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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223504ecom36i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach to Contrast Echocardiography</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9083-8269</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aguiar</surname>
						<given-names>Miguel Osman Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0219-944X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Alessandra Joslin</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9971-8236</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Stangenhaus</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0201-6754</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mathias</surname>
						<given-names>Wilson</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital São Camilo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Camilo, SP, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">University of São Paulo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Heart Institute</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">University of São Paulo (FMUSP), School of Medicine, Heart Institute (InCor), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Fleury</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Miguel Osman Dias Aguiar • Av. Pompéia, 1178, Pompeia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Postal Code: 05022-001. E-mail: <email>miguel@wavesmed.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>21</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>ecom36</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>31</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>5</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Contrast Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Perfusion Imaging</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="12"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="18"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Contrast echocardiography (CE) uses ultrasound enhancing agents (UEA) that, when introduced into the bloodstream and subjected to ultrasound (US), contrast the blood due to the great reflective capacity of microbubbles. It completely opacifies the left ventricle (LV), with better definition of endocardial borders, Doppler signal enhancement, and myocardial perfusion (MP).</p>
			<p>Commercially available second-generation UEA are composed of high molecular weight gases surrounded by an outer shell of albumin, phospholipid, or polymer. These inert structures aggregate and remain within the intravascular space, presenting kinetics similar to those of red blood cells but at less than half their size (1.0–4.5 µm), which allows them to pass the pulmonary capillary barrier and reach the left chambers. They are predominantly excreted through the lungs, have a high metabolism (half-life, 10–12 min), do not deposit in the tissues, and, unlike iodinated contrast agents, present no known risk factors of nephrotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Adverse events and safety of UEA</title>
			<p>Adverse events related to UEA use are rare, being mostly transient and self-limiting. In a meta-analysis of 110,500 patients, the incidence of severe allergic and anaphylactoid reactions immediately after UEA administration was estimated in 0.009% and 0.004%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Aggeli et al. evaluated 5,250 patients and found supraventricular arrhythmias (0.1–0.5%), ventricular arrhythmias (0.02–0.20%), headache (5.3%), back pain (0.5%), dizziness (7.4%), and hypersensitivity reactions (0.44%) as the most frequent adverse events related to contrast echocardiography. That study reported no cases of death or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) related to UEA use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>According to the latest American Society of Echocardiography guideline, UEA use is safe in adolescents and children over 5 years of age for Doppler signal enhancement and regional parietal motility (RPM) assessments as well as in children and adults with patent foramen ovale and a small right-to-left shunt. Furthermore, its use is safe in patients with pulmonary hypertension. UEA is contraindicated in patients with a known allergy to its components; moreover, data are lacking on its safety in pregnant women and children under five years of age. As with other advanced echocardiographic modalities, the unit must be properly equipped to manage possible serious complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Cost-effectiveness of UEA</title>
			<p>A prospective cohort of 632 consecutive studies of patients with technically limited windows showed a significantly increased number of LV segments visualized after UEA administration versus no UEA in different settings and scenarios (inpatient, intensive care unit, operating room, and elective patients).</p>
			<p>The analysis of RPM abnormality detection also showed an increased number of segments visualized with versus UEA in the same scenarios.</p>
			<p>The same study evaluated the impact of the association of UEA with echocardiography on the clinical management of these patients. An influence of the contrast-enhanced technique was demonstrated in 35% of cases considering the drug treatment change and the reduced performance of invasive tests such as transesophageal echocardiography or those involving radiation exposure. These results were associated with a cost reduction of USD 122 per patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Image generation techniques</title>
