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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2675-312X/20223504eabc299i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223504eabc299i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Systematic Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Myocardial Work: a Systematic Review of Novel Echocardiography Method and Clinical Applications</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2959-8937</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Laksono</surname><given-names>Sidhi</given-names></name> <role>Research conception and design</role> <role>data analysis and interpretation</role> <role>manuscript writing</role> <role>critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5242-2393</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Kusharsamita</surname><given-names>Hillary</given-names></name> <role>Research conception and design</role> <role>data analysis and interpretation</role> <role>manuscript writing</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6591-2428</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Yanni</surname><given-names>Mefri</given-names></name> <role>data collection</role> <role>statistical analysis</role> <role>obtaining funding</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3598-6442</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Astuti</surname><given-names>Astri</given-names></name> <role>data collection</role> <role>statistical analysis</role> <role>obtaining funding</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">RS Pusat Pertamina</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">South Jakarta</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="ID">Indonesia</country>
<institution content-type="original">RS Pusat Pertamina, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, South Jakarta, Indonesia;</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof Dr Hamka</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Tangerang</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="ID">Indonesia</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof Dr Hamka, Faculty of Medicine, Tangerang, Indonesia;</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitas Diponegoro</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Semarang</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="ID">Indonesia</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universitas Diponegoro, Faculty of Medicine, Semarang, Indonesia;</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">University of Andalas</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Faculty</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv2">DR M Djamil Hospital</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Padang</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="ID">Indonesia</country>
<institution content-type="original">University of Andalas, Medical Faculty, DR M Djamil Hospital, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Padang, Indonesia;</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitas Padjadjaran</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hasan Sadikin General Hospital</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Bandung</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="ID">Indonesia</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Bandung, Indonesia.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Sidhi Laksono</bold> &#x2022; Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof Dr Hamka, Jl. Raden Patah No.01, RT.002/RW.006, Parung Serab, Kec. Ciledug, Kota Tangerang, Banten <postal-code>13460</postal-code>. E-mail: <email>sidhilaksono@uhamka.ac.id</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>eabc299</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>29</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>15</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>05</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Background:</title>
<p>Myocardial work (MW) is a novel imaging modality that has emerged as a potential left ventricular (LV) function assessment in various clinical settings. MW calculates speckle-tracking echocardiography strain curves with an estimated LV pressure curve by non-invasively utilizing standard brachial blood pressure curves.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objective:</title>
<p>This study aimed to provide a summary of current knowledge of non-invasive MW and its clinical applications, including in heart failure, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, and hypertension. In addition, the limitations, and recommendations of MW in clinical practice are discussed.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>We searched the PubMed database using the following keywords: (myocardial constructive work) OR (wasted septal work) OR (global myocardial work) OR (myocardial work) OR (myocardial constructive work) OR (novel echocardiography). We further subjected 12 studies to full-text review and included them in this systematic review.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>While MW indices, particularly global work index and global constructed work, have shown good correlations with ejection fraction (EF) and strain parameters, the opportunity of offering incremental information that is unaffected by loading conditions has made MW application particularly useful in a variety of clinical settings.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>Compared to EF and global longitudinal strain, MW is a promising test with higher sensitivity and accuracy for identifying individuals with cardiovascular disease. Clinicians should also evaluate symptoms and electrocardiographic findings until extensive multicenter studies validating this strategy are performed to establish the incremental value of MW in daily echocardiographic assessments.</p>
</sec></abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Myocardial Contraction</kwd>
<kwd>Left Ventricular Function</kwd>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Noninvasive Method</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="2"/>
