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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2675-312X/20223504eabc345i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223504eabc345i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Percutaneous Closure of Multiple Atrial Septal Defects with Hemodynamic Repercussions: Report of Two Cases in First-Degree Related Adult Patients</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7868-6810</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rocha</surname><given-names>D&#xE9;bora Freire Ribeiro</given-names></name> <role>data collection and manuscript writing</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6130-7661</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Guimar&#xE3;es</surname><given-names>Henrique Lima</given-names></name> <role>critical review of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9832-426X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lopes</surname><given-names>Maur&#xED;cio Prudente</given-names></name> <role>Research conception and design</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4335-4568</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Jo&#xE3;o Batista Masson</given-names></name> <role>critical review of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8763-561X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gardenghi</surname><given-names>Giulliano</given-names></name> <role>critical review of the manuscript for intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital ENCORE</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Goi&#xE2;nia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital ENCORE, Goi&#xE2;nia, GO;</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Goi&#xE1;s</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Goi&#xE2;nia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Federal University of Goi&#xE1;s, Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas, Goi&#xE2;nia, Goi&#xE2;nia, GO, Brazil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Giulliano Gardenghi</bold> &#x2022; Rua Gurupi, Quadra 25, Lote 6 a 8, Vila Bras&#xED;lia. CEP <postal-code>74905-350</postal-code> &#x2013; Aparecida de Goi&#xE2;nia, GO, Brazil. E-mail: <email>ggardenghi@encore.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>eabc345</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>01</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>30</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>30</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Heart Septal Defects, Atrial</kwd>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Hemodynamics</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="12"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="8"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Atrial septal defects (ASD) account for 7&#x2013;10% of congenital heart anomalies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ASD are classified as three anatomical types: ostium secundum (OS) (70% of cases), ostium primum (15&#x2013;20% of cases), and sinus venosus (5&#x2013;10% of cases) defects. OS involves the fossa ovalis region and results from poor embryological development of septum secundum or excessive absorption of septum primum resulting in the lack of a septum in the fossa ovalis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Affected patients are usually asymptomatic. Exercise intolerance in the form of dyspnea or fatigue is the most common initial presentation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Echocardiography is a fundamental tool in the diagnosis and management of patients with ASD. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) identifies ASD type and size, shunt direction, and the presence of anomalous sinus venous drainage. Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEE) details the morphology and anatomical relationships of the atrial septum, providing fundamental information for choosing treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Based on European guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart diseases, the indications for ASD closure are the presence of atrial and/or right ventricular (RV) dilatation on echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography with no severe pulmonary hypertension and presenting one or more of the following: minimum 10-mm ASD diameter on echocardiography, or Qp/Qs ratio &#x3E; 1.5:1 measured by echocardiography or contrast-enhanced MRI (class I recommendation; level of evidence, B). Sinus venosus, coronary sinus, or ostium primum ASD must be surgically repaired.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>ASD with hemodynamic repercussions should be closed to improve right chamber size, decrease pulmonary arterial pressure, and improve symptoms of reduced functional limitation.&#xB3; Several hospital services implemented the percutaneous closure of OS ASD due to shorter hospitalization time and fewer complications than surgical treatment. Thus, this study aimed to report the presence of OS ASD with hemodynamic repercussions in two first-degree related adults undergoing percutaneous treatment.</p>
<p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital de Urg&#xEA;ncias de Goi&#xE2;nia (CAAE number 85497418.2.0000.0033).</p>
<sec>
<title>Case 1</title>