			<p>The interaction between US and microbubbles is crucial for blood contrast. The use of low-energy US pulses, i.e., with a mechanical index (MI) &lt; 0.2, makes the microbubbles resonate, producing harmonic frequencies that enable the assessment of LV opacification and the study of MP. The use of an ultrasonic pulse with a high MI (&gt;0.8) makes the gas microbubbles expand, retract, and eventually break, thus losing their reflective capacity.</p>
			<p>LV opacification images must be acquired with respect to some technical aspects. In addition to the low MI, the focus should be positioned at the level of the mitral valve to reduce microbubble destruction. The ventricular cavity should be homogeneously filled by UEA, with an acoustic shadow on the left atrium and no swirls in the apical region.</p>
			<p>Most current devices have presets for UEA use.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>UEA administration techniques</title>
			<p>UEA infusion amount and rate affect imaging quality. High doses attenuate (cause a shadow) the image, while low doses shorten the enhancement duration. A rapid infusion rate can lead to high UEA concentrations at the ventricular apex, causing attenuation artifacts in the LV basal region by generating a shadow on the ventricular cavity, while a slow infusion rate can lead to swirl formation and incomplete opacification (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m01">Video 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Technical aspects of ventricular opacification. (a) Apical four-chamber plane focused on the right ventricle. Ideal opacification. (B) Apical four-chamber plane. Attenuation. (a) Apical four-chamber plane. Swirling. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m01">Video 1</xref>.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-gf01.tif"/>
					<attrib>LV: left ventricle; MI: mechanical index.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<media id="m01" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m01.mp4">
					<label>Video 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Technical aspects of ventricular opacification. (a) Apical four-chamber plane focused on the right ventricle. Ideal opacification. (B) Apical four-chamber plane. Attenuation. (a) Apical four-chamber plane. Swirling</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</p>
			<p>Initially, peripheral venous access should be punctured in one of the upper limbs (preferably antecubital) with a larger caliber catheter (18–22) to preserve microbubble integrity. Connectors and intermediate tubes should be avoided, as should the use of a 3-way tap with the syringe containing the UEA in the straight position and the saline solution in the transverse line (T) since the microbubbles can be destroyed in the tap “curve.” After UEA infusion, the subsequent saline solution flush should be delivered smoothly and slowly.</p>
			<p>In Brazil, the available UEA is the SonoVue® (Bracco, Italy), which is used in a bolus infusion of 1.0 mL of pure agent followed by a bolus of 10 mL of 0.9% saline solution for each group of images to be acquired. It is also possible to optimize this bolus by lifting the injected arm 90 degrees (usually the right upper arm). The volume should be adjusted in subsequent injections according to obtained image quality.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Clinical applications</title>
			<p>The only formal recommendation approved for UEA use in the assessment of cardiovascular disease is aimed at LV opacification when at least two contiguous myocardial segments are not well visualized during the conventional echocardiographic study. However, current guidelines supported by recent scientific evidence consider other applications such as MP and intracardiac mass assessment, spectral Doppler signal enhancement, and stress echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Quantification of volumes, EF, and regional LV parietal motility</title>
				<p>Echocardiographic windows with suboptimal images and the presence of myocardial trabeculations hinder the correct identification of the blood interface with the compacted myocardium. After UEA injection, the contrasted blood fills the intra-trabecular spaces up to the compacted myocardium, allowing a more accurate assessment and making ventricular volume measurements more reproducible. These images should be acquired when the LV is completely opacified and the volumes quantified by the two-dimensional biplanar method performed by tracing the interface of the compacted myocardium and the ventricular cavity, excluding the trabeculae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Ventricular volumes obtained by CE are greater than those found in non-contrast two- and three-dimensional echocardiograms with good correlation with the ventricular volumes found in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Apical four-chamber plane on contrast echocardiography showing sample ejection fraction calculation.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>RPM analysis is a subjective assessment that depends on image quality. Thus, UEA should be used to assess ventricular volumes, quantify ejection fraction, and in situations in which volume analysis and RPM require diagnostic accuracy, such as in coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and the follow-up of patients using cardiotoxic drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiography with myocardial perfusion</title>
