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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223502eabc264</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Assessing Myocardial Viability in Clinical Practice</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Miriana Basso</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">University Foundation of Cardiology</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Institute of Cardiology</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Institute of Cardiology/University Foundation of Cardiology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Master’s student at the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Cardionuclear Clinic</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Cardionuclear Clinic, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Miriana Basso Gomes</bold> • Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia – Avenida Princesa Isabel, 395, Santana. CEP <postal-code>90040-371</postal-code> – Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. E-mail: <email>mirianab.gomes@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Author’s contributions</bold></p>
					<p>Data analysis and interpretation, statistical analysis, manuscript writing, and critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: GOMES MB.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p>
					<p>the author has declared that she has no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>13</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc264</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Although assessing myocardial viability is a common cardiology practice, many physicians question the results of diagnostic methods. Nuclear medicine plays an important role in viability studies, but the reports require interpretation in a clinical and pathophysiological context. this article was aimed at reviewing the origin and evolution of myocardial viability. Here we present diagnostic methods by emphasizing nuclear medicine and provide a functional explanation of each test type using example images. We also propose how to act in these cases based on clinic examination findings, the percentage of affected myocardium, and coronary lesion topography (proximal or distal).</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Myocardial Viability</kwd>
				<kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiology</kwd>
				<kwd>Nuclear Medicine</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="16"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="17"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<disp-quote>
			<p><italic>“Do not declare that the stars are dead just because the sky is cloudy.”</italic></p>
			<attrib>Arabic proverb</attrib>
		</disp-quote>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The most common question in the cardiologist’s daily routine regarding interventions in patients with a previous history of infarction or left ventricular dysfunction is as follows: Is the myocardium viable or unviable? However, answering this question is not so simple. In addition to a variety of methods of assessing viability, there are several anatomical possibilities for lesions within the same muscle area. Cases referred by the physician for a viability test are usually complex to diagnose. As René Descartes said: “There are no easy methods to solve difficult problems.” Thus, this review aimed at explaining the principles of viability, especially those used in nuclear medicine tests.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Theoretical background</title>
			<p>The concept of myocardial viability emerged in the early 1980s. Prior to that point, left ventricular dysfunction was considered an “irreversible” process. The term “hibernating myocardium” was created after the perception that some patients had improved ejection fractions after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>An important study at that time was the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> which divided 780 three-vessel disease patients with left ventricular dysfunction into two treatment groups: 1) clinical and 2) surgical. The CASS study showed a significant advantage of surgical therapy. The survival rate was 88% for the surgical group versus 65% for the clinical group (p = 0.009). The pharmacological treatment used at the time of the CASS included no beta-blockers, statins, and angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors; moreover, no mammary grafts were used (only saphenous). Thus, the results cannot be fully extrapolated to the present day, although the concept of left ventricular dysfunction and three-vessel disease are still considered by many as synonymous with surgical therapy.</p>
			<p>But why do patients with coronary lesions develop left ventricular dysfunction? Contractility loss is part of what we call “programmed cell survival.”<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The decreased blood flow decreases oxygenation and the cell increases its anaerobic metabolism to survive. Scarce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> (energy) is recruited to maintain vital functions and not contractility. ATP use in the myocyte is divided into 60% for systolic function, 15% for diastolic function, 5% for electrical activity, and 20% for cell membrane integrity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The so-called hibernating myocardium ceases contractility but maintains cellular metabolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The muscle reduces its contraction as a protective factor to consume minimal energy and prevent cell death. A histological analysis of hibernating myocardium demonstrated non-contractile myocytes with intact membranes and little or no evidence of metabolic apoptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The stunned myocardium is also a mechanism of programmed cell survival, being characterized by contractile dysfunction that follows brief episodes of myocardial ischemia after blood flow has been restored.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Briefly, hibernation is a protective phenomenon that reduces contractility in the setting of a persistently decreased blood flow. On the other hand, stunned myocardium is a consequence of injury in cases in which contractility remains temporarily reduced despite the return of coronary flow.</p>
			<p>It is not always simple to differentiate hibernated from fibrotic myocardium through tests. Each method assesses it according to the following principles of viability<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>:</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Presence of myocardial blood flow</title>