<p>RCAS, a 41-year-old man, asymptomatic from the cardiovascular point of view, underwent TTE on February 20, 2018, which showed a patent foramen ovale (PFO) with large passage of microbubbles and a large interatrial septum aneurysm associated with ASD with hemodynamic repercussions (Qp: QS 2 and moderate right chamber enlargement).</p>
<p>On April 6, 2018, a 3DTEE was performed for the morphological and functional assessment of the ASD closure procedure. A multi-fenestrated ASD was visualized in a predominantly posteroinferior location of the septum and PFO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1B</xref>). The three-dimensional image was fundamental in choosing the device to be implanted, as it showed the reconstructed image of the interatrial septum in which each fenestration and edge was demonstrated in relation to the adjacent structures.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Transthoracic echocardiography pre-percutaneous closure procedure performed on April 6, 2018. A. Two-dimensional image of a multi-fenestrated atrial septal defect (ASD; five fenestrations). B. Three-dimensional image of a multi-fenestrated ASD.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc345-gf01.tif"/></fig>
<p>Thus, the multi-fenestrated ASD was occluded with the PFO from the successful implantation of two Amplatzer ASD&#xAE; cribriform prostheses of 30 and 25 mm without clinical or angiographic complications or residual shunt (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2B</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Percutaneous procedure for closing a multi-fenestrated atrial septal defect (ASD) with patent foramen ovale on April 6, 2018. A. The implantation of two Amplatzer ASD cribriform prostheses (30 and 25 mm). B. Microbubble test showing no residual shunt.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc345-gf02.tif"/></fig>
<p>The patient&#x27;s condition progressed without clinical or hemodynamic complications in the immediate postoperative period, and he was discharged on April 8, 2018. He returned to the service on September 1, 2021, for a late follow-up 3DTEE, which showed an intact interatrial and interventricular septum, well-positioned occluding devices in the topography of the interatrial septum, and no residual shunt after an agitated saline injection (microbubble test) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3B</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Echocardiogram performed on September 1, 2021, in the late postoperative period of percutaneous closure of the multi-fenestrated atrial septal defect. A. Two-dimensional image of the occluding device in the topography of the interatrial septum. B. Three-dimensional image of the prosthesis.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc345-gf03.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Case 2</title>
<p>RPASC was a 39-year-old woman with dyspnea on minimal exertion and slowly progressing exercise intolerance.</p>
<p>On November 10, 2021, a TTE showed slight RV enlargement with preserved systolic function (S&#x2019;, 10 cm/s; tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, 19 mm; fractional area change, 42%; no indirect signs of pulmonary hypertension pulmonary artery trunk, 21 mm in diameter; inferior vena cava (IVC), 12 mm in diameter; respiratory variability, greater than 50%; and estimated pulmonary arterial systolic pressure, 24 mmHg]), and the presence of two OS ASD, one more anterior measuring 18 &#xD7; 9 mm and another closer to the IVC measuring 6 &#xD7; 5 mm, with hemodynamic repercussions. The estimated Qp/Qs was 1.7 with septal borders greater than 5 mm. A 3DTEE performed in another service showed two OS ASD measuring 12 &#xD7; 14 mm and 4 &#xD7; 4.3 mm and 12 mm apart with hemodynamic repercussions.</p>
<p>Therefore, percutaneous treatment was indicated due to the presence of an ASD with hemodynamic repercussions (right chamber dilation, Qp/Qs &#x3E; 1.5).</p>
<p>On November 11, 2021, the patient was taken to the hemodynamics service for intraoperative 3DTEE, which revealed two ASD, the larger one 15 mm and the smaller one 4.3 mm, separated by 14 mm of septal tissue, with moderate hemodynamic repercussion (Qp/Qs, 2) and no other heart diseases (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figures 4A</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4C</xref>). Thus, the intracardiac ASD was percutaneously closed with two ASD&#xAE; Amplatzer prostheses (one 24 mm, the other 6 mm) in the major and minor ASD, respectively, guided by 3DTEE without residual shunt or clinical or angiographic complications (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figures 5A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">5B</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiogram taken on November 11, 2021, showing an ostium secundum atrial septal defect (2 fenestrations) with hemodynamic repercussions.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc345-gf04.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Percutaneous closure of two atrial septal defects (ASD) with Amplatzer ASD prostheses on November 11, 2021. A. Balloon sizing. B. Final result.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc345-gf05.tif"/></fig>
