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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Imagem cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223501eabc224</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Libman-Sacks endocarditis in a male patient with systemic lupus erythematosus</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vedana</surname>
						<given-names>Álvaro Augusto</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bittencourt</surname>
						<given-names>Vivien Ritchie</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valente</surname>
						<given-names>Thaíssa Antunes Mattar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Botelho</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Alves</surname>
						<given-names>Marco Stephan Lofrano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Clinicas Complex</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Paraná</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">Paraná</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas Complex of the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Marco Stephan Lofrano Alves •</bold> Rua General Carneiro, 181, Alto da Glória – CEP 80060-900 – Curitiba, PR, Brazil. E-mail: <email>mslalves@hc.ufpr.br</email> ; <email>mslalves@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contributions</p>
					<p>Research conception and design: Vedana Filho AA, Alves MSL; Data collection: Vedana Filho AA, Mattar TA; Manuscript writing: Vedana Filho AA, Bittencourt VR; Critical review of the manuscript: Alves MSL, Botelho FS.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>04</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc224</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>4</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Endocarditis</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiogram</kwd>
				<kwd>Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="3"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Libman-Sacks endocarditis (LSE), also known as marantic or verrucous endocarditis, is a form of non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) that involves the presence of sterile vegetations in the heart valves. These vegetations may be associated with malignancy, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), and although they are more commonly found in the mitral and aortic valves, other valves may be involved. Diagnosis requires high clinical suspicion when evaluating specific populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical case</title>
				<p>A young 21-year-old illicit drug user diagnosed with SLE was admitted to the emergency unit with continuous non-traumatic epistaxis over the previous six hours. The patient reported episodes of melena and the onset of macular, erythematous, diffuse lesions on the soles of the feet over the previous two weeks ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ). The patient denied fever or chills associated with the condition. Physical examination identified tachycardia (heart rate, 115 beats per minute) and cardiac auscultation with a regular rhythm, normal heart sounds, and a 3+/6+ systolic murmur in the mitral focus radiating to the axilla. Admission tests suggested active SLE and showed reduced complements C3 and C4; thrombocytopenia (2,000 U/µL); anti-double stranded DNA, 1:640; and hemoglobin, 8.8 mg/dL. Exams collected 10 months earlier showed negative lupus anticoagulant and positive anticardiolipin antibodies at low titers. Pulse therapy with methylprednisolone and intravenous human immunoglobulin was indicated and started by the rheumatology team. Transthoracic echocardiography was also requested to assess the cardiac involvement.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Macular, erythematous, and painless lesions with a two-week progression compatible with an embolic phenomenon. Description similar to Janeway lesions in infective endocarditis.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-1-eabc224-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Transthoracic echocardiography showed an enlarged left ventricle with eccentric hypertrophy and a preserved ejection fraction. The mitral valve with diffusely thickened leaflets and amorphous isoechoic vegetation with irregular surface adhered to the ventricular face of the posterior leaflet ( Video 1 ) measured 1.0 × 1.2 cm ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> ), restricting its mobility and causing important eccentric reflux ( Video 2 ) directed to the posterior atrial wall. In addition, an enlarged left atrium was noted with a volume indexed by the body surface of 67 mL/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and normal right chambers.</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f05" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-1-eabc224-m01.mp4">
						<label>Video 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Long-axis transthoracic echocardiography of the left parasternal window showing an amorphous image of the irregular surface on the ventricular surface of the posterior mitral valve leaflet without independent mobile echoes.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– A: Apical window, three chambers showing amorphous image measuring 1.29 × 0.92 cm on the posterior mitral valve leaflet. B: Long-axis parasternal window showing important mitral regurgitation occupying almost the entire left atrium.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-1-eabc224-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f06" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-1-eabc224-m02.mp4">
						<label>Video 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Long-axis transthoracic echocardiography of the left parasternal window showing significant mitral valve reflux directed to the posterior wall of the left atrium.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>Due to the vegetation identified in the mitral valve, associated with the clinical context of the patient, the following were listed as possible differential diagnoses: 1) NBTE; and 2) infective endocarditis (IE). For better elucidation of the case, transesophageal echocardiography was requested and three blood cultures were collected. Empirical antibiotic therapy was not started due to a lack of evidence of infection.</p>