				<p>Myocardial blood flow can be assessed by capturing <sup>99m</sup>technitium-2-methoxyisobutyl-isonitrile (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> MIBI (sestamibi) is a monovalent cation that along with <sup>99m</sup>Tc, forms a radiopharmaceutical that lodges in the mitochondria of myocardial cells. The retention of this tracer in intact mitochondria reflects viable myocytes. In cases of decreased cardiac uptake with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI, imaging can be acquired after the administration of nitrate to improve perfusion with vasodilator stimulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> 99m</sup>Tc-MIBI is not the best method for assessing viability, as viable regions with low blood flow can be misclassified as scars (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Test showing significant necrosis in the territory of the anterior descending coronary artery using 99mtechnitium-2-methoxyisobutyl-isonitrile, with no significant improvement in perfusion noted after nitrate administration.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc264-gf01.tif"/>
					<attrib><italic>Image courtesy of Cardionuclear.</italic></attrib>
				</fig>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cell membrane integrity</title>
				<p>Cell membrane integrity can be assessed using thallium (on single photon emission computed tomography) and rubidium (on positron emission tomography [PET]) scans, which have a physiology similar to potassium ion. Thallium is not a radiopharmaceutical like <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI but rather a radioisotope produced in cyclotron. The physical half-life of thallium-201 is 73 hours. The sodium-potassium pump acts on the cell membrane, enabling the assessment of its integrity through these substances, which are analogous to potassium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Potassium, the main intracellular cation, is absent in scar tissue. As thallium does not bind to organelles within myocytes, it is pushed out of the cell by the same entry mechanism. Thallium excretion from the cell is called redistribution. In this process, normal tissues redistribute thallium faster than ischemic tissues. Therefore, most thallium protocols include only one tracer injection with two image acquisitions, which can consist of rest and redistribution or stress and redistribution.</p>
				<p>The following scenarios are possible:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Changed rest with improved redistribution, leading to necrosis with viability.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Changed rest without improved redistribution, leading to necrosis without viability.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Changed stress with improved redistribution, leading to ischemia with viability.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Changed stress without improved redistribution, leading to necrosis without viability.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Normal stress, leading to normal test findings (no redistribution image required).</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>In some cases, an additional 24-hour late imaging test may be performed after a low-dose reinjection. However, this does not happen with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI, which does not redistribute; therefore, separate injections are required for stress and rest studies at intervals of up to several days between steps.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the test performed on a patient admitted to the hospital with a history of infarction and catheterization with an occluded left anterior descending coronary artery but the presence of collaterals. The initial image taken after stress shows significant apical anterior hypoperfusion, while redistribution images show mild reversibility. As the reversibility area was small in the first acquisitions and the patient experienced symptoms and electrocardiographic changes during stress, late redistribution was performed. Normal tissues redistribute thallium faster than ischemic tissues, so perfusion improvement (viability sign) can be seen on images only after 24 hours.</p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Test of an inpatient with a history of infarction and catheterization with an occluded left anterior descending coronary artery and the presence of collaterals. A) Image taken immediately after stress. B) Image taken after 3 hours of redistribution. C) Image taken after 24 hours of redistribution using thallium-201.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc264-gf02.tif"/>
					<attrib><italic>Image courtesy of Cardionuclear.</italic></attrib>
				</fig>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> shows a test performed with thallium-201. The top line shows rest images with hypoperfusion at the apex and distal portions of the anterior, septal, and inferior walls. The bottom line shows redistribution images (3 hours post-injection) with improved perfusion - a sign of viability.</p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Test using thallium-201.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc264-gf03.tif"/>
					<attrib><italic>Image courtesy of Cardionuclear.</italic></attrib>
				</fig>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Preserved metabolic activity</title>
				<p>Metabolic myocyte activity can be measured by PET.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In the viability protocol, the patient is injected with <sup>18</sup>F-fluorodeoxyglucose (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG), a glucose analog labeled with fluorine-18 when associated with a carbohydrate-free diet. In the situation of chronic ischemia of the hibernated myocardium, the oxygen supply is low and the myocardium partly uses the glycolytic (anaerobic) pathway for energy production, which may be inadequate to maintain contractility but sufficient to maintain cellular metabolism. If the patient is taking a ketotic diet (low in sugars), cellular uptake of this tracer will be low. The hibernated myocardium, unlike normal muscle, involves a chronically activated glycolytic pathway and will be able to capture <sup>18</sup>F-FDG through its residual glucose metabolism, showing viable areas.</p>
