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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223504eabc340i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Global Longitudinal Strain as Predictor of Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila</surname>
						<given-names>Monica Samuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Plan Study, Conduct Study, Search Literature, Write Article</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0839-0803</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alves</surname>
						<given-names>Marco Stephan Lofrano</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Plan Study, Conduct Study, Search Literature, Write Article</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9271-8233</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ayub-Ferreira</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia Moreira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Plan Study, Conduct Study, Search Literature, Write Article</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6502-5602</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Wanderley</surname>
						<given-names>Mauro Rogerio de Barros</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Plan Study, Conduct Study, Search Literature, Review Article</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3377-8161</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cruz</surname>
						<given-names>Fatima das Dores</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conduct Study, Search Literature, Review Article</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2112-9423</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brandão</surname>
						<given-names>Sara Michelly Gonçalves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conduct Study, Search Literature, Review Article</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5645-2055</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hajjar</surname>
						<given-names>Ludhmila Abrahão</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Plan Study, Search Literature, Review Article</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1033-3672</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Kalil</surname>
						<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Plan Study, Search Literature, Review Article</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2932-766X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cruz</surname>
						<given-names>Cecilia Beatriz Bittencourt Viana</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conduct Study, Review Article</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4679-9455</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Abduch</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conduct Study, Review Article</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1028-9568</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moleta</surname>
						<given-names>Danilo Bora</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conduct Study, Review Article</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9204-485X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bocchi</surname>
						<given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Plan Study, Conduct Study, Search Literature, Review Article</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Heart Institute</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Heart Institute (InCor), Department of Heart Failure, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Heart Institute</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Heart Institute (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil,</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cancer Institute do Estado de São Paulo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cancer Institute do Estado de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Monica Samuel Avila • R. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 44, São Paulo, Brazil, Postal Code: 05403900. E-mail: <email>mo_avila@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsible for the review: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>21</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc340</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity (ChC) is an important complication among patients receiving anthracyclines. Biomarkers and imaging parameters have been studied for their ability to identify patients at risk of developing ChC. Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) is a sensitive parameter for detecting systolic dysfunction despite the presence of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To evaluate the role of the LV-GLS as a predictor of ChC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> This was a post-hoc analysis of the Carvedilol for Prevention of Chemotherapy-Related Cardiotoxicity trial, which evaluated the primary prevention of cardiotoxicity with carvedilol during doxorubicin chemotherapy in a population of patients with breast cancer. Cardiotoxicity was defined as a reduction ≥10% in LVEF. LV-GLS was determined before chemotherapy in patients with no prior cardiovascular disease or echocardiogram abnormalities.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> Thirty-one patients for whom a complete echocardiography study including measurement of LV-GLS was performed before chemotherapy were included in this analysis. An absolute LV-GLS&lt;16.9% before chemotherapy showed 100% sensitivity and 73% specificity for predicting cardiotoxicity (area under the curve [AUC], 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.680–0.959; p&lt;0.001). In this population, LVEF values before chemotherapy did not predict ChC (95% CI, 0.478 to -0.842; p=0.17). The association of low LV-GLS (&lt;17%) and brain-type natriuretic peptide serum levels (&gt;17 pg/mL) at 2 months after chemotherapy increased the accuracy for detecting early-onset ChC (100% sensitivity, 88% specificity; AUC, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.781–0.995; p&lt;0.0001).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p> Our data suggest that LV-GLS is a potential predictor of ChC. Larger studies are needed to confirm its clinical relevance in this clinical setting.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
				<kwd>Chemotherapy</kwd>
				<kwd>Prevention</kwd>
				<kwd>β-blockers</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiogram</kwd>
				<kwd>Strain</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="26"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The cardiovascular effects of chemotherapeutic agents are responsible for a significant proportion of severe complications, particularly among female patients with breast cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> There is evidence of increasing cardiovascular disease among hospitalized patients with cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> One of the most widely used agents,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> anthracyclines (ANT), is responsible for early and late dose-related cardiotoxicity, particularly heart failure (HF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The detection of cardiotoxicity is routinely performed by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Although LVEF predicts the occurrence of HF, it has limited sensitivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Failure to detect subtle changes in LV systolic function occurs for many reasons: the need for geometrical assumptions for calculations, possible inadequate visualization of the LV apex, impossibility of identifying marginal