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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2675-312X/20223503eabc320i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223503eabc320i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>The Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in patients with Amyloidosis and Aortic Stenosis</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2401-6114</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Barbosa</surname><given-names>Pedro Macedo Esmeraldo</given-names></name> <role>Research conception and design</role> <role>data collection</role> <role>data analysis and interpretation</role> <role>statistical analysis</role> <role>funding</role> <role>manuscript writing</role> <role>critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7232-4552</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Magalh&#xE3;es</surname><given-names>Tiago Augusto</given-names></name> <role>Research conception and design</role> <role>data collection</role> <role>data analysis and interpretation</role> <role>statistical analysis</role> <role>funding</role> <role>manuscript writing</role> <role>critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP, Brazil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Tiago Augusto Magalh&#xE3;es</bold> &#x2022; Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme, 147, Para&#xED;so. CEP: <postal-code>04004-030</postal-code> S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: <email>tiaugusto@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>The author declares that he has no conflict of interest</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>eabc320</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>24</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>11</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>09</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) plays an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of various heart diseases. The incidence of cardiac amyloidosis and aortic stenosis has been increasing in recent years, especially with the aging population, and their possible coexistence has created frequent diagnostic challenges in clinical practice. CMR assumes an important value in this context due to its unique capacity for multiparametric assessment evaluations that include anatomical, functional, and histopathological aspects. The present review aimed to increase our knowledge of the diagnosis and prognosis of amyloidosis in the presence of aortic stenosis and highlighted the importance of CMR in this scenario.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Magnetic resonance imaging</kwd>
<kwd>Heart</kwd>
<kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
<kwd>Aortic valve stenosis</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="12"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="18"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>The coexistence of cardiac amyloidosis (CA) and aortic stenosis (AS) has increasing relevance in clinical practice due to its high prevalence, diagnostic difficulty, and therapeutic management challenges. Primary CA forms feature amyloid light chain amyloidosis (AL) and transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) as the main presentations affecting up to 25% of octogenarians,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> especially the latter. On the other hand, AS has a prevalence of up to 4% among individuals over 70 years,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> with calcific degeneration as its main etiological landmark. CA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> affects an estimated 5&#x2013;16% of patients with major AS, reaching 30% in cases of low-flow low-gradient AS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>The correlation between the two diseases can be explained by several factors, with the common prevalent age group being the most important. The second factor is related to the histological analysis of valves removed in valve replacement surgeries, demonstrating amyloid deposits in 74% of stenotic aortic valves, inferring the possibility of AS and CA having a similar pathophysiological pathway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Another possible factor is mediated by increased AS afterload, which would potentially trigger amyloid protein accumulation in the ventricular myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>The prognosis of patients with CA and AS tends to be worse than that of patients with isolated AS, which directly interferes with its therapeutic management. CA alone has a variable prognosis. The reported median survival of patients with ATTR is 24.1&#x2013;69.2 months, while that of patients with AL is 3.5&#x2013;26.4 months<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). In a retrospective study, patients with ATTR + major AS had significantly better 1-year overall mortality than those with major AS alone (56% vs. 20%, p &#x3C; 0.0001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A study of patients with ATTR + AS versus AS alone showed that the former had an overall mortality that was almost twice as high (mean follow-up, 1.7 years) regardless