<table-count count="4"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="31"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>The assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic function is critical in all echocardiographic studies. The first-line method for describing LV systolic function is LV ejection fraction (LVEF). Despite its widespread usage, LVEF depends on geometric presumptions and is extremely load-dependent, resulting in substantial loss of reproducibility, and may be driven by changes in geometry and it is insufficiently sensitive at detecting decreasing ventricular function. All of these issues encouraged the exploration of novel myocardial function indicators.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>In the last decade, speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) has transformed LV function evaluations. Peak global longitudinal strain (GLS), obtained from STE, has arisen as a highly sensitive method of detecting early LV dysfunction and has been utilized instead of LVEF in several clinical settings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, many studies have shown that GLS, similar to LVEF, has significant load dependency; hence, it is affected by elevated pre- or after-load.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In recent years, myocardial work (MW) has emerged as an alternative myocardial function assessment tool.</p>
<p>Russel et al. further evaluated MW non-invasively by coupling STE segmental strain curves with an estimated LV pressure curve in which systolic cuff pressure is employed as a substitute for LV peak pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The method has been validated for many diseases, with high concordance to that of the invasive method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This application is beneficial because it combines blood pressure measurements with a non-invasive approach using a simple brachial cuff, making the technology feasible in everyday practice in echocardiography facilities. As a result, MW is an alternate tool for assessing cardiac mechanics and a less load-dependent but non-invasive LV performance assessment method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Here we aimed to provide an up-to-date summary of the current understanding of non-invasive MW, its clinical application, future direction, limitation, and recommendation in clinical practice.</p>
<sec>
<title>MW definition and analysis</title>
<p>The MW echocardiographic assessment procedure uses the same principle and practical approaches as the two-dimensional image capture process for GLS analysis by STE. The following are the MW and its component, namely global work index (GWI), global work efficiency (GWE), global constructed work (GCW), and global wasted work (GWW) presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Definition of myocardial work components.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Variable</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Meaning</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Global work index</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Total work within the area of the left ventricular (LV) pressure-strain loop, from mitral valve closure to mitral valve opening</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Global constructive work (GCW)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Myocardial work performed during LV shortening in systole and LV lengthening during the isovolumic relaxation phase</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Global wasted work (GWW)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Myocardial work performed during LV lengthening in systole and LV shortening during the isovolumic relaxation phase</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Global work efficiency</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Calculated as the ratio of GCW/(GCW + GWW)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap>
<p>Using the same bull&#x27;s-eye plot as for the GLS analysis, the GWI bull&#x27;s-eye canals are visually evaluated using a color scale, with red indicating high work, green indicating normal work, and blue indicating negative work. The shift from zero to a negative number on the color scale of wasted effort is shown in dark blue. As a result, lighter blue indicates decreased but still positive work, whereas deeper blue is used to code the transition to zero. On the other hand, GWE is also shown in a segmented bull&#x27;s-eye format with numerical values and colored scaling. Green denotes locations with high efficiency (closer to 100%), while red denotes poor efficiency areas (closer to 0%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Method</title>
<p>This systematic review was designed and performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We reviewed English-language studies published during the last 10 years that investigated the clinical application of MW in cardiovascular diseases, particularly heart failure (HF), coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiomyopathy (CMP), and hypertension (HTN).</p>
<p>Two independent authors searched the PubMed database on March 5, 2022, using the following keywords: (myocardial constructive work) OR (wasted septal work) OR (global myocardial work) OR (myocardial work) OR (myocardial constructive work) OR (novel echocardiography). Only studies that were previously peer-reviewed were considered for inclusion in our review. Reviews, case reports, editorials, comments, and letters were excluded. The study consort flowchart is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Fluxograma do cons&#xF3;rcio de estudos da revis&#xE3;o sistem&#xE1;tica.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc299-gf01.tif"/></fig>
<p>Each abstract was examined separately by the authors. If at least one of the authors considered the research suitable, the full text was reviewed. In the event of disagreement, the authors discussed the reasons for their judgments before reaching a final resolution. Data were extracted from the studies, recorded in Microsoft Excel, and checked and confirmed by two authors (SL and HK). The extracted data of each study included the following: authors&#x2019; names, outcome assessed, participants, and main result.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>A total of 166 were obtained from PubMed and subjected to title and abstract screening. Thereafter, 136 studies were subjected to full-text screening. One study was excluded because no full-text article was identified. After application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 studies were included in this systematic review.</p>
