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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223504eabc346i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Increased Wasted Myocardial Work as an Indicator of Significant Coronary Lesion</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7900-6506</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pereira</surname>
						<given-names>Márcio Mendes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Research conception and design, manuscript writing, data analysis and interpretation, statistical analysis</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1208-3870</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barroso</surname>
						<given-names>Amanda Castro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>manuscript writing, data analysis and interpretation</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0741-1331</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Juliano</surname>
						<given-names>Marco Túlio Hercos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1206-8219</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barbosa</surname>
						<given-names>Márcio Mesquita</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>data collection</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6789-8167</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gama</surname>
						<given-names>Gustavo Travassos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>data collection</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2884-1712</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Melo</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo de Jesus Louzeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5857-8898</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barbosa</surname>
						<given-names>José Bonifácio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7768-2156</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gama</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Alberto Vieira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5857-8898</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Melo</surname>
						<given-names>José Xavier de</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7768-2156</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Araujo</surname>
						<given-names>Auridesio Cutrim de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>data collection</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UDI Hospital Rede D’Or São Luiz</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Luís</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">UDI Hospital Rede D’Or São Luiz, São Luís, MA, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Márcio Mendes Pereira • Av. Prof. Carlos Cunha, 2000, Jaracaty, São Luís, MA, Brazil. E-mail: <email>marciomp50@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>21</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc346</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>9</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>3</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction</title>
					<p> The assessment of global myocardial work indices under baseline conditions may be useful for the clinical stratification of patients with suspected coronary obstruction.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To correlate the value of global myocardial work indices and the presence of significant obstructive coronary lesions.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Method</title>
					<p> Cross-sectional study, with patients referred for elective coronary angiography. An echocardiogram was performed to obtain measurements to calculate the value of myocardial work and evaluated the presence or presence of significant obstructive coronary lesions at coronary angiography.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> The sample consisted of 30 patients, with a mean age of 64.2±12.8 years, the majority being male (63.3%), of which 68.4% had significant obstructive coronary lesions. The global myocardial work indices was 1,876mmHg%±253.8 in the group with significant obstructive coronary lesions and 2,054.2mmHg%±417.3 in those without significant lesions (p=0.089). Global constructive myocardial work in patients without significant obstructive coronary lesions was higher (2,329.3mmHg%±462.9) than in those with significant obstructive coronary lesions (2,109.5mmHg%±332.3; p=0.064). Global wasted myocardial work was higher in patients with significant obstructive coronary lesions (103.7mmHg%±47.1 versus 68.3mmHg%±33.8; p=0.038). The cutoff point of 115 mmHg% was the one with the best area under the curve (0.625), with a sensitivity of 83.3%.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p> The increase in global wasted myocardial work correlated with the presence of significant obstructive coronary lesions in our sample.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Cardiac function</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart defects, congenital</kwd>
				<kwd>Coronary stenosis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="19"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The early detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) is crucial for its proper treatment. However, it remains challenging in echocardiography since the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is usually normal in the early disease stages. Stress echocardiography is a widely accepted method for such investigations, but it features the disadvantages of subjectivity and the need to achieve the target heart rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Ventricular systolic function evaluation is an essential part of the echocardiogram, with LVEF being the most often used parameter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) has gained attention, as it can detect subclinical abnormalities in patients with a normal LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, it is afterload-dependent, which can reduce the GLS, causing regional and global contractile function interpretation errors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Myocardial work is a proposed new tool used to study LV performance,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> surpassing LVEF and GLS when used alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Myocardial work incorporates LV pressure and adds information to LVEF and strain,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> integrating the afterload to the LV function parameter.</p>
			<p>Myocardial work is obtained by multiplying the GLS by the wall stress since work is the multiplication of force by distance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Noninvasive myocardial work measurements showed a strong correlation with invasive measurements both experimentally and clinically.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Russell <italic>et al.</italic> reported that the LV strain curve pressure area was significantly reduced in areas supplied by an occluded coronary artery compared to those with normal perfusion assessed by angiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>This study aimed to assess the correlation between the noninvasive myocardial work value assessed by echocardiography and the presence of severe CAD assessed by cineangiography (CAG).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiographic assessment</title>
