<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223504eabc349i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Apical Occupation by Endomyocardiofibrosis Associated with Thrombus Diagnosed with Contrast Echocardiography and Resolved with Clinical Treatment</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3357-7757</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sapalo</surname>
						<given-names>André Timóteo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Manuscript Writing, Data Analysis and Interpretation</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0484-8717</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cunha</surname>
						<given-names>Rodolpho</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Data Collection</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4294-8188</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gali</surname>
						<given-names>Luis Gustavo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Data Collection</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2526-0656</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Romano</surname>
						<given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical Review of the Manuscript for Importante Intellectual Contente</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">University of São Paulo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Clinical Medicine</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">University of São Paulo, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiology Center, Laboratory of Echocardiography, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Minna Moreira Dias Romano • R: Ten. Catão Roxo, 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, Postal Code: 14015-010. E-mail: <email>minna@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>21</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc349</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>9</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>3</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a neglected but prevalent disease in underdeveloped countries. Despite its frequency, it is still considered a rare disease. It is marked by the following findings: architectural distortion, ventricular filling changes, and segmental mobility changes affecting not only diastolic and systolic dynamics but also heart valve function. Apical thrombi can be formed in more advanced disease. In this case report, we revisit EMF and present the challenging case of a 52-year-old woman with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification (FC) IV heart failure. Resting electrocardiography revealed sinus rhythm with left ventricular (LV) overload, high voltage vectors, rectified ST-segment depression, and a negative T-wave in the anterolateral region compatible with the strain pattern. The evaluation of echocardiographic images showed marked left atrial dilation, no ventricular dilatation, and hyper-refringent apical occupation within the LV suggestive of a large sessile thrombus superimposed on the endocardial fibrous layer. Although surgery is the most supported approach in the literature in such situations, this patient was treated with oral anticoagulants (OAC) for 1 month and 24 days. The patient progressed well with an improved NYHA FC. Endocavitary contrast echocardiography performed 2 months after OAC initiation showed regression of the apical thrombus image.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Thrombus</kwd>
				<kwd>Contrast Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Oral Anticoagulation</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="8"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a neglected but prevalent disease in underdeveloped countries. Global estimates show that approximately 10–12 million people have EMF, mainly in sub-Saharan African and some Latin America regions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Brazil, the prevalence of the disease is 2%, with a higher incidence in women and a female-to-male ratio of 5:1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The etiology of EMF remains uncertain, but its main morphological characteristic is endocardial layer fibrosis, predominantly in the apical region, that causes architectural distortion, ventricular filling changes, and segmental mobility changes affecting not only diastolic and systolic dynamics but also heart valve functions. In addition, apical occupation by thrombi is found in more advanced disease stages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Thus, the non-consolidation of the pathophysiological and etiological mechanisms involved in EMF exacerbation complicates therapeutic conduct decisions. In most cases, treatment is based on symptomatic control of heart failure and other cardiomyopathies; in more severe situations, surgical intervention and even heart transplantation are recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case report</title>
			<p>Here we describe the clinical case of a 52-year-old woman with a history of systemic arterial hypertension, hypothyroidism, hepatic steatosis, and gouty arthritis. She presented with short-duration atypical stabbing chest pain (10–15 minutes) of moderate intensity unrelated to physical exertion and without triggering or improving factors at 2 months after the initial appointment.</p>
