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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223502eabc255</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Dilated Cardimiopathy as Initial Presentation of Mucopolysacaridosis in Infant</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Romão</surname>
						<given-names>Ludimila dos Anjos Teixeira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Araújo</surname>
						<given-names>Fátima Derlene da Rocha</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Camila Magalhães</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Arantes</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo Rezende</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Meira</surname>
						<given-names>Zilda Maria Alves</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Minas Gerais</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departments of Pediatric Cardiology and Medical Genetics</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clínicas, Departments of Pediatric Cardiology and Medical Genetics, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ludimila dos Anjos Teixeira Romão •</bold><email>ludimilanjos@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Authors’ contributions</bold></p>
					<p>Research creation and design: Romão LAT; Data acquisition: Romão LAT, Arantes RR; Manuscript writing: Romão LAT, Silva CM; Data analysis and interpretation: Araújo FDR; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Araújo FDR, Meira ZMA.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>13</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc255</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Mucopolysaccharidosis I</kwd>
				<kwd>Child</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Dilated</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Mucopolysaccharidoses are rare genetic diseases caused by decreased lysosomal enzymes that act in the catabolism of glycosaminoglycans, connective tissue extracellular matrix polymers. Glycosaminoglycans progressively accumulate in the airways, mucous membranes, lungs, bones, joints, heart, liver, eyes, ears, and central and peripheral nervous systems. The multiple affected organs characterize its multisystemic presentation with a wide spectrum of severity and clinical presentations. The most severe phenotype is Hurler syndrome (type I mucopolysaccharidosis), with an incidence of 0.61–1.30 per 100,000 live births.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The heart is affected in more than 50% of mucopolysaccharidosis cases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> with both valvular and myocardial involvement in addition to a possible association with systemic arterial hypertension (SAH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Specific treatment consists of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), which, along with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), prolong the child’s life and improves their symptoms, especially if started early.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case report</title>
			<p>Our patient was a male infant with a birthweight of 3,360 g and no perinatal complications. At eight months of age, he developed sweating during feedings, vomiting, and irritability. He was evaluated in the emergency room, where a chest X-ray showed remarkable cardiomegaly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>). The patient had a previous history of a neuro-psychomotor developmental delay, recurrent respiratory infections, upper respiratory obstruction, hydrocephalus requiring ventriculoperitoneal shunt implantation, and recurrent bilateral inguinal hernia. The parents were young and non-consanguineous, and the couple’s first child was stillborn without an identified cause.</p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Infant with type 1 mucopolysaccharidosis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Infiltrated facies (A). Chest X-ray showing cardiomegaly and pulmonary congestion (B). Echocardiographic images showing enlarged left chambers (C) and global longitudinal strain (D).</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc255-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>At nine months of age, the patient was evaluated in a tertiary pediatric cardiology service and was already using captopril. He had persistent heart failure (HF) signs and symptoms in addition to a weight-height deficit, weighing 8,880 g (Z-score: -2.44). A general examination showed several dysmorphisms such as infiltrated facies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>), a high and narrow palate, gingival hypertrophy, a saddle nose, pectus carinatum, inguinal hernias, an umbilical hernia, an extensive Mongolian spot, a lumbar hump, bilateral diffuse corneal opacification, and a claw hand. A cardiovascular examination showed a regular heart rhythm without murmurs, a heart rate of 130 bpm, O<sub>2</sub> saturation of 98%, a systolic blood pressure of 120 mmHg (p: 99.93), a diastolic blood pressure of 60 mmHg (p: 99.74), a palpable liver at 5 cm from the right costal margin, and a non-palpable spleen.</p>