<p>The MW clinical applications in cardiovascular diseases assessed by the 12 studies differed: four assessed HF, two assessed CAD, five assessed CMP, and one assessed HTN. The baseline study information is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, while the baseline MW information in clinical applications is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Baseline information of the myocardial work in clinical application.</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle">No.</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Study</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Outcome assessed</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Participants</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Intervention</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Main result</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Vecera J, et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HF</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">42 patients with HF (mean age, 72 &#xB1; 12 years;74% males) planned for CRT implantation</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Clinical and echocardiographic data were collected before and at a median of 8 (IQR, 6&#x2013;13) months after device implantation</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">GWW decreased from 39 &#xB1; 21% to 17 &#xB1; 7% with CRT (P,0.01) WW in the septum together with WMSI was a strong predictor of a CRT response</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Galli E, et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HF</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">97 patients with HF (ejection fraction: 27 &#xB1; 6%; QRS duration 164 &#xB1; 18 ms) underwent planned CRT implantation</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">STE was performed before CRT and at the 6-month follow-up. PSL analysis: calculation of CW and WW</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">&#x3E;15% reduction in LV end-systolic volume at follow-up GCW was significantly increased in CRT responders</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Wang CL, et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HF</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">508 patients (mean age, 62.9 &#xB1; 15.8 years; 29.1% female) with LVEF &#x2264; 40%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Additional value of GMW for connection with composite outcome (all-cause death and HF hospitalization), clinical and echocardiographic variables</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">EF and GLS were not independent variables when GMW was included in the model Patients with a GMW &#x3C; 750 mmHg% had a substantially higher risk of all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization (HR, 3.33; 95% CI, 2.31&#x2013;4.80) than patients with a GMW &#x3E; 750 mmHg%</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Przewlocka-Kosmala M, et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HF</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">114 patients (57 randomized to spironolactone, 57 to placebo)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">At baseline and 6-month follow-up, resting and immediately post-exercise echocardiogram assessing GLS and MW indices</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">At follow-up, exercise intolerance in the spironolactone group was followed by a substantial improvement in GCW exertional rise (P = 0.002) but not GLS An increase in exercise capacity was independently linked with a change in exertional increase in GCW from baseline to follow-up (b = 0.24; P = 0.009) but not with GLS (P = 0.14) at 6 months. There was no significant interaction between spironolactone usage and peak VO<sub>2</sub> (P = 0.97).</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Edwards NFA, et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">CAD</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">115 patients referred for coronary angiography who had an LVEF &#x3E; 55%, no resting regional wall motion abnormalities, and no chest pain</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Three hours before cardiac catheterization, TTE was performed</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Patients with significant CAD demonstrated a significantly reduced global MW (P &#x3C; 0.001) versus those without CAD MW outperformed GLS (area under the curve = 0.693) as the most effective predictor of severe CAD (area under the curve = 0.786) The optimum global MW cut-off value for predicting substantial CAD was 1,810 mmHg% (sensitivity, 92%; specificity, 51%)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Lustosa RP, et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">CAD</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">600 STEMI patients divided according to the presence of LV remodeling</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Non-invasive myocardial work indices were measured at 3 months after STEMI</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">The percentages of decreased GWI, GCW, and GWE as well as the percentage of increased GWW were found in patients with versus without LV remodeling: GWI (1,708 &#xB1; 522 mmHg% vs 1,979 &#xB1; 450 mmHg%; P &#x3C; 0.001) GCW (1,941 &#xB1; 598 mmHg% vs 2,272 &#xB1; 519 mmHg%; P &#x3C; 0.001) GWE (92% [range, 88&#x2013;96%] vs 95% [range, 93&#x2013;96%]; P &#x3C; 0.001) GWW (116 mmHg% [range, 73&#x2013;184 mmHg%] vs 91 mmHg% [range, 61&#x2013;132 mmHg%]; P &#x3C; 0.001).</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Galli E, et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">CMP</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">82 patients with non-obstructive HCM and 20 age-matched healthy subjects (58 &#xB1; 7 years; P = 0.99) underwent STE</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">All HCM patients underwent clinical examination, standard and STE, 48-h Holter monitoring, and cardiopulmonary exercise test</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">GCW (1599 &#xB1; 423 vs 2248 &#xB1; 249 mmHg%; P &#x3C; 0.0001) was significantly reduced in HCM versus control group No difference was observed in GWW (141 &#xB1; 125 mmHg% vs 101 &#xB1; 88 mmHg%; P = 0.18) and LVEF (63 &#xB1; 13% vs 66 &#xB1; 4%; P = 0.17) In HCM, GCW was the only predictor of LV fibrosis in the multivariable analysis (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.99&#x2013;1.08; P = 0.04). A cut-off value of 1,623 mmHg% was able to predict myocardial fibrosis with good sensitivity and fair specificity (82% and 67%, respectively)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hiemstra YL, et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">CMP</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">110 patients with non-obstructive HCM and 35 healthy age- and sex-matched control subjects</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Clinical data were collected from the