				<p>The top line in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> shows a test with thallium-201 evidencing an area of perfusion defect<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> in the territory of the anterior descending coronary artery. The bottom line shows a test with <sup>18</sup>F-FDG evidencing increased capture<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and, therefore, preserved metabolism precisely in areas deficient in thallium-201. These test results are compatible with myocardial viability. Mismatch (viable myocardium) occurs when the perfusion image is changed and metabolism is improved. Match (absent viability) occurs when cases are changed in both studies and, therefore, demonstrate defect pattern agreement (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Image on the top line taken with thallium-201 showing an area of necrosis in the territory of the anterior descending coronary artery.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc264-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figure 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Image mismatch and match.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc264-gf05.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p><sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET associated with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the best method for detecting myocardial viability since MRI assesses the absence of myocytes using late gadolinium enhancement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Interpretation of the results is based on analysis of the transmural extension of the enhancement in relation to the healthy region. When the length of the same segment is less than 50%, the myocardium is viable. When the extension of the same segment is greater than 50%, the myocardium is not viable.</p>
				<p>Finally, viability can also be analyzed through the “contractile reserve” by dobutamine echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Viable myocardium in this situation will have the following characteristics:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Abnormal contractility at rest</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Improved contractility at a low dose of dobutamine</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Unchanged contractility at a high dose of dobutamine</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>A myocardium with ischemia and viability benefits most from revascularization. In such cases, the stress echocardiogram will have the following findings:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Abnormal contractility at rest</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Improved contractility at a low dose of dobutamine</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Worsened contractility at a high dose of dobutamine</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>A viability study is not indicated in cases of a myocardium with normal contractility at rest. If there is some degree of kinesis, necrosis does not predominate. Knowledge of the concept of hibernation is essential to prevent an erroneous request for viability test based only on a previous history of infarction or some electrocardiographic changes. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the main viability assessment methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Summary of the main viability assessment methods.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="16%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Methods</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Radiation</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Duration</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Number of phases</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Sensitivity</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Specificity</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Echocardiography with dobutamine</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Absent</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">30 min</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">-----</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">77-89%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">68-93%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI SPECT</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Moderate</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">90-120 min</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">2 injections</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">81%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">69%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Resonance</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Absent</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">35 min</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">2 injections</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">92%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">51-89%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Thallium-201</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Discharge</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">3 h with additional 24-h IN image</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">1 injection</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">87%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">54%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"><sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Moderate</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">1 h</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">1 injection</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">92%</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">63%</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET, <sup>18</sup>F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography; SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography; <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI, <sup>99m</sup>technitium-2-methoxyisobutyl-isonitrile, IN, if necessary.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Considerations about myocardial perfusion</title>
			<p>Myocardial perfusion changes are not always segmented and homogeneous. Reports would be less complex if the areas without viability were exactly in segments irrigated by a single coronary artery. However, areas of necrosis surrounded by areas of ischemia (or even normal myocardium) in the same topography are a common finding on scintigraphy. For example, a patient may have necrosis without viability in the medial and apical anterior segments that totals 12% of the extension. However, other viable areas are irrigated by the anterior descending coronary artery, such as the basal anterior segments and the entire septal wall. The attending physician may consider not revascularizing this artery since the report showed no viability. However, the territory of the anterior descending coronary artery extends beyond the 12% described; thus, this decision could compromise an important part of the muscle. If we consider three territories in the left ventricular myocardium, the percentage of each main coronary artery will be about 33% of the total. Therefore, the 12% proportion without viability in this area does not represent the physiological importance of the left anterior descending coronary artery. If a patient has lesions in the three main coronary arteries, coronary artery bypass graft surgery cannot be avoided due to a non-viable area of 10–15% and viable area of more than 80%. In addition, the Stich study already showed that a lack of viability was associated with no differences between drug therapy and revascularization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The presence of viability proved to be a good prognostic factor regardless of the approach used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Most methods divide the myocardium into 17 segments, but there are only three main coronary arteries. