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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2675-312X/20223504eabc344i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223504eabc344i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>My Approach to Assess Diastolic Function in the Presence of Atrial Fibrillation?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6569-0776</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Calvilho</surname><given-names>Antonio Amador</given-names><suffix>J&#xFA;nior</suffix></name> <role>Manuscript Writing</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2901-9480</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Braga</surname><given-names>Jo&#xE3;o Moron Saes</given-names></name> <role>Bibliographic Research, review of the Manuscript and intellectual concept of its structure</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5153-8420</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Assef</surname><given-names>Jorge Eduardo</given-names></name> <role>Manuscript Writing</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0056-4378</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Vilela</surname><given-names>Andrea de Andrade</given-names></name> <role>Bibliographic Research, review of the Manuscript and intellectual concept of its structure</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP, Brazil.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Sorocaba Hospital Complex</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Sorocaba Hospital Complex, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP, Brazil.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Mar&#xED;lia School of Medicine</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Mar&#xED;lia School of Medicine, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP, Brazil.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Fleury Group</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Fleury Group, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP, Brazil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio Amador Calvilho J&#xFA;nior</bold> &#x2022; Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500 - Vila Mariana S&#xE3;o Paulo - SP - CEP: <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, E-mail: <email>dr.calvilho@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>eabc344</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>24</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>11</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>09</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Diastole</kwd>
<kwd>Atrial fibrillation</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="6"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="20"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent arrhythmia that can occur alone or in combination with other clinical conditions. Its onset interferes both in common diagnostic algorithms and in their respective protocol procedures. In diastolic function assessments by echocardiography, it drastically changes the analysis sequence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This relationship becomes even more complex because diastolic dysfunction is onc cause of non-valvular AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>A group of conditions called &#x201C;special populations&#x201D; or &#x201C;situations&#x201D; in diastology also modify study algorithms, especially but not exclusively sinus tachycardia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, non-cardiac pulmonary hypertension, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, greater than mild mitral annulus calcification, heart transplantation, and constrictive pericarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>Special populations are so important in diastology that the presence of these conditions must be ruled out before any analysis may be performed and the common algorithm can be applied. Therefore, despite being groups of different clinical conditions that can be wrongly relegated to a category of secondary importance and seemingly underrepresented in guidelines and reviews, knowing them is essential to a reliable and comprehensive diastolic function assessment.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Determination and graduation of diastolic dysfunction with af</title>
<p>Chronic atrial fibrillation (CAF) is the most prominent of these special situations due to both its high prevalence and the correlation of AF with the same etiologies classically associated with diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> For this reason, the presence of CAF is indicative of diastolic dysfunction in the same way as when determining myocardial disease (e.g., left ventricular ejection fraction &#x3C; 50%, left ventricular hypertrophy, changes in myocardial segmental contractility, and signs of longitudinal systolic dysfunction).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Despite not being explicitly stated in current guidelines, reviews on the subject, or original articles, FAC represents a diseased heart for which this rationale makes sense.</p>
<p>In the presence of sinus rhythm without other special situations, diastolic dysfunction is classified into three categories: grade I, normal filling pressure; grade II, increased filling pressure; and grade III, increased filling pressure and filling restriction signs. This restrictive pattern (grade III) is defined as left ventricular (LV) filling restrictions during atrial contraction, translated by a relatively small A wave measured by transmitral Doppler, which obviously ceases to occur as a result of AF. For this reason, diastolic dysfunction grading in the presence of AF is limited to the first two categories (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Graduation of diastolic dysfunction in atrial fibrillation.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc344-gf01.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Assessment sequence</title>