				<p>This single-center cross-sectional study included prospectively recruited patients electively referred for CAG for CAD assessment. The exclusion criteria were chest pain at the time of the echocardiogram, previous history of acute myocardial infarction, LVEF &lt; 50%, LV segmental contraction changes, moderate or more severe valvular heart disease, aortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, biological or metallic aortic prosthesis, a pacemaker rhythm, or an irregular rhythm (frequent extrasystole or atrial fibrillation or flutter). As it is a pilot study, we arbitrated the sample in 30 patients.</p>
				<p>The patients signed an Informed Consent Form upon arriving at the hemodynamics laboratory for elective CAG and subsequently underwent transthoracic echocardiography with electrocardiographic monitoring. The tests were performed using a Vivid E95 cardiovascular ultrasound device (GE Medical Systems, Horten, Norway) equipped with 3.5-MHz MS5 phased-array sector probes.</p>
				<p>Echocardiographic measurements and assessments were obtained according to American Society of Echocardiography recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Two-dimensional standard images were obtained with three cycles trigged by the QRS complex and digitally recorded for offline analysis using EchoPAC software version 202 (GE Vingmed Ultrasound). LVEF was calculated using the three-dimensional method.</p>
				<p>The myocardial global work index (GWI) was quantified by calculating the rate of regional shortening by the differentiation of the global longitudinal tracing and multiplying by the instantaneous LV pressure. This instantaneous measurement was integrated over time to measure myocardial work as a function of time during systole (time interval from mitral valve closure to mitral valve opening). The segments were analyzed during LV ejection for myocardial global wasted work (GWW) and/or myocardial global constructive work (GCW), with global values determined as the means of all segmental values and displayed on the pressure-LV deformation circuit diagram. The following parameters were generated by the software: GWI (mmHg%), area within the LV global pressure curve; GCW (mmHg%), estimated work performed by the LV segments consisting of shortening during systole plus stretching in isovolumetric relaxation; GWW (mmHg%), estimated negative work done by the LV segments consisting of myocardial stretching during systole plus any shortening during isovolumetric relaxation; myocardial global work efficiency (GWE; %), GCW divided by the sum of GCW and GWW expressed as a percentage (not affected by peak LV pressure).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Functional ischemia area (FIA) was defined as established by Boe <italic>et al</italic>.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> who considered adjacent segments as ischemic when the absolute GLS value was &lt; 14% and the GWI was &lt; 1,700 mmHg%. According to these values, we defined and correlated the FIA with the significantly obstructed coronary artery.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cineangiography assessment</title>
				<p>CAG was performed using a Philips FD10 catheterization device according to Brazilian Society of Hemodynamics and Interventional Cardiology techniques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Significant CAD was defined as luminal narrowing ≥ 50% in the left main coronary artery (LMCA) and/or ≥70% in the anterior descending (AD), diagonal (DG), circumflex (CX), marginal (MG), or right coronary (RC) arteries through visual assessment by the hemodynamic cardiologist.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>The data were tabulated and analyzed using Stata® Intercooled software version 12.0.</p>
				<p>Categorical variables are presented as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequency. Continuous variables are presented as mean and SD or as median and interquartile range according to the skewness and kurtosis normality tests.</p>
				<p>The significance of any intergroup differences was assessed using Student’s t-test for normally distributed data. The Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis test was used to examine non-normally distributed variables.</p>
				<p>The chi-square or the Fisher’s exact test was used to examine categorical variables when appropriate.</p>
				<p>Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to identify the optimal cutoff point for each parameter.</p>
				<p>A logistic regression model was performed to determine independent variables capable of identifying patients with significant coronary disease. The FIA determined by strain and myocardial work was analyzed in separate models.</p>
				<p>P values &lt; 0.05 indicated statistical significance.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical characteristics</title>
				<p>A total of 30 patients with a mean age of 64.2 ± 12.8 years were included in the study; most were men (63.3%), of whom 68.4% had significant obstructive coronary lesions (SOCL) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Clinical characteristics.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Variables</th>
									<th>Total (n=30)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Age (years)</td>
									<td align="center">64.2 ± 12.8<sup>*</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Weight (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">69.2 ± 16.9*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
									<td align="center">127.4 ± 16.6*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
									<td align="center">73 ± 9.1*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HR (bpm)</td>
									<td align="center">69.4 ± 11.8*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Comorbidities</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hypertension</td>
									<td align="center">19 (63.3%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DM 2</td>
									<td align="center">11 (36.7%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Previous CAD</td>
									<td align="center">15 (50%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Stroke</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dyslipidemia</td>
									<td align="center">19 (63.3%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Obesity</td>
									<td align="center">9 (30%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Smoking</td>
									<td align="center">2 (6.7%)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p><italic>CAD: coronary artery disease; DBP: diastolic; blood pressure; DM 2: type 2 diabetes mellitus; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; *mean ± standard deviation;</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Most patients were hypertensive and dyslipidemic (19 [63.3%] in each group), 36.6% were diabetic, 30% were obese, and none had a previous history of stroke. Significant lesions were present on CAG in 63.2% of hypertensive, 73.7% of dyslipidemic, 63.6% of diabetic, and 77.8% of obese patients.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Characteristics of cineangiography</title>