				<p>Since it presents behavior similar to that of red blood cells, UEA works as a marker of myocardial blood flow. Thus, myocardial perfusion echocardiography (MPE) can be used to assess risk area during AMI, viability after AMI (no-reflow identification), reperfusion therapy efficacy, and in the context of chronic coronary artery disease (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="m02a">Videos 2A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m02b">2B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m02c">2C</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m02a" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m02a.mp4">
						<label>Video 2A</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Apical 4-chamber view focused on the LV. Normal RPM and MP.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m02b" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m02b.mp4">
						<label>Video 2B</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Apical 4-chamber view focused on the LV. Apical akinesia and MP defect.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m02c" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m02c.mp4">
						<label>Video 2C</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Apical 4-chamber view focused on the LV. Stunned myocardium. Akinesia of the apical segment of the lateral wall, with normal MP.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>MPE is performed after the infusion of small UEA bolus in low MI images, followed by the application of a high MI ultrasonic pulse – called a flash – to destroy the microbubbles and allow the subsequent analysis of their refilling in the myocardium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Apical four-chamber plane on sample myocardial perfusion echocardiography demonstrating myocardial refilling with an ultrasound enhancing agent after a flash (A) illustrated as a bright frame. After the high mechanical index pulse, microbubbles are destroyed (B), followed by myocardial refilling in subsequent images (C, D, E).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>MP can be quantitatively evaluated through software post-processing (not yet commercially available for clinical use) or qualitatively evaluated through visual analysis. Qualitative analysis uses a semi-quantitative score with the following graduations: 1 = normal MP (with intense enhancement within 4 s after the flash); 2 = hypoperfusion (normal or rarefied enhancement 4–10 s after the flash); and 3 = no MP (little or no enhancement more than 10 s after the flash). Thus, normal myocardial refilling should occur in up to 4 s at rest and in up to 2 s during stress. The presence of normal MP in a given segment is considered a sign of myocardial viability.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Intracardiac abnormalities</title>
				<p>Masses can correspond to innocent structures such as a false tendon, accessory papillary muscle, and prominent trabeculation; or pathological structures such as a thrombus or tumor. Thus, UEA can be used to confirm or exclude a suspected finding in this context.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Intracardiac thrombi</title>
				<p>Despite advances in other imaging modalities, echocardiography is the most commonly. used initial diagnosis and risk stratification tool for patients predisposed to developing intracardiac thrombi.</p>
				<p>LV thrombi are commonly located in the apical region. Their identification by conventional echocardiography can be challenging; however, using CE, the thrombus is visualized as a “filling defect” since the UEA does not penetrate its interior since it is an avascular structure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4A</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>(A) Apical four-chamber plane on sample myocardial perfusion echocardiography focused on the right ventricle showing an unenhanced mass consistent with a thrombus. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m03a">Video 3A</xref>. (B) Apical four-chamber plane of a left atrial myxoma mass with almost no enhancement.<xref ref-type="fig" rid="m03b">Video 3B</xref>. (C) Apical four-chamber plane of a right ventricle metastasis. The hypervascular mass demonstrates increased perfusion and areas of necrosis. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m03c">Video 3C</xref>.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m03a" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m03a.mp4">
						<label>Video 3A</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Apical 4-chamber view focused on the LV. Presence of mass with no enhancement, consistent with thrombus.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m03b" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m03b.mp4">
						<label>Video 3B</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Apical 4-chamber view. Left atrial myxoma. Mass with small amount of enhancement.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m03c" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m03c.mp4">
						<label>Video 3C</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Apical 4-chamber view. Metastasis in the right ventricle. Hypervascular mass, with increased perfusion and areas of necrosis.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Intracardiac masses</title>
				<p>MPE characterizes the vascularization of cardiac masses, helping differentiate between malignant and benign tumors. This evaluation is qualitative and based on the visual analysis of the UEA refill time after a flash.</p>
				<p>Benign tumors such as myxomas are poorly vascularized and have a perfusion similar to that of the myocardium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4B</xref>).</p>
				<p>Malignant tumors are hypervascularized. Thus, increased tumor mass perfusion suggests malignancy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4C</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</title>
