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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2675-312X/20223504eed_16i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223504eed_16i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Difficulty Introducing Contrast Echocardiography in Daily Clinical Practice in South America: A Matter of Economy?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5864-7833</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ronderos</surname><given-names>Ricardo</given-names></name> <role>manuscript writing</role> <role>critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Cardiovascular Buenos Aires Argentina</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
<institution content-type="original">ICBA - Instituto Cardiovascular Buenos Aires Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiolog&#xED;a La Plata</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">La Plata</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiolog&#xED;a La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional de La Plata</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">La Plata</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo E Ronderos</bold> &#x2022; Calle 6 No 212 La Plata <postal-code>1900</postal-code> Argentina. E-mail: <email>trotare@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>eed_16</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>15</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>17</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>18</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Contrast Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Cost-Benefit Analysis</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="2"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="11"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<p>Contrast echocardiography has shown invaluable utility in the clinical setting during the last 20 years. Most studies have demonstrated its successful application in different clinical scenarios. Ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) have evolved incredibly since their first-generation iterations at the end of the last century. From weak and short-term duration agents like Levovist&#x2122; to the development of fluorocarbons with simple storage requirements like Definity&#x2122; and Sonovue&#x2122;, significant improvements have been achieved and the logistics in echocardiography labs became easier. Nevertheless, their clinical application did not increase as expected, especially in South America.</p>
<p>To analyze this fact, we must consider the probability of a new diagnostic technique becoming a regular and widespread diagnostic tool. A new diagnostic technique should be superior to its predecessors and available in different clinical scenarios; feature simple instrumentation, simple interpretation, well-defined normal patterns; be attractive and comprehensive in terms of image quality; and be cost-effective to ensure acceptance by health system financiers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>)</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Impact of disruptive technology in medicine.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eed_16-gf01.tif"/></fig>
<p>A disruptive technology is the one that proves necessary over time, garners increased interest, and fulfills market expectations. Therefore, it must not only be needed; it must achieve success and acceptance. Hence, let us analyze UCA development and applications from this point of view.</p>
<p>First, the available contrast agents improved from requiring difficult storage with freezing to a simple powder vial that can be storage in the echocardiography lab. Nevertheless, an intravenous catheter should be placed during the echo exam to inject the contrast; this simple change created difficulty, especially in South America, where physicians work alone taking images without technicians in daily practice.</p>
<p>Doctors must perform this simple but time-consuming procedure during echocardiography exam. Second, to prepare the UCA for injection, more time is needed, and for many contrasts, extra devices are needed; for others, an infusion pump should be added. All these facts significantly increase the time required for echocardiography. All these issues increase the cost, which is not reflected in reimbursement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Second, to apply contrast during echocardiography, the proper machine settings must be selected according to the involved study and/or contrast application. Imaging interpretation, despite the simplification of image acquisition and rendering, requires a learning curve that is longer if contrast studies are infrequently performed in the echocardiography lab.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The dearth of studies due to high time requirement, logistical problems, UCA cost and reimbursement problems make an explosive combination that works against the learning curve in busy echocardiography labs.</p>
<p>To obtain a good and diagnostic contrast echocardiogram, excellent quality pictures must be achieved; therefore, if training is incomplete, success is impossible. I remember a personal experience in which one of the most powerful companies distributed a marketing survey in Argentina. Almost 65% of responding physicians reported that they were not interested in using UCA in daily clinical practice. Why? Because of all these topics listed above!</p>