				<p>Of the total number of patients in the sample, six (20%) had no lesions on CAG and 24 (80%) had coronary obstructions greater than 50%. Of the patients with coronary lesions, 19 (63.3%) had SOCL. In this group, 68.4% were men, with a mean age of 65.4 ± 10.6 years.</p>
				<p>Regarding coronary lesion location, 18 patients (60%) had lesions in the AD, one (3.3%) in the LMCA, seven (23.3%) in the DG, five (16.7%) in the CX, four (13.3%) in the MG, and six (20%) in the RC artery.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiographic characteristics</title>
				<p>The echocardiographic characteristics of the sample are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Grade 1 diastolic dysfunction was present in 50% of the sample. No patients had grade 3 diastolic dysfunction, while all had preserved systolic function. The mean LVEF calculated using the three-dimensional method was 65.2 ± 3.3% in patients with SOCL versus 63.6 ± 4.6% in those without SOCL.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Echocardiographic characteristics.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Variables</th>
									<th>Total (n=30)</th>
									<th>SOCL on CAG (=11)</th>
									<th>No SOCL on CAG (=19)</th>
									<th>P value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Diastolic dysfunction</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0,167</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Absent</td>
									<td align="center">7 (23.3)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (71.4)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Grade 1</td>
									<td align="center">15 (50)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (26.7)</td>
									<td align="center">11 (73.3)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Inconclusive</td>
									<td align="center">7 (23.3)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (71.4)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Grade 2</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3.3)</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (100)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>3D LVEF (%)</td>
									<td align="center">64.6 ± 3.8</td>
									<td align="center">63.3 ± 4.6</td>
									<td align="center">65.2 ± 3.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.313</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>GLS,%</td>
									<td align="center">18.3 ± 2.7</td>
									<td align="center">18.3 ± 2.4</td>
									<td align="center">19.1 ± 2.9</td>
									<td align="center">0.377</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>GWI (mmHg%)</td>
									<td align="center">1989 ± 371.2</td>
									<td align="center">1876 ± 253.8</td>
									<td align="center">2054.2 ± 417.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.089</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>GWE (%)</td>
									<td align="center">95 ± 2.2</td>
									<td align="center">95.6 ± 2.0</td>
									<td align="center">94.7 ± 2.2</td>
									<td align="center">0.296</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>GCW (mmHg%)</td>
									<td align="center">2248 ± 427.4</td>
									<td align="center">2109.5 ± 332.3</td>
									<td align="center">2329.3 ± 462.9</td>
									<td align="center">0.064</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>GWW (mmHg%)</td>
									<td align="center">90.7 ± 427.4</td>
									<td align="center">68.3 ± 33.8</td>
									<td align="center">103.7 ± 47.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.039</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p><italic>3D: three-dimensional; CAG: cineangiography; GCW: global constructive work; GLS: global longitudinal strain; GWE: global work efficiency; GWI: global work index; GWW: global wasted work; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SOCL: significant obstructive coronary lesions.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>According to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, the mean GLS was 18.3 ± 2% in the sample with SOCL and 19.1 ± 2.9% without SOCL on CAG (p = 0.313).</p>
				<p>Mean MGWI was 1,876 ± 253.8 mmHg% in patients with SOCL versus 2,054.2 ± 417.3 mmHg% in those without SOCL (p = 0.089).</p>
				<p>The GCW was higher in patients without versus with SOCL on CAG, being 2,329.3 ± 462.9 mmHg% and 2,109.5 ± 332.3 mmHg%, respectively (p = 0.064).</p>
				<p>The mean GWW values were higher in patients with versus without SOCL (103.7 ± 47.1 mmHg% vs. 68.3 ± 33.8 mmHg%, p = 0.038).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows an image from a sample patient with an AD lesion in which the wasted myocardial work of the basal segment of the anterior septum is greater than the GWW. There was no difference in GWE between patients with or without significant lesions (95.6 ± 2.0 vs. 94.7 ± 2.2, p = 0.296).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Left ventricular pressure-strain curve diagram. (A) The global myocardial work is represented in red and the regional work of the basal segment of the anterior septum is represented in green. (B) There is decreased constructive work and increased wasted work of the septal-anterior basal segment in relation to the global mean.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc346-gf01.tif"/>
						<attrib>LVP: left ventricular pressure; MVR mitral valve opening; MVC mitral valve closure; AVO aortic valve opening; LVP Aortic valve closure stroke</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>GLS presented no statistically significant difference between patients with or without SOCL, the same occurring when analyzed by arterial territory (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Relationship between coronary lesions and global longitudinal strain for each coronary territory.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>SOCL on CAG (=11)</th>
									<th>No SOCL on CAG (=19)</th>
									<th>P value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>GLS (%)</td>
									<td align="center">18.3 ± 2.4</td>
									<td align="center">19.1 ± 2.9</td>
									<td align="center">0.377</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>AD strain (%)</td>
									<td align="center">19.5 ± 2.6</td>
									<td align="center">19.4 ± 3.2</td>
									<td align="center">0.900</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CX strain (%)</td>
									<td align="center">17.8 ± 3.1</td>
									<td align="center">19.4 ± 3.5</td>
									<td align="center">0.359</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>RC strain (%)</td>
									<td align="center">18.2 ± 3.1</td>
									<td align="center">21.5 ± 3.0</td>
									<td align="center">0.103</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p><italic>AD: anterior descending artery; CX: circumflex artery; GLS: global longitudinal strain; RC: right coronary artery.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The presence of a GWW lower than 115 mmHg% demonstrated a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 41.7% for identifying patients with SOCL, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.625 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Echocardiographic parameters and detection of significant coronary artery obstruction.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>GLS</th>