			<p>Echocardiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>) showed a significantly increased left ventricle (LV) with a diastolic diameter of 42 mm (Z-score: 4.4) and a systolic diameter of 34 mm (Z-score: 5.6) in addition to diffuse hypocontractility with an LV ejection fraction (LVEF) of 39% and 42% by the Teichholz and Simpson’s methods, respectively, and global longitudinal strain (GLS) of 13.7%. His right ventricular systolic function was slightly compromised, with a tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion of 10 mm (Z-score: -2.84) and lateral tricuspid annulus S’ of 6.0 cm/s (Z-score: -3.60). The mitral and aortic valves had mild leaflet thickening without associated dysfunction.</p>
			<p>The patient underwent pharmacological treatment for the HF and was referred for a genetic evaluation, which confirmed the diagnosis of type I mucopolysaccharidosis. His urine glycosaminoglycan level was 880 mcg/mg (reference range [RR], 133–274 mcg/mg). Glycosaminoglycan electrophoresis showed the presence of dermatan and heparan sulfate. Alpha-iduronidase (IDUA) levels of the plasma and leukocytes were reduced at 0.10 nmoL/h/mg protein (RR, 6.6–34 nmol/h/mg protein) and 0.11 nmol/h/mg protein (RR, 27–71 nmoL/h/mg protein), respectively. A molecular genetic analysis detected the W402X/W402X variant in both alleles of the <italic>IDUA</italic> gene. A radiographic evaluation showed dysostosis multiplex, ovoid vertebrae, paddle-shaped ribs, convergence of the proximal region of the metacarpals, a shallow acetabulum, and small ilia — signs compatible with the diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidosis.</p>
			<p>Electrocardiography revealed sinus rhythm, a heart rate of 136 bpm, QRS complex axis at +60º, a PR interval of 80 ms, a corrected QT interval of 366 ms, T-wave inversions in D2 and D3, a deep Q wave at V6, and signs of LV overload.</p>
			<p>ERT was instituted at 11 months of age with reduced liver volume, weight gain, improved general condition, reduced upper respiratory obstruction, and greater diet acceptance. At 12 months, HSCT was indicated, but the family refused to provide consent. At 16 months of age, the infant presented with an infectious respiratory intercurrence that resulted in acute decompensation of the treatment-refractory HF and culminated in death.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Mucopolysaccharidosis is rare but associated with characteristic phenotypic findings that should arouse syndromic suspicion. A careful and detailed evaluation associated with knowledge of the disease presentation can lead to a suspected diagnosis that, once confirmed, is amenable to treatment that changes the natural course of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The reported patient had phenotypic characteristics of mucopolysaccharidosis such as infiltrated facies, palate changes, gingival hypertrophy, saddle nose, pectus carinatum, Mongolian spots, a lumbar hump, restricted knee and elbow mobility, claw hands, corneal opacity, inguinal hernias, and an umbilical hernia.</p>
			<p>The cardiovascular system involves glycosaminoglycan deposits in structures such as the valvular endocardium, subvalvular apparatus, myocardium, conduction system, and vessels, especially the coronary arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This condition can cause conduction disorders, myocardial hypertrophy, valvular dysfunction, coronary heart disease, and sometimes SAH (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Clinical, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic findings in infants diagnosed with mucopolysaccharidosis.</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="33%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">More frequent</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Less frequent</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">personal history</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">
								<list list-type="simple">
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Recurrent respiratory infections</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Weight-height deficit</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Delayed neuro-psychomotor development</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">
								<list list-type="simple">
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Syncope and pre-syncope</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Tiredness during feedings</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Intolerance to physical exercise</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Clinical characteristics</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">
								<list list-type="simple">
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Coarse facies</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Macroglossia</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Bone anomalies - thoracolumbar kyphosis, joint restriction, camptodactyly (claw hands), carpal tunnel syndrome</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Inguinal and/or umbilical hernias</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Corneal opacities</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">
								<list list-type="simple">