<p>Third, let us consider the market point of view. The South American market, except for Brazil, is not large enough to provide UCA to the region. If the market is limited and the physicians who must use the product are not excited, the product cannot be successful. The Brazilian market is large and probably requires significant effort to cover the entire region, but the same difficulties occurred in Brazil as in Argentina, Colombia, and Chile.</p>
<p>At the beginning of the 21<sup>st</sup> century, I had the opportunity to lead an amazing group of specialists to develop guidelines for contrast use in clinical practice. Almost all Latin American countries participated in this initiative sponsored by the National University of La Plata and Bristol Myers Squibb. The results were published almost simultaneously by Argentinian, Brazilian, Mexican, and other Latin American Societies of Cardiology Journals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Despite these publications, most markets in Latin America still lack UCA products.</p>
<p>Therefore, market and physician acceptance matter.</p>
<p>A disruptive technology is one expected by the market that solves problems or simplify solutions compared to former products. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>)</p>
<p>Most papers showed no inferiority of contrast echocardiography myocardial studies versus nuclear medicine examinations. Single-photon emission computed tomography studies are used in routine medical practice despite randomized studies being seldom performed and well accepted and used widely.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>Radioisotopes are marketed by companies that also produce UCA, most of which (such as BMS and Lanteus) sold the UCA areas to money funds. Thus, it seems more sensible to continue studies of myocardial perfusion diagnosis than to pursue a non-widely accepted field such as contrast echocardiography. Moreover, the advent of multislice computed tomography to provide atherosclerotic plaque images in the context of a well-established diagnostic machine business seem to complete a not friendly context.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>The last few decades involved automatic quantification and automatic image acquisition algorithms using machine learning and deep learning. Although UCA supply genuinely useful data about coronary capillary flow and coronary reserve using vasodilators, these contrast echocardiography studies are not included in such technical improvements. Another reason to keep contrast echocardiography as an artisan practice instead of a simple current study, the workflow advances to technician acquisition, automatic quantification, and offline delayed physician&#x27;s interpretation.</p>
<p>The application of contrast echocardiography was reduced to endocardial border recognition, left cardiac chambers opacification, and cardiac masses identification. Thus, the circle of disruptive technology closed.</p>
<p>In conclusion, in my humble opinion, echocardiographers have great responsibility in the unexpected small developments of contrast echocardiography. Financial issues are another reason to explain the difficulties in its development. Time revealed that an expected disruptive technique was not used despite its demonstrated usefulness in echocardiography labs in Europe and Japan. Here in Latin America, if UCA were widely available, most labs would be using it now and in the future despite economic problems. Reimbursement should be ensured as with other disruptive technologies.</p></body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn></fn-group>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Por Que &#xE9; T&#xE3;o Dif&#xED;cil Introduzir a Ecocardiografia com Contraste na Pr&#xE1;tica Cl&#xED;nica Di&#xE1;ria na Am&#xE9;rica do Sul: Uma Quest&#xE3;o de Economia?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5864-7833</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ronderos</surname><given-names>Ricardo</given-names></name> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
<institution content-type="original">ICBA - Instituto Cardiovascular Buenos Aires Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">La Plata</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiolog&#xED;a La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">La Plata</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Ricardo E Ronderos</bold> &#x2022; Calle 6 No 212 La Plata <postal-code>1900</postal-code> Argentina. E-mail: <email>trotare@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflito de interesses</bold></p>
<p>Os autores declaram n&#xE3;o terem conflitos de interesse.</p></fn></author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia de contraste</kwd>