									<th>GWI</th>
									<th>GWE</th>
									<th>GCW</th>
									<th>GWW</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>AUC</td>
									<td align="center">0,494</td>
									<td align="center">0,444</td>
									<td align="center">0,625</td>
									<td align="center">0,444</td>
									<td align="center">0,625</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>AUC CI95%</td>
									<td align="center">0,312-0,687</td>
									<td align="center">0,254-0,625</td>
									<td align="center">0,438-0,801</td>
									<td align="center">0,255-0,626</td>
									<td align="center">0,438-0,801</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Cutoff value</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;16,5%</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;1700mmHg%</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;95%</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;2000mmHg%</td>
									<td align="center">&gt;115mmHg%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sensitivity (%)</td>
									<td align="center">62,5</td>
									<td align="center">55,6</td>
									<td align="center">75</td>
									<td align="center">55,5</td>
									<td align="center">83,3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Specificity (%)</td>
									<td align="center">36,4</td>
									<td align="center">33,3</td>
									<td align="center">50</td>
									<td align="center">33,3</td>
									<td align="center">41,7</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p><italic>AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval; GLS: global longitudinal strain; GCW: global constructive work; GWE: global work efficiency; GWI: global work index; GWW: global wasted work.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The separations of patients by arterial territory showed that the GWW presented a better AUC for identifying significant lesions in the AD (0.643) than in the RC (0.432) and CX (0.405) arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Area under the curve of the global wasted work and each arterial territory. (A) Global wasted work. (B) Work wasted in the territory of the anterior descending artery. (C) Wasted work in the circumflex artery territory. (D) Work wasted in the territory of the right coronary artery.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc346-gf02.tif"/>
						<attrib>AUC, area under the curve; AD, anterior descending artery; CX, circumflex artery; RC, right coronary artery.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The GLS was ≤16.5% in eight patients, of whom five had SOCL on catheterization with a sensitivity of 62.5% for obstructive CAD on CAG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>This study showed that GWW was higher in patients with SOCL on CAG than in those without SOCL.</p>
			<p>Noninvasive myocardial work is a new tool for assessing LV systolic function as demonstrated in several studies, being superior to isolated LVEF and LV GLS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Myocardial work parameters can assess LV performance and segmental function.</p>
			<p>Wasted work is energy expenditure measured as work consumed during segmental lengthening (negative work) as a percentage of work during segmental shortening (positive work)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>. Therefore, wasted work measurement can quantify the work done by the ventricle that does not contribute to ejecting blood from the LV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In the present study, a GWW &gt; 115 mmHg% showed a sensitivity of 83.3% for identifying significant coronary obstructions, suggesting that it can be used to identify anatomically important lesions. Edwards <italic>et al.</italic> stated that a cutoff point of 80 mmHg% for GWW was associated with a sensitivity of 89.3% for SOCL detection similar to our study but with a lower cutoff point.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A structurally normal heart presents few differences between the contraction times of the different LV segments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> All segments contract almost simultaneously against similar LV pressure, with only small physiological differences in segmental contraction timing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> When segmental contraction changes, some segments initiate relaxation at the end of systole under high ventricular pressure. This shows that some of the work done by the contracting segments is wasted during stretching of the relaxing segments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			<p>This study showed that the GWW in patients with significant AD artery lesions was greater than that in those without significant lesions in this artery compared to the global value when separated by arterial territory affected. Conversely, GCW was higher in patients without versus with significant lesions on CAG.</p>
			<p>GWI can be defined as the total work accounted for by the LV strain curve pressure area from mitral valve closing to opening.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> GWI can aid misinterpretations of reduced LV systolic function based only on decreased LV strain in patients with high afterload but no coronary obstruction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In this study, the GWI was constant with the GLS. We also observed that GWI was lower in patients with SOCL on CAG, although the difference was not statistically significant.</p>
			<p>A decreased LV GLS has been demonstrated as a predictor of CAD even in cases without significant obstruction<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> in addition to being superior to LVEF and LV segmental dysfunction as a predictor of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In our study, the assessment of LV GLS demonstrated a sensitivity of 62.5% for SOCL.</p>
			<p>If confirmed by other studies, due to the good sensitivity of GWW, this method may be a screening tool for CAD with significant lesion (stenosis &gt; 70%), selecting patients for further investigation.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Study limitations</title>
				<p>The small sample of patients in this study may have contributed to its lack of statistical significance. In addition, an invasive stratification was performed in patients with a high probability of CAD, as coronary lesions were previously diagnosed by coronary computed tomography angiography or an ischemic functional test, thus restricting the number of patients who were young or lacking risk factors in our sample.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>GWW correlated with the identification of significant coronary obstructions with a sensitivity of 83.3%. This myocardial work information can be used to detect significant obstructive lesions. Further studies are necessary to confirm the value of these promising data.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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					<name>