of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) or exclusive clinical maintenance (24.5% vs. 13.9%; p &#x3C; 0.05). There is also evidence of no difference in 2-year mortality rates between patients with isolated ATTR and those with major ATTR + AS (33% vs. 37%, respectively; hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.62&#x2013;2.42; p = 0.566), even among the latter undergoing valve replacement, which suggests that ATTR would have a greater impact on mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> On the other hand, there is evidence of improved prognosis among patients with ATTR + AS undergoing valve replacement versus those remaining on clinical treatment,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> while small studies reported the superiority of TAVR to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in patients with ATTR + AS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Due to the higher prevalence of ATTR versus AL, it is important to emphasize that most patients with CA + AS included in the studies have the ATTR form.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Median survival of patients with AL vs. ATTR amyloidosis.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc320-gf01.tif"/> <attrib>Source: adaptado de Cappelli et al.<sup>5</sup> AL amyloidosis staging: I: cTnI &#x3C; 0.1 &#xB5;g/L and NT-proBNP &#x3C; 332 ng/L; II: cTnI &#x2265; 0.1 &#xB5;g/L or NT-proBNP &#x2265; 332 ng/L; III: cTnI &#x2265; 0.1 &#xB5;g/L and NT-proBNP &#x2265; 332 ng/L. ATTR amyloidosis staging: I: eGFR &#x2265; 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 Pand NT-proBNP &#x2264; 3000 ng/L; II: eGFR &#x3C; 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 or NT-proBNP &#x3E; 3,000 ng/L; III: eGFR &#x3C; 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 and NT-proBNP &#x3E; 3,000 ng/L eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; TnI, cardiac troponin I; TnT, cardiac troponin T.</attrib></fig>
<p>Due to the high prevalence and impact of the association between CA and AS, it is essential to investigate CA in patients with AS who are eligible for valve replacement. Diagnostic flow involves three main steps: 1) identifying suspected signs; 2) performing scintigraphy/monoclonal protein peak surveys; and 3) defining the diagnosis (with vs. without biopsy or genotyping). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) is a fundamental diagnostic method for CA in the presence of AS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) due to its ability to detect relevant morphological functional changes. CMRI can also individualize the prognosis of CA and AS by aiding the identification of patients who will benefit most from valve replacement.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Proposed diagnostic algorithm for CA in the presence of AS. Positron emission tomography diagnostic criteria: target&#x2013;to&#x2013;blood pool ratio &#x3E; 1.5 or retention index &#x3E; 0.030 min-1.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc320-gf02.tif"/> <attrib>AL, light chain amyloidosis; ATTR, transthyretin amyloidosis; AVB, atrioventricular block; CA, cardiac amyloidosis; CTS, carpal tunnel syndrome; Tc-99m-DPD, technetium-99m with 3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanedicarboxylic acid; ECV, extracellular volume; hATTR, hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis; HMDP, hydroxymethylenediphosphonate; LSD, longitudinal systolic dysfunction; PPM, permanent pacemaker; PYP, pyrophosphate; Tn, troponin; wATTR, wild (senile) transthyretin amyloidosis. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging diagnostic criteria: myocardial thickening, ECV &#x2265; 40%, diffuse late myocardial enhancement, or myocardial inversion time &#x3C; blood inversion time.</attrib> <attrib>Echocardiographic diagnostic criteria: myocardial thickening &#x3E; 12 mm, apical longitudinal/mid-basal longitudinal strain &#x3E; 1, or diastolic dysfunction grade &#x2265; 2.</attrib></fig>
<sec>
<title>CMRI diagnosis</title>
<p>Cardiac adaptations to increased afterload by AS are similar to those that occur in CA (e.g., concentric left ventricle remodeling). In addition, the presence of other diseases, such as coronary insufficiency and systemic arterial hypertension, interferes with the accuracy of several methods in the diagnosis of AS-associated CA. In this context, CMRI performs well (sensitivity, 85%; specificity, 92%) for diagnosing CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Due to its multiparameter analysis, it is also fundamental in the diagnosis of AS-associated CA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) or AS alone.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Anatomical functional parameters</title>
<p>Left ventricular (LV) myocardial mass thickening and increases, atrial dilatation, and LV diastolic and systolic dysfunction are common in ATTR and AS but more severe when coexistent.</p>
<p>Patients with ATTR + AS versus AS alone have a higher LV mass index (105 &#xB1; 21 vs. 73 &#xB1; 21 g/m<sup>2</sup>) as well as a lower LV ejection fraction and stroke volume (43 &#xB1; 17 vs. 52 &#xB1; 18% and 33 &#xB1; 10 vs. 44 &#xB1; 13 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Myocardial thickening tends to be septally asymmetrical in the presence of ATTR, with a prevalence of 79%, versus concentrically thickened in AL.</p>