<p>The patient&#x27;s condition progressed with significant clinical improvement in the immediate postoperative period and no hemorrhagic or hemodynamic complications. She returned for a control TTE on December 11, 2021, which showed two occluding devices in the interatrial septum and no residual shunt (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 6A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">6B</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figure 6</label>
<caption>
<title>Transthoracic echocardiogram taken on November 12, 2021, showing two occluding devices in the interatrial septum (A) and no residual shunt (B).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc345-gf06.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>The decision to repair any type of ASD is based on clinical and echocardiographic information, including signs and symptoms of right heart failure, defect size and location, magnitude and hemodynamic impacts of the left-to-right shunt, and the presence and degree of pulmonary hypertension. Elective closure is recommended for all ASD cases with echocardiographic evidence of RV overload or a clinically significant Qp/Qs ratio greater than 1.5.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Current criteria for the percutaneous treatment of OS ASD include a defect size &#x2264; 32 mm and a 5-mm rim of atrial septal tissue around the defect, flow through the defect predominantly directed from the left to right atrium, presence of signs of right chamber volumetric overload (increased RV diameter, presence of paradoxical movement in the interventricular septum), no fixed pulmonary hypertension, and no associated defects requiring surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Contraindications to percutaneous treatment include cases in which the defect is small enough to not generate hemodynamic repercussions or severe pulmonary arterial hypertension with indexed pulmonary vascular resistance above 5.0 w.m<sup>2</sup> refractory to pulmonary vasodilator testing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Interatrial communication has a complex anatomy when presenting the following characteristics: stretched diameter greater than 26 mm; deficient borders measuring less than 4 mm in the anterior, posterior, or inferior region of the septum; two distant fenestrations; multi-fenestrated interatrial septum and interatrial septal aneurysm (redundant and mobile interatrial septum with an excursion greater than 10 mm).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>The presence of two or more defects detectable on 3DTEE and distant from one another is amenable to a transcatheter approach since two or more devices can be safely and efficiently implanted simultaneously. In such situations, it is important to individually assess each of the defects. Very small defects (2&#x2013;3 mm) less than 5 mm away from the largest OS ASD can be indirectly occluded by being covered by the disk of the implanted prosthesis. Multiple small OS ASD (multi-fenestrated septum), provided they are in a region with a diameter of 30&#x2013;35 mm, can also be percutaneously treated through the implantation of a prosthesis specifically for this purpose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>This prosthesis must have a diameter 20&#x2013;30% greater than the basal ASD diameter. In cases of multi-fenestrated ASD, the prosthesis must be specific for this type of defect, with two retention disks joined by a thin waist. The device must be implanted through the most central fenestration to allow its disks cover the surrounding fenestrations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>In this context, TTE provides evidence of the shunt through the interatrial septum, cardiac chamber size, RV function, Qp/Qs calculation, and pulmonary pressure estimation, as an insufficient left atrial size can prevent percutaneous ASD closure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Interestingly, 3DTEE is performed using a sizing catheter to determine the specific anatomical properties of the ASD such as size, location, adequate borders (aortic, mitral, and superior, inferior, and posterior vena cava) and defect relation with adjacent heart structures. In addition, during the procedure, it enables visualizing of the catheters, guiding them through the defect. Color flow Doppler allows defect sizing and helps selecting the proper device size for implantation, confirms the correct device position, evaluates and grades the presence of residual leaks, when possible, checks the need for a second device, and identifies the presence of surgical complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>The advantages of 3DTEE in the study of ASD include the clear demonstration of the characteristics of the interatrial septum and its defects with special visualization of the extension of the anterosuperior border that established the defect shape and fenestration size. This imaging modality allows an <italic>en face</italic> communication analysis that mimics the surgeon&#x27;s view with the advantage of being dynamic during the cardiac cycle. After the prosthesis implantation, 3D reconstruction can help identify device position, demonstrate and locate the arms or disks protruding into the right atrium. This method can also be used to assess and measure residual defects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>This procedure presents a low