regional wall motion abnormalities, and intrinsic measurement variability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A decreased LVEF after chemotherapy is often a sign of already extensive myocardial damage and HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Due to increased morbidity and mortality among patients with chemotherapy-related HF, higher-sensitivity markers of subclinical cardiac dysfunction and myocardial injury have been investigated to detect chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity (ChC). For this purpose, the evaluation of two-dimensional speckle-tracking imaging has emerged. This technique allows for the study of global and regional myocardial deformation. Several studies have already emphasized the role of LV global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) to detect subtle alterations in systolic function particularly related to ANT chemotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The evaluation of GLS for the detection of subclinical LV dysfunction induced by chemotherapy is recommended by expert consensus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Considering this new field assessing ANT-induced cardiotoxicity using LV-GLS, we conducted a <italic>post-hoc</italic> analysis of the randomized double-blind placebo-controlled Carvedilol Effect in Preventing Chemotherapy Induced CardiotoxicitY (CECCY) trial, which aimed to evaluate the LV-GLS before ANT chemotherapy as a predictor of cardiotoxicity.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Study design</title>
				<p>This <italic>post-hoc</italic> analysis of the CECCY trial evaluated the primary prevention of cardiotoxicity with carvedilol during doxorubicin chemotherapy in women with breast cancer. Cardiotoxicity was defined as a ≥10% reduction in LVEF. Patients were recruited and followed up at two different institutions, the Heart Institute and the Cancer Institute from the University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The Ethics Committee of the Heart Institute and Cancer Institute from the University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, review board of both institutions approved the trial protocol. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. All participants were informed of the research objectives, research protocol, and treatment alternatives, and all participants provided written informed consent to participate. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01724450) before study initiation.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Study patients</title>
				<p>The CECCY trial included patients with <italic>HER2</italic>-negative breast cancer tumor status and therapy that included ANT, cyclophosphamide, and taxane from April 2013 to January 2017. The standard chemotherapy protocol comprised four cycles of cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup> and doxorubicin 60 mg/m<sup>2</sup> every 21 days (with a total cumulative dose of 240 mg/m<sup>2</sup>), followed by paclitaxel 80 mg/m<sup>2</sup> weekly for 8 weeks. The trial design and results were described elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Study procedures</title>
				<p>The present <italic>post-hoc</italic> analysis included only patients who underwent echocardiography studies and accomplished follow-up at the Heart Institute from the University of Sao Paulo, where the institutional protocol included speckle tracking echocardiography. Eligible patients underwent comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography before starting chemotherapy including proper imaging acquired to perform the strain analysis. Patients with an unsatisfactory acoustic window for the speckle tracking analysis due to artifacts caused by breast reconstruction techniques were excluded from the study. Echocardiographic studies were performed using a commercially available system (Vivid E9; General Electric, GE Vingmad Ultrasound AS, Norway) equipped with a 2–5-MHz transducer. All measurements were performed and reported according to American Society of Echocardiography recommendations (Lang 2015, Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging). LVEF was measured by Simpson’s rule.</p>
				<p>For the speckle tracking analysis, images were acquired with an adjusted device to record three cardiac cycles within a period of 100 msec before and after the cycle. The second harmonic image, in grayscale, with a frame rate of 40–80 frames/s was used. To measure LV-GLS, cardiac images were obtained through the apical windows (APLAX, A4C and A2C). After the acquisition, the studies were stored for offline analysis with the EchoPAC software (v30 12; GE Vingmad Ultrasound AS). The analysis was performed of the sixteen LV segments, and the quantitative peak systolic longitudinal strain was quantified for each segment as well as the whole LV during a cycle cardiac. All scans were read by experienced board certified echocardiographers who were blinded to the patients’ clinical information.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>The data are expressed as median and 95% confidence interval. We tested the normality of a variable distribution using the D’Agostino-Pearson test. For comparisons between two independent samples, an unpaired <italic>t</italic>-test was used for variables with Gaussian distribution, while the Mann-Whitney rank sum test was applied for variables with non-Gaussian distributions. For comparison between paired samples with Gaussian distribution, the paired t-test was used, while the Wilcoxon matched pairs ranked test was used for pairs with a non-Gaussian distribution. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine the accuracy and optimal cutoff. The best cutoff for each variable was chosen through the shortest distance from the upper left angle to the curve obtained in the graph of the ROC curve by the method of DeLong et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> P values &lt;0.05 were considered significant.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>In this <italic>post-hoc</italic> analysis of the randomized double-blind placebo-controlled CECCY trial, we evaluated 53 patients who underwent echocardiography with the speckle tracking technique at the Heart Institute. Of these, six (11%) had an unsatisfactory acoustic window and were excluded from the analysis. Another 16 patients were excluded for attending subsequent echocardiographic follow-up at another institution. The population included in the analysis was at low risk of cardiovascular. The baseline characteristics of the remaining 31 patients are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Our population had low prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities and risk factors for cardiotoxicity. In this group, 3 (9.7%) developed cardiotoxicity (LVEF decrease ≥10% from baseline). Considering the alternative and most accepted definition of cardiotoxicity as a decrease of 10 percentage points to a value below the low normal value of 50%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> only 1 patient fulfilled the criteria for cardiotoxicity and had a decrease of LVEF to 35% and a GLS of 13%. The 3 patients with cardiotoxicity were aged 51–63 years, only one had a diagnosis of arterial hypertension, and none had other risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia under statin treatment, or current/past smoking status.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Baseline characteristics of the study population.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Characteristic</th>
								<th>Population (N=31)</th>
								<th>LV-GLS ≤16,9% (N=10)</th>
								<th>LV-GLS &gt;16,9% (N=21)</th>