				<p>CE can be performed in suspected cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), especially the apical variant in which cardiac apex visualization is challenging.</p>
				<p>Complete opacification of the LV by the UEA allows the identification of apical segment hypertrophy and the typical spade-like shape of the ventricular cavity in diastole (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5A</xref>). Complications associated with HCM such as apical aneurysm and thrombus can also be identified.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>(A) Apical four-chamber plane on cardiac echocardiography demonstrating apical myocardial hypertrophy. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m04a">Video 4A</xref>. (B) Apical two-chamber plane on cardiac echocardiography focused on the left ventricle showing an apical aneurysm with a thrombus. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m04b">Video 4B</xref>.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-gf05.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m04a" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m04a.mp4">
						<label>Video 4A</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Apical 4-chamber view. CE showing apical myocardial hypertrophy.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m04b" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m04b.mp4">
						<label>Video 4B</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Apical 2-chamber view focused on the LV. CE showing apical aneurysm with thrombus.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Noncompaction myocardium</title>
				<p>Complete opacification of the LV cavity facilitates the recognition of deep trabecular recesses characteristic of noncompaction myocardium, increasing differentiation between compacted and non-compacted portions of the myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Complications after myocardial infarction</title>
				<p>In limited echocardiographic windows, CE may be essential for visualizing LV aneurysm and associated complications such as thrombus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5C</xref>). Pseudoaneurysms, free wall rupture, and interventricular septum communications can also be identified using UEA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Stress echocardiogram</title>
				<p>CE can increase the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of tests under physical or pharmacological stress due to the adequate visualization of endocardial borders and RPM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f06">
						<label>Figure 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Sample contrast echocardiography under pharmacological stress with dobutamine and atropine. (A) Apical four-chamber plane at rest showing normal regional parietal motility and myocardial perfusion (red arrow). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m05a">Video 5A</xref>. (B) Apical four-chamber plane at peak stress showing akinesia and a myocardial perfusion defect in the apical region (red arrow). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m05b">Video 5B</xref>.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-gf06.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m05a" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m05a.mp4">
						<label>Video 5A</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Apical 4-chamber view at rest. Normal RPM and MP</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m05b" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m05b.mp4">
						<label>Video 5B</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Apical 4-chamber view at peak stress. Akinesia and absence of MP in the apical region.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>The UEA should be administered with the patient at rest and later at peak stress 5–10 s before the end of the exercise or during the infusion of the pharmacological agent using the same route to compare the two moments. Additionally, an MP analysis helps assess subtle contractility abnormalities due to subendocardial ischemia since perfusion abnormalities occur before parietal motility abnormalities in the progression of the ischemic cascade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Therefore, the use of UEA during stress echocardiography is recommended whenever at least one myocardial segment is not well visualized.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>CE is considered an essential component of a modern echocardiography laboratory due to its ability to provide unique information that improves the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. Implementing UEA requires knowledge on agent-specific imaging protocols, a process that identifies patients likely to benefit from its use, and sound laboratory policies that ensure quality, efficiency, and safety.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223504ecom36p</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como eu Faço Contraste Ecocardiográfico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9083-8269</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aguiar</surname>
						<given-names>Miguel Osman Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0219-944X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Alessandra Joslin</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9971-8236</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Stangenhaus</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0201-6754</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mathias</surname>