complication rate. Serious complications such as malposition and subsequent surgery occur at a frequency of 1&#x2013;5%, device embolization in 0.4&#x2013;4%, stroke in 0.1&#x2013;0.3%, cardiac tamponade in 0.1%, cardiac perforation in 0.03%, and endocarditis in 0.03%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>An interesting fact in our report was the presence of ASD in non-syndromic siblings. The literature shows reports of patients with OS ASD with a positive family history of this defect or other congenital heart malformations and co-existing heart block. Although an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance for familial ASD was described in some families, the incidence of this defect in these families is many times lower than expected for single-gene defects. Therefore, a multifactorial mode of inheritance has been postulated due to the presence of clinical phenotype diversity combined with generational leaps.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> According to Benson et al., the familial ASD locus is located in the telomeric region of chromosome 5p. It is a genetically heterogeneous disorder of incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity that results in the significant underestimation of the hereditary nature (multifactorial etiology with complex polygenic interaction and environmental factors) of this condition. The author also suggests that the identification of ASD or other congenital heart defects (such as interatrial septal aneurysm, persistent left superior vena cava, bicuspid aortic valve, which occur in 0.5&#x2013;1% of cases) in more than one family member should lead to the clinical and genetic evaluation of their relatives. Furthermore, the author emphasized that the identification of other familial genes of ASD should provide new insights about important cardiac morphogenesis steps that lead to atrial septation.<sup>9</sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>ASD are frequent congenital heart diseases, and a positive family history of this defect should prompt the investigation of other cardiac anomalies in the index case in addition to the investigation of first-degree relatives. OS ASD occlusion by percutaneous implantation is a safe and effective alternative to traditional surgical closure, but the procedure is not risk-free and must be performed in specialized centers by trained operators. In this context, we highlight the role of echocardiography given the diversity of important data obtained in the pre-, intra-, and postoperative periods of ASD correction as well as in the late follow-up of these patients.</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn></fn-group>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Fechamento Percut&#xE2;neo de Comunica&#xE7;&#xE3;o Interatrial M&#xFA;ltipla com Repercuss&#xE3;o Hemodin&#xE2;mica: Relato de Dois Casos em Pacientes Adultos Parentes de Primeiro Grau</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7868-6810</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rocha</surname><given-names>D&#xE9;bora Freire Ribeiro</given-names></name> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados e reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6130-7661</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Guimar&#xE3;es</surname><given-names>Henrique Lima</given-names></name> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9832-426X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lopes</surname><given-names>Maur&#xED;cio Prudente</given-names></name> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4335-4568</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Jo&#xE3;o Batista Masson</given-names></name> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8763-561X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gardenghi</surname><given-names>Giulliano</given-names></name> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Goi&#xE2;nia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital ENCORE, Goi&#xE2;nia, GO;</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Goi&#xE2;nia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#xE1;s, Hospital das Cl&#xED;nicas, Goi&#xE2;nia, GO, Brasil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Giulliano Gardenghi</bold> &#x2022; Rua Gurupi, Quadra 25, Lote 6 a 8, Vila Bras&#xED;lia. CEP <postal-code>74905-350</postal-code> &#x2013; Aparecida de Goi&#xE2;nia, GO, Brasil. E-mail: <email>ggardenghi@encore.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflito de interesses</bold></p>