								<th>P value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Age, years</td>
								<td align="center">51<underline>+</underline>9.69</td>
								<td align="center">54.9<underline>+</underline>6.7</td>
								<td align="center">49<underline>+</underline>10.4</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Menopause, no. of patients (%)</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pre-menopause</td>
								<td align="center">14 (45)</td>
								<td align="center">4 (40)</td>
								<td align="center">10 (47)</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Post-menopause</td>
								<td align="center">17 (55)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (60)</td>
								<td align="center">11 (53)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Therapy, no. of patients (%)</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Neoadjuvant</td>
								<td align="center">17 (55)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (60)</td>
								<td align="center">11 (47)</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Adjuvant</td>
								<td align="center">14 (45)</td>
								<td align="center">4 (40)</td>
								<td align="center">10 (53)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Drug carvedilol, no. of patients (%)</td>
								<td align="center">18 (48)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (60)</td>
								<td align="center">12 (57)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Body mass index (kg/m2)</td>
								<td align="center">27.1<underline>+</underline>7.45</td>
								<td align="center">30.3<underline>+</underline> 6.9</td>
								<td align="center">25.6<underline>+</underline>7.3</td>
								<td align="center">0.09</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Cardiovascular risk factors, no of patients (%)</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hypertension</td>
								<td align="center">1 (3.2)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
								<td align="center">1 (3.2)</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">1 (4)</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hypercholesterolemia</td>
								<td align="center">1 (3.2)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Current/past smoker</td>
								<td align="center">11 (35.4)</td>
								<td align="center">4 (40)</td>
								<td align="center">7 (33)</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center">121<underline>+</underline>12.46</td>
								<td align="center">121<underline>+</underline>10.9</td>
								<td align="center">121<underline>+</underline>13.8</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center">79<underline>+</underline>8.1</td>
								<td align="center">81<underline>+</underline>7.2</td>
								<td align="center">77<underline>+</underline>8.5</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Heart rate, beats/min</td>
								<td align="center">79<underline>+</underline>11.5</td>
								<td align="center">85<underline>+</underline>12.2</td>
								<td align="center">77<underline>+</underline>10.2</td>
								<td align="center">0.06</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><italic>Data are expressed as mean ± SD or number. LV-GLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain; NS: not significant.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>LV-GLS predicted the development of cardiotoxicity (cutoff value, ≤16.9%), with 100% sensitivity and 73.1% specificity (area under the curve [AUC], 0.859; p&lt;0.001). A serum brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level &gt;16 pg/mL measured 2 weeks after starting chemotherapy was also associated with cardiotoxicity with 100% sensitivity and 69.2% specificity (AUC, 0.878; p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>, Central Illustration). On the other hand, baseline LVEF (AUC, 0.680; p=0.17) and serum troponin (AUC, 0.577; p=0.69) were not associated with the incidence of cardiotoxicity.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses of LV-GLS measured before the onset of chemotherapy (A) and BNP after 2 weeks of chemotherapy (B) and their association with cardiotoxicity. AUC: area under the curve; BNP: brain-type natriuretic peptide; LV-GLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain (Central Illustration).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc340-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the median and 95% CI values for serum LVEF, BNP, and troponin before and 2, 4, and 24 weeks after starting chemotherapy stratified according to baseline LV-GLS. Baseline LVEF was not significantly different in patients with an LV-GLS ≤16.9% versus &gt;16.9%. Similarly, there was no intergroup difference in baseline BNP or troponin values. However, LVEF evaluated by echocardiography was significantly lower after 4 weeks of chemotherapy in the group with a baseline LV-GLS ≤16.9% (p=0.003). Furthermore, serum BNP measured after 4 weeks of chemotherapy treatment was higher in the group with an LV-GLS ≤16.9% (p=0.004). There was no significant intergroup difference for troponin values at any time point.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Evolution of LVEF, serum troponin, and BNP after 2, 4, and 24 weeks of chemotherapy divided by LV-GLS value before chemotherapy.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>LV-GLS ≤16,9% (N=10)</th>
								<th>LV-GLS &gt;16,9% (N=21)</th>
								<th>P value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>LVEF before ChT, %</td>
								<td align="center">61.5 (59.9–64.0)</td>
								<td align="center">63.5 (60.9–64.4)</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LVEF 2 weeks, %</td>
								<td align="center">61.0 (58.2–66.0)</td>
								<td align="center">65.0 (62.8–67.0)</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LVEF 4 weeks, %</td>
								<td align="center">58.0 (56.1–62.9)</td>
								<td align="center">61.2 (62.5–65.5)</td>
								<td align="center">0.003</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LVEF 24 weeks, %</td>
								<td align="center">63.0 (53.0–68.9)</td>
								<td align="center">63.0 (61.0–64.9)</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>BNP before ChT, pg/mL</td>
								<td align="center">18.0 (7.42–46.9)</td>
								<td align="center">12.0 (9.2–19.2)</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>BNP 2 weeks, pg/mL</td>
								<td align="center">19.0 (1.24–46.9)</td>
								<td align="center">9.0 (6.2–16.5)</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>BNP 4 weeks, pg/mL</td>
								<td align="center">16.0 (-11.2–88.3)</td>
								<td align="center">13.0 (8.8–21.8)</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>BNP 24 weeks, pg/mL</td>
								<td align="center">18.5 (-39.9–167.7)</td>
								<td align="center">8.0 (5.7–10.7)</td>
								<td align="center">0.004</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Troponin before ChT, mg/mL</td>
								<td align="center">0.005 (0.003–0.011)</td>
								<td align="center">0.005 (0.004–0.006)</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Troponin 2 weeks, mg/mL</td>
								<td align="center">0.008 (0.005–0.016)</td>
								<td align="center">0.005 (0.006–0.011)</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Troponin 4 weeks, mg/mL</td>
								<td align="center">0.029 (0.014–0.077)</td>
								<td align="center">0.028 (0.025–0.054)</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Troponin 24 weeks, mg/mL</td>
								<td align="center">0.024 (0.015–0.048)</td>
								<td align="center">0.016 (0.009–0.037)</td>