<kwd>An&#xE1;lise Custo-Benef&#xED;cio</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<p>A ecocardiografia com contraste mostrou utilidade inestim&#xE1;vel no campo cl&#xED;nico durante os &#xFA;ltimos 20 anos. A maioria dos trabalhos publicados mostravam sua aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o bem-sucedida em diferentes cen&#xE1;rios cl&#xED;nicos. Os agentes de contraste ultrass&#xF4;nicos (ACUs) tiveram uma incr&#xED;vel evolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o e aprimoramento desde o primeiro uso dos ACUs pioneiros no final dos anos noventa, no s&#xE9;culo passado. Desde os agentes fracos e de curta dura&#xE7;&#xE3;o como o Levovist&#x2122; at&#xE9; o desenvolvimento de agentes fluorocarbonados com armazenamento simples como o Definity&#x2122; e o Sonovue&#x2122;, alcan&#xE7;ou-se uma melhoria significativa, e a log&#xED;stica nos laborat&#xF3;rios de ecocardiografia ficou mais f&#xE1;cil. No entanto, principalmente na Am&#xE9;rica Latina, com foco na Am&#xE9;rica do Sul, sua aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica n&#xE3;o aumentou como esperado.</p>
<p>Para analisar esse fato, devemos pensar nas probabilidades de uma nova t&#xE9;cnica diagn&#xF3;stica se estabelecer e perdurar para se tornar uma ferramenta diagn&#xF3;stica regular e difundida.</p>
<p>Uma nova t&#xE9;cnica diagn&#xF3;stica deve ser melhor que as antecessoras, dispon&#xED;vel em diferentes cen&#xE1;rios cl&#xED;nicos, com instrumenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o simples, interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o simples, padr&#xF5;es de normalidade bem definidos, atrativa e abrangente em termos de qualidade das imagens obtidas e com boa rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o custo-benef&#xED;cio, para ter boa aceita&#xE7;&#xE3;o por parte dos financiadores do sistema de sa&#xFA;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Tecnologia disruptiva na medicina.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eed_16-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Uma tecnologia disruptiva &#xE9; aquela que, com o tempo, pode se mostrar necess&#xE1;ria para aumentar o interesse e atender &#xE0;s expectativas do mercado. Portanto, deve ser n&#xE3;o apenas boa, como tamb&#xE9;m precisa alcan&#xE7;ar, sem d&#xFA;vida, sucesso e aceita&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p>
<p>Analisemos o desenvolvimento dos ACUs e suas aplica&#xE7;&#xF5;es a partir desse ponto de vista.</p>
<p>Em primeiro lugar, os agentes de contraste dispon&#xED;veis, antes de dif&#xED;cil armazenamento, necessitando de congelamento, passaram a ser uma simples c&#xE1;psula, podendo ser armazenados dentro do laborat&#xF3;rio de ecocardiogragia, fato este que facilita a organiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o. No entanto, eles precisam tornar o simples ecocardiograma algo complexo. Um cateter intravenoso deve ser colocado durante o exame para injetar contraste, e esta simples mudan&#xE7;a se torna uma dificuldade principalmente na Am&#xE9;rica do Sul, onde os m&#xE9;dicos costumam trabalhar sozinhos obtendo imagens sem t&#xE9;cnicos ajudando na pr&#xE1;tica di&#xE1;ria.</p>
<p>Os m&#xE9;dicos devem incluir esse procedimento simples, mas demorado, durante um ecocardiograma. Depois, para preparar o ACU a ser injetado, &#xE9; necess&#xE1;rio mais algum tempo e, para muitos contrastes, s&#xE3;o necess&#xE1;rios dispositivos extras e, para algumas pr&#xE1;ticas de ecocardiografia, deve-se acrescentar uma bomba de infus&#xE3;o. Todos esses fatores aumentam significativamente o tempo que leva um ecocardiograma. Todos esses problemas aumentam o custo, que n&#xE3;o &#xE9; repassado para o reembolso, apesar dos custos dos ACUs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em segundo lugar, para aplicar o contraste durante um ecocardiograma, deve-se configurar as m&#xE1;quinas de forma adequada, dependendo do tipo de estudo e/ou aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de contraste envolvidos. A interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o das imagens, apesar da simplifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o e renderiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o, requer uma curva de aprendizado maior se a frequ&#xEA;ncia de realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos estudos de contraste no laborat&#xF3;rio for pequena.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O baixo n&#xFA;mero de estudos, devido &#xE0; demora, problemas log&#xED;sticos, custos dos ACUs, e problemas de reembolso comp&#xF5;em uma combina&#xE7;&#xE3;o explosiva que atenta contra a velocidade da curva de aprendizado em laborat&#xF3;rios de ecocardiografia extremamente movimentados.</p>
<p>Para se obter um bom ecocardiograma com contraste com poder diagn&#xF3;stico, deve-se obter imagens de excelente qualidade, portanto, se o treinamento for incompleto, &#xE9; imposs&#xED;vel atingir o sucesso. Lembro-me de uma experi&#xEA;ncia pessoal de quando uma das empresas mais poderosas veio &#xE0; Argentina e conduziu uma pesquisa de marketing. Quase 65% dos m&#xE9;dicos consultados afirmaram n&#xE3;o se interessar pelo uso dos ACUs na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica di&#xE1;ria. Por qu&#xEA;? Devido a todos os fatores enumerados acima!</p>
<p>Em terceiro lugar, vamos ao ponto de vista do mercado. O mercado sul-americano, com exce&#xE7;&#xE3;o do Brasil, n&#xE3;o &#xE9; t&#xE3;o grande a ponto de receber uma unidade de produ&#xE7;&#xE3;o especial para fornecer ACUs para a regi&#xE3;o. Se o mercado n&#xE3;o for grande e os m&#xE9;dicos que ir&#xE3;o usar o produto n&#xE3;o estiverem animados, os neg&#xF3;cios n&#xE3;o v&#xE3;o dar certo! O mercado brasileiro &#xE9; grande e provavelmente teve que ser o motor de propuls&#xE3;o para toda a regi&#xE3;o, mas as mesmas dificuldades ocorreram no Brasil assim como na Argentina, Col&#xF4;mbia, Chile, etc.</p>