<p>Os autores declaram n&#xE3;o terem conflitos de interesse.</p></fn></author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Comunica&#xE7;&#xE3;o Interatrial</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Hemodin&#xE2;mica</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Os defeitos do septo atrial representam 7 a 10% das anomalias card&#xED;acas cong&#xEA;nitas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Existem tr&#xEA;s tipos anat&#xF4;micos de defeito do septo atrial (DSA) ou comunica&#xE7;&#xE3;o interatrial (CIA): <italic>ostium secundum</italic> (OS; 70% dos casos), <italic>ostium primum</italic> (15 a 20% dos casos) e defeito do seio venoso (5 a 10% dos casos). O OS envolve a regi&#xE3;o da fossa ovalis e resulta do pobre desenvolvimento embriol&#xF3;gico do <italic>septum secundum</italic> ou da excessiva absor&#xE7;&#xE3;o do <italic>septum primum</italic>, originando uma aus&#xEA;ncia do septo na fossa ovalis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Geralmente os pacientes s&#xE3;o assintom&#xE1;ticos. A intoler&#xE2;ncia ao exerc&#xED;cio na forma de dispneia ou fadiga &#xE9; a apresenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o inicial mais comum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>A ecocardiografia &#xE9; uma ferramenta fundamental no diagn&#xF3;stico e na conduta de pacientes com DSA. A transtor&#xE1;cica (ETT) documenta o tipo de DSA, o tamanho, a dire&#xE7;&#xE3;o do <italic>shunt</italic> e a presen&#xE7;a de drenagem an&#xF4;mala do seio venoso. J&#xE1; a ecocardiografia transesof&#xE1;gica tridimensional (ETE 3D) permite o estudo detalhado do septo atrial em sua morfologia e rela&#xE7;&#xF5;es anat&#xF4;micas, fornecendo informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es fundamentais na escolha do tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Com base nas diretrizes europeias sobre diagn&#xF3;stico e tratamento de cardiopatias cong&#xEA;nitas, as indica&#xE7;&#xF5;es para fechamento do DSA s&#xE3;o presen&#xE7;a de dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial e/ou ventricular direita observada na ecocardiografia, resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica ou tomografia computadorizada (com aus&#xEA;ncia de hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar grave) com um ou mais achados a seguir: di&#xE2;metro m&#xED;nimo de 10mm da DSA por ecocardiografia, Qp:Qs &#x3E;1,5:1 medidos por ecocardiografia ou RM com contraste (Recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o Classe I, N&#xED;vel de Evid&#xEA;ncia B). Os DSA do tipo seio venoso, seio coron&#xE1;rio ou <italic>ostium primum</italic> devem ser reparados cirurgicamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Recomenda-se o fechamento de CIAs com repercuss&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica visando a benef&#xED;cios como melhora no tamanho das c&#xE2;maras direitas, queda da press&#xE3;o arterial pulmonar e melhora dos sintomas com redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da limita&#xE7;&#xE3;o funcional dos pacientes.&#xB3;</p>
<p>Em v&#xE1;rios servi&#xE7;os hospitalares, o fechamento percut&#xE2;neo do DSA OS tem sido escolhido, devido a menor tempo de hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o e complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es, quando comparado ao tratamento cir&#xFA;rgico. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi relatar a presen&#xE7;a de CIA OS com repercuss&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica em dois indiv&#xED;duos parentes de primeiro grau submetidos ao tratamento percut&#xE2;neo do DSA.</p>
<p>O presente artigo foi apreciado do ponto de vista &#xE9;tico pelo Comit&#xEA; de &#xC9;tica em pesquisa do Hospital de Urg&#xEA;ncias de Goi&#xE2;nia, sendo aprovado com o CAAE: 85497418.2.0000.0033.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato dos casos</title>
<sec>
<title>Caso 1</title>
<p>Homem de 41 anos, assintom&#xE1;tico, do ponto de vista cardiovascular, realizou um ecocardiograma transtor&#xE1;cico no dia 20 de fevereiro de 2018 que demonstrou forame oval patente (FOP) com grande passagem de microbolhas e aneurisma grande de septo interatrial associado &#xE0; CIA com repercuss&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica (Qp: QS 2 e aumento moderado das c&#xE2;maras direitas).</p>
<p>No dia 6 de abril de 2018, foi realizada ETE 3D em sala para avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o morfol&#xF3;gica e funcional do procedimento de fechamento de DSA, sendo visualizada CIA multifenestrada em localiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o predominantemente posteroinferior do septo e de FOP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figuras 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">1B</xref>). A imagem tridimensional foi fundamental para a escolha dos dispositivos a serem implantados, pois permitiu visualizar o septo interatrial por meio de uma imagem reconstru&#xED;da, na qual demonstrou cada fenestra&#xE7;&#xE3;o e suas bordas em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0;s estruturas adjacentes.</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#xE1;cico pr&#xE9;-procedimento de fechamento percut&#xE2;neo em 6 de abril de 2018. (A) Imagem bidimensional demonstrando comunica&#xE7;&#xE3;o interatrial multifenestrada (cinco orif&#xED;cios). (B) Imagem tridimensional da comunica&#xE7;&#xE3;o interatrial multifenestrada.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc345-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Dessa forma, realizou-se a oclus&#xE3;o da CIA multifenestrada com FOP a partir do implante de com duas pr&#xF3;teses Amplatzer&#x2122; ASD cribiforme de 30 e 25mm, com sucesso, sem intercorr&#xEA;ncias cl&#xED;nicas ou angiogr&#xE1;ficas e sem shunt <italic>residual (</italic><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8"><italic>Figuras 2A</italic></xref> <italic>e</italic> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8"><italic>2B</italic></xref><italic>).