						<given-names>Wilson</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Camilo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto do Coração (InCor), São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Miguel Osman Dias Aguiar • Av. Pompéia, 1178 - Pompeia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, CEP: 05022-001. E-mail: miguel@wavesmed.com.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia de Contraste</kwd>
				<kwd>Imagem de Perfusão</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A ecocardiografia contrastada (EC) é uma ferramenta que utiliza um agente de realce ultrassonográfico (ARUS) que, ao ser introduzido na corrente sanguínea e associado ao efeito do ultrassom (US), contrasta o sangue, pela grande capacidade refletiva das microbolhas. Assim, permite a completa opacificação do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), a melhor definição dos bordos endocárdicos, o realce do sinal Doppler e o estudo da perfusão miocárdica (PM).</p>
				<p>Os ARUS de segunda geração, atualmente disponíveis comercialmente, são compostos de gases de alto peso molecular, envoltos por uma cápsula externa de albumina, fosfolípide ou polímero. São estruturas inertes, que se agregam e permanecem dentro do espaço intravascular, apresentando cinética similar a das hemácias, porém com menos da metade de seu tamanho (de 1,0 a 4,5µm), o que permite que ultrapassem a barreira capilar pulmonar e alcancem as câmaras esquerdas. Possuem eliminação predominantemente pulmonar, com alto metabolismo (tempo de meia-vida de 10 a 12 minutos), não se depositam nos tecidos e não apresentam nenhum risco conhecido de nefrotoxicidade, diferentemente dos contrastes iodados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Eventos adversos e segurança do uso de agentes de realce ultrassonográficos</title>
				<p>Eventos adversos consequentes à utilização do ARUS são raros, na maioria das vezes transitórios e autolimitados. Em metanálise que incluiu 110.500 pacientes, a incidência de reações alérgicas e anafilactoides graves imediatamente após a administração do ARUS foi estimada em 0,009 e 0,004%, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Dentre os eventos adversos mais frequentes relacionados à EC, Aggeli et al. avaliando 5.250 pacientes, encontraram arritmias supraventriculares (0,1 a 0,5%), arritmias ventriculares (0,02 a 0,20%), cefaleia (5,3%), dorsalgia (0,5%), tontura (7,4%) e reações de hipersensibilidade (0,44%). Nesse estudo, não houveram mortes ou infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) relacionados ao uso do ARUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>De acordo com a última diretriz publicada pela <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>, o uso do ARUS é seguro em crianças maiores de 5 anos e adolescentes para o realce do sinal Doppler e avaliação da motilidade parietal regional (MPR), assim como em crianças e adultos com forame oval patente e pequenos <italic>shunts</italic> direita-esquerda. Ainda, seu uso é seguro em pacientes com hipertensão pulmonar. É contraindicado nos pacientes com alergia conhecida aos componentes dos ARUS e não há dados relacionados à segurança da utilização dos agentes em gestantes e crianças menores de 5 anos. Assim como em outras modalidades ecocardiográficas avançadas, a unidade deve estar devidamente equipada para eventuais complicações graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Custo-efetividade dos agentes de realce</title>
				<p>Em uma coorte prospectiva envolvendo 632 estudos consecutivos de pacientes com janelas tecnicamente limitadas, houve aumento significativo no número de segmentos do VE visualizados após a administração do ARUS comparado à imagem sem ARUS, nos diferentes ambientes e cenários (pacientes internados, na unidade de terapia intensiva, no centro cirúrgico e pacientes eletivos).</p>
				<p>Analisando a detecção de anormalidades da MPR, também ocorreu aumento no número de segmentos visualizados com a associação do ARUS comparado à imagem sem o agente, nos mesmos cenários.</p>
				<p>Nesse mesmo estudo, foi avaliado o impacto que a associação do ARUS ao exame ecocardiográfico teve no manuseio clínico desses pacientes. Foi demonstrada influência da técnica contrastada em 35% dos casos, considerando a mudança no tratamento medicamentoso e a redução de realização de exames invasivos, como ecocardiograma transesofágico, ou que envolvessem exposição à radiação. Esses resultados foram associados à redução de custo da grandeza de US$122 por paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Técnicas para a geração de imagens</title>
				<p>A interação entre o US e as microbolhas é determinante para a contrastação do sangue. A utilização de pulsos de US com baixa energia, ou seja, com índice mecânico &lt;0,2, faz com que as microbolhas ressoem, produzindo frequências harmônicas, permitindo a avaliação da opacificação do VE e o estudo da PM. Já a utilização do pulso ultrassônico com índice mecânico alto (&gt;0,8) faz com que as microbolhas de gás se expandam e retraiam, vindo a romper e, assim, perder sua capacidade refletiva.</p>
				<p>As imagens para opacificação do VE devem ser adquiridas respeitando aspectos técnicos. Além do índice mecânico baixo, o foco deve ser posicionado no nível da valva mitral, reduzindo a destruição de microbolhas. A cavidade ventricular deve estar preenchida de forma homogênea pelo ARUS, com a sombra acústica incidindo sobre o átrio esquerdo e sem redemoinhos na região apical.</p>
				<p>Atualmente, a maioria dos aparelhos possui protocolos (<italic>presets</italic>) para o uso dos ARUS.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Técnicas para a administração dos agentes de realce</title>