								<td align="center">NS</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p><italic>BNP: brain-type natriuretic peptide; ChT: chemotherapy; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LV-GLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain; NS: not significant.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> shows median and 95% CI values for LVEF and LV-GLS before and after 12 months after chemotherapy. We observed that LV-GLS decreased significantly from baseline values (p=0.005), whereas LVEF did not. In the follow-up period after chemotherapy, LV-GLS decreased more than 5%, 10%, and 15% from baseline in 77%, 66%, and 42% of patients, respectively, whereas LVEF decreased more than 10% in only 9.7% of patients.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Mediana e IC de 95% para SLG-VE e FEVE antes e após 12 meses de quimioterapia. SLG-VE: strain longitudinal global do ventrículo esquerdo; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc340-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>In this <italic>post-hoc</italic> analysis of the randomized double-blind placebo-controlled CECCY trial that evaluated the role of the speckle tracking echocardiography in ANT-induced cardiotoxicity, LV-GLS was a potential predictor of ChC in patients with a low prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In this scenario, LV-GLS was a better predictor of cardiotoxicity than LVEF. In addition, the combination of LV-GLS and BNP during follow-up could be a predictor of cardiotoxicity.</p>
			<p>There has been great interest in the early detection of cardiotoxicity to reverse and prevent associated cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> LVEF is a strong predictor of cardiac events, but it lacks sensitivity for the detection of subclinical changes in cardiac function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Strain is defined as change in the length of the myocardium divided by the original length of the myocardium and peak systolic deformation between systole and diastole.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> LV-GLS has emerged as the main measurement of subclinical myocardial dysfunction and demonstrated utility in predicting subsequent reductions in LVEF in patients after cancer treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Ali et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> demonstrated that an absolute LV-GLS value of less than -17.5% was associated with an increase in HF among patients with hematologic cancer undergoing ANT chemotherapy. Charbonnel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> showed that an LV-GLS value of greater than -17.45% obtained after ANT 150 mg/m<sup>2</sup> is an independent predictor of future cardiotoxicity.</p>
			<p>Our study findings are in concordance with other studies that showed that the strain measure before chemotherapy predicts the development of cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The SOCCOUR trial recently compared cardioprotection guided by changes in LV-GLS versus LVEF among patients undergoing ANT chemotherapy. In the trial, 331 patients were randomized to receive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers and beta-blockers guided by a ≥12% relative reduction in LV-GLS (GLS-guided arm) or 10% absolute reduction in LVEF (EF-guided arm). Patients were followed for LVEF and cancer therapy–related cardiac dysfunction (symptomatic drop of &gt;5% or asymptomatic drop of &gt;10% to &lt;55%). At 1 year of follow-up, the LVEF did not change significantly in either group. However, in the GLS-guided arm, there was a greater use of cardioprotection and fewer patients met the cardiotoxicity criteria (5.8% vs. 13.7%; p=0.02). Patients who received cardioprotection in the EF-guided arm exhibited a greater reduction in LVEF at follow-up than those in the GLS-guided arm (9.1±10.9% <italic>vs</italic>. 2.9±7.4%; p=0.03) supporting the use of GLS for detecting cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Oikonomou et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> published a meta-analysis that evaluated the prognostic value of GLS for predicting cardiotoxicity and included 21 studies comprising 1782 patients with cancer treated with ANT with or without trastuzumab. The authors found an incidence of cardiotoxicity of 9.3–43.8%. Four studies evaluated the association of GLS before treatment initiation with subsequent cardiotoxicity: 2 found no association,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> 1 reported a significant association (odds ratio per 1% decrease, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.15–1.89) and 1 reported an AUC of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.58–0.88), with an optimal cutoff value of -19.95% (sensitivity, 83%; specificity, 72%) for cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Other biomarkers have been studied as a strategy for the early detection and monitoring of cardiotoxicity. The most studied biomarkers in cardiotoxicity include troponin and BNP. Regarding troponin, strong evidence favors its ability to predict cardiotoxicity and cardiac events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> However, the utility of BNP for chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity remains controversial, with many studies reporting no prognostic value in this scenario.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Our study showed that the combination of the LV-GLS pre-chemotherapy with BNP during follow-up (until 24 weeks) could be a greater predictor of a &gt;10% decrease in LVEF. However, the combination of LV-GLS with troponin showed no prognostic value regarding cardiotoxicity.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitations</title>
				<p>This was a <italic>post-hoc</italic> analysis of the CECCY trial, so its findings were not pre-specified. We also included a small sample size due to difficulties obtaining speckle tracking images. We did not have a more robust modality for assessing EF such as planar equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography or magnetic resonance imaging. Moreover, we noted a low incidence of cardiotoxicity that could have impaired the results.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>LV-GLS is a potential predictor of ChC in patients with a low prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. LV-GLS was a better predictor of cardiotoxicity than LVEF, while the combination of LV-GLS and BNP during follow-up could be a predictor of cardiotoxicity. Overall, our findings confirm the ability of LV-GLS to detect subclinical cardiotoxicity and emphasize the need for early evaluations of LV-GLS to detect cardiotoxicity.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223504eabc340p</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Strain Longitudinal Global como Preditor de Cardiotoxicidade Induzida por Quimioterapia</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila</surname>
						<given-names>Monica Samuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Planejamento, Execução, Pesquisa Bibliográfica, Redação do Manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0839-0803</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alves</surname>
						<given-names>Marco Stephan Lofrano</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Planejamento, Execução, Pesquisa Bibliográfica, Redação do Manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9271-8233</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ayub-Ferreira</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia Moreira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Planejamento, Execução, Pesquisa Bibliográfica, Redação do Manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6502-5602</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Wanderley</surname>