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze exactly which segments are being irrigated by each of the coronary arteries in each case. Apical necrosis is a very common scintigraphic finding because tissue suffering almost always occurs firstly at the tip of the heart. When a vascular occlusion occurs in the leg, for example, fibrosis starts at the tip of the toes and may extend throughout the foot. The same occurs with the heart, justifying a high prevalence of tissue suffering in the apical region of the left ventricle.</p>
			<p>The apical region comprises the apex (segment 17) and the distal portion of all walls (anterior, septal, inferior, and lateral).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			<p>For example, necrosis may develop if the patient has an infarction involving medial occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery. If short time is available to open the coronary artery, the fibrotic area is likely to be only at the apex. If the delta T is greater, this fibrosis will extend from the apex to the medial portion of the anterior wall and affect the septum.</p>
			<p>A very relevant analysis involves determining whether the coronary lesion(s) is proximal or distal. If the patient has distal lesions and necrosis is present in the periapical segments, the absence of viability is less important even by a method that is not the gold standard, as a smaller tissue area is at risk.</p>
			<p>However, if the patient has proximal or left main coronary lesions, necrosis in the distal portions of the left ventricle should not be decisive for ruling out revascularization. In these cases, a stress test or analysis of clinical and electrocardiographic changes is often more important in the choice of a particular therapy than a viability test alone.</p>
			<p>Imaging tests were performed of a patient with a history of inferior wall infarction and three-vessel lesion. The tests were performed after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and showed necrosis sequelae in the apex and lower basal segment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
			<fig id="f6">
				<label>Figure 6</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Imaging tests of a patient with a history of inferior wall infarction and a three-vessel lesion.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc264-gf06.tif"/>
				<attrib><italic>Image courtesy of Cardionuclear.</italic></attrib>
			</fig>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref> shows the case of a patient with a history of anterior wall infarction and lesions in the anterior and right descending coronary arteries. A viability test quantified necrosis in 15% of the apical anterior extension (bottom line). The use of a stress test was suggested (top row) as the lesions were proximal. Perfusion worsened in the middle and basal anterior segments beyond the bottom wall. The report indicated necrosis with ischemia and viability in the territory of the anterior descending coronary artery and ischemia in the territory of the right coronary artery.</p>
			<fig id="f7">
				<label>Figure 7</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Image of a patient with a history of anterior wall infarction and lesions in the anterior and right descending coronary arteries.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc264-gf07.tif"/>
				<attrib><italic>Image courtesy of Cardionuclear.</italic></attrib>
			</fig>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 8</xref> shows the case of a patient with lesions in the three coronary arteries and an occluded anterior descending coronary artery. A viability test was requested, but a stress test (top row) was suggested to better guide treatment.</p>
			<fig id="f8">
				<label>Figure 8</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Test of a patient with lesions in the three coronary arteries and an occluded anterior descending coronary artery.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc264-gf08.tif"/>
				<attrib><italic>Image courtesy of Cardionuclear.</italic></attrib>
			</fig>
			<p>Despite the significant area of necrosis at rest, worsening that occurs after stress indicates the presence of viable myocardial peri-necrosis. Ischemia also occurs in the other periapical segments (septal, lateral, and inferior).</p>
			<p>Another important change is right ventricular uptake only on post-stress images as a sign of severe ischemia. These findings indicate the need for myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Final messages</title>
			<p>No imaging method can assess viability with 100% sensitivity and specificity, so if it is clinically justified, the physician should consider revascularization.</p>
			<p>The Stich study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> showed that the absence of viability was associated with no differences between drug therapy and revascularization. However, an analysis performed 10 years after that study showed that the ejection fraction increase was greater in patients with viability (regardless of treatment approach).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The Christmas study also reported that patients with heart failure using carvedilol experienced a greater increase in ejection fraction when viability was present.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Therefore, viability can be considered a useful indicator of good prognosis regardless of assessment method.</p>
			<p>Areas with less than 30% viability should be analyzed very carefully, as each of the three main coronary territories corresponds to approximately 33% of the left ventricle. Not revascularizing a coronary artery due to a small percentage of fibrosis may compromise other segments also supplied by the same coronary artery.</p>
			<p>When the fibrotic area is restricted to the apex and surrounding segments, it is important to analyze whether the coronary lesion(s) are proximal or distal. If they are distal, clinical treatment is indicated. If they are proximal, there is a greater tendency to perform invasive therapy due to the higher percentage of myocardium at risk, a stress test may aid in therapeutic decision.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Viabilidade Miocárdica na Prática Clínica</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Miriana Basso</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Mestranda do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Cardiologia e Ciências Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Cardionuclear Clinic, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Miriana Basso Gomes •</bold> Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia – Avenida Princesa Isabel, 395, Santana. CEP <postal-code>90040-371</postal-code> – Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. E-mail: <email>mirianab.gomes@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Contribuição dos autores</bold></p>