				<p>A quantidade e a velocidade de infusão do ARUS impactam na qualidade da imagem obtida. Altas doses causam atenuação (sombra) na imagem, enquanto baixas doses encurtam a duração do realce. A rápida taxa de infusão pode levar a altas concentrações do ARUS no ápice ventricular, causando artefato de atenuação na região basal do VE, por gerar uma sombra sobre a própria cavidade ventricular, enquanto a infusão lenta pode levar a formação de redemoinho, representando a opacificação incompleta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m01_pt">Vídeo 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Aspectos técnicos da opacificação ventricular. (A) Plano apical de 4 câmaras focado no ventrículo esquerdo. Opacificação ideal. (B) Plano apical de 4 câmaras. Atenuação. (C) Plano apical de 4 câmaras. Redemoinho. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m01_pt">Vídeo 1</xref>.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>VE: ventrículo esquerdo; IM: índice mecânico.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m01_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m01-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Aspecto técnicos da opacificação ventricular. (A) Plano apical de 4 câmaras focado no VE. Opacificação ideal. (B) Plano apical de 4 câmaras. Atenuação. (C) Plano apical de 4 câmaras. Redemoinho.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>Inicialmente deve-se puncionar um acesso venoso periférico em um dos membros superiores (preferencialmente antecubital) com cateteres de calibres maiores (18 a 22), para preservar a integridade das microbolhas. Recomenda-se o uso de torneira de três vias, com a seringa contendo o ARUS na posição reta e a solução salina na linha transversa (T), uma vez que as microbolhas podem ser destruídas na curva da torneira. A utilização de conectores e tubos intermediários deve ser evitada. Após a infusão do agente, recomenda-se que o <italic>flush</italic> de solução salina subsequente seja suave e de baixa velocidade.</p>
				<p>No Brasil, o ARUS disponível é o SonoVue® (Bracco, Itália), no qual utiliza-se a infusão em bólus de 1,0mL do agente puro, seguido de um bólus de 10mL de soro fisiológico a 0,9% para cada grupo de imagens a ser adquirido. Pode-se, ainda, otimizar esse bólus ao se levantar a 90° o braço onde o ARUS foi injetado (usualmente o membro superior direito). O volume nas injeções seguintes deve ser ajustado de acordo com a qualidade da imagem obtida.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Aplicações clínicas</title>
				<p>A única recomendação formal aprovada para a utilização do ARUS na avaliação da doença cardiovascular é destinada à opacificação do VE, quando ao menos dois segmentos miocárdicos contíguos não são bem visualizados durante o estudo ecocardiográfico convencional. Entretanto, as atuais diretrizes, suportadas pelas evidências científicas recentes, consideram outras aplicações, como avaliação da PM, avaliação de massas intracardíacas, uso para o realce do sinal Doppler espectral e durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Quantificação de volumes, fração de ejeção e motilidade parietal regional do ventrículo esquerdo</title>
					<p>Janelas ecocardiográficas com imagens subótimas, assim como a presença de trabeculações miocárdicas, dificultam a correta identificação da interface do sangue com o miocárdio compactado. Após a injeção de ARUS, o sangue contrastado preenche os espaços intratrabeculares, até o miocárdio compactado, permitindo uma avaliação mais precisa, tornando as medidas dos volumes ventriculares mais reprodutíveis. A aquisição dessas imagens deve ser realizada quando o VE estiver completamente opacificado e a quantificação dos volumes pelo método biplanar bidimensional realizada por meio do tracejamento da interface do miocárdio compactado e a cavidade ventricular, excluindo as trabéculas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os volumes ventriculares obtidos pela EC são maiores do que aqueles encontrados nos ecocardiogramas bidimensional e tridimensional sem contraste, com boa correlação com os volumes ventriculares encontrados na ressonância magnética cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Plano apical de 4 câmaras. Exemplo de cálculo da fração de ejeção por meio da ecocardiografia contrastada.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A análise da MPR é uma avaliação subjetiva, que depende da qualidade da imagem. Assim, o ARUS deve ser utilizado para avaliação dos volumes ventriculares, quantificação da fração de ejeção e situações em que a análise dos volumes e da MPR requerem precisão diagnóstica, como nas coronariopatias, nas cardiomiopatias e no seguimento de pacientes em uso de fármacos cardiotóxicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ecocardiografia com perfusão miocárdica</title>