<p>Characteristics that are common in CA but uncommon in AS are pericardial effusion, interatrial septal thickening, biatrial dilatation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), atrioventricular valve thickening, and RV thickening (with or without isolated systolic RV dysfunction). Atrial wall thickening occurs in up to 70% of patients with ATTR + AS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Cine-resonance image taken of a patient with ATTR amyloidosis showing biatrial dilatation, increased myocardial thickness, and a mild pericardial effusion.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc320-gf03.tif"/> <attrib>Source: collection Dr. Pedro Macedo. ATTR, transthyretin amyloidosis; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle. .</attrib></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Histological parameters</title>
<p>Noninvasive myocardial histological analysis by CMRI is based on the proton relaxation properties of each tissue used to identify the presence of localized or diffuse fibrosis. Different techniques (late enhancement, native myocardial T1 mapping, myocardial extracellular space volume calculations, myocardial-blood inversion time rate analysis, and myocardial edema investigation) can be used for cardiac tissue characterizations with quantitative measurements that assess the extent of damaged induced by amyloid substance deposits.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Native myocardial T1 mapping</title>
<p>Native myocardial T1 mapping, which analyzes the magnetic characteristic of tissue proton relaxation, is performed without a gadolinium injection. Its primary advantage involves the early identification of myocardial fibrosis, especially that with diffuse distribution, which may not be identified by late enhancement, making the diagnostic evaluation more sensitive. Normal myocardial T1 values may vary according to the machine used and are usually between 950 and 1,050 ms. Patients with isolated CA, CA + AS, or isolated AS may present with a prolonged T1, being significantly higher in patients with CA. Patients with ATTR + AS have higher native T1 values than those with isolated AS (native T1: 1,125 &#xB1; 49 vs. 1,035 &#xB1; 60 ms; p = 0.002).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Myocardial edema research</title>
<p>Myocardial edema may be present in CA but is uncommon in isolated AS. It is diagnosed through T2 time mapping or specific T2-weighted sequences without the need for a gadolinium injection. The presence of myocardial edema with AS should prompt the investigation of other concomitant heart diseases.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Late myocardial enhancement</title>
<p>Late enhancement, which is based on preferential gadolinium uptake in tissues rich in extracellular matrix, aids in the contrast of healthy and pathological myocardium minutes after its administration. The enhancement pattern changes according to etiology. In ATTR, there a basal-apical enhancement distribution occurs that can spare the apical segments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). AL has its own characteristics with circumferential subendocardial involvement. The presence of late enhancement in the atrial myocardium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>) or the RV is frequent in CA, with a prevalence of atrial enhancement of up to 90% and of RV enhancement of 37&#x2013;97% of ATTR + AS cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Late enhancement occurs in up to 40% of isolated AS cases, being mainly present in the LV with a focal mesocardial pattern.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Images taken of a patient with AS and ATTR amyloidosis. (A) Computed tomography image demonstrating calcific AS (valve area, 1 cm2; valvular calcium score, 1,270). (B) Cardiac magnetic resonance images showing diffuse late myocardial enhancement more evident in the mid-basal segments compatible with the diagnosis of ATTR CA (orange arrow: late enhancement present; blue arrow: late enhancement absent).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc320-gf04.tif"/> <attrib>Source: collection Dr. Tiago Serna.</attrib></fig>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Images of atrial fibrosis (white arrows) in a patient with ATTR amyloidosis.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc320-gf05.tif"/> <attrib>Source: collection Dr. Pedro Macedo. LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle.</attrib></fig>
<p>Extracellular volume (ECV) analysis is estimated based on native myocardial T1 time, post-contrast T1 time, and patient hematocrit at the time of the examination (normal ECV values are &#x3C;25 to 27%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Both CA and AS can increase myocardial ECV, but greater increases are seen in the presence of CA, particularly the ATTR type. Patients with ATTR + AS have higher ECV values than those with isolated AS (41.2 &#xB1; 16.7 vs. 27.9 &#xB1; 4.1%; p &#x3C; 0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> ECV values &#x3E; 40% are rare in diseases other than CA. In advanced CA stages, ECV can be more important for the diagnosis than T1 mapping.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Prognosis by CMRI</title>