						<given-names>Mauro Rogerio de Barros</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Planejamento, Execução, Pesquisa Bibliográfica, Revisão do Manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3377-8161</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cruz</surname>
						<given-names>Fatima das Dores</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Execução, Pesquisa Bibliográfica, Revisão do Artigo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2112-9423</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brandão</surname>
						<given-names>Sara Michelly Gonçalves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Execução, Pesquisa Bibliográfica, Revisão do Artigo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5645-2055</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hajjar</surname>
						<given-names>Ludhmila Abrahão</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Planejamento, Pesquisa Bibliográfica, Revisão do Artigo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1033-3672</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Kalil</surname>
						<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>Planejamento, Pesquisa Bibliográfica, Revisão do Artigo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2932-766X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cruz</surname>
						<given-names>Cecilia Beatriz Bittencourt Viana</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Execução, Revisão do Artigo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4679-9455</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Abduch</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Execução, Revisão do Artigo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1028-9568</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moleta</surname>
						<given-names>Danilo Bora</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Execução, Revisão do Artigo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9204-485X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bocchi</surname>
						<given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Planejamento, Execução, Pesquisa Bibliográfica, Revisão do Artigo</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Insuficiência Cardíaca, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo-USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Monica Samuel Avila • R. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 44, São Paulo, Brasil, CEP: 05403900. E-mail: mo_avila@hotmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<p>Editor responsável pela revisão: Daniela do Carmo Rassi Frota</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento</title>
					<p> A cardiotoxicidade induzida por quimioterapia (CiC) é uma complicação importante entre os pacientes que recebem antraciclinas. Biomarcadores e parâmetros de imagem têm sido estudados por sua capacidade de identificar pacientes com risco de desenvolver essa complicação. O strain longitudinal global do ventrículo esquerdo (SLG-VE) tem sido descrito como um parâmetro sensível para detectar disfunção sistólica, mesmo na presença de fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> avaliar o papel do SLG-VE como preditor de CiC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> O presente estudo consiste em uma análise post-hoc do estudo CECCY (<italic>Carvedilol for Prevention of Chemotherapy-Related Cardiotoxicity</italic> [Carvedilol para Prevenção da Cardiotoxicidade Relacionada à Quimioterapia]), que avaliou a prevenção primária de cardiotoxicidade com carvedilol durante quimioterapia com doxorrubicina em uma população com câncer de mama. Definiu-se cardiotoxicidade como uma redução <underline>&gt;</underline>10% na FEVE. O SLG-VE foi obtido antes da quimioterapia em pacientes sem doença cardiovascular prévia ou anormalidades no ecocardiograma.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Trinta e um pacientes submetidos a estudo ecocardiográfico completo incluindo avaliação de SLG-VE antes da quimioterapia foram incluídos nesta análise. Um SLG-VE absoluto &lt;16,9% antes da quimioterapia mostrou 100% de sensibilidade e 73% de especificidade para predizer cardiotoxicidade (AUC=0,85; IC 95% 0,680–0,959, p&lt;0,001). Nesta população, os valores de FEVE antes da quimioterapia não foram preditores de CiC (IC 95% 0,478 a -0,842, p=0,17). A associação de baixos níveis séricos de SLG-VE (&lt;17%) e BNP (&gt;17 pg/mL) dois meses após a quimioterapia aumentou a precisão para detectar CiC de início precoce (100% de sensibilidade, 88% de especificidade, AUC=0,94; IC 95% 0,781–0,995, p&lt;0,0001).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusões</title>
					<p> Nossos dados sugerem que o SLG-VE é um possível preditor de cardiotoxicidade induzida por quimioterapia. São necessários estudos maiores para confirmar a relevância clínica desse parâmetro ecocardiográfico nesse cenário clínico.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
				<kwd>Quimioterapia</kwd>
				<kwd>Prevenção</kwd>
				<kwd>Betabloqueadores</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiograma</kwd>
				<kwd>Strain</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Os efeitos cardiovasculares dos agentes quimioterápicos são responsáveis por uma proporção significativa de complicações graves, principalmente entre pacientes do sexo feminino com câncer de mama.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Há evidências de aumento de doenças cardiovasculares em pacientes hospitalizados com câncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As antraciclinas (ANT), um dos agentes mais utilizados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> são responsáveis pela cardiotoxicidade precoce e tardia relacionada à dose, particularmente a insuficiência cardíaca (IC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A detecção de cardiotoxicidade é realizada rotineiramente pela fração de ejeção (FE) do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). Embora a FEVE possa predizer a ocorrência de insuficiência cardíaca, esse parâmetro tem sensibilidade limitada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A falha na detecção de alterações sutis na função sistólica do VE ocorre por diversos motivos: necessidade de suposições geométricas para cálculos, possível visualização inadequada do ápice do VE, impossibilidade de identificação de alterações de motilidade segmentar regional marginal e variabilidade intrínseca das medições.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A diminuição da FEVE após a quimioterapia é frequentemente um sinal de dano miocárdico já extenso e insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Devido ao aumento da morbimortalidade em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca relacionada à quimioterapia, marcadores com maior sensibilidade para disfunção cardíaca subclínica e lesão miocárdica têm sido investigados para detectar cardiotoxicidade induzida por quimioterapia. Para isso, surgiu o exame de imagem speckle tracking bidimensional. Essa técnica permite o estudo da deformação miocárdica global e regional. Diversos estudos já enfatizaram o papel do strain longitudinal global do ventrículo esquerdo (SLG-VE) na detecção de alterações sutis na função sistólica particularmente relacionadas à quimioterapia com antraciclinas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A avaliação do SLG para detecção de disfunção subclínica do VE induzida pelo tratamento quimioterápico é recomendada por consenso entre especialistas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Diante desse novo campo de acesso à cardiotoxicidade induzida por antraciclinas utilizando o SLG-VE, realizamos uma análise post-hoc do estudo CECCY (Carvedilol Effect in Preventing Chemotherapy Induced CardiotoxicitY) randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado por placebo, cujo objetivo foi avaliar o SLG-VE antes da quimioterapia com antraciclinas como preditor de cardiotoxicidade.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Desenho do estudo</title>