					<p>Por possuir comportamento semelhante ao das hemácias, o ARUS serve como marcador de fluxo sanguíneo miocárdico. Dessa forma, a ecocardiografia com PM (EPM) pode ser utilizada para avaliação da área de risco durante o IAM, avaliação de viabilidade após IAM (identificação do fenômeno <italic>no-reflow</italic>), eficácia da terapia de reperfusão e no contexto de doença arterial coronária crônica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="m02a_pt">Vídeos 2A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m02b_pt">2B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m02c_pt">2C</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<media id="m02a_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m02a-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 2A</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Plano apical de 4 câmaras focado no VE. MPR e PM normais.</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="m02b_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m02b-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 2B</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Plano apical de 4 câmaras focado no VE. Acinesia apical e defeito de PM.</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="m02c_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m02c-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 2C</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Plano apical de 4 câmaras focado no VE. Miocárdio atordoado. Acinesia do segmento apical da parede lateral, com PM normal</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>A EPM é realizada a partir da infusão de pequenos bólus de ARUS em imagens com baixo índice mecânico, seguida da aplicação de um pulso ultrassônico com índice mecânico alto, denominado <italic>flash,</italic> para destruir as microbolhas e permitir a posterior análise do seu repreenchimento no miocárdio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Plano apical de 4 câmaras. Exemplo de ecocardiografia com perfusão miocárdica, demonstrando o repreenchimento miocárdico com agente de realce ultrassonográfico após um flash (A), ilustrado como um quadro brilhante. Após o pulso de alto índice mecânico ocorre destruição das microbolhas (B), seguida de repreenchimento do miocárdico nas imagens subsequentes (C a E).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A PM pode ser avaliada de forma quantitativa, por meio de pós-processamento em <italic>softwares</italic> específicos (ainda não disponíveis comercialmente para uso clínico), ou qualitativa, a partir da análise visual. Para a análise qualitativa, utiliza-se um escore semiquantitativo, com as seguintes graduações: 1 para PM normal (com realce intenso em até 4 segundos após o <italic>flash</italic>), 2 para hipoperfusão (realce normal ou rarefeito de 4 a 10 segundos após o <italic>flash</italic>) e 3 para ausência de PM (pouco ou nenhum realce após mais de 10 segundos após o <italic>flash</italic>). Assim, o repreenchimento miocárdico normal deve ocorrer em até 4 segundos em repouso e em até 2 segundos durante o estresse. A presença de PM normal, em determinado segmento, deve ser considerada como sinal de viabilidade miocárdica.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Anormalidades intracardíacas</title>
					<p>Massas podem corresponder a estruturas inocentes como falso tendão, músculo papilar acessório e trabeculação proeminente, ou patológicas, como trombo ou tumor. Assim, o ARUS pode ser utilizado para confirmar ou refutar um achado suspeito neste contexto.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Trombos intracardíacos</title>
					<p>Apesar dos avanços em outras modalidades de imagem, a ecocardiografia continua sendo a ferramenta inicial mais utilizada para diagnóstico e estratificação de risco dos pacientes predispostos a desenvolver trombos intracardíacos.</p>
					<p>Os trombos do VE são comumente localizados na região apical. A identificação deles pela ecocardiografia convencional pode ser desafiadora, entretanto, com a EC, o trombo é visualizado como um defeito de enchimento, visto que o ARUS não penetra em seu interior, por ser uma estrutura avascular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4A</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04002">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>(A) Plano apical de 4 câmaras focado no VE. Presença de massa com ausência de realce, consistente com trombo. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m03a_pt">Vídeo 3A</xref>. (B) Plano apical de 4 câmaras. Mixoma atrial esquerdo. Massa com pequena quantidade de realce. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m03b_pt">Vídeo 3B</xref>. (C) Plano apical de 4 câmaras. Metástase no ventrículo direito. Massa hipervascular, com perfusão aumentada e áreas de necrose. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m03c_pt">Vídeo 3C</xref>.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-gf04-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="m03a_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m03a-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 3A</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Plano apical de 4 câmaras focado no VE. Presença de massa com ausência de realce, consistente com trombo.</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="m03b_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m03b-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 3B</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Plano apical de 4 câmaras. Mixoma atrial esquerdo. Massa com pequena quantidade de realce</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="m03c_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m03c-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 3C</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Plano apical de 4 câmaras. Metástase no ventrículo direito. Massa hipervascular, com perfusão aumentada e áreas de necrose.</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Massas intracardíacas</title>
					<p>A EPM permite caracterizar a vascularização das massas cardíacas, auxiliando na diferenciação de tumores malignos e benignos. Tal avaliação é feita por meio de abordagem qualitativa, a partir da análise visual do tempo de repreenchimento do ARUS após um <italic>flash</italic>.</p>
					<p>Tumores benignos, como mixomas, são pouco vascularizados e apresentam perfusão similar à do miocárdio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4B</xref>).</p>