			<p>Resting electrocardiography (ECG) revealed sinus rhythm with left ventricular (LV) overload, high voltage vectors, rectified ST-segment depression, and a negative T-wave in the anterolateral region that may be compatible with the strain pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Twelve-lead electrocardiogram.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc349-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) at the time of the initial diagnosis revealed a predominantly apical increased myocardial thickness suggestive of differential diagnoses such as apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or EMF. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) suggested endomyocardial fibrosis as a cause of the apical occupancy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Cardiac magnetic resonance image on which the yellow arrow shows endocardial fibrosis confirming endomyocardial fibrosis.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc349-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>A few months later, the patient demonstrated clinical worsening with restrictive syndrome for which she was hospitalized. A new TTE with sulfur hexafluoride contrast (SonoVue) revealed marked left atrial (LA) dilation with an indexed volume of 102 mL of 56 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (greater than in the previous test), and a hyper-refringent apical LV occupancy image suggested a large sessile thrombus superimposed on the endocardial fibrous tissue measuring 24 × 21 mm that was not present on a previous test (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>(A) Measurement of left atrial volume using Simpson’s method; (B) Intracavitary thrombus measurement; (C) Use of contrast to increase thrombus enhancement</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc349-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The patient’s LV ejection fraction was preserved (58% using Simpson’s method), although there were signs of severe diastolic dysfunction (grade III) typical of EMF (E/A ratio = 2.9). Tissue Doppler analysis showed a reduced mitral annulus velocity (septal e` = 3.7 cm/s; lateral e` = 5.8 cm/s; E/e´ ratio = 17.3) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>(A) Ejection fraction measurement; (B) Doppler transmitral flow; (C) Movement of the septal mitral annular plane by tissue Doppler; (D) Movement of the lateral mitral annular plane.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc349-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Oral anticoagulants (OAC) provided symptom relief. A third TTE 2 months thereafter showed almost complete thrombus resolution and reduced LA dimensions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f05">
					<label>Figura 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>(A) Apical window showing complete thrombus removal and LA diameter reduction; (B) Use of contrast to increase enhancement of the thrombus region.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc349-gf05.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>This is an infrequent clinical case that lacks conduct based on robust scientific evidence. Although its etiology is still poorly understood, other publications such as that of Tharakan<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>corroborate our findings, emphasizing that LV EMF is characterized by several degrees of endocardial obliteration that is usually limited to the endocardium and presents only secondary effects in the myocardium without significant pericardial involvement. LV morphology may present a dilation spectrum in the transverse axis of the basal region assuming a spherical shape. ECG abnormalities reflect hemodynamic changes (LA overload) that depend on diastolic dysfunction and mitral regurgitation degree.</p>
			<p>TTE, associated with other imaging methods such as CMR, is essential for the morphological diagnosis. While TTE can be used to perform diagnostic and sequential evaluations at lower cost and with greater availability with the use of new techniques such as cavity contrast, which can improve the definition of apical images for both ventricles, CMR provides better spatial resolution and detects late gadolinium enhancement in the endocardial layer of the ventricular apex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>As previously emphasized, the therapeutic approaches to this heart disease are quite challenging. The current treatment is based on the symptomatic control of heart failure. Surgical intervention for apical evacuation is beneficial in patients with signs of severe ventricular restriction and New York Heart Association functional class III or IV heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In contrast, here we demonstrated a case of good clinical progression after symptomatic treatment with OAC that could not only be diagnosed with multimodality support, its follow-up and apical thrombus resolution was supported by TTE with cavity contrast.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Bukhman G, Ziegler J, Parry E. Endomyocardial fibrosis: still a mystery after 60 years. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2(2):e97. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000097</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bukhman</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ziegler</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Parry</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Endomyocardial fibrosis: still a mystery after 60 years</article-title>
					<source>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</source>
					<year>2008</year>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<volume>2</volume>
					<fpage>e97</fpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0000097</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. da Costa FD, Moraes CR, Rodriques JV, de Mendonça JT, de Andrade JC, Buffolo E, et al. Early surgical results in the treatment of endomyocardial fibrosis. A Brazilian cooperative study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1989;3(5):408-13. doi: 10.1016/1010-7940(89)90049-3</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>da Costa</surname>
							<given-names>FD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moraes</surname>