<p>Patients with CA + AS lack formal therapeutic recommendations regarding the approach to AS, which makes its treatment challenging. A prognostic evaluation before valve replacement is essential, and CMRI can aid the decision, especially through late enhancement analysis and ECV. Late enhancement is a poor independent prognostic factor for all heart diseases. Moderate to severe AS carries an eight-fold increased risk of mortality regardless of stenosis severity. An increased relative risk of major cardiovascular events after aortic valve replacement in the presence of late enhancement has also been documented, as has the possibility of left ventricular dysfunction maintenance post-aortic valve replacement in the presence of late enhancement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>ECV has excellent prognostic value in patients with ATTR + AS since it is correlated with mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). An ECV &#x3C; 25% is protective regardless of exclusive clinical treatment or valve replacement, with no reports of cardiovascular death within 1 year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figure 6</label>
<caption>
<title>Mean survival of patients with CA + AS by ECV (A) or T1 time (B).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc320-gf06.tif"/> <attrib>Source: adapted from Cavalcante et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></attrib></fig>
<p>Increased native myocardial T1 mapping interpreted in isolation showed only a tendency to be correlated with prognosis in patients with ATTR + AS, but the difference was not statistically significant (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Further studies with a greater number of patients may provide additional information about the use of native myocardial T1 mapping in the prognostic definition of this patient group.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>CA and AS are increasingly encountered in clinical practice, mainly due to an increased number of diagnoses and continued population aging. The diagnosis of CA should be considered in cases of suspicious signs or when phenotypic cardiac changes are noted beyond those expected according to AS severity. CMRI, which plays an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with CA + AS, is a fundamental test that enables more assertive therapeutic decisions.</p>
</sec></body>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223504eabc320p</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revis&#xE3;o</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>O Papel da Resson&#xE2;ncia Magn&#xE9;tica Card&#xED;aca em Pacientes com Amiloidose e Estenose A&#xF3;rtica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2401-6114</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Barbosa</surname><given-names>Pedro Macedo Esmeraldo</given-names></name> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de financiamento</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7232-4552</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Magalh&#xE3;es</surname><given-names>Tiago Augusto</given-names></name> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de financiamento</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">S&#xE3;o Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o, S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Tiago Augusto Magalh&#xE3;es</bold> &#x2022; Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme, 147, Para&#xED;so. CEP: <postal-code>04004-030</postal-code> S&#xE3;o Paulo, SP, Brasil. E-mail: <email>tiaugusto@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflito de interesses</bold></p>
<p>Os autores declaram n&#xE3;o terem conflitos de interesse.</p></fn></author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>A resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca (RMC) tem papel de destaque para o diagn&#xF3;stico e o progn&#xF3;stico de diversas cardiopatias. A incid&#xEA;ncia de amiloidose card&#xED;aca e de estenose a&#xF3;rtica vem aumentando nos &#xFA;ltimos anos, especialmente pela associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o com o envelhecimento populacional. A possibilidade de coexist&#xEA;ncia de ambas tem gerado desafios diagn&#xF3;sticos frequentes na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica. A resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca (RMC) assume valor importante nesse contexto por sua capacidade &#xED;mpar de avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o multiparam&#xE9;trica, incluindo aspectos anat&#xF4;micos, funcionais e histopatol&#xF3;gicos. A presente revis&#xE3;o tem o objetivo de aprofundar o conhecimento acerca do diagn&#xF3;stico e do progn&#xF3;stico da amiloidose na presen&#xE7;a de estenose a&#xF3;rtica, destacando a import&#xE2;ncia da resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca (RMC) neste cen&#xE1;rio.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Imageamento por resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica</kwd>