					<p>Obtenção de dados, análise e interpretação dos dados, redação do manuscrito, revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Gomes MB.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Conflito de interesses</bold></p>
					<p>A autora declara não ter conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Embora a avaliação da viabilidade miocárdica seja comum na prática do cardiologista, muitos médicos têm dúvidas a respeito dos resultados dos métodos diagnósticos. A medicina nuclear tem papel importante nos estudos de viabilidade, mas os laudos precisam ser interpretados num contexto clínico e fisiopatológico. Este artigo teve o objetivo de revisar a origem e a evolução do conceito da viabilidade miocárdica. São expostos os métodos diagnósticos com ênfase na medicina nuclear com uma explicação funcional sobre cada tipo de exame. A partir disso, são mostradas imagens como exemplos e é proposta uma maneira de atuar nesses casos baseada na clínica, na porcentagem de miocárdio acometido e na topografia das lesões coronarianas (proximais ou distais).</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Viabilidade Miocárdica</kwd>
				<kwd>Infarto Do Miocárdio</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiologia</kwd>
				<kwd>Medicina Nuclear</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<disp-quote>
				<p><italic>“Não declares que as estrelas estão mortas só porque o céu está nublado.”</italic></p>
				<attrib>Provérbio árabe.</attrib>
			</disp-quote>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>No dia a dia do cardiologista, quando há dúvidas sobre alguma intervenção em pacientes com história prévia de infarto ou disfunção ventricular esquerda, é comum surgir a pergunta: mas o miocárdio é viável ou não? Contudo, essa resposta não é tão simples. Além de uma variedade de métodos para avaliação da viabilidade, existem várias possibilidades anatômicas de lesões dentro da mesma área muscular. Quando o médico solicita um exame de viabilidade, geralmente há junto um caso complexo para se decidir. Como já disse René Descartes: “Não existem métodos fáceis para se resolver problemas difíceis.” Então o objetivo dessa revisão é explicar os princípios da viabilidade, principalmente os utilizados nos exames de medicina nuclear.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Base teórica</title>
				<p>O conceito de viabilidade miocárdica surgiu no começo dos anos 1980. Antes disso, acreditava-se que a disfunção ventricular esquerda fosse um processo “irreversível”. O termo “miocárdio hibernante” foi criado após a percepção de que alguns pacientes apresentavam melhora da fração de ejeção após uma cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Um estudo importante da época foi o CASS (<italic>Coronary Artery Surgery Study</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Esse trabalho dividiu 780 pacientes trivasculares com disfunção ventricular esquerda em dois grupos: tratamento clínico e cirúrgico. O CASS revelou vantagem significativa favorecendo a terapia cirúrgica. A sobrevida foi de 88% para o grupo cirúrgico e 65% para o medicamentoso (p=0,009). Ressalte-se que o tratamento farmacológico realizado na época do CASS não dispunha de betabloqueadores, estatinas e inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA), e também não se utilizavam enxertos com mamária (apenas safena). Dessa forma os resultados não podem ser totalmente extrapolados para os dias atuais, embora o conceito de disfunção ventricular esquerda e lesão de três vasos seja até hoje incorporado por muitos como sinônimo de terapia cirúrgica.</p>
				<p>Porém por que pacientes com lesões coronarianas desenvolvem disfunção ventricular esquerda? A perda da contratilidade faz parte do que chamamos de sobrevida celular programada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Com a diminuição do fluxo sanguíneo, ocorre queda da oxigenação e a célula aumenta seu metabolismo anaeróbio para sobreviver. Devido à escassez da quantidade de adenosina trifosfato (ATP)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> (energia), ele acaba sendo recrutado para a manutenção das funções vitais e não para contratilidade. O uso do ATP no miócito pode ser dividido da seguinte forma: 60% para a função sistólica, 15% para função diastólica, 5% para atividade elétrica e 20% para integridade da membrana celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O miocárdio que cessa sua atividade contrátil, mas que mantém seu metabolismo celular, é chamado de miocárdio hibernante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O músculo reduz sua contração como fator de proteção para que seja consumido o mínimo de energia, prevenindo dessa forma a morte celular. A análise histológica do miocárdio hibernante demonstra miócitos em estado não contrátil, com membranas intactas e metabolismo com pequena ou nenhuma evidência de apoptose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O miocárdio atordoado também faz parte dos mecanismos de sobrevida celular programada, sendo caracterizado por uma disfunção contrátil que se segue a breves episódios de isquemia miocárdica, após o fluxo sanguíneo já ter sido restaurado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Resumidamente, a hibernação é um fenômeno de proteção que reduz a contratilidade quando há uma diminuição persistente no fluxo sanguíneo. Já o atordoamento é uma manifestação de injúria em que permanece uma redução contrátil provisória, mesmo após o retorno do fluxo coronariano.</p>
				<p>A diferenciação entre o miocárdio hibernado em relação ao miocárdio com fibrose nem sempre é simples por meio dos exames. Cada método tem sua maneira de avaliação conforme os princípios da viabilidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> que são descritos a seguir.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Presença de fluxo sanguíneo miocárdico</title>