</italic></p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Procedimento percut&#xE2;neo de fechamento de comunica&#xE7;&#xE3;o interatrial multifenestrada com forame oval patente em 6 de abril de 2018. (A) Implante de duas pr&#xF3;teses Amplatzer&#x2122; ASD cribiforme de 30 e 25mm. (B) Teste de microbolhas evidenciando aus&#xEA;ncia de shunt residual.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc345-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>No p&#xF3;s-operat&#xF3;rio imediato, o paciente evoluiu sem intercorr&#xEA;ncias cl&#xED;nicas ou hemodin&#xE2;micas, recebendo alta no dia 8 de abril de 2018. Retornou ao servi&#xE7;o em 1&#xB0; de setembro de 2021 para realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de ETE de seguimento tardio, o qual evidenciou septo interatrial e interventricular &#xED;ntegros, presen&#xE7;a de dispositivos oclusores na topografia do septo interatrial bem posicionados e sem <italic>shunt</italic> residual ap&#xF3;s inje&#xE7;&#xE3;o de solu&#xE7;&#xE3;o salina agitada (teste de microbolhas) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figuras 3A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">3B</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecocardiograma do dia 1&#xB0; de setembro de 2021 no p&#xF3;s-operat&#xF3;rio tardio de fechamento percut&#xE2;neo da comunica&#xE7;&#xE3;o interatrial multifenestrada. (A) Imagem bidimensional do dispositivo oclusor na topografia do septo interatrial. (B) Imagem tridimensional da pr&#xF3;tese.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc345-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Caso 2</title>
<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, de 39 anos com quadro de dispneia aos m&#xED;nimos esfor&#xE7;os e intoler&#xE2;ncia ao exerc&#xED;cio de progress&#xE3;o lenta.</p>
<p>Realizou ECO TT em 10 de novembro de 2021, que evidenciou aumento discreto do VD com fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica preservada (S&#x2019; 10 cm/s, excurs&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica do anel tric&#xFA;spide &#x2013; TAPSE &#x2013; de 19mm, <italic>fractional area change</italic> - FAC 42%), aus&#xEA;ncia de sinais indiretos de hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar (di&#xE2;metro do tronco da art&#xE9;ria pulmonar de 21mm, di&#xE2;metro da veia cava inferior de 12mm com variabilidade respirat&#xF3;ria superior a 50%, press&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica de art&#xE9;ria pulmonar estimada em 24mmHg) e a presen&#xE7;a de duas CIAs OS, sendo uma mais anterior medindo 18x9mm e outra mais pr&#xF3;xima da veia cava inferior medindo 6x5mm, com repercuss&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica. Detalhando o DSA, o ecocardiografista identificou Qp/Qs estimado de 1,7 e bordos septais superiores a 5mm. Tamb&#xE9;m trouxe uma ETE (realizada em outro servi&#xE7;o), cuja conclus&#xE3;o trazia presen&#xE7;a de duas CIAs OS medindo 12x14mm e 4x4,3mm distantes por 12mm, com repercuss&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica.</p>
<p>Ent&#xE3;o, diante de uma CIA com repercuss&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica (dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o das c&#xE2;maras direitas e Qp/Qs &#x3E;1,5), foi indicado o tratamento percut&#xE2;neo.</p>
<p>No dia 11 de novembro de 2021, a paciente foi levada ao servi&#xE7;o de hemodin&#xE2;mica, e foi realizada ETE intraoperat&#xF3;ria, que revelou duas CIAs, a maior de 15mm e a menor de 4,3mm, distantes uma da outra por 14mm de tecido septal, com moderada repercuss&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica (Qp/Qs de 2) e sem outras cardiopatias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figuras 4A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">4B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">4C</xref>). Dessa forma, realizou-se o fechamento percut&#xE2;neo de defeito septal intracard&#xED;aco com duas pr&#xF3;teses Amplatzer&#x2122; ASD de 24mm e de 6mm, respectivamente, na CIA maior e menor, guiado por ETE 3D, sem <italic>shunt</italic> residual e sem intercorr&#xEA;ncias cl&#xED;nicas ou angiogr&#xE1;ficas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figuras 5A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">5B</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecocardiograma transesof&#xE1;gico tridimensional do dia 11 de novembro de 2021 visualizando comunica&#xE7;&#xE3;o interatrial do tipo ostium secundum (dois orif&#xED;cios) com repercuss&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc345-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f11">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Fechamento percut&#xE2;neo de duas comunica&#xE7;&#xF5;es interatriais com pr&#xF3;teses Amplatzer&#x2122; ASD em 11 de novembro de 2021. (A) Dimensionamento por bal&#xE3;o. (B) Resultado.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc345-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>No p&#xF3;s-operat&#xF3;rio imediato, a paciente evoluiu com melhora cl&#xED;nica significativa e sem complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es hemorr&#xE1;gicas ou hemodin&#xE2;micas, retornando com ETT de controle do dia 12 de novembro de 2021, evidenciando dois dispositivos oclusores no septo interatrial, sem <italic>shunt</italic> residual (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figuras 6A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">6B</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f12">