<kwd>Cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o</kwd>
<kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
<kwd>Estenose da valva a&#xF3;rtica</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A coexist&#xEA;ncia de amiloidose card&#xED;aca (AC) e estenose a&#xF3;rtica (EA) possui relev&#xE2;ncia crescente na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica, devido &#xE0; alta preval&#xEA;ncia, &#xE0; dificuldade diagn&#xF3;stica e aos desafios na tomada de conduta terap&#xEA;utica. A AC possui as formas prim&#xE1;rias por cadeia leve amiloidose por cadeias leves (AL) e por transtirretina amiloidose por transtirretina (ATTR) como principais apresenta&#xE7;&#xF5;es e acomete at&#xE9; 25% dos indiv&#xED;duos octogen&#xE1;rios<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> (especialmente na sua forma ATTR). Por outro lado, a EA possui preval&#xEA;ncia de at&#xE9; 4% na faixa et&#xE1;ria superior a 70 anos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> tendo a degenera&#xE7;&#xE3;o calcificada como principal marco etiol&#xF3;gico. Estima-se que entre 5% e 16% dos pacientes com EA importante possuem AC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e esse n&#xFA;mero pode chegar a 30% nos casos de EA do tipo baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>A correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre as duas doen&#xE7;as pode ser explicada por diversos fatores, sendo a faixa et&#xE1;ria de preval&#xEA;ncia em comum o mais evidente. Um segundo fator adv&#xE9;m da an&#xE1;lise histol&#xF3;gica de valvas removidas em cirurgias de troca valvar, que evidenciou presen&#xE7;a de dep&#xF3;sito amiloide em 74% das valvas a&#xF3;rticas esten&#xF3;ticas, inferindo possibilidade de a EA e a AC possu&#xED;rem via fisiopatol&#xF3;gica semelhante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Outro poss&#xED;vel fator seria intermediado pelo aumento da p&#xF3;s-carga oriundo da EA, que potencialmente desencadearia ac&#xFA;mulo de prote&#xED;na amiloide no mioc&#xE1;rdio ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>O progn&#xF3;stico dos pacientes com +AC associada &#xE0; EA tende a ser pior do que aqueles com EA isolada, e isso interfere diretamente na conduta terap&#xEA;utica da EA. Isoladamente, a AC tem progn&#xF3;stico vari&#xE1;vel. A sobrevida m&#xE9;dia da ATTR varia de 24,1 a 69,2 meses, enquanto na AL, de 3,5 a 26,4 meses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>). Em estudo retrospectivo, pacientes com ATTR associada &#xE0; + EA importante apresentaram significativa diferen&#xE7;a de mortalidade geral em 1 ano, quando comparados a pacientes com EA importante isolada (56% <italic>versus</italic> 20%; p&#x3C;0,0001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Em outro estudo, comparando pacientes com ATTR associada &#xE0; + EA <italic>versus</italic> EA isolada, evidenciou-se mortalidade geral quase duas vezes maior no grupo ATTR associada &#xE0; + EA (seguimento m&#xE9;dio de 1,7 ano), independentemente de realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de troca percut&#xE2;nea de valva a&#xF3;rtica (TAVR) ou de manuten&#xE7;&#xE3;o em tratamento cl&#xED;nico exclusivo (24,5% <italic>versus</italic> 13,9%; p&#x3C;0,05). H&#xE1; tamb&#xE9;m evid&#xEA;ncia de aus&#xEA;ncia de diferen&#xE7;a de mortalidade em 2 anos entre pacientes com ATTR isolada e com ATTR a+ ssociada &#xE0; EA importante (33% <italic>versus</italic> 37%; HR=1.22, 95% CI: 0.62-2.42, p=0.566), mesmo havendo pacientes submetidos a troca valvar no segundo grupo, sugerindo que a presen&#xE7;a de ATTR teria maior impacto na mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Por outro lado, h&#xE1; evid&#xEA;ncias de melhora de progn&#xF3;stico em pacientes com ATTR associada &#xE0; + EA submetidos &#xE0; troca valvar, em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0;queles mantidos em tratamento cl&#xED;nico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> enquanto pequenos estudos mostram superioridade da TAVR <italic>versus</italic> troca valvar cir&#xFA;rgica (SAVR) em pacientes com ATTR associada &#xE0; + EA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Devido &#xE0; maior preval&#xEA;ncia de ATTR frente a AL, &#xE9; importante ressaltar que a maioria dos pacientes com AC + associada &#xE0; EA inclu&#xED;da nos estudos possui a forma ATTR.</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Sobrevida m&#xE9;dia dos subtipos de amiloidose por cadeia leve versus amiloidose por transtirretina.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc320-gf01-pt.tif"/> <attrib>Fonte: adaptado de Cappelli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> AL: amiloidose por cadeia leve; ATTR: amiloidose por transtirretina. Estadimaneto amiloidose AL: I: cTnI &#x3C;0,1ug/L e NT-proBNP &#x3C;332ng/L; II: cTnI &#x2265;0,1ug/L ou NT-proBNP &#x2265;332ng/L; III: cTnI &#x2265;0,1ug/L e NT-proBNP &#x2265;332ng/L Estagiamento amiloidose ATTR: I: eGFR &#x2265;45ml/L e NT-proBNP &#x2264;3000ng/L; II: eGFR &#x3C;45ml/L ou NT-proBNP &#x3E;3000ng/L; III: eGFR &#x3C;45ml/L e NT-proBNP &#x3E;3000ng/L TnI, troponina card&#xED;aca I; TnT, troponina card&#xED;aca T; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pr&#xF3;-pept&#xED;deo natriur&#xE9;tico cerebral; eGFR, taxa de filtra&#xE7;&#xE3;o glomerular.</attrib></fig>