					<p>O fluxo sanguíneo miocárdico pode ser avaliado por meio da captação do tecnécio sestamibi <sup>99m</sup>Tc (2-methoxy isobutil isonitrila).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O sestamibi é um cátion monovalente que, junto do 99m-tecnécio, forma um radiofármaco que se aloja nas mitocôndrias das células miocárdicas. A retenção desse traçador em mitocôndrias intactas reflete miócitos viáveis. Em casos de diminuição da captação cardíaca com tecnécio sestamibi <sup>99m</sup>Tc, podem-se realizar imagens após administração de nitrato como tentativa de melhorar a perfusão com estímulo vasodilatador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O tecnécio sestamibi <sup>99m</sup>Tc não é o melhor método para avaliação de viabilidade, pois regiões viáveis com baixo fluxo sanguíneo podem ser erroneamente classificadas como cicatrizes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
					<fig id="f9">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Exame evidenciando importante necrose no território da coronária descendente anterior nas imagens com tecnécio sestamibi <sup>99m</sup>Tc, sem melhora significativa da perfusão após administração de nitrato.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc264-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib><italic>Imagem cedida por Cardionuclear.</italic></attrib>
					</fig>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Integridade da membrana celular</title>
					<p>A integridade da membrana celular pode ser avaliada por meio de exames com tálio (tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único – SPECT) e rubídio (tomografia por emissão de pósitrons – PET), que tem fisiologia semelhante ao íon potássio. O tálio não é um radiofármaco como o tecnécio sestamibi <sup>99m</sup>Tc, e sim um radioisótopo produzido em cíclotron. A meia-vida física do tálio 201 é de 73 horas. A bomba de sódio e potássio atua na membrana celular, então é possível avaliar sua integridade por meio dessas substâncias, que são análogas do potássio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O potássio é o principal cátion intracelular e está ausente no tecido cicatricial. Como o tálio não se liga a organelas no miócito, ele é colocado para fora da célula pelo mesmo mecanismo de entrada. A saída do tálio da célula é denominada de redistribuição. Nesse processo, os tecidos normais redistribuem mais rápido o tálio do que os tecidos isquêmicos. Então, na maioria dos protocolos com tálio, utiliza-se apenas uma injeção do traçador, com duas imagens que podem ser de repouso e redistribuição ou de estresse e redistribuição.</p>
					<p>Então, são possíveis seguintes cenários: repouso alterado com melhora na redistribuição (necrose com viabilidade); repouso alterado sem melhora na redistribuição (necrose sem viabilidade); estresse alterado com melhora na redistribuição (isquemia com viabilidade); estresse alterado sem melhora na redistribuição (necrose sem viabilidade) e estresse normal/exame normal (dispensa imagem de redistribuição).</p>
					<p>Em alguns casos, pode-se realizar uma imagem adicional tardia de 24 horas, após reinjeção com dose baixa. Contudo, isso não acontece com o tecnécio sestamibi <sup>99m</sup>Tc, que não faz redistribuição, e, portanto, são necessárias injeções separadas para estudos de estresse e de repouso, que podem ter intervalos de até vários dias entre uma etapa e outra.</p>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 2</xref> mostra o exame realizado em paciente internado no hospital com história de infarto e cateterismo com a coronária descendente anterior ocluída, mas com a presença de colaterais. A imagem inicial após estresse evidencia importante hipoperfusão anterior apical, com reversibilidade discreta nas imagens de redistribuição. Como a área de reversibilidade foi pequena nas primeiras aquisições e o paciente teve sintomas com alterações eletrocardiográficas durante o estresse, decidiu-se realizar uma redistribuição tardia. Os tecidos normais redistribuem mais rápido o tálio do que os tecidos isquêmicos; por isso, nota-se melhora da perfusão (sinal de viabilidade) apenas nas imagens após 24 horas.</p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Exame realizado em paciente internado com história de infarto e cateterismo com a coronária descendente anterior ocluída, mas com a presença de colaterais. (A) Imagem imediatamente após estresse. (B) Imagem após 3 horas de redistribuição. (C) Redistribuição tardia após 24 horas, com tálio 201.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc264-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib><italic>Imagem cedida por Cardionuclear.</italic></attrib>
					</fig>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 3</xref> mostra exame com tálio 201. Na linha superior, estão imagens de repouso, mostrando hipoperfusão no ápice e nas porções distais das paredes anterior, septal e inferior. Na linha de baixo, estão as imagens de redistribuição (3 horas após injeção), evidenciando melhora da perfusão e do sinal de viabilidade.</p>
					<fig id="f11">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Exame com tálio 201.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc264-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib><italic>Imagem cedida por Cardionuclear.</italic></attrib>
					</fig>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Atividade metabólica preservada</title>
					<p>A atividade metabólica no miócito pode ser mensurada por meio da PET.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No protocolo de viabilidade, fluordesoxiglicose (FDG-18F) é injetado no paciente, que é um análogo da glicose marcado com flúor-18, na vigência de uma dieta sem carboidratos. Na isquemia crônica do miocárdio hibernado, a oferta de oxigênio é baixa, e o miocárdio utiliza, em parte, a via glicolítica (anaeróbia) para a produção de energia, a qual pode não ser adequada para manter a contratilidade, mas é suficiente para manter o metabolismo celular. Se o paciente faz uma dieta cetótica (pobre em açúcares), há uma baixa captação desse traçador pelas células. O miocárdio hibernado, ao contrário do músculo normal, está habituado com a via glicolítica ativada cronicamente e consegue captar o FDG-18F por meio de seu metabolismo residual de glicose, mostrando as áreas viáveis.</p>
					<p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 4</xref>, verifica-se, na linha de acima, exame com tálio 201 evidenciando área de defeito perfusional<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> no território da coronária descendente anterior. Na linha de baixo, tem-se exame com FDG-18F mostrando aumento de captação,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e, portanto, metabolismo preservado justamente nas áreas em que o tálio 201 tinha deficiência. O exame mostrou-se compatível com viabilidade miocárdica.</p>
					<fig id="f12">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Imagem na linha de acima com tálio 201 evidenciando área de necrose no território da coronária descendente anterior.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc264-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>Quando a imagem de perfusão está alterada e há melhora na de metabolismo, ocorre o <italic>mismatch</italic> (miocárdio viável). Nos casos em que ocorre alteração em ambos os estudos e, portanto, há concordância no padrão do defeito, ocorre o match, isto é, ausência de viabilidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