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Retinitis</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Blindness</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Extensive Mongolian spots</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiovascular physical examination</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">
								<list list-type="simple">
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Normal or functional heart murmurs</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">
								<list list-type="simple">
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Arterial hypertension</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Heart failure signs (tachypnea, tachycardia, hepatomegaly, edema)</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Heart murmurs related to mitral and/or aortic valve regurgitation and/or stenosis</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Electrocardiography</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">
								<list list-type="simple">
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Atrioventricular blocks</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Sinus tachycardia</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">
								<list list-type="simple">
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Signs of myocardial ischemia (inverted T-wave, ST segment change)</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Extrasystoles</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Ventricular tachycardia</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Echocardiography</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">
								<list list-type="simple">
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Thickened, dysmorphic, and/or poorly mobile valve leaflets</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Valve regurgitation (mitral and aortic)</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Infiltrated myocardium aspect</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Fibrotic and dense endocardium</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">
								<list list-type="simple">
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Valve stenosis (mitral and aortic)</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Calcification of the subvalvular apparatus</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Shortened chordae</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Thick papillary muscles</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Ventricular dysfunctions</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Cardiac chamber dilation</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Left ventricular apical aneurysm</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Ventricular wall dyskinesia</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Endocardial fibroelastosis</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Ascending aorta dilation</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Increased aorta thickness</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Coronary dilation and thickening</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<label>-</label>
										<p>Coarctation of the aorta</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>The most common echocardiographic findings are mitral and aortic valve changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The leaflets are generally thickened, the mitral subvalvular apparatus involves shortened chordae tendineae, and the papillary muscles are thickened, possibly associated with valvular regurgitation or stenosis. Theodore <italic>et al.</italic> reported a case series that reiterated the findings of valvular changes in mucopolysaccharidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Myocardial dysfunction, in turn, is uncommon, but types I, II, and VI are correlated with more severe cardiovascular involvement<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and a worse prognosis. In the case reported here, the valvular changes were mild and lacked repercussion, but there was a significantly reduced LVEF and GLS.</p>
			<p>The conduction system may present a broad spectrum abnormality ranging from frequent sinus tachycardia to severe arrhythmias with a risk of sudden death. In the case studied here, the electrocardiographic changes were attributed to chamber dilation.</p>
			<p>Even with pronounced glycosaminoglycan deposits in the myocardium, ventricular function is impaired in only a minority of patients. Davison <italic>et al</italic>. evaluated 29 children with type I mucopolysaccharidosis, reporting that five of them had dilated cardiomyopathy at the initial presentation. Similarly, Wiseman <italic>et al.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> studied a group of 44 children with type I mucopolysaccharidosis diagnosed in the first four months of life; of them, only six presented with severe dilated cardiomyopathy, with an LVEF of 15–40%. Hirth <italic>et al.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> also corroborated the rare onset of HF as the main mucopolysaccharidosis presentation and detected several mutations in their patients, including <italic>W402X/W402X</italic>, which was identified in the reported case. The ventricular function of all patients recovered after ERT or HSCT. However, the present case was diagnosed late and the patient’s ventricular function was unable to recover prior to death due to infectious complications.</p>