							<given-names>CR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rodriques</surname>
							<given-names>JV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>de Mendonça</surname>
							<given-names>JT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>de Andrade</surname>
							<given-names>JC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Buffolo</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Early surgical results in the treatment of endomyocardial fibrosis. A Brazilian cooperative study</article-title>
					<source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
					<year>1989</year>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>408</fpage>
					<lpage>413</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/1010-7940(89)90049-3</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Iglezias SD, Benvenuti LA, Calabrese F, Salemi VM, Silva AM, Carturan E, et al. Endomyocardial fibrosis: pathological and molecular findings of surgically resected ventricular endomyocardium. Virchows Arch. 2008;453(3):233-41. doi: 10.1007/s00428-008-0652-3</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Iglezias</surname>
							<given-names>SD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Benvenuti</surname>
							<given-names>LA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Calabrese</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salemi</surname>
							<given-names>VM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Silva</surname>
							<given-names>AM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carturan</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Endomyocardial fibrosis: pathological and molecular findings of surgically resected ventricular endomyocardium</article-title>
					<source>Virchows Arch</source>
					<year>2008</year>
					<volume>453</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>233</fpage>
					<lpage>241</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00428-008-0652-3</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Beaton A, Mocumbi AO. Diagnosis and management of endomyocardial fibrosis. Cardiol Clin. 2017;35(1):87-98. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccl.2016.08.005">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccl.2016.08.005</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Beaton</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mocumbi</surname>
							<given-names>AO</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Diagnosis and management of endomyocardial fibrosis</article-title>
					<source>Cardiol Clin</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>35</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>87</fpage>
					<lpage>98</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccl.2016.08.005">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccl.2016.08.005</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Tharakan JA. Electrocardiogram in endomyocardial fibrosis. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2011;11(5):129-33. PMID: 21994470.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tharakan</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Electrocardiogram in endomyocardial fibrosis</article-title>
					<source>Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J</source>
					<year>2011</year>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>129</fpage>
					<lpage>133</lpage>
					<comment>PMID: 21994470</comment>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. Salemi VM, Rochitte CE, Shiozaki AA, Andrade JM, Parga JR, de Ávila LF, et al. Late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and prognosis of endomyocardial fibrosis patients. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(3):304-11. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.110.950675</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Salemi</surname>
							<given-names>VM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rochitte</surname>
							<given-names>CE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shiozaki</surname>
							<given-names>AA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Andrade</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Parga</surname>
							<given-names>JR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>de Ávila</surname>
							<given-names>LF</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and prognosis of endomyocardial fibrosis patients</article-title>
					<source>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2011</year>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>304</fpage>
					<lpage>311</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.110.950675</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. Mocumbi AO, Carrilho C, Sarathchandra P, Ferreira MB, Yacoub M, Burke M. Echocardiography accurately assesses the pathological abnormalities of chronic endomyocardial fibrosis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;27(7):955-64. doi: 10.1007/s10554-010-9753-6.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mocumbi</surname>
							<given-names>AO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carrilho</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sarathchandra</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ferreira</surname>
							<given-names>MB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yacoub</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Burke</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Echocardiography accurately assesses the pathological abnormalities of chronic endomyocardial fibrosis</article-title>
					<source>Int J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2011</year>
					<volume>27</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>955</fpage>