<p>Em virtude da alta preval&#xEA;ncia e do impacto da associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre AC e EA, &#xE9; fundamental a pesquisa de AC em pacientes candidatos &#xE0; troca valvar em decorr&#xEA;ncia de EA. O fluxo diagn&#xF3;stico envolve tr&#xEA;s etapas principais: 1) identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de sinais de suspeita; 2) realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de cintilografia/pesquisa de pico proteico monoclonal e 3) defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o diagn&#xF3;stica (com ou sem bi&#xF3;psia ou genotipagem). Dentre os m&#xE9;todos diagn&#xF3;sticos na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de AC, a resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca (RMC) tem papel fundamental no diagn&#xF3;stico dessa patologia na presen&#xE7;a de EA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>), dada sua capacidade de detectar altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es morfofuncionais pertinentes &#xE0; AC e/ou &#xE0; EA. A RMC tamb&#xE9;m &#xE9; capaz de individualizar o progn&#xF3;stico da AC e da EA, identificando os pacientes que mais se beneficiar&#xE3;o de troca valvar.</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Algoritmo proposto para diagn&#xF3;stico de amiloidose card&#xED;aca na presen&#xE7;a de &#xE1;trio esquerdo. Crit&#xE9;rios diagn&#xF3;sticos por tomografia por emiss&#xE3;o de p&#xF3;sitrons: TBR &#x3E;1,5 ou &#xED;ndice de reten&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#x3E;0,030 min-1.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc320-gf02-pt.tif"/> <attrib>Legenda: STC &#x2013; s&#xED;ndrome do t&#xFA;nel do carpo; MPD &#x2013; marcapasso definitivo; Tn &#x2013; troponina; BAV &#x2013; bloqueio atrioventricular; DSL &#x2013; disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica longitudinal; VEC &#x2013; Volume de espa&#xE7;o extracelular; AC &#x2013; amiloidose card&#xED;aca; AL &#x2013; amiloidose de cadeia leve; Tc-99m-DPD: tecn&#xE9;cio-99m com &#xE1;cido 3,3-difosfono-1,2-propanodicarbox&#xED;lico; PYP: pirofosfato; HMDP: hidroximetilenodifosfonato; ATTR &#x2013; amiloidose transtirretina; wATTR &#x2013; amiloidose transtirretina selvagem (senil); hATTR &#x2013; amiloidose transtirretina heredit&#xE1;ria. Crit&#xE9;rios diagn&#xF3;sticos por RMC: espessamento mioc&#xE1;rdico ou VEC&#x3E;=40% ou RT difuso ou tempo de invers&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdico &#x3C; tempo de invers&#xE3;o do sangue Crit&#xE9;rios diagn&#xF3;stcos por ecocardiograma: espessamento mioc&#xE1;rdico &#x3E;12mm ou strain longitudinal apical/strain longitudinal mediobasal &#x3E; 1 ou disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica grau &#x3E;=2.</attrib></fig>
<sec>
<title>Diagn&#xF3;stico pela resson&#xE2;ncia magnetica card&#xED;aca (RMC)</title>
<p>Adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es card&#xED;acas ao aumento de p&#xF3;s-carga por EA s&#xE3;o semelhantes &#xE0;s altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es encontradas na AC (por exemplo: remodelamento conc&#xEA;ntrico do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo). Al&#xE9;m disso, a presen&#xE7;a de outras doen&#xE7;as, como insufici&#xEA;ncia coronariana e hipertens&#xE3;o arterial sist&#xEA;mica, interfere na acur&#xE1;cia de diversos m&#xE9;todos no diagn&#xF3;stico de AC na presen&#xE7;a de EA. Nesse contexto, a RMC apresenta bom desempenho (sensibilidade de 85% e especificidade de 92%) para o diagn&#xF3;stico de AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em virtude de sua capacidade de an&#xE1;lise multiparam&#xE9;trica, torna-se fundamental no diagn&#xF3;stico da AC em presen&#xE7;a de EA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>), bem como para a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da pr&#xF3;pria EA.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Par&#xE2;metros an&#xE1;tomo-funcionais</title>
<p>Espessamento e aumento de massa mioc&#xE1;rdica do VE, dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial e disfun&#xE7;&#xF5;es diast&#xF3;lica e sist&#xF3;lica do VE s&#xE3;o comuns para ATTR e EA, sendo mais severas na coexist&#xEA;ncia de ambas.</p>
<p>Pacientes com ATTR + associada &#xE0; EA, em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o a EA isolada, apresentam maior &#xED;ndice de massa do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (VE) (105 g/m<sup>2</sup>&#xB1;21 <italic>versus</italic> 73g/m<sup>2</sup>&#xB1;21), bem como menores fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o (FEVE) e volume de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE (43%&#xB1;17 <italic>versus</italic> 52%&#xB1;18 e volume de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o indexado 33mL/m<sup>2</sup>&#xB1;10 <italic>versus</italic> 44mL/m<sup>2</sup>&#xB1;13)., respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O espessamento mioc&#xE1;rdico na presen&#xE7;a de ATTR &#xE9; preferencialmente assim&#xE9;trico septal, com preval&#xEA;ncia de 79% dos casos, enquanto que na AL o espessamento &#xE9; conc&#xEA;ntrico.</p>