			<p>The presence of myocardial dysfunction of undefined etiology associated with phenotypic characteristics of mucopolysaccharidosis in infants should raise early diagnostic suspicion of the disease. The introduction of specific treatments and the management of several associated morbidities greatly impacts patient quality of life.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Cardimiopatia Dilatada em Lactente como Apresentação Inicial de Mucopolissacaridose</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Romão</surname>
						<given-names>Ludimila dos Anjos Teixeira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Araújo</surname>
						<given-names>Fátima Derlene da Rocha</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Camila Magalhães</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Arantes</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo Rezende</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Meira</surname>
						<given-names>Zilda Maria Alves</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Cardiologia pediátrica e Genética Médica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Ludimila dos Anjos Teixeira Romão •</bold><email>ludimilanjos@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Contribuição dos autores</bold></p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho do relato: Romão LAT; obtenção de dados: Romão LAT, Arantes RR; redação do manuscrito: Romão LAT, Silva CM; análise e interpretação dos dados: Araújo FDR; revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Araújo FDR, Meira ZMA.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Conflito de interesses</bold></p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Mucopolissacaridose I</kwd>
				<kwd>Criança</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia dilatada</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>As mucopolissacaridoses são doenças genéticas raras causadas por deficiência de enzimas lisossômicas que atuam no catabolismo dos glicosaminoglicanos, polímeros da matriz extracelular do tecido conjuntivo. O acúmulo progressivo dos glicosaminoglicanos ocorre nos tecidos das vias aéreas, mucosas, pulmões, ossos, articulações, coração, fígado, olhos e ouvidos, sistema nervoso central e periférico. A multiplicidade de órgãos acometidos caracteriza manifestação multissistêmica com amplo espectro de gravidade e apresentação clínica. O fenótipo mais grave é a síndrome de Hurler (mucopolissacaridose tipo I), com incidência de 0,61 a 1,30 por 100 mil nascidos vivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O coração é afetado em mais de 50% dos casos de mucopolissacaridose<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> podendo haver tanto acometimento valvar como de miocárdico, além de possível associação com hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O tratamento específico consiste na terapia de reposição enzimática (TRE). Tanto a TRE quanto o transplante de célulastronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH) prolongam a vida e melhoram os sintomas da criança, principalmente se iniciadas precocemente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato do caso</title>
				<p>Paciente do sexo masculino, nascido com 3.360g, sem intercorrências perinatais. Aos 8 meses de idade, apresentou sudorese durante as mamadas, vômitos e irritabilidade. Foi avaliado em pronto atendimento e submetido à radiografia de tórax, que exibia notável cardiomegalia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1B</xref>). Na história pregressa, havia relato de atraso de desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, infecções respiratórias de repetição, obstrução respiratória alta, hidrocefalia com necessidade de implante de derivação ventrículo-peritoneal e hérnia inguinal bilateral recidivante. Os pais eram jovens e não consanguíneos, sendo primeiro filho do casal um neomorto sem causa definida.</p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Lactente com mucopolissacaridose tipo 1 e cardiomiopatia dilatada. Fácies infiltrada (A). Radiografia de tórax evidenciando cardiomegalia e congestão pulmonar (B). Imagens ecocardiográficas: aumento das câmaras esquerdas (C) e strain longitudinal global (D).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-2-eabc255-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Aos 9 meses, foi avaliado em serviço terciário de cardiologia pediátrica, já em uso de captopril. Apresentava sinais e sintomas persistentes de insuficiência cardíaca (IC), além de défice pondero-estatural (8.880g) com escore-Z de -2,44. O exame geral evidenciou diversos dismorfismos como fácies infiltrada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1A</xref>), palato alto e estreito, hipertrofia gengival, nariz em sela, <italic>pectus carinatum</italic>, hérnias inguinais, hérnia umbilical, mancha mongólica de grande extensão, giba lombar, opacificação corneana difusa bilateral e mão em garra. Ao exame cardiovascular foi observado ritmo cardíaco regular, sem sopros, frequência cardíaca de 130bpm, saturação de oxigênio de 98%, pressão arterial sistólica de 120mmHg (p:99,93) e diastólica de 60mmHg (p:99,74), fígado palpável a ٥cm do rebordo costal direito e baço não palpável.</p>