<label>Figura 6</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#xE1;cico do dia 12 de novembro de 2021 evidenciando dois dispositivos oclusores no septo interatrial (A), sem shunt residual (B).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc345-gf06-pt.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A decis&#xE3;o de reparar qualquer tipo de DSA &#xE9; baseada em informa&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica e ecocardiogr&#xE1;fica, incluindo sinais e sintomas de insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca direita; tamanho e localiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos defeitos; magnitude e impactos hemodin&#xE2;micos do <italic>shunt</italic> da esquerda para a direita e presen&#xE7;a e grau de hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar. Fechamento eletivo &#xE9; recomendado para todos os DSAs com evid&#xEA;ncia ecocardiogr&#xE1;fica de sobrecarga ventricular direita ou com Qp/Qs superior a 1,5, clinicamente significativo.4</p>
<p>Os crit&#xE9;rios atuais para realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de tratamento percut&#xE2;neo de CIA OS incluem tamanho de defeito menor ou igual a 32mm e aro de 5mm de tecido do septo atrial em torno do defeito, fluxo pelo defeito direcionado predominantemente do &#xE1;trio esquerdo para o direito, presen&#xE7;a de sinais de sobrecarga volum&#xE9;trica das c&#xE2;maras direitas (aumento do di&#xE2;metro do ventr&#xED;culo direito, presen&#xE7;a de movimenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o paradoxal do septo interventricular), aus&#xEA;ncia de hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar fixa e aus&#xEA;ncia de defeitos associados que necessitem abordagem cir&#xFA;rgica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>As contraindica&#xE7;&#xF5;es ao tratamento percut&#xE2;neo s&#xE3;o os casos cujo defeito seja pequeno o suficiente para n&#xE3;o gerar repercuss&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica ou quando houver hipertens&#xE3;o arterial pulmonar grave, com resist&#xEA;ncia vascular pulmonar indexada (RVPi) acima de 5,0w.m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, refrat&#xE1;ria ao teste vasodilatador pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Considera-se CIA de anatomia complexa aquela que apresenta as seguintes caracter&#xED;sticas: di&#xE2;metro estirado acima de 26mm; bordas deficientes, medindo menos que 4mm na regi&#xE3;o anterior, posterior ou inferior do septo; dois orif&#xED;cios distantes entre si; septo interatrial multifenestrado e aneurisma do septo interatrial (septo interatrial redundante e m&#xF3;vel com excurs&#xE3;o maior que 10mm).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>A presen&#xE7;a de dois ou mais defeitos detect&#xE1;veis &#xE0; ETE e distantes entre si s&#xE3;o pass&#xED;veis de abordagem transcateter, uma vez que dois ou mais dispositivos podem ser implantados simultaneamente, com seguran&#xE7;a e efic&#xE1;cia j&#xE1; comprovadas. Nessa situa&#xE7;&#xE3;o, &#xE9; importante avaliar individualmente cada um dos defeitos. Defeitos muito pequenos (2 a 3mm) e que estejam a menos de 5mm de dist&#xE2;ncia da maior CIA OS podem ser oclu&#xED;dos de forma indireta, cobertos pelo disco da pr&#xF3;tese nela implantada. No caso de m&#xFA;ltiplas pequenas CIA OS (septo multifenestrado), desde que dispostas em uma regi&#xE3;o coberta por um di&#xE2;metro de 30 a 35mm, podem ser tamb&#xE9;m tratadas de maneira percut&#xE2;nea, por meio do implante de pr&#xF3;tese dedicada a esse fim.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>A pr&#xF3;tese escolhida deve ter di&#xE2;metro 20 a 30% maiores que o di&#xE2;metro basal da CIA. Nos casos de CIA multifenestrada, a pr&#xF3;tese deve ser espec&#xED;fica para este tipo de defeito e apresenta dois discos de reten&#xE7;&#xE3;o unidos por uma fina cintura. O dispositivo deve ser implantado por meio do orif&#xED;cio mais central, para que seus discos cubram os orif&#xED;cios circundante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>O ETT, nesse contexto, fornece informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es como evid&#xEA;ncia de deriva&#xE7;&#xE3;o pelo septo interatrial, tamanho das c&#xE2;maras card&#xED;acas, fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo direito, c&#xE1;lculo do Qp:Qs e estimativa da press&#xE3;o pulmonar, j&#xE1; que o tamanho insuficiente do AE pode impedir o fechamento percut&#xE2;neo do DSA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>A ETE &#xE9; realizada utilizando um cateter de dimensionamento, para determinar as propriedades anat&#xF4;micas espec&#xED;ficas do das, como tamanho, localiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o, presen&#xE7;a de bordas adequadas (a&#xF3;rtica, mitral, veia cava superior, veia cava inferior e posterior) e rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o do defeito com as estruturas card&#xED;acas adjacentes. Al&#xE9;m disso, durante o procedimento, a ETE permite visualizar os cateteres e gui&#xE1;-los atrav&#xE9;s do defeito; com o Doppler de fluxo colorido permite dimensionar o defeito e ajuda a selecionar o tamanho adequado do dispositivo