					<lpage>964</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10554-010-9753-6</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. Moraes F, Lapa C, Hazin S, Tenorio E, Gomes C, Moraes CR. Surgery for endomyocardial fibrosis revisited. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999 Mar;15(3):309-12; discussion 312-3. doi: 10.1016/s1010-7940(99)00027-5.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Moraes</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lapa</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hazin</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tenorio</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gomes</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moraes</surname>
							<given-names>CR</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Surgery for endomyocardial fibrosis revisited</article-title>
					<source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
					<year>1999</year>
					<month>03</month>
					<volume>15</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>309</fpage>
					<lpage>303</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s1010-7940(99)00027-5</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223504eabc349p</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Ocupação Apical por Endomiocardiofibrose Associada a Trombo Diagnosticada com Ecocardiografia de Contraste e Resolvida com Tratamento Clínico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3357-7757</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sapalo</surname>
						<given-names>André Timóteo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do Manuscrito e Análise e Interpretação dos Dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0484-8717</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cunha</surname>
						<given-names>Rodolpho</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Coleta de Dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4294-8188</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gali</surname>
						<given-names>Luis Gustavo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Coleta de Dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2526-0656</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Romano</surname>
						<given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão Crítica do Manuscrito para Conteúdo Intelectual Importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Centro de Cardiologia, Laboratório de Ecocardiografia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Minna Moreira Dias Romano • R: Ten. Catão Roxo, 3900 - Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil, CEP: 14015-010. E-mail: minna@fmrp.usp.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A endomiocardiofibrose é uma doença negligenciada e predominante em países subdesenvolvidos. Apesar de sua frequência, ainda é considerada rara. Assim, a doença é marcada pelos seguintes achados: distorção arquitetural, alterações no enchimento ventricular e alterações da mobilidade segmentar. Ela afetando não só a dinâmica diastólica e sistólica, como também as funções das válvulas cardíacas. Em uma condição mais avançada da doença, pode haver formação de trombos apicais. Neste relato de caso, revisitamos a endomiocardiofibrose, apresentando um caso desafiador de paciente do sexo feminino de 52 anos, com clínica de insuficiência cardíaca classe funcional IV da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>. A eletrocardiografia de repouso revelou ritmo sinusal com sobrecarga do ventrículo esquerdo com vetores de alta voltagem, infradesnivelamento retificado do segmento ST e onda T negativa em região anterolateral, podendo ser compatível com padrão de <italic>strain</italic>. Já na avaliação de imagens ecocardiográficas, revelou dilatação acentuada do átrio esquerdo, com ventrículos sem dilatações e imagem de ocupação apical hiperrefringente no interior do ventrículo esquerdo, sugerindo grande trombo séssil sobreposto à capa fibrosa endocárdica. Embora a conduta cirúrgica seja a mais apoiada em literatura em tais situações, a paciente aqui apresentada recebeu tratamento com anticoagulação oral por 1 mês e 24 dias. Ela evoluiu clinicamente bem, com melhora da classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> e, em ecocardiografia realizada 2 meses após o início da anticoagulação oral, houve demonstração da regressão da imagem de trombo apical, apoiada com a técnica de contraste endocavitário.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Trombose</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A endomiocardiofibrose (EMF) é uma doença negligenciada e predominante em países subdesenvolvidos. Estimativas globais mostram que aproximadamente entre 10 e 12 milhões de pessoas padecem dessa enfermidade, afetando principalmente as regiões da África subsaariana e algumas regiões da América Latina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, a taxa de prevalência da doença é de 2% e com maior incidência na população do sexo feminino, com proporção mulher-homem podendo chegar a 5:1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A etiologia da EMF ainda permanece incerta, mas a principal característica morfológica é a fibrose da camada endocárdica, predominando na região apical, causando distorção arquitetural, alterações no enchimento ventricular, alterações da mobilidade segmentar e afetando não só a dinâmica diastólica e sistólica, como também as funções das válvulas cardíacas. Além disso, a ocupação apical por trombos pode ser encontrada em uma fase mais avançada da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Assim, a não consolidação dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos e etiológicos envolvidos para exacerbação da EMF faz que as decisões de condutas terapêuticas se tornem desafiadoras. Na maioria das vezes, o tratamento é baseado no controle sintomático da insuficiência cardíaca e também em evidências do tratamento de outras cardiomiopatias; em situações mais graves, são recomendados a intervenção cirúrgica e até o transplante cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato do caso</title>