				<p>Transesophageal echocardiography complemented the transthoracic examination by better delimiting the mitral valve lesions. Thickened leaflets were observed ( Videos 3 and 4 , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> ), with an echogenic sessile well-delimited image in the posterior portion of the valve annulus and ventricular face of the posterior leaflet (maximum thickness, 1.56 cm; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref> ) encompassing all of their segments and part of the subvalvular apparatus, reducing the mobility of the posterior leaflet and causing moderate to severe reflux.</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f07" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-1-eabc224-m03.mp4">
						<label>Video 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Two-chamber transesophageal echocardiography (approximately 90º) demonstrating posterior mitral valve leaflet thickening.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f08" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-1-eabc224-m04.mp4">
						<label>Video 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Four-chamber transesophageal echocardiography (approximately 0º) showing a homogeneous echogenic, sessile, well-delimited image on the ventricular face of the posterior leaflet.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Two-chamber transesophageal echocardiography at 90º demonstrating diffuse thickening of mitral valve leaflets in diastole (A) and systole (B).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-1-eabc224-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Transesophageal echocardiography A: four-chamber view at 0º showing a sessile image in the posterior mitral valve leaflet measuring 1.56 × 2.31 cm. B: two-chamber view at 90º demonstrating moderate to severe reflux toward the posterior wall of the left atrium.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-1-eabc224-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Blood cultures were negative after three days. Three other samples were collected that also showed negative bacterial growth results.</p>
				<p>Considering complementary test findings, the patient’s characteristics, and the absence of infectious evidence, the diagnosis of NBTE remained. The patient completed pulse therapy with methylprednisolone, underwent a course of intravenous immunoglobulin, and started therapy with cyclophosphamide.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>LSE is a rare condition, mostly found postmortem, with a prevalence of 0.9–1.6%. It commonly affects patients aged 40–80 years, but it can occur in any age group. NBTE is often associated with hypercoagulable states such as malignant neoplasms, SLE, and APS. It is correlated with disease activity and duration and its prevalence increases in the overlap of these pathologies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Studies do not show a sex predilection; however, SLE and APS, causes associated with LSE, occur five- to nine-fold more often in women of childbearing age than in men and are more prevalent in Black and Hispanic women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Patients are usually asymptomatic; findings are often incidental in the investigations of other cardiac conditions by imaging or on postmortem examination. The most common clinical presentations are secondary to valve embolism, such as stroke, transient ischemic attacks, or symptoms of peripheral embolization in the lower limbs. They also include symptoms related to the activity of underlying diseases, such as fever, malar rash, renal, hematological, or immunological changes, among others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>High clinical suspicion is required for the diagnosis of NBTE. No laboratory tests can confirm this diagnosis. Patients with suspected NBTE should be screened for blood cell count, metabolic profile, and blood cultures for the differentiation from other etiologies such as IE. Hypercoagulability should be investigated, including lupus anticoagulant and antiphospholipid antibodies. Three blood culture samples should be tested before starting any empirical antibiotic therapy. The absence of typical or atypical endocarditis-causing agents may strengthen the NBTE suspicion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>However, the primary screening test for LSE is echocardiography. Transesophageal echocardiography has greater sensitivity and specificity than transthoracic echocardiography. Irregular borders, heterogeneous echogenicity, and the absence of independent mobile echoes are characteristic of the masses (verrucous vegetation) found in the heart valves and endocardium. These are usually small sessile masses, but they can be larger than 10 mm. The basal and middle portion of the mitral and aortic valves are the most affected. Diffuse or focal thickening of the mitral and aortic valves may be seen. The involved valves may present regurgitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Vegetations are more frequent on the left side, with two thirds of cases involving the mitral valve, mainly on the ventricular face, and up to a quarter involving the aortic valve and less commonly both valves. Echocardiography cannot distinguish vegetations from thrombi but can provide diagnostic clues for lesion characterization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>NBTE treatment is based on expert positioning and small observational studies. Underlying disease control, anticoagulation in patients with major embolic phenomena, and serial echocardiograms are recommended for monitoring valve lesions. Surgical indications are the same as for IE (i.e., heart failure, acute valve rupture), but reports suggest that recurrent embolization prevention is the most common indication for surgery. In contrast to IE, which requires complete removal of the infected tissue, valve preservation may be possible in some NBTE cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