					<fig id="f13">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Imagem mismatch e match.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc264-gf05-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>O PET com FDG-18F é considerado, junto da ressonância magnética cardíaca, o melhor método para detecção de viabilidade miocárdica. A ressonância avalia a ausência de miócitos por meio da técnica do realce tardio com gadolíneo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O laudo é baseado na análise da extensão transmural do realce em relação à região saudável. Quando a extensão do mesmo segmento é menor do que 50%, o miocárdio é viável. Quando a extensão é maior que 50% do mesmo segmento, o miocárdio não é viável.</p>
					<p>Por fim, a viabilidade também pode ser analisada através da “reserva contrátil” com uso do ecocardiograma com dobutamina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O miocárdio viável nessa situação terá:</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Repouso: contratilidade anormal;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Baixa dose de dobutamina: melhora da contratilidade;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Alta dose de dobutamina: mantém a mesma contratilidade.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>O miocárdio com isquemia e viabilidade é o que mais se beneficia da revascularização. Nesse caso, o ecocardiograma de estresse tem os seguintes achados:</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Repouso: contratilidade anormal;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Baixa dose de dobutamina: melhora da contratilidade;</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Alta dose de dobutamina: piora da contratilidade.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>No caso de um miocárdio com contratilidade normal em repouso, não está indicado o estudo de viabilidade. Se há algum grau de cinesia, não há predomínio de necrose. Conhecer o conceito de hibernação é fundamental para não se solicitar um exame de viabilidade erroneamente, baseado apenas numa história prévia de infarto ou em alguma alteração eletrocardiográfica. Um resumo sobre os principais métodos de avaliação de viabilidade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Resumo dos principais métodos de avaliação de viabilidade.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="16%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Métodos</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Radiação</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Duração</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Número de fases</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Sensibilidade (%)</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Especificidade (%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Eco com dobutamina</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Ausente</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">30 minutos</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">-</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">77-89</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">68-93</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-sestamibi SPECT</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Moderada</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">90 a 120 minutos</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">2 injeções</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">81</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">69</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Ressonância</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Ausente</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">35 minutos</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">2 injeções</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">92</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">51-89</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Tálio 201</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Alta</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">3 horas com imagem adicional de 24 horas SN</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">1 injeção</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">87</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">FDG-<sup>18</sup>F PET</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Moderada</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">1 h</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">1 injeção</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">92</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">63</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p><sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET, tomografia por emissão de pósitrons com 18F-fluorodesoxiglicose; SPECT, tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único; <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI, <sup>99m</sup>tecnitium-2-metoxiisobutil-isonitrila; SN, se necessário.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Considerações sobre a perfusão miocárdica</title>
				<p>As alterações na perfusão miocárdica nem sempre ocorrem de forma segmentar e homogênea. Os laudos seriam menos complexos se as áreas sem viabilidade ocupassem exatamente segmentos irrigados por uma única coronária. Contudo, achados comuns nas cintilografias são áreas de necrose envoltas por áreas de isquemia (ou até de miocárdio normal) numa mesma topografia. Para exemplificar isso, pode-se ter um paciente com necrose sem viabilidade nos segmentos anterior medial e apical, totalizando 12% de extensão. Contudo, existem outras áreas irrigadas pela coronária descendente anterior com viabilidade, como os segmentos anterior basal e toda a parede septal. O médico responsável pelo paciente pode cogitar não revascularizar essa artéria, já que o laudo mostrou ausência de viabilidade. Contudo, o território da coronária descendente anterior vai além dos 12% descritos, e essa decisão pode anular uma parte importante de músculo. Se considerarmos como três os territórios do miocárdio ventricular esquerdo, a porcentagem de cada coronária principal corresponde a cerca de 33% do total. Então os 12% sem viabilidade nessa área não representam toda a importância fisiológica da coronária descendente anterior. Se algum paciente possui lesões nas três coronárias principais, não se pode deixar de realizar uma cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica devido a uma área sem viabilidade de 10% a 15%, sendo que há mais de 80% de miocárdio viável. Além disso, o estudo STICH já evidenciou que a falta de viabilidade foi associada sem diferenças entre a terapia medicamentosa e a revascularização,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> ressaltando-se que a presença de viabilidade se mostrou ser um fator de bom prognóstico, independentemente da conduta a ser empregada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A maior parte dos métodos divide o miocárdio em 17 segmentos, mas só temos três coronárias principais. Por isso, em cada caso, devem-se analisar exatamente quais segmentos estão sendo irrigados por cada uma das coronárias. Um achado cintilográfico muito comum são as necroses apicais. Isso ocorre pois o sofrimento tecidual quase sempre se dá primeiro na ponta do coração. Quando temos uma oclusão vascular na perna, por exemplo, vemos a fibrose iniciar na ponta dos dedos, podendo se estender por todo o pé. O mesmo ocorre com o coração; por isso se observa uma alta prevalência nos exames de sofrimento na região apical do ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