department of cardiology information system and the first echocardiogram available was used</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">GCW (1,722 &#xB1; 602 vs 2,274 &#xB1; 574 mmHg%; P &#x3C; 0.001)GWE (93% [89&#x2013;95%] vs 96% [96&#x2013;97%]; P &#x3C; 0.001)GWI (1,534 &#xB1; 551 mmHg% vs 1,929 &#xB1; 473 mmHg%) were significantly reducedGWW (104 mmHg% [66&#x2013;137 mmHg%] vs 71 mmHg% [49&#x2013;92 mmHg%]; P &#x3C; 0.001) was increased in patients with HCM versus control subjectsPatients with a GCW &#x3E; 1,730 mmHg% experienced better event-free survival than those with a GCW &#x3C; 1,730 mmHg% (P &#x3C; 0.001)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Chan J, et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">CMP</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">74 patients who underwent TTE and strain analysis before coronary angiography were divided into control, HTN, and CMP groups</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">TTE was performed immediately prior to coronary angiography</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Increase in GCW and GWW. GLS, GWI, and GWE were significantly reduced in CMP (P &#x3C; 0.05)GCW was elevated in HTN Grade1 but did not reach significant levels (P = 0.87; 2361 &#xB1; 377 mmHg%) and significantly elevated in HTN grade 2/3 (P = 0.0001; 3057 &#xB1; 403 mmHg%) when compared with controls (2184 &#xB1; 192 mmHg%)GWW was elevated in both HTN subgroups but not statistically significant</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cui C, et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">CMP</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">30 with DCM and 30 healthy patients as the control group</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">After 6 months of medical treatment, conventional echocardiography and MW were examined, and the measurements on the 6-min walk test were compared before and after therapy</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">GMW differences between controls and cases were significant (P &#x3C; 0.05)The GWI and 6-min walking distance increased after treatment, while the LV ejection fraction and GLS did not change significantlyGWI might be a marker of therapeutic efficacy</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Clemmensen TS, et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">CMP</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">100 patients with CA</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">The patients were followed prospectively from the time of echocardiography until death or censoring on March 31, 2019; MACE and death during follow-up were registered</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Patients with CA had significantly lower GWI and GWE than control subjects (P &#x3C; 0.0001 for all)Patients with a GWI &#x3C; 1,043 mmHg% had a higher MACE risk than patients with an LV myocardial work index &#x3E; 1043 mmHg% (HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2&#x2013;4.3; P = 0.01)GWI &#x3C;1039 mmHg% higher all-cause mortality risk than patients with LV GWI &#x3E;1039 mmHg% (HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2&#x2013;5.5; P &#x3C; 0.05).</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tadic M, et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HTN</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">165 subjects (55 controls, 60 HTN patients without DM, and 50 HTN patients with DM)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">This cross-sectional study performed a complete two-dimensional echocardiographic examination including two-dimensional STE</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">GWI gradually increased from controls to HTN patients to subjects with HTN and DM (1,887 &#xB1; 289 vs 2,073 &#xB1; 311 vs 2,144 &#xB1; 345 mmHg%, P = 0.001)DM demonstrated an additional negative effect on myocardial work in HTN patients</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<p>*CA, cardiac amyloidosis; CAD, coronary artery disease; CI, confidence interval; CMP, cardiomyopathy; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; DM, diabetes mellitus; EF, ejection fraction; GCW, global constructed work; GLS, global longitudinal strain; GWE, global work efficiency; GWI, global work index; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; HF, heart failure; HR, hazard ratio; HTN, hypertension; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, LV ejection fraction; MACE, major adverse cardiac event; OR, odds ratio; STE, speckle-tracking echocardiography; STEMI, ST-elevated myocardial infarction; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography; WMSI, wall motion score index.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<sec>
<title>Clinical Application of MW</title>
<sec>
<title>Heart failure</title>
<p>Predicting therapeutic advantages and outcomes in HF patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) was the first and most promising use of segmental MW. CRT is now used to treat symptomatic HF patients with an LVEF of 35% and a wide QRS complex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> MW appears to be capable of identifying patients who may benefit from cardiac resynchronization. According to a recent study, GWW evaluated at the septum was higher in CRT responders than non-responders, but these indices significantly dropped after CRT implantation, returning to normal cardiac values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In a study of 97 patients, Galli et al. discovered that GCW is the sole predictor of CRT response at 6-month follow-up and closely associated with the idea of myocardial remodeling in ischemic and non-ischemic individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>A recent study reported that MW was linked to HF hospitalizations and all-cause death. Patients with a GMW greater than 750 mmHg% had a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization than patients with a GMW greater than 750 mmHg%. These results increase the use of MW in EF patients by 40% and provide a safe alternative to EF and GLS for evaluating patient survival and future hospitalization rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Coronary artery disease</title>