				<p>Apresenta-se aqui um caso clínico de paciente do sexo feminino de 52 anos, com antecedentes de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, hipotireoidismo, esteatose hepática e artrite gotosa. Apresentou dor torácica atípica em pontada, de curta duração (10 a 15 minutos), sem relação com esforço físico, sem fator desencadeante ou de melhora, de moderada intensidade há 2 meses da consulta inicial.</p>
				<p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) de repouso revelou ritmo sinusal com sobrecarga do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) com vetores de alta voltagem, infradesnivelamento retificado do segmento ST e onda T negativa em região anterolateral, podendo ser compatível com padrão de <italic>strain</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc349-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A ecocardiografia (ECO TT) no momento do diagnóstico inicial revelou aumento da espessura miocárdica predominantemente apical, sugerindo diagnósticos diferenciais como cardiomiopatia hipertrófica apical ou EMF. A ressonância cardíaca (RCM) sugeriu EMF como causa de ocupação apical (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Exame de ressonância cardíaca: a seta em amarelo mostra fibrose endocárdica confirmando a endomiocardiofibrose.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc349-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Alguns meses depois, a paciente evoluiu com piora clínica, apresentando síndrome restritiva e motivando internação. Nova ECO TT com uso de contraste de hexafluoreto de enxofre (SonoVue®) revelou dilatação acentuada de átrio esquerdo (AE) com o volume de 102mL, indexado 56mL/m<sup>2</sup> (maior que no exame prévio) e imagem de ocupação apical hiperrefringente no interior do VE, sugerindo grande trombo séssil sobreposto à fibrosa endocárdica, não presente em exame prévio, medindo 24x21mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>(A) Aferição do volume do átrio esquerdo pelo método de Simpson; (B) Mensuração do tamanho do trombo intracavitário; (C) utilização do contraste para melhor realce do trombo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc349-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A fração de ejeção de VE (FEVE) estava preservada (58% pelo método de Simpson), e havia sinais de disfunção diastólica de grau acentuado (grau III) típicas da EMF (relação E/A =2,9; análise da velocidade do Doppler tecidual do anel mitral reduzido; e’ septal =3,7cm/s; e’ lateral =5,8 cm/s; E/e´=17,3) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>(A) Aferição da fração de ejeção; (B) fluxo transmitral por Doppler; (C) movimento do plano anelar mitral septal pele Doppler tecidual; (D) movimento do plano anelar mitral lateral.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc349-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>O tratamento com anticoagulação oral foi iniciado, com alívio de sintomas da paciente. O terceiro ECO TT, realizado 2 meses após, demonstrou resolução quase completa do trombo, além de redução das dimensões de AE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05002">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>(A) Janela apical mostrando remoção completa do trombo e redução do diâmetro do átrio esquerdo; (B) utilização do contraste para o melhor realce da região que tiver sido ocupado pelo trombo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc349-gf05-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Apresenta-se aqui caso clínico pouco frequente e com carência de embasamento de condutas em evidências científicas robustas. Embora de etiologia ainda pouco elucidada, outras publicações, como a de Tharakan,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>que corroboram nossos achados, enfatizam que a EMF do VE é caracterizada por graus variados de obliteração endocárdica, geralmente limitada ao endocárdio, apenas com efeitos secundários no miocárdio, sem envolvimento significativo do pericárdico. A morfologia de VE pode apresentar espectro de dilatação no eixo transverso da região basal, assumindo formato esférico. As anormalidades eletrocardiográficas refletem as alterações hemodinâmicas (sobrecarga de AE) dependentes da disfunção diastólica e do grau de insuficiência mitral.</p>
				<p>A ECO, associada a outros métodos de imagem, como a RMC, são essenciais no diagnóstico morfológico. Enquanto a ECO pode fazer a avaliação diagnóstica e sequencial com menor custo e maior disponibilidade, com o uso de novas técnicas como contraste cavitário, que pode inclusive melhorar a definição de imagens apicais em ambos os ventrículos, a RMC oferece melhor resolução espacial, bem como a detecção de realce tardio com gadolíneo na camada endocárdica do ápice ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As condutas terapêuticas para o atendimento dessa cardiopatia são bastante desafiadoras. O tratamento atual baseia-se no controle sintomático da insuficiência cardíaca. A intervenção cirúrgica para desocupação apical mostrou-se benéfica em pacientes com sinais de restrição ventricular grave e insuficiência cardíaca classe funcional III ou IV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em contraposição a isso, demonstrou-se um caso de boa evolução clínica após tratamento sintomático associado ao uso de anticoagulação oral e que pode não só ser diagnosticado com apoio de multimodalidade, como ainda ter seu seguimento e a resolução do trombo apical com apoio de ecocardiografia com contraste cavitário.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>