				<p>A região apical compreende o ápice (segmento 17) e a porção distal de todas as paredes (anterior, septal, inferior e lateral).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Se o paciente tem um infarto com oclusão medial da coronária descendente anterior, por exemplo, pode desenvolver necrose. Se o tempo para abrir a coronária for curto, provavelmente a área de fibrose ficará apenas no ápice. Se o delta T for maior, essa fibrose se estenderá do ápice até a porção medial da parede anterior, podendo também acometer o septo.</p>
				<p>Uma análise muito relevante é se a lesão ou as lesões coronarianas são proximais ou distais. Se o paciente tem lesões distais e possui necrose nos segmentos periapicais, a ausência de viabilidade, mesmo num método que não seja o padrão-ouro, não preocupa tanto, pois o tecido sob risco é menor.</p>
				<p>Entretanto, se o paciente possui lesões proximais ou do tronco da coronária esquerda, a necrose nas porções distais do ventrículo esquerdo não deve ser determinante para se cancelar uma revascularização. Nesses casos, muitas vezes, um teste de estresse ou uma análise das alterações clínicas e eletrocardiográficas são mais importantes para se decidir sobre a terapia do que um exame de viabilidade isoladamente.</p>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 6</xref> é uma imagem de exame de paciente com história de infarto na parede inferior e lesão de três vasos. O exame foi realizado após cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica, mostrando sequela de necrose no ápice e no segmento inferior basal.</p>
				<fig id="f14">
					<label>Figura 6</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Exame de paciente com história de infarto na parede inferior e lesão de três vasos.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc264-gf06-pt.tif"/>
					<attrib><italic>Imagem cedida por Cardionuclear.</italic></attrib>
				</fig>
				<p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 7</xref>, tem-se paciente com história de infarto na parede anterior e lesão nas coronárias descendente anterior e direita. Foi solicitado exame para avaliar viabilidade, e foi quantificada a necrose com 15% de extensão anterior apical (linha de baixo). Foi sugerido realizar estresse (linha de cima), pois as lesões eram proximais.</p>
				<fig id="f15">
					<label>Figura 7</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Exame de paciente com história de infarto na parede anterior e lesão nas coronárias descendente anterior e direita.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc264-gf07-pt.tif"/>
					<attrib><italic>Imagem cedida por Cardionuclear.</italic></attrib>
				</fig>
				<p>Nota-se piora da perfusão nos segmentos anterior médio e basal, além da parede inferior. O laudo foi indicativo de necrose com isquemia e viabilidade no território da coronária descendente anterior e de isquemia no território da coronária direita.</p>
				<p>Após, verifica-se, na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 8</xref>, paciente com lesão nas três coronárias, sendo a coronária descendente anterior ocluída. Foi solicitado exame para avaliar viabilidade, mas foi sugerido realizar estresse (linha de cima) para melhor guiar o tratamento.</p>
				<fig id="f16">
					<label>Figura 8</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Exame de paciente com lesão nas três coronárias, com a coronária descendente anterior ocluída.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc264-gf08-pt.tif"/>
					<attrib><italic>Imagem cedida por Cardionuclear.</italic></attrib>
				</fig>
				<p>Observa-se que, apesar da significativa área de necrose em repouso, ocorre piora nas imagens após estresse, mostrando a presença de miocárdio viável perinecrose. Nota-se também isquemia nos demais segmentos periapicais (septal, lateral e inferior).</p>
				<p>Outra alteração importante é a captação ventricular direita vista apenas nas imagens após estresse, como um sinal de isquemia severa. Foi indicada cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica após esses achados.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Mensagens finais</title>
				<p>Não existe nenhum método de imagem para avaliação de viabilidade que tenha 100% de sensibilidade e especificidade, então, se há justificativas clínicas, o médico deve considerar a revascularização.</p>
				<p>O STICH<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> mostrou que a falta de viabilidade foi associada sem diferenças entre a terapia medicamentosa e a revascularização. Entretanto, uma análise após 10 anos desse trabalho evidenciou que o aumento da fração de ejeção foi maior nos pacientes com viabilidade (não dependendo do tipo de tratamento).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O estudo CHRISTMAS também constatou que pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca em uso de carvedilol tiveram um maior aumento da fração de ejeção quando havia presença de viabilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Então, a viabilidade pode ser considerada como um instrumento útil indicador de bom prognóstico, independentemente da conduta.</p>
				<p>Áreas sem viabilidade com menos de 30% devem ser analisadas com muito critério, pois cada um dos três principais territórios coronarianos correspondem a cerca de 33% do ventrículo esquerdo. Não revascularizar uma coronária devido a uma porcentagem pequena de fibrose pode comprometer outros segmentos também irrigados pela mesma coronária.</p>
				<p>Quando a área de fibrose for restrita ao ápice e segmentos circunjacentes, é importante analisar se a lesão (ou lesões) coronarianas são proximais ou distais. Se forem distais, o tratamento clínico está indicado. Nos casos de lesões proximais, há maior tendência a ser realizada uma terapia invasiva devido à porcentagem maior de miocárdio sob risco, sendo que um exame de estresse pode ajudar nesses casos na decisão terapêutica.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>