<p>When wall motion abnormalities (WMA) are not seen in the coronary arteries, assessing individuals with coronary artery disease is difficult. GLS was previously shown to be a good predictor of stable ischemic cardiopathy in the absence of WMA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, agreement is lacking on the appropriate GLS diagnostic cut-off value, which differs widely among investigations due to clinical features, afterload dependency, and inter-evaluator variance. Furthermore, the contractile characteristics of the ischemic myocardium are substantially controlled by loading conditions, with fast transitions from hypokinesis to dyskinesis after an abrupt increase in afterload, which serves as the primary constraint.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> MW indices demonstrated that it can overcome this constraint and provide diagnostic and prognostic information in chronic and acute settings. Edwards et al. observed that, in patients with suspected CAD but normal systolic function, GWI, GCW, and GWE all decreased dramatically in the presence of obstructive illness, although GWW increased modestly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
<p>At the 3-month follow-up, ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients who exhibited LV ischemia remodeling had significantly lower GWI, GCW, and GWE values but significantly higher GWW values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> These results imply that MW deficiency manifests in changed (permanently anaerobic) energy metabolism in the rebuilt myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The regional MW index is superior to all other echocardiographic markers (GLS and LVEF) at detecting acute coronary artery blockages in non-ST-segment acute coronary syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Cardiomyopathy</title>
<p>GCW was the single predictor of LV fibrosis when late gadolinium enhancement was used, and values &#x3C;1,730 mmHg% were related to a poorer long-term prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Chan et al. described a significant decrease in GWI, GCW, and GWE and an increase in GWW in a subgroup of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> This finding resulted from a significant deterioration of cardiomyocytes contractile performance in DCM patients, whether ischemic or non-ischemic. Moreover, another benefit of MW measurement may be its use an indication in the assessment of therapy benefits in DCM patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Another therapeutic use for MW indicators might be in predicting significant cardiovascular events among patients with cardiac amyloidosis (CA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Study by Clemmensen et al. examined the impact of LV MW in predicting prognosis in individuals with CA. They discovered that individuals with a GWI &#x3C;1,043 mmHg% were at an increased risk of severe adverse cardiac events, while those with a GWI of &#x3C;1,039 mmHg% were at an increased risk of all-cause death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Hypertension</title>
<p>In hypertensive individuals, the LV pumps against higher arterial pressure, reducing the LV stroke volume and increasing the energy required for LV pump function, hence elevating the global MW index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Chan et al. discovered that patients with a systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#x3E; 160 mmHg had substantially elevated GWI and GCW values. GWW steadily rose in patients with an SBP of 140&#x2013;159 mmHg, peaking at 160 mmHg in those with an SBP &#x3E; 160 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
<p>Additionally, Tadic et al. discovered that hypertension patients&#x2019; MW values worsened compared to normotensive controls, but these values were considerably worse in hypertensive patients with concurrent diabetes mellitus. Only GCW was significantly greater in individuals with concurrent hypertension and diabetes mellitus than those with hypertension alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Moreover, Sahiti et al. investigated the correlation between MW with CV risk factors and sex and discovered that the link between hypertension and obesity and GWI was greater in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Limitation and recommendation</title>
<p>Although an MW analysis may be conducted on a large proportion of patients, there are several limitations to consider. Because MW is based on the estimated non-invasive LV pressure from SBP measured with a cuff manometer, its use was not highly recommended for evaluation in pathologic situations such as aortic stenosis (AS) in which SBP is not reflective of LV peak systolic pressure due to the fixed obstruction caused by a stenotic valve. Jain et al. recently recommended that the total of the transaortic mean gradient and SBP be used to estimate the LV peak systolic pressure in a group of severe AS patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). When MW indicators were compared before and after TAVR, a substantial decrease in GWI and GCW was seen, contributing to the rapid relief of the increased oxygen demand associated with increased afterload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> These findings suggest that MW correction by the addition of a transaortic mean gradient to SBP is both possible and dependable. However, validation in larger AS patients undergoing TAVR is required before it can be used consistently.</p>
<p>Finally, MW is vendor platform&#x2013;dependent and requires specialized software that is presently solely supported by General Electric and cannot be tested using other software. This fact restricts the number of patients whose data may be analyzed using this strategy and limits the comparison of the same patient&#x27;s findings with items from multiple vendors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>MW is a reasonable, feasible, and dependable method of non-invasive LV function assessment enabling the widespread use of MW measurement in the diagnostic and treatment evaluation of various cardiovascular diseases. MW improves LVEF and GLS assessments by minimizing their load dependence. While current information on MW alone is insufficient to guide further interventions, the development of an integrated method offering incremental value to conventional echocardiographic measures is expected. Clinicians also must rely on symptoms and electrocardiographic data until multicentered well-designed research validating this strategy in large populations is undertaken to establish its added value and MW indices are included in routine echocardiographic assessments.</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
<p>Editor responsible for the review: Marco S. Lofrano Alves</p></fn></fn-group>
<ack>
<title>Acknowledgments</title>
<p>The authors thank all who supported this systematic review.</p>
</ack>