					<p>O presente estudo é uma análise post-hoc do estudo CECCY (Carvedilol for Prevention of Chemotherapy-Related Cardiotoxicity) randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo, que avaliou a prevenção primária de cardiotoxicidade com carvedilol durante quimioterapia com doxorrubicina em mulheres com câncer de mama. Definiu-se cardiotoxicidade como uma redução &gt;10% na FEVE. Os pacientes foram incluídos e acompanhados em duas instituições diferentes: Instituto do Coração (InCor) e Instituto do Câncer (ICESP) da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. O Comitê de Ética Institucional do Instituto do Coração (InCor) e do Instituto do Câncer (ICESP) da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, sendo conselho de revisão de ambas as instituições, aprovou o protocolo do estudo. Todos os métodos foram realizados de acordo com as respectivas diretrizes e regulamentos. Todos os participantes foram informados sobre os objetivos da pesquisa, protocolo de pesquisa, alternativas de tratamento envolvidas no estudo, e todos os participantes forneceram consentimento informado por escrito para participar do estudo. O estudo foi registrado no ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01724450) antes do início do estudo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Pacientes do estudo</title>
					<p>O estudo CECCY incluiu pacientes com câncer de mama de tumor HER2 negativo e terapia com antraciclina, ciclofosfamida e taxano de abril de 2013 a janeiro de 2017. O protocolo de quimioterapia padrão compreendeu quatro ciclos de ciclofosfamida 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup> e doxorrubicina 60 mg/m<sup>2</sup> a cada 21 dias (com dose cumulativa total de 240 mg/m<sup>2</sup>), seguidos de paclitaxel 80 mg/m<sup>2</sup> semanalmente, por 8 semanas. O desenho e os resultados do estudo foram descritos anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Procedimentos do estudo</title>
					<p>A presente análise post hoc inclui apenas pacientes que realizaram estudos ecocardiográficos e acompanhamento no Instituto do Coração da Universidade de São Paulo, onde o protocolo institucional incluía ecocardiograma por speckle tracking. Os pacientes elegíveis foram submetidos a uma ecocardiografia transtorácica abrangente antes de iniciar a quimioterapia, incluindo imagens adequadamente adquiridas para realizar a análise de deformação. Pacientes que apresentaram janela acústica insatisfatória para análise por speckle tracking devido a artefatos causados pelas técnicas de reconstrução mamária foram excluídas do estudo. Os estudos ecocardiográficos foram realizados com um sistema Vivid E9 disponível comercialmente (General Electric, GE-Vingmad Ultrasound AS), equipado com transdutor de 2-5 MHz. Todas as medidas foram realizadas e reportadas de acordo com as recomendações da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (Lang 2015, Recomendações para quantificação da câmara cardíaca por ecocardiografia em adultos: uma atualização da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia e da Associação Europeia de Imagem Cardiovascular). A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo foi medida pela regra de Simpson.</p>
					<p>Para a análise por speckle tracking, as imagens foram adquiridas com um dispositivo ajustado para registrar três ciclos cardíacos em um período de 100 mseg antes e depois do ciclo. Utilizou-se a imagem do segundo harmônico, em escala de cinza, com taxa de quadros de 40-80 quadros/s. Para medição do SLG-VE, as imagens cardíacas foram obtidas através das janelas apicais (APLAX, A4C e A2C). Após a aquisição, os estudos foram armazenados para análise offline com o software EchoPAC (v30 12, GE Vingmad Ultrasound AS, Noruega). Realizou-se a análise dos dezesseis segmentos do VE, e o pico quantitativo do strain longitudinal sistólico foi quantificado para cada segmento e para todo o VE durante um ciclo cardíaco. Todos os exames foram lidos por ecocardiografistas experientes e certificados pelo respectivo conselho profissional. Os ecocardiografistas desconheciam todas as informações clínicas.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>Os dados estão expressos em mediana e IC 95%. Testamos a normalidade de uma distribuição variável através do teste de D’Agostino-Pearson. Para comparações entre duas amostras independentes, utilizou-se o teste t não pareado para variáveis com distribuição gaussiana e o teste da soma de postos de Mann-Whitney para variáveis com distribuição não gaussiana. Para a comparação entre amostras pareadas com distribuição gaussiana, utilizou-se o teste t pareado, enquanto na distribuição não gaussiana, utilizou-se o teste da soma de postos pareados de Wilcoxon. Utilizamos a análise da curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) para determinar a precisão e os pontos de corte ótimos. O melhor ponto de corte para cada variável foi escolhido por meio da menor distância do ângulo superior esquerdo até a curva obtida no gráfico da curva ROC pelo método de DeLong et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Considerou-se significativo um valor de p&lt;0,05.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Nesta análise post-hoc do estudo CECCY randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo, avaliamos 53 pacientes submetidos à ecocardiografia com técnica de speckle tracking no Instituto do Coração. Desses pacientes, 6 (11%) apresentavam janela acústica insatisfatória e foram excluídos da análise. Outros 16 pacientes foram excluídos devido ao seguimento ecocardiográfico posterior em outra instituição. A população incluída na análise era de baixo risco cardiovascular. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as características basais dos 31 pacientes restantes. Nossa população apresentou baixa prevalência de comorbidades cardiovasculares e fatores de risco para cardiotoxicidade. Neste grupo, 3 (9,7%) desenvolveram cardiotoxicidade (diminuição da FEVE ≥10% desde o início do estudo). Considerando uma definição alternativa e mais aceita de cardiotoxicidade como diminuição de 10 pontos percentuais para um valor abaixo do menor valor normal de 50%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> apenas 1 paciente preencheu os critérios para cardiotoxicidade e teve diminuição da FEVE para 35% e SLG de 13%. Entre os 3 pacientes com cardiotoxicidade, a faixa etária foi de 51 a 63 anos, apenas um tinha diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial e nenhum deles apresentava outros fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular como diabetes mellitus, hipercolesterolemia em tratamento com estatinas ou fumantes atuais/ex-tabagistas.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Características basais da população estudada.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Característica</th>
									<th>População (n=31)</th>
									<th>SLG-VE ≤16,9% (N=10)</th>
									<th>SLG-VE &gt;16,9% (N=21)</th>
									<th>Valor de P</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade — anos +</td>
									<td align="center">51<underline>+</underline>9,69</td>
									<td align="center">54,9<underline>+</underline>6,7</td>