<p>Several echocardiographic variables indicate increased filling pressures in the presence of AF. However, the cutoff values used in these determinants do not always correspond to the same values used in sinus rhythm.</p>
<p>The first rule for determining filling pressures in the presence of CAF is not to use atrial dimensions, i.e., regardless of measurement type, volume, or anteroposterior dimension, indexed or not, its increase does not correlate with increased filling pressures. This is due to the well-known mechanical remodeling induced by AF, which increases atrial dimensions regardless of the filling pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>The second rule is to start by measuring the maximum tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity, a good determinant of the filling pressure increase when &#x2265;2.8 m/s (the same cutoff line recommended for the study in sinus rhythm). However, this measure cannot be used in two situations: the absence of a measurable jet; and the presence of concomitant diseases affecting the pulmonary vascular resistance, such as primary arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary thromboembolism.</p>
<p>Even respecting these two rules, the data will be insufficient, as it is recommended to use more than one determinant. Therefore, other Doppler variables well studied in this scenario and with good accuracy are used, each with its own limitation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Vari&#xE1;veis complementares para diastologia em casos de fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial.</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#xE1;vel</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Sensibilidade (%)</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Especificidade(%)</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Autores</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">E/e&#x2019; septal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,79</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">75</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">93</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Sohn DW et al (1999) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">TD onda E mitral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,95</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">96</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Temporelli PL et al (1999) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">TD onda D pulmonar</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,91</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Chirillo F et al (1997) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Pico de acelera&#xE7;&#xE3;o da onda E mitral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,84</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">77</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">94</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Nagueh SF et al (1996) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">TRIV</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,76</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">72</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">88</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Nagueh SF et al (1996) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">E/VPF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,88</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">72</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Nagueh SF et al (1996) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">TD onda E mitral (FEVE &#x3C;45%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,78</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">76</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Nagueh SF et al (1996) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<p>E = pico de velocidade da onda E do fluxo transmitral, e&#x2019; = pico de velocidade da onda e&#x2019; do anel mitral, FEVE = Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo, TRIV = tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#xE9;trico, TD = tempo de desacelera&#xE7;&#xE3;o, VPF = velocidade de propaga&#xE7;&#xE3;o de fluxo</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<p>The first choice is to measure the mitral inflow E-wave deceleration time (DT) by pulsed Doppler for being an easy and highly accurate measurement. However, this is only valid for subjects with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (&#x3C;50%), as E-wave DT is not a good determinant of filling pressure increase in subjects with preserved LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Therefore, in cases with reduced LVEF, an E-wave DT &#x2264; 160 ms indicates high filling pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>A set of variables can be used in cases with preserved LVEF:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>Peak E-wave acceleration rate (PEAR) - cutoff value &#x2265; 1,900 cm/s<sup>2</sup></p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) - cutoff value &#x2264; 65 ms</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Pulmonary venous diastolic velocity DT - cutoff value &#x2264; 220 ms</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Peak E-wave velocity/LV flow propagation velocity ratio (E/FPV) - cutoff value &#x2265; 1.4</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Septal E/e&#x2019; ratio - cutoff &#x2265; 11</p></list-item></list>