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<subject>Revis&#xE3;o Sistematica</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Trabalho Mioc&#xE1;rdio: uma Revis&#xE3;o Sistem&#xE1;tica do Novo M&#xE9;todo de Ecocardiografia e Aplica&#xE7;&#xF5;es Cl&#xED;nicas</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2959-8937</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Laksono</surname><given-names>Sidhi</given-names></name> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <role>revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>2</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5242-2393</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Kusharsamita</surname><given-names>Hillary</given-names></name> <role>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados</role> <role>reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6591-2428</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Yanni</surname><given-names>Mefri</given-names></name> <role>coleta de dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de financiamento</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3598-6442</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Astuti</surname><given-names>Astri</given-names></name> <role>coleta de dados</role> <role>an&#xE1;lise estat&#xED;stica</role> <role>obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de financiamento</role> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Jacarta do Sul</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="ID">Indon&#xE9;sia</country>
<institution content-type="original">RS Pusat Pertamina, Departamento de Cardiologia e Medicina Vascular, Jacarta do Sul, Indon&#xE9;sia;</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Tangerang</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="ID">Indon&#xE9;sia</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof Dr Hamka Faculdade de Medicina, Tangerang, Indon&#xE9;sia;</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Semarang</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="ID">Indon&#xE9;sia</country>
<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indon&#xE9;sia;</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Padang</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="ID">Indon&#xE9;sia</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Andalas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Cardiologia e Medicina Vascular, DR M Djamil Hospital, Padang, Indon&#xE9;sia;</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Bandung</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="ID">Indon&#xE9;sia</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Departamento de Cardiologia e Medicina Vascular, Bandung, Indon&#xE9;sia.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Sidhi Laksono</bold> &#x2022; Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof Dr Hamka, Jl. Raden Patah No.01, RT.002/RW.006, Parung Serab, Kec. Ciledug, Kota Tangerang, Banten <postal-code>13460</postal-code>. E-mail: <email>sidhilaksono@uhamka.ac.id</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflito de interesses</bold></p>
<p>Os autores declaram n&#xE3;o terem conflitos de interesse.</p></fn></author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento:</title>
<p>O trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico (MW) &#xE9; uma nova modalidade de imagem que surgiu como uma forma potencial de avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular esquerda (VE) em v&#xE1;rios cen&#xE1;rios cl&#xED;nicos. Ele calcula curvas de tens&#xE3;o de ecocardiografia de rastreamento de manchas (STE) com uma curva de press&#xE3;o LV estimada utilizando curvas padr&#xE3;o de press&#xE3;o arterial braquial de forma n&#xE3;o invasiva.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivo:</title>
<p>O objetivo desta pesquisa foi fornecer um resumo do conhecimento atual da MW n&#xE3;o invasiva e suas aplica&#xE7;&#xF5;es cl&#xED;nicas, incluindo insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca (IC), doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana (DAC), cardiomiopatia (CMP) e hipertens&#xE3;o (HTN). Al&#xE9;m disso, s&#xE3;o discutidas as limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es e recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es da MW na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>M&#xE9;todos:</title>
<p>Pesquisamos no banco de dados online PubMed para nossa coleta de dados. Usamos as seguintes palavras-chave; (trabalho construtivo do mioc&#xE1;rdio) OU (trabalho septal desperdi&#xE7;ado)) OU (trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico global)) OU (trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico)) OU (trabalho construtivo do mioc&#xE1;rdio) OU (ecocardiografia nova). Revisamos ainda doze estudos com leitura de texto completo e inclu&#xED;dos nesta revis&#xE3;o sistem&#xE1;tica.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>Embora os &#xED;ndices de MW, particularmente GWI e GCW, tenham mostrado uma boa correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o com FE e par&#xE2;metros de deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o, a oportunidade de oferecer informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es incrementais que n&#xE3;o s&#xE3;o afetadas pelas condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es de carga tornou a aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de MW particularmente &#xFA;til em uma variedade de configura&#xE7;&#xF5;es cl&#xED;nicas.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o:</title>
<p>Comparado ao FE e GLS, o MW &#xE9; um teste promissor com maior sensibilidade e acur&#xE1;cia na identifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de indiv&#xED;duos com doen&#xE7;a cardiovascular. Os m&#xE9;dicos tamb&#xE9;m devem depender dos sintomas e dos achados do ECG at&#xE9; que uma extensa pesquisa multic&#xEA;ntrica validando essa estrat&#xE9;gia seja feita para estabelecer o valor incremental da MW na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o ecocardiogr&#xE1;fica di&#xE1;ria.</p>
</sec></abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Contra&#xE7;&#xE3;o Mioc&#xE1;rdica</kwd>