<p>No in&#xED;cio do s&#xE9;culo XXI, tive a oportunidade de liderar um incr&#xED;vel grupo de especialistas no desenvolvimento de Diretrizes para uso de contraste na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica. Quase todos os pa&#xED;ses da Am&#xE9;rica Latina participaram dessa iniciativa, patrocinada pela Universidad Nacional de La Plata e Bristol Myers Squibb. Os resultados foram publicados quase simultaneamente por peri&#xF3;dicos de Sociedades de Cardiologia argentinas, brasileiras, mexicanas e outras revistas latino-americanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Logo ap&#xF3;s a publica&#xE7;&#xE3;o desses artigos, a maioria dos mercados dos pa&#xED;ses carece de ACUs dispon&#xED;veis.</p>
<p>Ent&#xE3;o, a aceita&#xE7;&#xE3;o do mercado e a aceita&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos m&#xE9;dicos s&#xE3;o importantes.</p>
<p>Uma tecnologia disruptiva &#xE9; aquela que o mercado espera, que resolve problemas que outras tecnologias n&#xE3;o resolvem ou tornam essas solu&#xE7;&#xF5;es mais simples ou melhores que as anteriores. (Figura 1)</p>
<p>A maioria dos estudos mostrou a n&#xE3;o inferioridade dos estudos mioc&#xE1;rdicos com ecocardiografia de contraste em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com exames da medicina nuclear. Os estudos SPECT est&#xE3;o bem estabelecidos na pr&#xE1;tica m&#xE9;dica de rotina e, apesar de raramente serem realizados estudos randomizados, essas pr&#xE1;ticas s&#xE3;o bem aceitas e amplamente utilizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os radiois&#xF3;topos s&#xE3;o comercializados por empresas que tamb&#xE9;m produzem ACUs, e a maioria dessas empresas vendeu as &#xE1;reas de produ&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos ACUs para fundos monet&#xE1;rios, como aconteceu com a BMS e a Lanteus. Ent&#xE3;o, parece ser melhor neg&#xF3;cio continuar com is&#xF3;topos para desenvolver estudos para diagn&#xF3;stico de perfus&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica, do que passar para um campo n&#xE3;o amplamente aceito como o ecocardiograma com contraste. Al&#xE9;m disso, o aparecimento da tomografia computadorizada Multislice, que fornece imagens de placas ateroscler&#xF3;ticas no contexto de um mercado consolidado de aparelhos de diagn&#xF3;stico, parece completar um contexto nada favor&#xE1;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>As &#xFA;ltimas d&#xE9;cadas viram uma avalanche de algoritmos de quantifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o autom&#xE1;tica e aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o autom&#xE1;tica de imagens por meio de aprendizado de m&#xE1;quina e <italic>deep learning</italic>, tamb&#xE9;m para o diagn&#xF3;stico autom&#xE1;tico. Embora os ACUs forne&#xE7;am dados genuinamente bons sobre o fluxo capilar coronariano e a reserva coronariana usando vasodilatadores, esses ecocardiogramas com contraste n&#xE3;o est&#xE3;o inclu&#xED;dos nessas melhorias t&#xE9;cnicas. Sendo assim, &#xE9; outro motivo para se manter o ecocardiograma com contraste como uma &#x201C;pr&#xE1;tica artesanal&#x201D; em vez de um estudo simples e c&#xF4;modo no momento atual. O fluxo de trabalho vai para a aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o das imagens por parte do t&#xE9;cnico, quantifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o autom&#xE1;tica e delongas na interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o e conclus&#xE3;o por parte do m&#xE9;dico.</p>
<p>Em quarto lugar, ent&#xE3;o, o campo de aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da ecocardiografia com contraste foi reduzido ao reconhecimento da borda endoc&#xE1;rdica, opacifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o das c&#xE2;maras card&#xED;acas esquerdas, identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de massas card&#xED;acas e n&#xE3;o muito mais que isso. O c&#xED;rculo da t&#xE9;cnica n&#xE3;o disruptiva se fechou inevitavelmente.</p>
<p>Para concluir esses questionamentos sobre a t&#xE9;cnica especialmente &#xFA;til chamada ecocardiografia com contraste, na minha humilde opini&#xE3;o, os ecocardiografistas t&#xEA;m uma grande responsabilidade no pequeno e inesperado desenvolvimento do ecocardiograma com contraste. Quest&#xF5;es financeiras e monet&#xE1;rias tamb&#xE9;m s&#xE3;o um grande motivo que justificam as dificuldades para o desenvolvimento. O tempo mostrou que uma t&#xE9;cnica supostamente disruptiva na verdade n&#xE3;o era, apesar de ser &#xFA;til e de laborat&#xF3;rios principalmente na Europa e no Jap&#xE3;o terem tido maior experi&#xEA;ncia na aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da ecocardiografia com contraste. Tenho certeza de que se aqui na Am&#xE9;rica Latina tiv&#xE9;ssemos a oportunidade de usar ACUs amplamente dispon&#xED;veis como nunca fizemos antes, a maioria dos laborat&#xF3;rios estariam utilizando, e iriam continuar utilizando, apesar dos problemas econ&#xF4;micos, e com certeza o reembolso seria alcan&#xE7;ado, assim como outras t&#xE9;cnicas n&#xE3;o disruptivas que foram impostas.</p></body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn></fn-group>
</back></sub-article>
</article>