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					<article-title>Valvular heart disease in antiphospholipid syndrome</article-title>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Endocardite de <italic>Libman-Sacks</italic> em Paciente Masculino com Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vedana</surname>
						<given-names>Álvaro Augusto</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bittencourt</surname>
						<given-names>Vivien Ritchie</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valente</surname>
						<given-names>Thaíssa Antunes Mattar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Botelho</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Alves</surname>
						<given-names>Marco Stephan Lofrano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil .</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Marco Stephan Lofrano Alves • Rua General Carneiro, 181, Alto da Glória – CEP 80060-900 – Curitiba, PR, Brasil. E-mail: mslalves@hc.ufpr.br; mslalves@hotmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Vedana Filho AA e Alves MSL; Obtenção de dados: Vedana Filho AA, Valente TA; Redação do manuscrito: Vedana Filho AA, Bittencourt VR; Revisão crítica do manuscrito: Alves MSL, Botelho FS.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Endocardite</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiograma</kwd>
				<kwd>Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A endocardite de Libman-Sacks (ELS), também conhecida como endocardite marântica ou verrucosa, é uma forma de endocardite trombótica não bacteriana (ETNB) que envolve a presença de vegetações estéreis nas valvas cardíacas. Essas vegetações podem estar associadas com malignidade, lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) ou síndrome do anticorpo antifosfolipídeo (SAAF) e são mais comumente encontradas nas valvas mitral e aórtica, mas outras valvas podem estar envolvidas. O diagnóstico exige alta presunção clínica na avaliação de populações específicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Caso clínico</title>
				<p>Paciente jovem, 21 anos, usuário de drogas ilícitas, com diagnóstico de LES, deu entrada à unidade de emergência por epistaxe não traumática contínua nas últimas 6 horas. Relata que apresentou episódios de melena e o aparecimento de lesões maculares, eritematosas, difusas nas plantas dos pés nas últimas 2 semanas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ). Negou febre ou calafrios durante toda a manifestação do quadro. Ao exame físico, apresentava taquicardia (frequência cardíaca de 115 batimentos por minuto) e ausculta cardíaca com ritmo regular, bulhas normofonéticas e sopro sistólico 3+/6+ em foco mitral, irradiado para axila. Exames de admissão foram sugestivos de LES em atividade, demonstraram complementos C3 e C4 reduzidos, plaquetopenia (2.000 U/uL), anti-DNA dupla hélice 1:640 e hemoglobina de 8,8 mg/dL. Exames coletados 10 meses antes demonstraram anticoagulante lúpico negativo e anticardiolipinas positivo em baixos títulos. Foi indicada e iniciada pulsoterapia com metilprednisolona e imunoglobulina humana intravenosa pela reumatologia. Também foi solicitado ecocardiograma transtorácico, para avaliação de acometimento cardíaco.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Lesões maculares, eritematosas e indolores, com evolução de 2 semanas, compatíveis com fenômeno embólico. Descrição semelhante às lesões de Janeway na endocardite infecciosa.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-1-eabc224-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A ecocardiografia transtorácica evidenciou ventrículo esquerdo aumentado, com hipertrofia excêntrica e fração de ejeção preservada. Valva mitral tinha cúspides difusamente espessadas e vegetação isoecogênica, amorfa, de superfície irregular, aderida à face ventricular da cúspide posterior ( Vídeo 1 ), medindo 1,0 x 1,2 cm ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> ), restringindo sua mobilidade e causando refluxo excêntrico importante ( Vídeo 2 ), direcionado para a parede atrial posterior, além de átrio esquerdo aumentado, com volume indexado pela superfície corporal de 67 mL/m<sup>2</sup>e câmaras direitas normais.</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f05002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-1-eabc224-m01.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiografia transtorácica em eixo longo da janela paraesternal esquerda evidenciando imagem amorfa de superfície irregular na face ventricular da cúspide posterior da valva mitral, sem ecos móveis independentes.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– (A) Janela apical, 3 câmaras, evidenciando imagem amorfa, medindo 1,29 x 0,92 cm, na cúspide posterior da valva mitral. (B) Janela paraesternal do eixo longo, demonstrando refluxo mitral importante ocupando o átrio esquerdo em quase sua totalidade.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-1-eabc224-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f06002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-1-eabc224-m02.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiografia transtorácica em eixo longo da janela paraesternal esquerda apresentando refluxo importante em valva mitral, direcionado para parede posterior do átrio esquerdo.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>Devido à vegetação identificada na valva mitral, associada ao contexto clínico do paciente, foram listados como possíveis diagnósticos diferenciais ETNB e endocardite infecciosa (EI). Para melhor elucidação do caso, foi solicitado um ecocardiograma transesofágico, e foram colhidas três hemoculturas. Não foi iniciada antibioticoterapia empírica, devido à ausência de evidências para infecção.</p>