						<surname>Gama</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Alberto Vieira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5857-8898</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Melo</surname>
						<given-names>José Xavier de</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7768-2156</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Araujo</surname>
						<given-names>Auridesio Cutrim de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">UDI Hospital Rede D’Or São Luiz, São Luís, MA, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Márcio Mendes Pereira • Av. Prof. Carlos Cunha, 2000, Jaracaty, São Luís, MA, Brasil. E-mail: marciomp50@hotmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introdução</title>
					<p> A avaliação dos índices de trabalho miocárdico global em condições basais pode ser útil para a estratificação clínica de pacientes com suspeita de obstrução coronariana.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Correlacionar o valor do índice de trabalho miocárdico global e a presença de lesões obstrutivas coronarianas significativas.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Método</title>
					<p> Estudo transversal, com pacientes encaminhados para cinecoronarioangiografia eletiva. Foi realizado ecocardiograma com obtenção das medidas para cálculo do valor do trabalho miocárdico, sendo avaliada a presença de lesões obstrutivas coronarianas significativas à cinecoronarioangiografia.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> A amostra foi composta de 30 pacientes, com a idade média de 64,2±12,8 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (63,3%), dos quais 68,4% apresentaram lesões obstrutivas coronarianas significativas. O índice de trabalho miocárdico global foi de 1.876mmHg%±253,8 no grupo com lesões obstrutivas coronarianas significativas e de 2.054,2mmHg%±417,3 naqueles sem lesões significativas (p=0,089). O trabalho miocárdio construtivo global nos pacientes sem lesões obstrutivas coronarianas significativas foi maior (2.329,3mmHg%±462,9) do que naqueles com lesões obstrutivas coronarianas significativas (2.109,5mmHg%±332,3; p=0,064). O trabalho miocárdio desperdiçado global foi maior nos pacientes com lesões obstrutivas coronarianas significativas (103,7mmHg%±47,1 <italic>versus</italic> 68,3mmHg%±33,8; p=0,038). O ponto de corte de 115mmHg% foi aquele com a melhor área sob a curva (0,625), com sensibilidade de 83,3%.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> O aumento do trabalho miocárdio desperdiçado global se correlacionou com a presença de lesões obstrutivas coronarianas significativas em nossa amostra.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Função cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiopatias congênitas</kwd>
				<kwd>Estenose coronária</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A detecção precoce da doença arterial coronária (DAC) é crucial para seu adequado tratamento. Entretanto, esse ainda é um desafio para a ecocardiografia, uma vez que a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) geralmente encontra-se normal em estágios precoces da doença. O ecocardiograma de estresse é um método amplamente aceito para tal investigação, mas apresenta como desvantagens a subjetividade e a necessidade de atingir uma frequência cardíaca-alvo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Avaliação da função sistólica ventricular é parte essencial do ecocardiograma, sendo a FEVE o parâmetro mais utilizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) ganhou espaço, pois foi capaz de detectar anormalidades subclínicas em pacientes com FEVE normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Entretanto, esse método apresenta como limitação a dependência da pós-carga, que, uma vez elevada, é capaz de reduzir o valor do SLG, ocasionando erros na interpretação da função contrátil regional e global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O trabalho miocárdico foi proposto como nova ferramenta para estudar o desempenho do VE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>, superando a FEVE e o SLG do VE quando utilizados isoladamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O trabalho miocárdico incorpora a pressão do VE e adiciona informações à FEVE e ao <italic>strain</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> integrando a pós-carga a um parâmetro de função do VE.</p>
				<p>O trabalho miocárdio é obtido pela multiplicação do SLG pelo estresse de parede, pois já é sabido que o trabalho é a multiplicação da força pela distância.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A medida de trabalho miocárdico não invasivo mostrou forte correlação com as medidas invasivas, tanto experimentalmente quanto clinicamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No trabalho de Russel et al., a área da curva de pressão do VE-<italic>strain</italic> foi significativamente reduzida nas áreas supridas por uma artéria coronária ocluída em comparação com as áreas com perfusão normal avaliadas por angiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Neste estudo, objetivamos avaliar a correlação entre o valor do trabalho miocárdico não invasivo avaliado pelo ecocardiograma e a presença de DAC grave avaliada pela cineangiocoronariografia (CAC).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação ecocardiográfica</title>
					<p>Estudo transversal realizado em um único centro, com pacientes prospectivamente recrutados, encaminhados eletivamente para realização de CAC para avaliação de DAC. Foram excluídos os pacientes que apresentaram dor torácica no momento da realização do ecocardiograma, história prévia de infarto agudo do miocárdio, FEVE &lt;50%, alterações de contração segmentar do VE, valvopatias de grau maior ou igual a moderado, estenose aórtica, cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, prótese biológica ou metálica aórtica, ritmo de marca-passo ou ritmo irregular (extrassístoles frequentes, fibrilação ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial). Por ser um estudo-piloto, arbitramos a amostra em 30 pacientes.</p>
					<p>Foi aplicado o Termo de Consentimento Informado na chegada do paciente ao laboratório de hemodinâmica para a realização da CAC eletiva e, logo após, ele foi conduzido para a realização do ecocardiograma transtorácico com monitorização eletrocardiográfica. Os exames foram realizados com o aparelho de ultrassom cardiovascular Vivid E95 (GE Medical Systems, Horten, Noruega), equipado com sondas do setor de arranjo faseado MS5 de 3,5 MHz.</p>
					<p>As medidas e as avaliações ecocardiográficas foram obtidas de acordo com as recomendações da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (ASE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Foram obtidas imagens padrões bidimensionais, com três ciclos, trigadas pelo complexo QRS e gravadas em formato digital para a análise <italic>offline</italic>, por meio do <italic>software</italic> EchoPAC (EchoPAC Version 202, GE Vingmed Ultrasound). A fração de ejeção foi calculada pelo método tridimensional.</p>