				<p>A ecocardiografia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1C</xref>) exibiu aumento importante de ventrículo esquerdo (VE), com diâmetros diastólico de 42mm (escore-Z de +4,4) e sistólico de 34mm (escore-Z de +5,6), além de hipocontratilidade difusa, com fração de ejeção de ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) de 39% e 42% pelos métodos de Teichholz e Simpson, respectivamente, e <italic>strain</italic> global longitudinal (SGL) de 13,7%. A função sistólica do ventrículo direito estava levemente comprometida, sendo a excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide (TAPSE) de 10mm (escore-Z de -2,84) e S’ lateral do anel tricúspide de 6,0cm/s (escore-Z de -3,60). As valvas mitral e aórtica apresentavam leve espessamento dos folhetos sem disfunção associada.</p>
				<p>O paciente foi submetido a tratamento farmacológico para IC e encaminhado para avaliação genética, que confirmou o diagnóstico de mucopolissacaridose tipo I. A dosagem de glicosaminoglicanos na urina foi de 880mcg/mg, sendo os valores de referência (VR) de 133 a 274mcg/mg. Eletroforese de glicosaminoglicanos evidenciou presença de dermatan e heparan sulfato. Dosagens de alfa-iduronidase (IDUA) tanto no plasma como nos leucócitos estavam reduzidas, com valores de 0,10nmoL/h/mg proteína (VR de 6,6 a 34 nmoL/h/mg proteína) e 0,11nmoL/h/mg proteína (VR de 27 - 71nmoL/h/mg proteína), respectivamente. A análise genético-molecular detectou a variante W402X/W402X em ambos os alelos do gene IDUA. A avaliação radiográfica evidenciou disostose multiplex, vértebras ovoides, arcos costais em formato de remo, convergência da região proximal dos metacarpos, acetábulos rasos e ilíacos pequenos, que são sinais compatíveis com mucopolissacaridose.</p>
				<p>O eletrocardiograma revelou ritmo sinusal, frequência cardíaca de 136bpm, eixo do complexo QRS em +60º, intervalo PR de 80ms, intervalo QT corrigido de 366ms, onda T invertida em D2 e D3, onda Q profunda em V6 e sinais de sobrecarga de VE.</p>
				<p>A TRE foi instituída aos 11 meses de idade, com redução do volume hepático e ganho ponderal, bem como melhora do estado geral, da obstrução respiratória alta e da aceitação das dietas. Aos 12 meses, foi indicado o TCTH, mas não houve consentimento familiar. Aos 16 meses de idade, o lactente apresentou intercorrência infecciosa respiratória, que resultou em descompensação aguda da IC refratária ao tratamento, culminando em óbito.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A mucopolissacaridose é rara, porém associada a achados fenotípicos característicos, que devem despertar suspeição sindrômica. O olhar cuidadoso e pormenorizado, associado ao conhecimento da apresentação da doença, pode levar à suspeita do diagnóstico, que, uma vez confirmado, é passível de tratamento eficaz, com modificação da história natural da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O paciente deste estudo possuía características fenotípicas de mucopolissacaridose, como face infiltrada, alterações do palato, hipertrofia gengival, nariz em sela, <italic>pectus carinatum</italic>, manchas mongólicas, giba lombar, restrição de mobilidade de joelhos e cotovelo, mãos em garra, opacidade corneana, hérnias inguinais e hérnia umbilical.</p>
				<p>No sistema cardiovascular, ocorre depósitos dos glicosaminoglicanos em estruturas como endocárdio valvar, aparelho subvalvar, miocárdio, sistema de condução e vasos, especialmente nas coronárias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Essa condição pode ocasionar distúrbios de condução, hipertrofia miocárdica, disfunções valvares, doença coronariana e, ocasionalmente, HAS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Achados clínicos, ecocardiográficos e eletroardiográficos em lactentes com diagnóstico de mucopolissacaridose.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="33%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Mais frequentes</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Menos frequentes</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">História pessoal</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Infecções respiratórias de repetição</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Síncopes e pré-síncopes</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Défice pôndero-estatural</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Cansaço nas mamadas</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Atraso de desenvolvimento neuropsiquicomotor</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Intolerância ao exercício físico</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="middle">Características clínicas</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Fácies grosseira</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Macroglossia</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Anomalias ósseas (cifose toracolombar, restrição articular, camptodactilia dos dedos –mãos em garra – e síndrome do túnel do carpo)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Retinite</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Hérnias inguinais e/ou umbilical</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Cegueira</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Opacidades corneanas</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Manchas mongólicas extensas</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Exame físico cardiovascular</td>