<kwd>Fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>M&#xE9;todo n&#xE3;o Invasivo</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica do VE &#xE9; fundamental em todos os estudos ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos. O m&#xE9;todo de primeira linha para descrever a fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica do VE &#xE9; a fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (FEVE). Apesar de seu uso generalizado, a FEVE depende de pressupostos geom&#xE9;tricos e &#xE9; extremamente dependente da carga, resultando em perda substancial de reprodutibilidade; pode ser impulsionada por mudan&#xE7;as na geometria e &#xE9; insuficientemente sens&#xED;vel na detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o da diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular. Todas essas quest&#xF5;es motivaram a explora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de novos indicadores da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Na &#xFA;ltima d&#xE9;cada, a ecocardiografia por <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (EST) transformou a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE. O strain longitudinal global (SLG) de pico, obtido a partir da EST, surgiu como um m&#xE9;todo altamente sens&#xED;vel para detectar disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o precoce do VE e tem sido utilizado no lugar da FEVE em diversos cen&#xE1;rios cl&#xED;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, diversos estudos mostraram que o SLG, assim como a FEVE, tem depend&#xEA;ncia de carga significativa; portanto, &#xE9; afetado por pr&#xE9; ou p&#xF3;s-carga elevada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nos &#xFA;ltimos anos, o trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico (TM) surgiu como uma ferramenta alternativa para a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica.</p>
<p>O m&#xE9;todo inovador de Russel et al. d&#xE1; um passo adiante ao avaliar o trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico de forma n&#xE3;o invasiva. Os autores acoplaram as curvas de deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o segmentar da EST com uma curva de press&#xE3;o ventricular esquerda (VE) estimada em que a press&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica do manguito &#xE9; empregada como substituta do pico de press&#xE3;o VE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O m&#xE9;todo foi validado em diversas doen&#xE7;as, com alta concord&#xE2;ncia com o m&#xE9;todo invasivo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Essa aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9; ben&#xE9;fica porque alia a medida da press&#xE3;o arterial com uma abordagem n&#xE3;o invasiva por meio de um manguito braquial simples, tornando a tecnologia vi&#xE1;vel na pr&#xE1;tica cotidiana em servi&#xE7;os de ecocardiografia. Como resultado, o TM oferece uma ferramenta alternativa para avaliar a mec&#xE2;nica card&#xED;aca e uma forma n&#xE3;o invasiva e menos dependente da carga para avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o do desempenho do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Nosso objetivo &#xE9; fornecer um resumo atualizado do entendimento atual do TM n&#xE3;o invasivo, sua aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica, dire&#xE7;&#xE3;o futura, limita&#xE7;&#xE3;o e recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica.</p>
<sec>
<title>Defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o e an&#xE1;lise do trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico</title>
<p>O procedimento de avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o ecocardiogr&#xE1;fica do TM utiliza o mesmo princ&#xED;pio e abordagens pr&#xE1;ticas que o processo de captura de imagem 2D para an&#xE1;lise do SLG por EST. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> a seguir apresenta o TM e seus componentes, ou seja, <italic>global work index</italic> (<italic>GWI</italic>), <italic>global work efficiency</italic> (<italic>GWE</italic>), <italic>global constructed work</italic> (<italic>GCW</italic>), e <italic>global wasted work</italic> (<italic>GWW</italic>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o de componentes do trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Vari&#xE1;vel</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Significado</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">&#xCD;ndice de trabalho global (<italic>Global work index</italic> &#x2014; GWI)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Trabalho total dentro da &#xE1;rea da al&#xE7;a press&#xE3;o-deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE, do fechamento da valva mitral at&#xE9; a abertura da valva mitral</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Trabalho construtivo global (<italic>Global constructive work</italic> &#x2014; GCW)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico realizado durante o encurtamento do VE na s&#xED;stole e alongamento do VE durante a fase de relaxamento isovolum&#xE9;trico</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Trabalho desperdi&#xE7;ado global (<italic>Global wasted work</italic> &#x2014; GWW)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico realizado durante o alongamento do VE na s&#xED;stole e o encurtamento do VE durante a fase de relaxamento isovolum&#xE9;trico</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Efici&#xEA;ncia de trabalho global (<italic>Global work efficiency</italic> &#x2014; GWE)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Calculada como a raz&#xE3;o GCW/ (GCW + GWW)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap>
<p>Utilizando o mesmo gr&#xE1;fico <italic>bull&#x27;s-eye da an&#xE1;lise do SLG, os canais GWI do gr&#xE1;fico</italic> bull&#x27;s-eye s&#xE3;o avaliados visualmente usando uma escala de cores, com o vermelho indicando uma zona de alto trabalho, o verde indicando trabalho normal e o azul indicando trabalho negativo. A transi&#xE7;&#xE3;o do zero para um n&#xFA;mero negativo na escala de cores do esfor&#xE7;o desperdi&#xE7;ado &#xE9; indicada pela cor azul escuro. Como resultado, o azul mais claro indica trabalho diminu&#xED;do, mas ainda positivo, enquanto o azul mais profundo &#xE9; usado para codificar a transi&#xE7;&#xE3;o para zero. Por outro lado, o <italic>GWE tamb&#xE9;m &#xE9; mostrado em formato</italic> bull&#x27;s-eye segmentado, com valores num&#xE9;ricos e escala colorida. O verde denota locais com alta efici&#xEA;ncia (pr&#xF3;ximo a 100%), enquanto o vermelho denota &#xE1;reas de baixa efici&#xEA;ncia (pr&#xF3;ximo a 0%). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>M&#xE9;todo</title>
<p>Esta revis&#xE3;o sistem&#xE1;tica foi projetada e realizada de acordo com a diretriz PRISMA (<italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic>). Revisamos estudos de l&#xED;ngua inglesa publicados nos &#xFA;ltimos dez anos que investigaram a aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica do TM em doen&#xE7;as cardiovasculares, particularmente na IC, DAC, CMP e HTN.</p>