<p>All measurements have good accuracy; thus, choosing which one to use depends on other characteristics, such as tool availability in the software (PEAR), which may not be available on the equipment used. In addition, reproducibility issues should also be considered, such as variables using pulmonary venous flow pulsed Doppler and flow propagation velocity, which are particularly limited in this regard. Therefore, IVRT and septal E/e&#x2019; ratio continue to be strongly recommended, the first for being simple and practical and the second for being commonly used in basic protocols.</p>
<p>Regardless of the method chosen, the standard recommendation is to measure 10 consecutive cardiac cycles, but this extends the testing time. Alternatively, three non-consecutive cycles can be evaluated, provided that their rate is 10&#x2013;20% of the mean heart rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
<p>A last and simple resource to complement the assessment of filling pressures in patients with CAF is the variable maximum mitral inflow velocity between beats (E-wave), a consequence of typical rhythm irregularity in AF. This variability is reduced in patients with increased filling pressures, making it a possible determinant, although it is qualitative (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, as it has no cutoff value or any form of quantification, this type of evaluation is subjective, which justifies its use as a last option.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Qualitative assessment of E-wave variability in atrial fibrillation.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc344-gf02.tif"/></fig>
<p>Finally, the resources presented here can be listed as a logical four-step sequence (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). This proposition corroborates the 2016 guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Society of Cardiovascular Imaging for the assessment of diastolic function, and it respects the balance between assessment accuracy, practicality, and availability. It is important to note that, regardless of the variable chosen and/or available at each stage, the use of more than one determinant is recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Sequence for assessing diastolic dysfunction in atrial fibrillation.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc344-gf03.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Final considerations</title>
<p>Although the concepts chosen to justify our assessment of diastolic function are quite clear, some points are debatable, as is the case of attributing the presence of diastolic dysfunction to the mere occurrence of AF, a flawed concept not explicitly clear in the literature. However, considering these logical aspects, it makes no sense to grade diastolic dysfunction in the absence of a diagnosis. Therefore, while there is no more specific proposal in this regard, this is the recommended rationale.</p>
<p>The assessment described here is aimed at non-valvular CAF, i.e., in case of significant mitral valve diseases or other conditions, the physician should use specific algorithms and common sense.</p>
<p>New technologies were not mentioned, as they are not the purpose of this article, which focused on what we actually use in current practice. Some technologies can help and considerably simplify the assessment of diastolic function in patients with AF, such as special transducers capable of simultaneously recording mitral annulus and transmitral flow tissue Doppler.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> However, such tools are not used in current practice.</p>
</sec></body>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
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<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223504eabc344p</article-id>
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<name><surname>Assef</surname><given-names>Jorge Eduardo</given-names></name> <role>Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do Manuscrito</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0056-4378</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Vilela</surname><given-names>Andrea de Andrade</given-names></name> <role>Pesquisa bibliogr&#xE1;fica, Revis&#xE3;o do Manuscrito e Conceito intelectual da sua estrutura</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia Dante Pazzanese, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Sorocaba, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#xED;lia, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Antonio Amador Calvilho J&#xFA;nior</bold> &#x2022; Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500 - Vila Mariana S&#xE3;o Paulo - SP - CEP: <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, E-mail: <email>dr.calvilho@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflito de interesses</bold></p>
<p>Os autores declaram n&#xE3;o terem conflitos de interesse.</p></fn></author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Di&#xE1;stole</kwd>