<p>Caracter&#xED;sticas comuns na AC e incomuns na EA s&#xE3;o derrame peric&#xE1;rdico, espessamento de septo interatrial, dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o biatrial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>), espessamento de valvas atrioventriculares e espessamento do ventr&#xED;culo direito (VD; com ou sem disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica isolada dessa c&#xE2;mara). O espessamento da parede atrial pode ser encontrado em at&#xE9; 70% dos casos de pacientes com ATTR + associada &#xE0; EA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagem de cinerresson&#xE2;ncia de paciente portador de amiloidose por transtirretina. Observam-se: dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o biatrial, aumento da espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica e derrame peric&#xE1;rdico discreto.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc320-gf03-pt.tif"/> <attrib>Fonte: arquivo do autor Dr. Pedro Macedo. AD: &#xE1;trio direito; AE: &#xE1;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#xED;culo direito; VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo.</attrib></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Par&#xE2;metros histol&#xF3;gicos</title>
<p>A an&#xE1;lise histol&#xF3;gica mioc&#xE1;rdica n&#xE3;o invasiva pela RMC baseia-se nas propriedades de relaxamento dos pr&#xF3;tons peculiares de cada tecido, conseguindo-se identificar a fibrose, seja ela localizada ou difusa. Utilizando-se diferentes t&#xE9;cnicas (realce tardio, mapa T1 mioc&#xE1;rdico nativo, c&#xE1;lculo de volume de espa&#xE7;o extracelular mioc&#xE1;rdico, an&#xE1;lise da rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o de tempo de invers&#xE3;o &#x2013; TI &#x2013; mioc&#xE1;rdio-sangue e pesquisa de edema mioc&#xE1;rdico), &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel se realizar a caracteriza&#xE7;&#xE3;o tecidual do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o, com medidas quantitativas que permitem avaliar a extens&#xE3;o de acometimento por dep&#xF3;sito de subst&#xE2;ncia amiloide.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Mapa T1 mioc&#xE1;rdico nativo</title>
<p>O mapeamento do tempo T1 mioc&#xE1;rdico nativo analisa a caracter&#xED;stica magn&#xE9;tica de relaxamento dos pr&#xF3;tons teciduais e &#xE9; realizado sem a inje&#xE7;&#xE3;o de gadol&#xED;nio. Sua vantagem est&#xE1; na identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o precoce de fibrose mioc&#xE1;rdica, especialmente daquela com distribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o difusa, que pode n&#xE3;o ser identificada por realce tardio, tornando a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o diagn&#xF3;stica mais sens&#xED;vel. Valores normais do T1 mioc&#xE1;rdico podem variar de acordo com a m&#xE1;quina utilizada, mas se encontram habitualmente entre 950 e 1.050ms. Pacientes com AC isolada, + AC associada &#xE0; EA ou EA isolada podem se apresentar com T1 prolongado, sendo significativamente maior nos portadores de AC. Pacientes com ATTR + associada &#xE0; EA possuem valores de T1 nativo maiores do que aqueles com EA isolada (T1 nativo 1.125 ms &#xB1; 49 versus 1.035 ms &#xB1; 60; p=0,002).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Pesquisa de edema mioc&#xE1;rdico</title>
<p>O edema mioc&#xE1;rdico pode estar presente na AC, mas &#xE9; incomum na EA isolada. Seu diagn&#xF3;stico &#xE9; feito pelo mapeamento do tempo T2 ou sequ&#xEA;ncias espec&#xED;ficas ponderadas em T2, sem a necessidade de inje&#xE7;&#xE3;o de gadol&#xED;nio. A presen&#xE7;a de edema mioc&#xE1;rdico em vig&#xEA;ncia de EA deve suscitar pesquisa de outras doen&#xE7;as card&#xED;acas concomitantes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Realce tardio mioc&#xE1;rdico</title>
<p>O realce tardio se baseia na impregna&#xE7;&#xE3;o preferencial de gadol&#xED;nio em tecidos ricos em matriz extracelular, contrastando, minutos ap&#xF3;s sua administra&#xE7;&#xE3;o, o mioc&#xE1;rdio saud&#xE1;vel do mioc&#xE1;rdio patol&#xF3;gico. O padr&#xE3;o de realce muda de acordo com sua etiologia. Na ATTR, h&#xE1; uma distribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o basal-apical do realce, por vezes poupando segmentos apicais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>). A AL possui uma caracter&#xED;stica pr&#xF3;pria com acometimento subendoc&#xE1;rdico circunferencial. A presen&#xE7;a de realce tardio em mioc&#xE1;rdio atrial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>) ou em VD &#xE9; frequente na AC, sendo a preval&#xEA;ncia de realce atrial de at&#xE9; 90% e a de realce em VD entre 37 e 97% dos casos de ATTR + associado &#xE0; EA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Realce tardio tamb&#xE9;m &#xE9; encontrado em at&#xE9; 40% dos casos de EA isolada e se apresenta principalmente no VE com padr&#xE3;o mesoc&#xE1;rdico focal.</p>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Paciente portador de estenose a&#xF3;rtica e amiloidose por transtirretina. (A) Imagem de tomografia computadorizada demonstrando estenose calcificada da valva a&#xF3;rtica (&#xE1;rea valvar 1cm<sup>2</sup>, escore de c&#xE1;lcio valvar de 1.270); (B) resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca apresentando realce tardio mioc&#xE1;rdico difuso, mais evidente em segmentos mediobasais, compat&#xED;vel com o diagn&#xF3;stico de amiloidose card&#xED;aca por transtirretina (seta laranja: realce tardio presente; seta azul: realce tardio ausente).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc320-gf04-pt.tif"/> <attrib>Fonte: Acervo Dr. Tiago Senra.</attrib></fig>