					<p>O índice de trabalho miocárdico global (ITMG) foi quantificado calculando a taxa de encurtamento regional por diferenciação do traçado do <italic>strain longitudinal</italic> e multiplicando pela pressão instantânea do VE. Essa medida instantânea foi integrada ao longo do tempo, para medir o trabalho miocárdico em função do tempo durante a sístole (intervalo de tempo desde o fechamento da valva mitral até a abertura da valva mitral). Durante a ejeção do VE, os segmentos foram analisados para trabalho miocárdico desperdiçado global (TMDG) e/ou trabalho miocárdico construtivo global (TMCG), com valores globais determinados como as médias de todos os valores segmentares e exibidos no diagrama de circuito pressão-deformação do VE. Os seguintes parâmetros foram gerados pelo <italic>software</italic>: ITMG (mmHg%), área dentro da curva de pressão global do VE; TMCG (mmHg%), estimativa do trabalho realizado pelos segmentos do VE que consiste em encurtamento durante a sístole mais alongamento no relaxamento isovolumétrico; TMDG (mmHg%), estimativa do trabalho negativo dos segmentos do VE consistindo em alongamento miocárdico durante a sístole mais qualquer encurtamento durante o relaxamento isovolumétrico; eficiência do trabalho miocárdico global (ETMG; %), TMCG dividido pela soma de TMCG e TMDG, expressa em porcentagem (esses valores não são afetados pelo pico de pressão do VE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A área de isquemia funcional (AIF) foi definida de acordo com o estabelecido por Boe et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em sua publicação, os segmentos adjacentes foram considerados isquêmicos quando o valor absoluto do SLG &lt;14% e o ITMG &lt;1.700mmHg%. De acordo com esses valores, definimos a AIF e, assim, a correlacionamos com a artéria coronária com obstrução significativa.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação pela cineangiocoronariografia</title>
					<p>A CAC foi realizada por meio do aparelho de cateterismo Philips FD10, conforme as técnicas definidas pela Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodinâmica e Cardiologia Intervencionista (SBHCI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> DAC significativa foi definida como estreitamento luminal ≥50% no tronco de coronária esquerda (TCE) e/ou ≥70% nas artérias descendente anterior (DA), diagonal (DG), circunflexa (CX), marginal (MG) ou coronária direita (CD), por meio da avaliação visual do cardiologista hemodinamicista.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>Os dados foram tabulados e analisados no programa Stata® Intercooled versão 12.0.</p>
					<p>As variáveis categóricas foram apresentadas como frequência absoluta (n) e relativa (%). As variáveis contínuas foram apresentadas como média e desvio-padrão (DP) ou como mediana e intervalo interquartil, conforme os testes de normalidade de Skewness e Kurtosis.</p>
					<p>A significância das diferenças entre os grupos foi avaliada por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para os dados com distribuição normal. O teste de Mann-O, teste de U de Whitney ou teste de Kruskal-Wallis foram usados para as variáveis que não foram normalmente distribuídas.</p>
					<p>Para variáveis categóricas, foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher, quando apropriado.</p>
					<p>A análise da curva Característica de Operação do Receptor (COR) foi utilizada para encontrar os pontos de corte ideais para cada parâmetro.</p>
					<p>Um modelo de regressão logística foi realizado para determinar as variáveis independentes capazes de identificar os pacientes com doença coronária significativa. A AIF determinada pelo <italic>strain</italic> e pelo trabalho miocárdico foi analisada em modelos separados.</p>
					<p>Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados para indicar significância estatística.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Características clínicas</title>
					<p>Foram incluídos no estudo 30 pacientes, com idade média de 64,2±12,8 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (63,3%), dos quais 68,4% possuíam lesões obstrutivas coronarianas significativas (LOCS) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Características clínicas.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th>Variáveis</th>
										<th>Total (n=30)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Idade (anos)</td>
										<td align="center">64,2 ± 12,8<sup>*</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Peso (kg)</td>
										<td align="center">69,2 ± 16,9*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
										<td align="center">127,4 ± 16,6*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
										<td align="center">73 ± 9,1*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FC (bpm)</td>
										<td align="center">69,4 ± 11,8*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Comorbidades</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Hipertensão</td>
										<td align="center">19 (63,3%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>DM 2</td>
										<td align="center">11 (36,7%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>DAC prévia</td>
										<td align="center">15 (50%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>AVC</td>
										<td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Dislipidemia</td>
										<td align="center">19 (63,3%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Obesidade</td>
										<td align="center">9 (30%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Tabagismo</td>
										<td align="center">2 (6,7%)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p><italic>PAS: pressão arterial sistólica; PAD: pressão arterial diastólica; FC: frequência cardíaca; DM 2: diabetes mellitus tipo 2; DAC: doença arterial coronariana; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; <sup>*</sup> média ± desvio padrão.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>A maioria dos pacientes era hipertensa e dislipidêmica (19 pacientes em cada grupo, representando 63,3% cada); 36,6% eram diabéticos; 30% eram obesos e nenhum paciente possuía história prévia de acidente vascular cerebral. Dos pacientes hipertensos, 63,2% possuíam lesões significativas na CAC, 73,7% dos dislipidêmicos, 63,6% dos diabéticos e 77,8% dos obesos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Características da cineangiocoronariografia</title>
					<p>Do total de pacientes da amostra, 6 (20%) não tinham lesões à CAC e 24 (80%) apresentaram obstrução coronária maior que 50%. Dos pacientes com lesões coronarianas, 19 (63,3%) apresentaram LOCS. Nesse grupo, 68,4% eram do sexo masculino, com idade média de 65,4±10,6 anos.</p>
					<p>Quanto à localização do acometimento das artérias coronárias em nossa amostra, 18 pacientes (60%) apresentaram lesão em artéria DA, 1 (3,3%) em TCE, 7 (23,3%) em a artéria DG, 5 (16,7%) em artéria CX, 4 (13,3%) em artéria MG e 6 (20%) artéria CD.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Características ecocardiográficas</title>
					<p>As características ecocardiográficas da amostra estão descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Características ecocardiográficas.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th>Variáveis</th>
										<th>Total (n=30)</th>
										<th>CAC com LOCS (=11)</th>
										<th>CAC sem LOCS (=19)</th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Disfunção diastólica</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center"><bold>0,167</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ausente</td>