<kwd>Fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial (FA) &#xE9; uma arritmia prevalente, que pode ocorrer de forma isolada ou em combina&#xE7;&#xE3;o com outras condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es cl&#xED;nicas. Seu aparecimento interfere tanto nos algoritmos diagn&#xF3;sticos comuns, como em suas respectivas condutas protocolares. No caso da avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica pela ecocardiografia, ocorre dr&#xE1;stica mudan&#xE7;a na sequ&#xEA;ncia de an&#xE1;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essa rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o torna-se ainda mais complexa, pelo fato da disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica ser associada ao surgimento da FA n&#xE3;o valvar, ou seja, &#xE9; uma de suas causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o &#xE9; somente a presen&#xE7;a de FA que modifica os algoritmos de estudo. Na verdade, existe um grupo de condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es, chamadas de &#x201C;situa&#xE7;&#xF5;es&#x201D; ou &#x201C;popula&#xE7;&#xF5;es especiais em diastologia&#x201D; que, al&#xE9;m da FA, incluem especialmente, mas n&#xE3;o exclusivamente, taquicardia sinusal, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#xF3;fica, cardiomiopatia restritiva, hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar de causa n&#xE3;o card&#xED;aca, estenose mitral, regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral, calcifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do anel mitral de grau maior que discreto, transplantados card&#xED;acos e pericardite constritiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>As popula&#xE7;&#xF5;es especiais s&#xE3;o t&#xE3;o importantes na diastologia que, antes de qualquer tipo de an&#xE1;lise, a presen&#xE7;a dessas condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es deve ser afastada, para que possa ent&#xE3;o ser feita a aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do algoritmo comum. Assim, apesar de serem agrupamentos de diferentes condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es cl&#xED;nicas, que podem ser erroneamente relegadas a uma categoria de import&#xE2;ncia secund&#xE1;ria, e a despeito do fato de parecerem pouco representadas nas diretrizes e revis&#xF5;es, seu conhecimento &#xE9; fundamental para um resultado confi&#xE1;vel e abrangente da avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Determina&#xE7;&#xE3;o E Gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o Da Disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o Diast&#xF3;lica Em Vig&#xEA;ncia De Fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o Atrial</title>
<p>A FA cr&#xF4;nica (FAC) possui o maior destaque dessas situa&#xE7;&#xF5;es especiais. Isso n&#xE3;o se deve somente &#xE0; sua elevada preval&#xEA;ncia, mas tamb&#xE9;m &#xE0; correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o que a FA tem com as mesmas etiologias classicamente associadas &#xE0; disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Por esse motivo, a vig&#xEA;ncia de FAC &#xE9; interpretada como indicativo de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica, da mesma forma que &#xE9; feito quando da constata&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos determinantes de doen&#xE7;a mioc&#xE1;rdica (por exemplo: fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo &#x2013; FEVE &#x2013; &#x3C;50%, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es da contratilidade segmentar mioc&#xE1;rdica e sinais de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica longitudinal).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Ou seja, apesar de n&#xE3;o estar explicitamente declarado nas diretrizes vigentes, nas revis&#xF5;es sobre o tema e nem mesmo em trabalhos originais, a ocorr&#xEA;ncia de FAC &#xE9; apresentada como a manifesta&#xE7;&#xE3;o de um cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o doente, o que faz sentido nesse racional.</p>
<p>Em vig&#xEA;ncia de ritmo sinusal e na aus&#xEA;ncia de outras situa&#xE7;&#xF5;es especiais, a classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica &#xE9; feita em tr&#xEA;s categorias: grau I (press&#xE3;o de enchimento normal), grau II (press&#xE3;o de enchimento elevada) e grau III (press&#xE3;o de enchimento elevada e sinais de restri&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao enchimento). Esse padr&#xE3;o restritivo (grau III) &#xE9; definido como a restri&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao enchimento do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (VE) durante a contra&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial, traduzido pela relativamente diminuta onda A medida pelo Doppler transmitral, e que obviamente deixa de ocorrer por consequ&#xEA;ncia da FA. Por esse motivo, a gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o da disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica em vig&#xEA;ncia de FA &#xE9; limitada &#xE0;s duas primeiras categorias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o da disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica na fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc344-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Sequ&#xEA; ncia de avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Existem diversas vari&#xE1;veis ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficas que indicam eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o das press&#xF5;es de enchimento em vig&#xEA;ncia de FA. Entretanto, deve-se atentar para os valores de corte utilizados nesses determinantes, pois nem sempre correspondem aos mesmos valores utilizados em ritmo sinusal.</p>