									<td align="center">49<underline>+</underline>10,4</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Menopausa — número de pacientes (%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pré-menopausa</td>
									<td align="center">14 (45)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (40)</td>
									<td align="center">10 (47)</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pós-menopausa</td>
									<td align="center">17 (55)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (60)</td>
									<td align="center">11 (53)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tratamento — número de pacientes (%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Neoadjuvante</td>
									<td align="center">17 (55)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (60)</td>
									<td align="center">11 (47)</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Adjuvante</td>
									<td align="center">14 (45)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (40)</td>
									<td align="center">10 (53)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Fármaco carvedilol — número de pacientes (%)</td>
									<td align="center">18 (48)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (60)</td>
									<td align="center">12 (57)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Índice de massa corporal (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) +</td>
									<td align="center">27,1<underline>+</underline>7,45</td>
									<td align="center">30,3<underline>+</underline> 6,9</td>
									<td align="center">25,6<underline>+</underline>7,3</td>
									<td align="center">0,09</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Fatores de risco cardiovascular — número de pacientes (%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hipertensão</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3,2)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3,2)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1 (4)</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hipercolesterolemia</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3,2)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (10%)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tabagistas atuais/ex-tabagistas</td>
									<td align="center">11 (35,4)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (40)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (33)</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pressão arterial sistólica (mmHg) +</td>
									<td align="center">121<underline>+</underline>12,46</td>
									<td align="center">121<underline>+</underline>10,9</td>
									<td align="center">121<underline>+</underline>13,8</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pressão arterial diastólica (mmHg) +</td>
									<td align="center">79<underline>+</underline>8,1</td>
									<td align="center">81<underline>+</underline>7,2</td>
									<td align="center">77<underline>+</underline>8,5</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Frequência cardíaca (b.p.m.) +</td>
									<td align="center">79<underline>+</underline>11,5</td>
									<td align="center">85<underline>+</underline>12,2</td>
									<td align="center">77<underline>+</underline>10,2</td>
									<td align="center">0,06</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p><italic>+ Os dados são expressos como média + DP ou números. SLG-VE: strain longitudinal global do ventrículo esquerdo; NS: não significante.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>O strain longitudinal global do ventrículo esquerdo foi preditor de desenvolvimento de cardiotoxicidade (valor de corte ≤16,9%), com sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 73,1% (AUC 0,859, p&lt;0,001). BNP sérico &gt;16 pg/mL avaliado 2 semanas após o início da quimioterapia também se mostrou associado à cardiotoxicidade, com sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 69,2% (AUC 0,878, p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>, Ilustração Central). Por outro lado, a FEVE basal (AUC 0,680, p=0,17) e a troponina sérica (AUC 0,577, p=0,69) não se mostrou associada à incidência de cardiotoxicidade.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>A análise das curvas ROC para SLG-VE medido antes do início da quimioterapia (A) e BNP após 2 semanas de quimioterapia (B) e sua associação com cardiotoxicidade. BNP: peptídeo natriurético cerebral; SLG-VE: strain longitudinal global do ventrículo esquerdo (Ilustração Central).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc340-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os valores de mediana e IC 95% para FEVE, BNP e troponina séricos antes e após 2, 4 e 24 semanas do início da quimioterapia, estratificados de acordo com o SLG-VE basal. A FEVE basal não se apresentou significativamente diferente em pacientes com SLG-VE≤16,9% ou &gt;16,9%. Da mesma forma, não houve diferença nos valores basais de BNP ou troponina nos dois grupos. No entanto, a FEVE, avaliada pelo ecocardiograma, se mostrou significativamente menor após 4 semanas de quimioterapia no grupo com SLG-VE basal ≤16,9% (p=0,003). Além disso, o BNP sérico avaliado após 4 semanas de tratamento quimioterápico foi maior no grupo com SLG-VE ≤16,9% (p=0,004). Não houve diferença significativa para os valores de troponina em nenhum dos momentos de avaliação entre os dois grupos.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Evolução da FEVE, troponina sérica e BNP após 2, 4 e 24 semanas de quimioterapia dividido pelo valor de SLG-VE antes da quimioterapia.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>SLG-VE ≤16,9% (N=10)</th>
									<th>SLG-VE &gt;16,9% (N=21)</th>
									<th>valor de p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>FEVE antes da quimioterapia, %</td>
									<td align="center">61,5 (59,9–64,0)</td>
									<td align="center">63,5 (60,9–64,4)</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FEVE 2 semanas, %</td>
									<td align="center">61,0 (58,2–66,0)</td>
									<td align="center">65,0 (62,8–67,0)</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FEVE 4 semanas, %</td>
									<td align="center">58,0 (56,1–62,9)</td>
									<td align="center">61,2 (62,5–65,5)</td>
									<td align="center">0,003</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FEVE 24 semanas, %</td>
									<td align="center">63,0 (53,0–68,9)</td>
									<td align="center">63,0 (61,0–64,9)</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BNP antes da quimioterapia, pg/mL</td>
									<td align="center">18,0 (7,42–46,9)</td>
									<td align="center">12,0 (9,2–19,2)</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BNP 2 semanas, pg/mL</td>
									<td align="center">19,0 (1,24–46,9)</td>
									<td align="center">9,0 (6,2–16,5)</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BNP 4 semanas, pg/mL</td>
									<td align="center">16,0 (-11,2–88,3)</td>
									<td align="center">13,0 (8,8–21,8)</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BNP 24 semanas, pg/mL</td>
									<td align="center">18,5 (-39,9–167,7)</td>
									<td align="center">8,0 (5,7–10,7)</td>
									<td align="center">0,004</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Troponina antes da quimioterapia, mg/mL</td>
									<td align="center">0,005 (0,003–0,011)</td>
									<td align="center">0,005 (0,004–0,006)</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Troponina 2 semanas, mg/mL</td>
									<td align="center">0,008 (0,005–0,016)</td>
									<td align="center">0,005 (0,006–0,011)</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Troponina 4 semanas, mg/mL</td>
									<td align="center">0,029 (0,014–0,077)</td>