					<p>Tumores malignos são hipervascularizados. Assim, a perfusão aumentada da massa tumoral sugere malignidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4C</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Cardiomiopatia hipertrófica</title>
					<p>A EC pode ser realizada em casos suspeitos de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH), sobretudo na variante apical, em que a visualização do ápice cardíaco é desafiadora.</p>
					<p>A completa opacificação do VE pelo ARUS permite a identificação da hipertrofia dos segmentos apicais e o aspecto típico em naipe de espadas da cavidade ventricular na diástole (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 5A</xref>). Complicações associadas à CMH, como aneurisma apical e trombo, também podem ser identificadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f05002">
							<label>Figura 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>(A) Plano apical de 4 câmaras. EC demonstrando hipertrofia miocárdica apical. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m04a_pt">Vídeo 4A</xref> (B) Plano apical de 2 câmaras focado no VE. EC evidenciando aneurisma apical com trombo. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m04b_pt">Vídeo 4B</xref>.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-gf05-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="m04a_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m04a-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 4A</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Plano apical de 4 câmaras. EC demonstrando hipertrofia miocárdica apical.</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="m04b_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m04b-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 4B</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Plano apical de 2 câmaras focado no VE. EC evidenciando aneurisma apical com trombo.</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Miocárdio não compactado</title>
					<p>A completa opacificação da cavidade ventricular esquerda facilita o reconhecimento dos recessos trabeculares profundos característicos do MNC, contribuindo para melhor diferenciação das porções compactadas e não compactadas do miocárdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Complicações pós infarto do miocárdio</title>
					<p>Em janelas ecocardiográficas limitadas, a EC pode ser essencial para visualização de aneurisma do VE e complicações associadas, como trombo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 5B</xref>). Pseudoaneurismas, ruptura de parede livre e comunicações do septo interventricular também podem ser identificadas com o uso de ARUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ecocardiograma sob estresse</title>
					<p>A EC em exames sob estresse físico ou farmacológico aumenta a sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia diagnóstica devido à adequada visualização das bordas endocárdicas e da MPR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">Figura 6</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f06002">
							<label>Figura 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Exemplo de EC em estresse farmacológico com dobutamina e atropina. (A) Plano apical de 4 câmaras no repouso. MPR e PM normais (seta vermelha). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m05a_pt">Vídeo 5A</xref> (B) Plano apical de 4 câmaras no pico do estresse. Acinesia e ausência de PM na região apical (seta vermelha). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m05b_pt">Vídeo 5B</xref>.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-gf06-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="m05a_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m05a-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 5A</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Plano apical de 4 câmaras no repouso. MPR e PM normais.</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="m05b_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-ecom36-m05b-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 5B</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Plano apical de 4 câmaras no pico do estresse. Acinesia e ausência de PM na região apical</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>O ARUS deve ser administrado com paciente em repouso e, posteriormente, no pico do estresse, 5 a 10 segundos antes de terminar o exercício ou durante a infusão do agente farmacológico, na mesma via, para a comparação entre os dois momentos.</p>
					<p>Adicionalmente, o estudo da análise da PM auxilia na avaliação de anormalidades sutis da contratilidade devido à isquemia subendocárdica, uma vez que, na evolução da cascata isquêmica, as anormalidades de perfusão ocorrem antes das anormalidades de motilidade parietal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Assim, recomenda-se o uso de ARUS durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse sempre que ao menos um segmento miocárdico não for bem visualizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A ecocardiografia contrastada é considerada um componente essencial para um laboratório moderno de ecocardiografia, com base na sua capacidade de fornecer informações exclusivas que aprimorem o diagnóstico nas doenças cardiovasculares. A implementação do agente de realce ultrassonográfico requer conhecimento de protocolos de imagem específicos para o agente, um processo para identificar pacientes que provavelmente se beneficiarão de seu uso e políticas laboratoriais sólidas, que garantam qualidade, eficiência e segurança.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>