<p>A primeira regra para determina&#xE7;&#xE3;o das press&#xF5;es de enchimento em vig&#xEA;ncia de FAC &#xE9; n&#xE3;o utilizar dimens&#xF5;es atriais, ou seja, n&#xE3;o importa o tipo de medida, volume ou dimens&#xE3;o anteroposterior, indexada ou n&#xE3;o, seu aumento n&#xE3;o se correlaciona &#xE0; eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o das press&#xF5;es de enchimento. O motivo disso &#xE9; o j&#xE1; bem conhecido remodelamento mec&#xE2;nico induzido pela FA, que causa aumento das dimens&#xF5;es atriais, independentemente da situa&#xE7;&#xE3;o das press&#xF5;es de enchimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>A segunda regra &#xE9; come&#xE7;ar pela medida da velocidade m&#xE1;xima do jato de regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o tric&#xFA;spide, que &#xE9; um bom determinante da eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o das press&#xF5;es de enchimento, quando seu valor &#xE9; &#x2265;2,8 m/s (a mesma linha de corte recomendada para o estudo em ritmo sinusal). Entretanto, h&#xE1; duas situa&#xE7;&#xF5;es em que essa medida n&#xE3;o pode ser utilizada: a primeira &#xE9; um tanto quanto &#xF3;bvia e se trata da aus&#xEA;ncia de jato mensur&#xE1;vel; a outra &#xE9; quando existem concomitantemente doen&#xE7;as que afetam a resist&#xEA;ncia vascular pulmonar, como hipertens&#xE3;o arterial prim&#xE1;ria, doen&#xE7;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#xF4;nica e tromboembolismo pulmonar.</p>
<p>Mesmo respeitando essas duas regras, os dados ainda n&#xE3;o s&#xE3;o suficientes, pois recomenda-se o uso de mais de um determinante. Portanto, adicionalmente, recorre-se a outras vari&#xE1;veis Doppler, que s&#xE3;o bem estudadas nesse cen&#xE1;rio e possuem boa acur&#xE1;cia, possuindo cada uma sua pr&#xF3;pria limita&#xE7;&#xE3;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Vari&#xE1;veis complementares para diastologia em casos de fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial.</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#xE1;vel</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Sensibilidade (%)</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Especificidade(%)</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Autores</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">E/e&#x2019; septal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,79</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">75</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">93</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Sohn DW et al (1999) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">TD onda E mitral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,95</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">96</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Temporelli PL et al (1999) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">TD onda D pulmonar</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,91</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Chirillo F et al (1997) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Pico de acelera&#xE7;&#xE3;o da onda E mitral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,84</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">77</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">94</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Nagueh SF et al (1996) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">TRIV</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,76</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">72</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">88</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Nagueh SF et al (1996) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">E/VPF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0,88</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">72</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Nagueh SF et al (1996) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">TD onda E mitral (FEVE &#x3C;45%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">-0,78</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">76</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Nagueh SF et al (1996) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2">
<p>E = pico de velocidade da onda E do fluxo transmitral, e&#x2019; = pico de velocidade da onda e&#x2019; do anel mitral, FEVE = Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo, TRIV = tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#xE9;trico, TD = tempo de desacelera&#xE7;&#xE3;o, VPF = velocidade de propaga&#xE7;&#xE3;o de fluxo</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<p>Como primeira escolha, recomenda-se a medida do tempo de desacelera&#xE7;&#xE3;o (TD) da onda E do influxo mitral feita pelo Doppler pulsado, por sua facilidade de mensura&#xE7;&#xE3;o combinada com a elevada acur&#xE1;cia. Entretanto, isso s&#xF3; &#xE9; v&#xE1;lido para indiv&#xED;duos com FEVE reduzida (&#x3C; 50%), pois o TD da onda E n&#xE3;o &#xE9; um bom determinante de eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o das press&#xF5;es de enchimento em indiv&#xED;duos com FEVE preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Assim, nos casos com FEVE reduzida, a medida do TD da onda E &#x2264;160 milissegundos indica press&#xF5;es de enchimento elevadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Para os casos com FEVE preservada, resta um conjunto de vari&#xE1;veis que podem ser utilizadas. S&#xE3;o elas:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>Pico da taxa de acelera&#xE7;&#xE3;o da onda E (PTAE), com valor de corte &#x2265; 1.900 cm/s<sup>2</sup>.</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#xE9;trico (TRIV), com valor de corte &#x2264; 65 milissegundos.</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>TD da velocidade diast&#xF3;lica do fluxo venoso pulmonar, com valor de corte &#x2264; 220 milissegundos.</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre o pico da velocidade da onda E e velocidade de propaga&#xE7;&#xE3;o de fluxo do VE (E/VPF), com valor de corte &#x2265;1,4.</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o E/e&#x2019; septal, com valor de corte &#x2265;11.</p></list-item></list>