									<td align="center">0,028 (0,025–0,054)</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Troponina 24 semanas, mg/mL</td>
									<td align="center">0,024 (0,015–0,048)</td>
									<td align="center">0,016 (0,009–0,037)</td>
									<td align="center">NS</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2002">
								<p><italic>SLG-VE: strain longitudinal global do ventrículo esquerdo; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; BNP: peptídeo natriurético do tipo cerebral; NS: não significante.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> mostra a mediana e o IC de 95% para FEVE e SLG-VE antes e após 12 meses após a quimioterapia. Observamos que o SLG-VE apresentou diminuição significativa em relação aos valores basais (p=0,005), o que não ocorreu com a FEVE. No período de seguimento após a quimioterapia, o SLG-VE diminuiu mais de 5%, 10% e 15% desde o início do estudo em 77%, 66% e 42% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Ao passo que a FEVE diminuiu mais de 10% em apenas 9,7% dos pacientes.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Mediana e IC de 95% para SLG-VE e FEVE antes e após 12 meses de quimioterapia. SLG-VE: strain longitudinal global do ventrículo esquerdo; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc340-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Nesta análise post-hoc do estudo CECCY randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo, que avaliou o papel do ecocardiograma por speckle tracking na cardiotoxicidade induzida por antraciclina, a avaliação do SLG-VE é um possível preditor de cardiotoxicidade induzida por quimioterapia em pacientes com baixa prevalência de comorbidades cardiovasculares e fator de risco para doença cardiovascular. Nesse cenário, o SLG-VE mostrou-se melhor preditor de cardiotoxicidade do que a FEVE. Além disso, a combinação de SLG-VE e BNP durante o seguimento pode ser preditor de cardiotoxicidade.</p>
				<p>Tem havido grande interesse na detecção precoce da cardiotoxicidade para reverter e prevenir a cardiomiopatia relacionada à quimioterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Sabe-se que a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo é um forte preditor de eventos cardíacos, mas carece de sensibilidade para a detecção de alterações subclínicas na função cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Define-se strain como uma mudança no comprimento do miocárdio dividido pelo comprimento original do miocárdio e o pico sistólico de deformação entre a sístole e a diástole.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O strain longitudinal global surgiu como a principal medida de disfunção miocárdica subclínica e demonstrou utilidade na predição de reduções subsequentes na FEVE em pacientes após tratamento oncológico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Ali MT et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> demonstraram que o valor absoluto do SLG-VE inferior a –17,5% estava associado a um aumento da insuficiência cardíaca em pacientes com câncer hematológico submetidos à quimioterapia com antraciclinas. Charbonnel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> mostraram que um SLG-VE maior que -17,45% obtido após 150 mg/m<sup>2</sup> de terapia com antraciclinas é preditor independente de cardiotoxicidade futura.</p>
				<p>Nosso estudo também está de acordo com outros estudos que mostraram que a medida do strain antes da quimioterapia prediz o desenvolvimento de cardiotoxicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Recentemente, o estudo SOCCOUR comparou a cardioproteção guiada por alterações no SLG-VE versus FEVE em pacientes submetidos à quimioterapia com antraciclina. No estudo, 331 pacientes foram randomizados para receber inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) ou bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina e betabloqueadores guiados por &gt;12% de redução relativa no SLG-VE (braço guiado por SLG) ou redução absoluta de 10% na FEVE (braço guiado por FE). Os pacientes foram acompanhados quanto à FEVE e disfunção cardíaca relacionada ao tratamento contra o câncer (queda sintomática de &gt;5% ou queda assintomática de &gt;10% a &lt;55%). Em um ano de seguimento, em ambos os grupos, a FEVE não se alterou significativamente. No entanto, no braço guiado por GLS houve maior uso de cardioproteção e menos pacientes preencheram os critérios de cardiotoxicidade (5,8% vs. 13,7%; p=0,02). Os pacientes que receberam cardioproteção no braço guiado por FE tiveram uma redução maior na FEVE no seguimento do que no braço guiado por SLG (9,1+10,9% vs. 2,9+7,4%; p=0,03) apoiando o uso de SLG na vigilância de cardiotoxicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Oikonomou et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> publicaram uma meta-análise que avaliou o valor prognóstico do SLG para predição de cardiotoxicidade e incluiu 21 estudos compreendendo 1.782 pacientes com câncer tratados com antraciclinas com ou sem trastuzumabe. Os autores encontraram uma incidência de cardiotoxicidade que variou de 9,3% a 43,8%. Quatro estudos avaliaram a associação de SLG antes do início do tratamento com cardiotoxicidade subsequente: 2 não encontraram associação<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> 1 relatou associação significativa (OU por 1% de diminuição, 1,48; IC 95%, 1,15–1,89) e 1 relatou uma área sob a curva (AUC) de 0,76 (IC 95%, 0,58–0,88), com um valor de corte ótimo de -19,95% (sensibilidade, 83%; especificidade, 72%) para cardiotoxicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Outros biomarcadores têm sido estudados como estratégia para detecção precoce e monitoramento da cardiotoxicidade. Os biomarcadores mais estudados na cardiotoxicidade são a troponina e o peptídeo natriurético tipo B. Em relação à troponina, há fortes evidências que favorecem esse biomarcador na predição de cardiotoxicidade e eventos cardíacos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> No entanto, a utilidade do BNP para a cardiotoxicidade relacionada à quimioterapia permanece controversa, com muitos estudos relatando nenhum valor prognóstico para BNP nesse cenário.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Nosso estudo mostrou que a combinação do SLG-VE pré-quimioterapia com BNP durante o seguimento (até 24 semanas) poderia ser maior preditora de uma diminuição da FEVE superior a 10%. No entanto, a combinação de SLG-VE com troponina não apresentou valor prognóstico para cardiotoxicidade.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações</title>
					<p>O presente estudo é uma análise post hoc do estudo CECCY, portanto, os resultados não foram pré-especificados. Também incluímos um tamanho amostral pequeno devido às dificuldades na obtenção das imagens do strain. Não tínhamos uma modalidade mais robusta de avaliação da FE como angiocardiografia planar com radionuclídeos de equilíbrio ou ressonância magnética. Além disso, tivemos baixa incidência de cardiotoxicidade que poderia prejudicar os resultados.</p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A avaliação do SLG-VE é um possível preditor de cardiotoxicidade induzida por quimioterapia em pacientes com baixa prevalência de comorbidades cardiovasculares e fator de risco para doença cardiovascular. O strain longitudinal global do ventrículo esquerdo mostrou-se melhor preditor de cardiotoxicidade do que a FEVE e a combinação de SLG-VE e BNP durante o seguimento poderia ser um preditor de cardiotoxicidade. No geral, nossos achados confirmam a capacidade do SLG-VE em detectar a cardiotoxicidade subclínica e enfatizam a necessidade de avaliação precoce do SLG-VE para detectar a cardiotoxicidade.</p>
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