				<p>A ecocardiografia transesofágica complementou o exame transtorácico melhor delimitando as lesões da valva mitral. Observaram-se cúspides espessadas ( Vídeos 3 e 4 , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref> ), com imagem ecogênica, séssil, bem delimitada, em porção posterior do anel valvar e face ventricular da cúspide posterior (espessura máxima de 1,56 cm; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref> ), englobando todos seus segmentos e parte do aparelho subvalvar, causando redução da mobilidade da cúspide posterior e refluxo moderado a importante.</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f07002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-1-eabc224-m03.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiografia transesofágica no plano 2 câmaras, aproximadamente 90º, demonstrando espessamento da valva mitral na sua cúspide posterior.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f08002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-1-eabc224-m04.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiografia transesofágica no plano 4 câmaras, aproximadamente zero, demonstrando imagem isoecogênica, séssil, bem delimitada em face ventricular da cúspide posterior.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiografia transesofágica em corte duas câmaras a 90º demonstrando espessamento difuso da valva mitral visto na diastóle (A) e sístole (B).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-1-eabc224-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiografia transesofágica. (A) Corte 4 câmaras a zero grau demonstrando imagem séssil em cúspide posterior da valva mitral, medindo 1,56 x 2,31 cm. (B) Corte 2 câmaras a 90º demonstrando refluxo moderado a importante direcionado para parede posterior do átrio esquerdo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-1-eabc224-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>As hemoculturas solicitadas não demonstraram crescimento bacteriano após 3 dias. Outras três amostras foram coletadas, também apresentando resultado negativo para crescimento bacteriano.</p>
				<p>Considerando os achados dos exames complementares, as características do paciente e em associação à ausência de evidências infecciosas, foi mantido o diagnóstico de ETNB. O paciente concluiu a pulsoterapia com metilprednisolona, realizou ciclo de imunoglobulina intravenosa e iniciou terapia com ciclofosfamida.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSÃO</title>
				<p>A ELS é a condição rara mais frequentemente encontrada no <italic>post mortem</italic> , com prevalência de 0,9 a 1,6%. Afeta mais comumente pacientes na faixa etária entre 40 e 80 anos, entretanto pode ocorrer em qualquer grupo etário. A ETNB é frequentemente associada a estados de hipercoagulabilidade como neoplasias malignas, LES e SAAF. Possui correlação com a atividade e com tempo de doença, e sua prevalência aumenta na sobreposição dessas patologias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os estudos não mostram predileção por sexo, entretanto LES e SAAF, causas associadas à ELS, ocorrem de cinco a nove vezes mais frequentemente em mulheres em idade fértil do que em homens e são mais prevalentes em mulheres negras e hispânicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os pacientes geralmente apresentam-se assintomáticos. Os achados geralmente são incidentais ao investigar outras condições cardíacas, por métodos de imagem ou no <italic>post mortem</italic> , à necrópsia. As manifestações clínicas mais comuns são secundárias à embolia valvar, como acidentes vasculares encefálicos, ataques isquêmicos transitórios, ou sintomas de embolização periférica em membros inferiores. Podem também apresentar sintomas referentes a atividade de doenças de base, como febre, <italic>rash</italic> malar, alterações renais, hematológicas, imunológicas, entre outras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Para o diagnóstico de ETNB é necessária a alta suspeição clínica. Não existem testes laboratoriais que confirmem esse diagnóstico. Em pacientes com suspeita de ETNB, deve-se realizar um rastreio com contagem de células sanguíneas, perfil metabólico e hemoculturas, para diferenciar de outras etiologias, como a EI. Deve-se pesquisar hipercoagulabilidade, incluindo anticoagulante lúpico e anticorpos antifosfolipídeos. Três amostras de hemoculturas devem ser coletadas antes de iniciar qualquer antibioticoterapia empírica. A ausência de agentes típicos ou atípicos causadores de endocardite pode fortalecer a suspeita de ETNB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Entretanto, a triagem primária para ELS é a ecocardiografia. A ecocardiografia transesofágica possui maior sensibilidade e especificidade que a ecocardiografia transtorácica. Bordas irregulares, ecogenicidade heterogênea e ausência de ecos móveis independentes são características das massas (vegetações verrucosas) encontradas nas valvas cardíacas e no endocárdio. Essas são usualmente massas pequenas e sésseis, mas podem ser maiores que 10 mm. As porções basal e média das valvas mitral e aórtica estão mais frequentemente acometidas. Espessamento difuso ou focal das valvas mitral e aórtica pode ser observado. As valvas envolvidas podem apresentar regurgitação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As vegetações são mais frequentes no lado esquerdo, com dois terços dos casos envolvendo a valva mitral, principalmente na face ventricular, até um quarto envolvendo a valva aórtica e menos comumente as ambas. O exame ecocardiográfico é incapaz de distinguir vegetações de trombos, mas pode dar pistas diagnósticas quanto a caracterização das lesões.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O tratamento para ETNB é baseado em posicionamento de especialistas e em pequenos estudos observacionais. É recomendado o controle das doenças de base, anticoagulação em pacientes com fenômenos embólicos maiores e ecocardiogramas seriados para acompanhamento das lesões valvares. As indicações cirúrgicas são as mesmas da EI (por exemplo: insuficiência cardíaca e rotura valvar aguda), mas relatos sugerem que a prevenção de embolização recorrente é a indicação mais comum de cirurgia. Em contraste com a EI, em que a remoção completa do tecido infectado é necessária, a preservação valvar pode ser possível em alguns casos de endocardite trombótica não bacteriana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>