a ser implantado; confirma a posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o correta do dispositivo; avalia presen&#xE7;a de vazamentos residuais, graduando-os quando poss&#xED;vel e se h&#xE1; necessidade de um segundo dispositivo e identifica a presen&#xE7;a de complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es cir&#xFA;rgicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>A ETE 3D traz como vantagens no estudo dos DSA a demonstra&#xE7;&#xE3;o clara das caracter&#xED;sticas do septo interatrial e de seus defeitos, com especial visualiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da extens&#xE3;o da borda anterossuperior, estabelecimento do formato do defeito e permiss&#xE3;o da obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de todas as dimens&#xF5;es do orif&#xED;cio. Nesta modalidade de imagem, &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel fazer uma aprecia&#xE7;&#xE3;o <italic>en face</italic> da comunica&#xE7;&#xE3;o, mimetizando a vis&#xE3;o do cirurgi&#xE3;o, com vantagem desta ser din&#xE2;mica durante o ciclo card&#xED;aco. Ap&#xF3;s o implante da pr&#xF3;tese, a reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o tridimensional pode auxiliar na identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do posicionamento do dispositivo, demonstrando e localizando os bra&#xE7;os ou discos protru&#xED;dos para o &#xE1;trio direito. A avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o e a medida de defeitos residuais tamb&#xE9;m podem ser realizadas por esse m&#xE9;todo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>A taxa de complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es relativas ao procedimento &#xE9; baixa. As complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es graves, como mau posicionamento e cirurgia subsequente, ocorrem em numa frequ&#xEA;ncia de 1 a 5%, emboliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do dispositivo em 0,4 a 4%, acidente cerebrovascular em 0,1 a 0,3%, tamponamento card&#xED;aco em 0,1%, perfura&#xE7;&#xE3;o card&#xED;aca em 0,03% e endocardite em 0,03%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Um fato interessante deste relato foi a presen&#xE7;a de CIA em irm&#xE3;os n&#xE3;o sindr&#xF4;micos. De acordo com a literatura pesquisada, h&#xE1; relatos de indiv&#xED;duos com CIA OS com hist&#xF3;ria familiar positiva para esse defeito ou outras malforma&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas cong&#xEA;nitas e bloqueio card&#xED;aco coexistente. Embora um modo de heran&#xE7;a autoss&#xF4;mico dominante para as CIAs familiares tenha sido descrito em algumas fam&#xED;lias, a incid&#xEA;ncia de tal defeito, nessas fam&#xED;lias, &#xE9;, muitas vezes, menor do que a esperada para defeitos de &#xFA;nico gene e, portanto, um modo de heran&#xE7;a multifatorial foi postulado, devido &#xE0; diversidade do fen&#xF3;tipo cl&#xED;nico combinado com saltos geracionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> De acordo com Benson et al., o <italic>locus</italic> da CIA familiar encontra-se na regi&#xE3;o telom&#xE9;rica do cromossomo 5p e trata-se de um dist&#xFA;rbio geneticamente heterog&#xEA;neo, cuja penetr&#xE2;ncia &#xE9; incompleta e a expressividade &#xE9; vari&#xE1;vel, o que resulta em uma subestima&#xE7;&#xE3;o significativa da natureza heredit&#xE1;ria (etiologia multifatorial com intera&#xE7;&#xE3;o polig&#xEA;nica complexa e fatores ambientais) dessa condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Esse autor ainda sugere que a identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de CIA ou outros defeitos card&#xED;acos cong&#xEA;nitos (como aneurisma do septo interatrial, veia cava superior esquerda persistente, valva a&#xF3;rtica bic&#xFA;spide, que ocorrem em 0,5 a 1% dos casos) em mais de um membro da fam&#xED;lia deve levar &#xE0; avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica e gen&#xE9;tica de todos os parentes. Al&#xE9;m disso, ele enfatiza que a identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de outros genes familiares de DSA deve fornecer novos <italic>insights</italic> sobre as etapas importantes da morfog&#xEA;nese card&#xED;aca que levam &#xE0; septa&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os DSA s&#xE3;o cardiopatias cong&#xEA;nitas frequentes, e a hist&#xF3;ria familiar positiva desse defeito deve suscitar investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o de outras anomalias card&#xED;acas no caso &#xED;ndice, al&#xE9;m da investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos parentes de primeiro grau. A oclus&#xE3;o da CIA OS por implante percut&#xE2;neo &#xE9; uma alternativa segura e eficaz para o fechamento cir&#xFA;rgico tradicional, por&#xE9;m o procedimento n&#xE3;o &#xE9; isento de riscos, devendo ser realizado em centros especializados e com operadores treinados. Nesse contexto, destaca-se o papel do ecocardiograma, haja vista a diversidade de informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es importantes que podem ser obtidas no pr&#xE9;, intra e p&#xF3;s-operat&#xF3;rio de corre&#xE7;&#xE3;o de DSA, bem como no seguimento tardio desses pacientes.</p>
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<p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p></fn></fn-group>
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