstraram que, mesmo em baixas doses de DOX (150 mg/m<sup>2</sup>), o aSLG mostrou-se preditor independente de CTX futura associada ao uso de uma antraciclina. Nosso estudo demonstrou diminuição do aSLG 1 ano após o início do tratamento com DOX, achado que não dependeu da sequência de uso de DOX e PTX. Os pacientes que compuseram a amostra em nosso estudo continuam sendo acompanhados para, futuramente, analisar o valor prognóstico do aSLG em pacientes de alto risco para eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
				<p>Atualmente, a decisão sobre a sequência de administração de antraciclinas e taxanos em pacientes com CM se baseia em fatores biológicos clássicos, bem como em fatores clínicos e demográficos associados ao risco de recorrência da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> É normal administrar antraciclina seguida de taxano com base nas informações acima e na evolução histórica, pois as antraciclinas foram introduzidas primeiramente na prática clínica. Isso influencia a rotina de muitos serviços. Recentemente, porém, surgiram estudos que utilizam taxanos antes das antraciclinas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> o que tem servido de exemplo para outros centros. Praticamente todos esses estudos têm como objetivo principal avaliar a eficácia terapêutica dos fármacos e, na maioria dos estudos, não há desenho específico para avaliar o potencial cardiotóxico associado às sequências de administração de antraciclinas e taxanos. O estudo de Focan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> foi um dos poucos que fez essa avaliação, e a antraciclina utilizada foi a epirrubicina. Nosso estudo também fez essa avaliação, mas usamos DOX. Com base em nossos resultados, qualquer sequência para administração de DOX e PTX é segura do ponto de vista cardiovascular, não causando aumento no risco de CTX em pacientes com CM. Essas informações podem conferir tranquilidade aos serviços de oncologia na hora de escolher a sequência a ser utilizada. No entanto, são necessários mais estudos com um número maior de pacientes e utilizando as doses atualmente recomendadas e avaliando o potencial cardiotóxico de possíveis sequências de administração de antraciclinas e taxanos em pacientes com CM.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações</title>
					<p>O presente estudo apresenta algumas limitações. O número relativamente pequeno de pacientes pode ter contribuído para a ausência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos. Como o número de pacientes que desenvolveram CTX foi pequeno, nossos achados precisam ser confirmados em uma amostra maior. O fato de as pacientes serem provenientes de um único centro levanta a possibilidade de viés de seleção. Essa questão é atenuada pelo fato de a amostra ser totalmente composta de mulheres que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão do estudo em 1 ano e foram submetidas à quimioterapia no setor de oncologia do nosso hospital. Devido à variabilidade do SLG entre os diferentes fabricantes de aparelhos de ecocardiografia, não podemos garantir que nossos resultados possam ser replicados com aparelhos de outras marcas que não a utilizada em nosso estudo. Os profissionais que adquiriram as imagens ecocardiográficas não desconheciam a fase do exame, o que pode ter levado a um viés de observação. Não foi possível medir biomarcadores, mas esse não foi o objetivo do nosso estudo.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Na presente amostra, composta de pacientes com câncer de mama encaminhadas para iniciar a quimioterapia, a incidência de cardiotoxidade ao final do primeiro ano de tratamento foi semelhante, independentemente do uso de doxorrubicina antes ou após o paclitaxel. O estudo também mostrou reduções significativas e semelhantes no <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global absoluto e na fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo ao final do primeiro ano de tratamento, independentemente da sequência de uso do agente quimioterápico.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>