										<td align="center">7 (23,3)</td>
										<td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
										<td align="center">5 (71,4)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grau 1</td>
										<td align="center">15 (50)</td>
										<td align="center">4 (26,7)</td>
										<td align="center">11 (73,3)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Indeterminado</td>
										<td align="center">7 (23,3)</td>
										<td align="center">5 (71,4)</td>
										<td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grau 2</td>
										<td align="center">1 (3,3)</td>
										<td align="center">0 (0)</td>
										<td align="center">1 (100)</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FEVE 3D (%)</td>
										<td align="center">64,6 ± 3,8</td>
										<td align="center">63,3 ± 4,6</td>
										<td align="center">65,2 ± 3,3</td>
										<td align="center">0,313</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>SLG (%)</td>
										<td align="center">18,3 ± 2,7</td>
										<td align="center">18,3 ± 2,4</td>
										<td align="center">19,1 ± 2,9</td>
										<td align="center">0,377</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ITMG (mmHg%)</td>
										<td align="center">1989 ± 371,2</td>
										<td align="center">1876 ± 253,8</td>
										<td align="center">2054,2 ± 417,3</td>
										<td align="center">0,089</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ETMG (%)</td>
										<td align="center">95 ± 2,2</td>
										<td align="center">95,6 ± 2,0</td>
										<td align="center">94,7 ± 2,2</td>
										<td align="center">0,296</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>TMCG (mmHg%)</td>
										<td align="center">2248 ± 427,4</td>
										<td align="center">2109,5 ± 332,3</td>
										<td align="center">2329,3 ± 462,9</td>
										<td align="center">0,064</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>TMDG (mmHg%)</td>
										<td align="center">90,7 ± 427,4</td>
										<td align="center">68,3 ± 33,8</td>
										<td align="center">103,7 ± 47,1</td>
										<td align="center">0,039</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p><italic>CAC: cineangiocoronariografia; LOCS: lesões obstrutivas coronarianas significativas; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; SLG: strain longitudinal global; ITMG: índice do trabalho miocárdico global; ETMG: eficiência do trabalho miocárdico global; TMCG: trabalho miocárdico construtivo global; TMDG: trabalho miocárdico desperdiçado global.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Disfunção diastólica grau 1 esteve presente em 50% da amostra. Nenhum paciente apresentava disfunção diastólica grau 3 e todos possuíam função sistólica preservada. A FEVE média, calculada pelo método tridimensional, foi de 65,2 ± 3,3% nos pacientes com LOCS e de 63,6 ± 4,6% naqueles sem LOCS.</p>
					<p>Conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>, o SLG médio foi de 18,3 ± 2% na amostra com LOCS na CAC e de 19,1 ± 2,9% sem LOCS (p=0,313).</p>
					<p>O ITMG foi de 1876± 253,8 mmHg% nos pacientes com LOCS portanto, menor do que naqueles sem LOCS, onde o valor encontrado foi de 2054,2 ± 417,3 mmHg% (p=0,089).</p>
					<p>O TMCG nos pacientes sem LOCS na CAC foi maior do que naqueles com LOCS, sendo de 2.329,3mmHg%±462,9 e 2.109,5mmHg%±332,3, respectivamente (p=0,064).</p>
					<p>Com relação ao TMDG, os valores médios foram maiores nos pacientes com LOCS do que nos pacientes sem LOCS (103,7mmHg%±47,1 <italic>versus</italic> 68,3mmHg%±33,8; p=0,038).</p>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ilustra um exemplo de um paciente com lesão na DA em que o trabalho miocárdico desperdiçado do segmento basal do septo anterior é maior do que TMDG.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Diagrama da curva pressão-strain do ventrículo esquerdo. (A) O trabalho miocárdico global é representado em vermelho e o trabalho regional do segmento basal do septal anterior em verde. (B) Observam-se diminuição do trabalho construtivo e aumento do trabalho desperdiçado do segmento basal septal anterior em relação à média global.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc346-gf01-pt.tif"/>
							<attrib>LVP: pressão do ventrículo esquerdo; MVO abertura da valva mitral; MVC fechamento da valva mitral; AVO abertura da valva aórtica; AVC fechamento da valva aórtica.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Não se observou diferença na ETMG entre os pacientes com ou sem lesão significativa (95,6±2,0 <italic>versus</italic> 94,7±2,2; p=0,296).</p>
					<p>O SLG não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante entre os pacientes com ou sem LOCS, ocorrendo o mesmo quando se analisou por território arterial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3002">
							<label>Tabela 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Relação entre lesões coronarianas e strain longitudinal global para cada território coronariano.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
										<th>CAC com LOCS (=11)</th>
										<th>CAC LOCS (=19)</th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>SLG (%)</td>
										<td align="center">18,3 ± 2,4</td>
										<td align="center">19,1 ± 2,9</td>
										<td align="center">0,377</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Strain DA (%)</td>
										<td align="center">19,5 ± 2,6</td>
										<td align="center">19,4 ± 3,2</td>
										<td align="center">0,900</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Strain CX (%)</td>
										<td align="center">17,8 ± 3,1</td>
										<td align="center">19,4 ± 3,5</td>
										<td align="center">0,359</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Strain CD (%)</td>
										<td align="center">18,2 ± 3,1</td>
										<td align="center">21,5 ± 3,0</td>
										<td align="center">0,103</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3002">
									<p><italic>CAC: cineangiocoronariografia; LOCS: lesões obstrutivas coronarianas significativas; SLG: strain longitudinal global; DA: descendente anterior; CX: cincunflexa; CD: coronária direita.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>A presença de um valor do TMDG menor que 115mmHg% demonstrou com uma sensibilidade de 83,3% e especificidade de 41,7% para identificação de pacientes com LOCS, com uma área sob a curva de 0,625 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4002">
							<label>Tabela 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Parâmetros ecocardiográficos e detecção de obstrução significativa de artérias coronárias.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
										<th>SLG</th>
										<th>ITMG</th>
										<th>ETM</th>
										<th>TCG</th>
										<th>TDG</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>ASC</td>
										<td align="center">0,494</td>
										<td align="center">0,444</td>
										<td align="center">0,625</td>
										<td align="center">0,444</td>
										<td align="center">0,625</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ASC IC 95%</td>
										<td align="center">0,312-0,687</td>
										<td align="center">0,254-0,625</td>