<p>Todas essas medidas possuem boa acur&#xE1;cia e a escolha de qual utilizar depende de outras caracter&#xED;sticas, a exemplo da disponibilidade da ferramenta no <italic>software</italic> , como &#xE9; o caso do PTAE, que pode n&#xE3;o estar dispon&#xED;vel no equipamento utilizado. Al&#xE9;m disso, quest&#xF5;es envolvendo reprodutibilidade tamb&#xE9;m devem ser levadas em considera&#xE7;&#xE3;o, a exemplo das vari&#xE1;veis que utilizam o Doppler pulsado do fluxo venoso pulmonar e a velocidade de propaga&#xE7;&#xE3;o de fluxo, que s&#xE3;o particularmente limitadas nesse quesito. Portanto, restam a medida TRIV e a E/e&#x2019; septal, que s&#xE3;o fortemente recomendadas &#x2013; a primeira pela simplicidade e praticidade e a segunda pela familiaridade devido a seu uso habitual no protocolo b&#xE1;sico.</p>
<p>Independentemente da forma escolhida, h&#xE1; uma recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o padr&#xE3;o de que sejam feitas medidas em dez ciclos card&#xED;acos consecutivos, por&#xE9;m isso confere um certo prolongamento do tempo de realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do exame. Alternativamente, pode ser feita a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de tr&#xEA;s ciclos n&#xE3;o consecutivos, desde que sua frequ&#xEA;ncia esteja entre 10 a 20% da frequ&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca m&#xE9;dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
<p>Um &#xFA;ltimo e simples recurso, que pode complementar a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o das press&#xF5;es de enchimento em pacientes com FAC, &#xE9; a variabilidade da velocidade m&#xE1;xima do influxo mitral entre os batimentos (onda E), consequ&#xEA;ncia da t&#xED;pica irregularidade do ritmo na FA. Essa variabilidade reduz nos indiv&#xED;duos com eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o das press&#xF5;es de enchimento, o que torna poss&#xED;vel seu uso como um determinante, ainda que de forma qualitativa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Entretanto, por n&#xE3;o ter um valor de corte, ou qualquer forma de quantifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o, esse tipo de avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9; subjetiva, e isso justifica sua apresenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o como uma &#xFA;ltima op&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o qualitativa da variabilidade da onda E na fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc344-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Finalmente, estes recursos aqui apresentados podem ser listados na forma de uma sequ&#xEA;ncia l&#xF3;gica com quatro etapas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>). Essa proposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o est&#xE1; de acordo com as diretrizes de 2016 da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (ASE) e <italic>European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</italic> (EACVI) para avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica e respeita um balan&#xE7;o entre acur&#xE1;cia, praticidade e disponibilidade das formas de avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o. &#xC9; importante salientar que, independentemente da vari&#xE1;vel escolhida e/ou dispon&#xED;vel em cada etapa, &#xE9; recomendado o uso de mais de um determinante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Sequ&#xEA;ncia de avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica na fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc344-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Considera&#xE7;&#xF5;es finais</title>
<p>Apesar de bastantes claros os conceitos escolhidos para justificar nossa forma de avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica, existem pontos que deixam margem para discuss&#xE3;o, como &#xE9; o caso da atribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o da presen&#xE7;a da disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica pela mera ocorr&#xEA;ncia da FA. Esse conceito pode ser falho, tanto que a literatura n&#xE3;o deixa isso explicitamente claro. Entretanto, considerando os aspectos l&#xF3;gicos, n&#xE3;o teria sentido graduar disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica na aus&#xEA;ncia de seu diagn&#xF3;stico. Portanto, enquanto inexistir uma proposta mais espec&#xED;fica nesse sentido, este &#xE9; o racional que recomendamos.</p>
<p>A forma de avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o aqui descrita &#xE9; direcionada &#xE0; FAC n&#xE3;o valvar, ou seja, em caso de valvopatias mitrais significativas ou outras condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es, deve-se recorrer ao algoritmo espec&#xED;fico e ao bom senso.</p>
<p>Novas tecnologias n&#xE3;o foram mencionadas, pois fogem do prop&#xF3;sito deste texto, que &#xE9; focado no que, de fato, utilizamos na pr&#xE1;tica atual. Existem, sim, tecnologias que podem ajudar e simplificar consideravelmente a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica nos indiv&#xED;duos com FA, a exemplo de transdutores especiais capazes de registrar simultaneamente o Doppler tecidual do anel mitral e o fluxo transmitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Entretanto, tais ferramentas n&#xE3;o est&#xE3;o incorporadas na nossa pr&#xE1;tica atual.</p>
</sec></body></sub-article>
</article>