								<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Normal ou sopros cardíacos funcionais</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertensão arterial</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Sinais de insuficiência cardíaca (taquipneia, taquicardia, hepatomegalia e edema)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Sopros cardíacos de insuficiência e/ou estenose de valvas mitral e/ou aórtica</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Eletrocardiograma</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Bloqueios atrioventriculares</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Sinais de isquemia miocárdica (onda T invertida, alteração de segmento ST)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top">Taquicardia sinusal</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Extrassístoles</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Taquicardia ventricular</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="13" valign="middle">Ecocardiograma</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Folhetos valvares espessados, dismórficos e/ou pouco móveis</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Estenoses valvares (mitral e aórtica)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Insuficiências valvares (mitral e aórtica)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Calcificação do aparelho subvalvar</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Aspecto de miocárdio infiltrado</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Cordoalhas encurtadas</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="10" valign="top">Endocárdio fibrótico e denso</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Músculos papilares espessos</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Disfunções ventriculares</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Dilatações das câmaras cardíacas</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Aneurisma apical do ventrículo esquerdo</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Discinesia de paredes ventriculares</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Fibroelastose endocárdica</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Dilatação da aorta ascendente</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Aumento de espessura de aorta</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Dilatação e espessamento de coronárias</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Coarctação da aorta</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Os achados ecocardiográficos mais comuns são alterações valvares mitral e aórtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em geral, os folhetos são espessados, o aparato subvalvar mitral exibe cordas tendíneas encurtadas, e há espessamento dos músculos papilares, podendo associar-se a regurgitações ou estenoses valvares. Teodoro et al. relataram uma série de casos que reiterou os achados de alterações valvares na mucopolissacaridose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A disfunção miocárdica, por sua vez, não é comum, mas os tipos I, II e VI correlacionam-se com envolvimento cardiovascular mais grave<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e de pior prognóstico. No caso relatado, as alterações valvares eram leves e sem repercussão, porém houve redução importante da FEVE e do SGL.</p>
				<p>O sistema de condução pode apresentar anormalidade de amplo espectro, desde frequente achado de taquicardia sinusal até arritmias graves, com risco de morte súbita. No caso estudado, as alterações eletrocardiográficas foram atribuídas à dilatação das câmaras.</p>
				<p>Mesmo com a deposição de glicosaminoglicanos no miocárdio, tão pronunciada como em outras doenças de depósito, a função ventricular está diminuída apenas em uma minoria dos pacientes. Davison et al. avaliaram 29 crianças com mucopolissacaridose tipo I, das quais cinco manifestaram cardiomiopatia dilatada na apresentação inicial da doença. De forma semelhante, Wiseman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> estudaram um grupo de 44 crianças com mucopolissacaridose tipo I diagnosticada nos primeiros 4 meses de vida, sendo que apenas seis apresentavam cardiomiopatia dilatada grave, com FEVE entre 15 e 40%. Hirth et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> por sua vez, também reafirmaram a raridade da IC como manifestação principal da mucopolissacaridose e detectaram várias mutações em seus pacientes, dentre elas a W402X/W402X, que foi identificada no caso relatado. Em todos, os pacientes recobraram a função ventricular após a TRE ou TCTH. Entretanto, o presente caso foi diagnosticado tardiamente e não houve tempo suficiente de tratamento para observar melhora na função ventricular, uma vez que ocorreu óbito por intercorrência infecciosa.</p>
				<p>A presença de disfunção miocárdica de etiologia indefinida associada a características fenotípicas de mucopolissacaridose em lactentes deve alertar para a suspeita diagnóstica precoce da doença. A instauração dos tratamentos específicos e o manejo das diversas morbidades associadas impactam sobremaneira a qualidade de vida do paciente.</p>
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