										<td align="center">0,438-0,801</td>
										<td align="center">0,255-0,626</td>
										<td align="center">0,438-0,801</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Valor de cutoff</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;16,5%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;1700mmHg%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;95%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;2000mmHg%</td>
										<td align="center">&gt;115mmHg%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sensibilidade (%)</td>
										<td align="center">62,5</td>
										<td align="center">55,6</td>
										<td align="center">75</td>
										<td align="center">55,5</td>
										<td align="center">83,3</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Especificidade (%)</td>
										<td align="center">36,4</td>
										<td align="center">33,3</td>
										<td align="center">50</td>
										<td align="center">33,3</td>
										<td align="center">41,7</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4002">
									<p><italic>SLG: strain longitudinal global; ITMG: índice do trabalho miocárdico global; ETM: eficiência do trabalho miocárdico; TCG: trabalho construtivo global; TDG: trabalho desperdiçado global; ASC: área sob a curva; IC: intervalo de confiança.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Separando os pacientes por territórios arteriais, observou-se que o TMDG apresentou melhor área sob a curva para identificar lesões significativas na artéria DA (0,643) do que na CD (0,432) e na CX (0,405), conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Área sob a curva do trabalho desperdiçado global e de cada território arterial. (A) Trabalho desperdiçado global. (B) Trabalho desperdiçado no território da artéria descendente anterior. (C) Trabalho desperdiçado no território da artéria circunflexa; (D) Trabalho desperdiçado no território da artéria coronária direita.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc346-gf02-pt.tif"/>
							<attrib>ASC: área sob a curva; DA: descendente anterior; CX: circunflexa; CD: coronária direita.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>O SLG foi menor ou igual a 16,5% em oito pacientes, sendo que, desses, cinco possuíam LOCS no cateterismo, com sensibilidade de 62,5% para DAC obstrutiva na CAC.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Neste estudo, foi demonstrado que o TMDG foi maior em pacientes que possuíam LOCS ao CAC do que naqueles sem LOCS.</p>
				<p>O trabalho miocárdico não invasivo é uma nova ferramenta para avaliação da função sistólica do VE, como demonstrado em vários estudos, sendo superior ao valor isolado da FEVE e do SGL do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Os parâmetros de trabalho miocárdico podem ser utilizados para avaliar o desempenho do VE e, além disso, também para avaliar a função segmentar.</p>
				<p>O trabalho desperdiçado é o gasto de energia medido como o trabalho consumido durante o alongamento segmentar (trabalho negativo) em porcentagem de trabalho durante o encurtamento segmentar (trabalho positivo).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Portanto, a medida do trabalho desperdiçado pode ser considerada um método para quantificar o trabalho que é feito pelo ventrículo, mas que não contribui para a ejeção de sangue pelo VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No presente trabalho, um valor de TMDG maior que 115mmHg% mostrou sensibilidade de 83,3% para identificação de obstruções coronárias significativas, sugerindo que essa variável pode ser utilizada para identificar lesões anatomicamente importantes. No estudo de Edwards et al., o ponto de corte de 80mmHg% para o TMDG foi associado com sensibilidade de 89,3% para detecção de LOCS, sensibilidade semelhante à do nosso estudo, porém com menor ponto de corte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em um coração estruturalmente normal, existem poucas diferenças entre os tempos de contração dos diversos segmentos do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Todos os segmentos se contraem quase simultaneamente contra uma pressão do VE semelhante, com apenas pequenas diferenças fisiológicas no tempo de contração segmentar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Quando há alteração de contração segmentar, alguns segmentos iniciam o relaxamento no fim da sístole, sob alta pressão ventricular. Isso denota que uma parte do trabalho feito pelos segmentos que se contraem é desperdiçada no alongamento dos segmentos que se relaxam.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Comparativamente ao valor global, quando separado de acordo com o território arterial acometido, observou-se, neste estudo, que o TMDG nos pacientes com lesões significativas na artéria DA foi maior do que nos que não tinham lesões significativas nessa artéria. De forma contrária, foi observado que o TMCG foi maior nos pacientes sem lesões significativas na CAC do que naqueles com LOCS.</p>
				<p>O ITMG pode ser definido como o trabalho total, contabilizado pela área da curva pressão do VE-<italic>strain</italic> do VE, do fechamento até a abertura da valva mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O ITMG pode ajudar em interpretações equivocadas de redução da função sistólica do VE baseadas apenas na diminuição do <italic>strain</italic> de VE em pacientes com pós-carga alta e sem obstrução coronária.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Diferente disso, no nosso trabalho, o ITMG foi consoante o SLG. Além disso, também observamos que o ITMG foi menor nos pacientes que possuíam LOCS ao CAC, embora sem significância estatística com valor de p limítrofe.</p>
				<p>A diminuição do valor do SLG do VE já foi demonstrada como preditora de doença arterial coronariana, mesmo sem obstrução significativa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> além de ser superior à FEVE e à disfunção segmentar do VE como preditora de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> No nosso estudo, a avaliação do SLG do VE demonstrou sensibilidade de 62,5% para LOCS.</p>
				<p>Diante da boa sensibilidade do TMDG, este método pode vir a ser utilizado, se confirmado por outros estudos, como uma ferramenta de triagem para DAC com lesão significativa (estenose &gt;70%), selecionando o paciente para o qual deve ser aprofundado a investigação.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações do estudo</title>
					<p>A amostra pequena de pacientes deste estudo pode ter contribuído para que a maioria dos resultados não tivesse relevância estatística. Além disso, a estratificação invasiva foi feita em pacientes com alta probabilidade de DAC, pois os pacientes referidos possuíam lesões coronarianas previamente diagnosticadas pela angiotomografia de coronárias ou teste funcional isquêmico, restringindo o número de pacientes jovens ou sem fatores de risco em nossa avaliação.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>O TMDG apresentou correlação com a identificação de obstruções coronárias significativas. Esse dado do trabalho miocárdico pode ser ferramenta para detecção de LOCS. Estudos futuros são necessários para que esse dado promissor seja confirmado.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>