<fig id="f11">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Fibrose atrial (setas brancas) em paciente portador de amiloidose por transtirretina.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc320-gf05-pt.tif"/> <attrib>Fonte: arquivo do autor Dr. Pedro Macedo. AD: &#xE1;trio direito; VD: ventr&#xED;culo direito; VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; AE: &#xE1;trio esquerdo.</attrib></fig>
<p>A an&#xE1;lise do volume extracelular (VEC) &#xE9; realizada por meio de estimativa baseada no tempo T1 do mioc&#xE1;rdio nativo, tempo T1 p&#xF3;s-contraste e hemat&#xF3;crito do paciente na ocasi&#xE3;o do exame (valores normais de VEC se encontram abaixo de 25 a 27%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Tanto a AC como a EA podem elevar o VEC mioc&#xE1;rdico, mas eleva&#xE7;&#xF5;es maiores s&#xE3;o vistas na presen&#xE7;a de AC, especialmente do tipo ATTR. Pacientes com ATTR associada &#xE0; EA possuem valores de VEC maiores do que aqueles com EA isolada (VEC 41,2%&#xB1;16,7 versus 27,9%&#xB1;4,1; p&#x3C;0,001)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Valores de VEC acima de 40% raramente s&#xE3;o encontrados em outras doen&#xE7;as al&#xE9;m da AC. Em est&#xE1;gios avan&#xE7;ados de AC, o ECV pode ser mais importante para o diagn&#xF3;stico do que o mapeamento T1.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Progn&#xF3;stico pela resson&#xE2;ncia magn&#xE9;tica card&#xED;aca</title>
<p>Pacientes com AC + EA carecem de recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es terap&#xEA;uticas formais quanto &#xE0; abordagem da EA, o que torna o tratamento dessa condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o desafiador. A avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o progn&#xF3;stica, antes da decis&#xE3;o de troca valvar, &#xE9; muito importante, e a RMC pode auxiliar na tomada de decis&#xE3;o, especialmente por meio da an&#xE1;lise do realce tardio e do VEC. A presen&#xE7;a de realce tardio &#xE9; fator de mau progn&#xF3;stico independente para todas as cardiopatias. Na EA (moderada a importante) h&#xE1; risco oito vezes maior de mortalidade se realce tardio presente, independentemente da severidade da estenose. O aumento de risco relativo de eventos cardiovasculares maiores p&#xF3;s-troca valvar a&#xF3;rtica na presen&#xE7;a de realce tardio tamb&#xE9;m &#xE9; documentado, bem como h&#xE1; possibilidade de manuten&#xE7;&#xE3;o da disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular esquerda p&#xF3;s-troca valvar na presen&#xE7;a de realce tardio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em pacientes com ATTR + EA, o VEC possui &#xF3;timo valor progn&#xF3;stico e se correlaciona com mortalidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>). O valor de VEC menor que 25% se mostra protetivo, independentemente se institu&#xED;do tratamento cl&#xED;nico exclusivo ou troca valvar, inclusive sem relato de morte cardiovascular no per&#xED;odo de 1 ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f12">
<label>Figura 6</label>
<caption>
<title>Sobrevida m&#xE9;dia de pacientes com amiloidose card&#xED;aca e estenose a&#xF3;rtica pelo volume de espa&#xE7;o extracelular (A) e pelo tempo T1 (B).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc320-gf06-pt.tif"/> <attrib>Fonte: adaptado de Cavalcante et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></attrib></fig>
<p>O mapa T1 mioc&#xE1;rdico nativo elevado, interpretado de maneira isolada, apresentou apenas tend&#xEA;ncia &#xE0; correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o com progn&#xF3;stico em pacientes com ATTR associada &#xE0; EA, por&#xE9;m sem signific&#xE2;ncia estat&#xED;stica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Estudos posteriores com maior n&#xFA;mero de pacientes podem trazer informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es adicionais no uso do mapa T1 mioc&#xE1;rdico nativo na defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o progn&#xF3;stica deste grupo de pacientes.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A amiloidose card&#xED;aca e a estenose a&#xF3;rtica est&#xE3;o cada vez mais presentes na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica, sobretudo pelo aumento no n&#xFA;mero de diagn&#xF3;sticos e no envelhecimento da popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p>
<p>A amiloidose card&#xED;aca deve ser considerada na presen&#xE7;a de sinais de suspeita ou quando as altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es fenot&#xED;picas card&#xED;acas estiverem al&#xE9;m do esperado para a severidade da estenose a&#xF3;rtica. A RMC desempenha papel importante no diagn&#xF3;stico e no progn&#xF3;stico dos pacientes com AC + EA, sendo exame fundamental para a tomada de decis&#xF5;es terap&#xEA;uticas mais assertivas.</p>
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