<p>Dois autores independentes pesquisaram o banco de dados online PubMed em 5 de mar&#xE7;o de 2022 para nossa coleta de dados. Utilizamos as seguintes palavras-chave na busca avan&#xE7;ada: (trabalho construtivo do mioc&#xE1;rdio) OU (trabalho septal desperdi&#xE7;ado)) OU (trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico global)) OU (trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico)) OU (trabalho construtivo do mioc&#xE1;rdio) OU (ecocardiografia nova). Apenas estudos previamente revisados por pares foram considerados para inclus&#xE3;o em nossa revis&#xE3;o. Revis&#xF5;es, relatos de caso, editoriais, coment&#xE1;rios e cartas foram exclu&#xED;dos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> mostra o fluxograma dos estudos.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Fluxograma do cons&#xF3;rcio de estudos da revis&#xE3;o sistem&#xE1;tica.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-04-eabc299-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Cada resumo foi examinado separadamente pelos autores. Caso pelo menos um dos autores considerasse a pesquisa adequada, o texto completo era solicitado para revis&#xE3;o adicional. Em caso de desacordo, os autores discutiam as raz&#xF5;es de seus julgamentos antes de chegar a uma resolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o final por acordo. A extra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados dos estudos foi feita usando o Microsoft Excel e verificada e confirmada por dois autores: SL e HK. Os dados extra&#xED;dos de cada estudo inclu&#xED;ram as seguintes informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es: nome dos autores, desfecho avaliado, participantes e resultado principal.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultado</title>
<p>166 estudos foram obtidos a partir do PubMed inserindo as palavras-chave e filtrando o estudo publicado nos &#xFA;ltimos dez anos. Ap&#xF3;s investigar os 166 estudos por meio da triagem de t&#xED;tulos e resumos, 136 estudos foram inclu&#xED;dos em prepara&#xE7;&#xE3;o para a triagem dos textos na &#xED;ntegra. 1 estudo foi exclu&#xED;do porque um artigo n&#xE3;o foi encontrado na &#xED;ntegra. Posteriormente, ap&#xF3;s a aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos crit&#xE9;rios de inclus&#xE3;o e exclus&#xE3;o, doze estudos foram inclu&#xED;dos nesta revis&#xE3;o sistem&#xE1;tica.</p>
<p>As aplica&#xE7;&#xF5;es cl&#xED;nicas de TM em doen&#xE7;as cardiovasculares avaliadas pelos 12 estudos diferiram; 4 avaliaram IC, 2 avaliaram DAC, 5 avaliaram CMP e 1 avaliou HTN. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> mostra as informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es de linha de base dos estudos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es basais do TM em aplica&#xE7;&#xF5;es cl&#xED;nicas.</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es basais do trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico na aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica.</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="16%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle">N&#xFA;mero</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Estudo</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Desfecho avaliado</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Participantes</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Principal resultado</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Vecera J, et al <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">IC</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">42 pacientes com IC (idade 72<sup>+</sup>12 anos, 74% homens) programados para implanta&#xE7;&#xE3;o de TRC</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Estado cl&#xED;nico e dados ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos foram averiguados antes e em uma mediana de 8 meses (intervalo interquartil 6&#x2013;13) ap&#xF3;s o implante do dispositivo</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>O &#xED;ndice GWW diminuiu de 39&#xB1;21 para 17&#xB1;7% com TRC (P, 0,01)</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>O &#xED;ndice WW septal, juntamente com o IEMS, foi forte preditor de resposta &#xE0; TRC.</p></list-item></list></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Galli E, et al<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">IC</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">97 pacientes com IC (fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o: 27&#xB1;6%, dura&#xE7;&#xE3;o do QRS 164&#xB1;18 ms) programado para implante de TRC</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Realizou-se ecocardiografia por speckle tracking antes da TRC e no seguimento de 6 meses. An&#xE1;lise PSL: c&#xE1;lculo de CW e WW</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>&#x3E; Redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 15% no volume sist&#xF3;lico final do VE em FU</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>O &#xED;ndice GCW apresentou-se significativamente aumentado em respondedores &#xE0; TRC</p></list-item></list></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Wang CL, et al <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">IC</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">508 pacientes (idade 62,9&#xB1;15,8 anos, 29,1% do sexo feminino) com FEVE &#x3C;40%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">O valor adicional do &#xED;ndice GMW para a conex&#xE3;o com as vari&#xE1;veis compostas (morte por todas as causas e interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC), cl&#xED;nicas e ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficas</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>FE e SLG n&#xE3;o foram vari&#xE1;veis independentes quando o &#xED;ndice GMW foi inclu&#xED;do no modelo.</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>GMW menor que 750 mmHg% teve risco consideravelmente maior de mortalidade por todas as causas e hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC (RR 3,33, IC 95% 2,31&#x2013;4,80) do que pacientes com GMW superior a 750 mmHg por cento.</p></list-item></list></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Przewlocka-Kosmala M, et al <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">IC</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">114 pacientes (57 randomizados para espironolactona e 57 para placebo)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Na fase basal e no seguimento de 6 meses, ecocardiogramas em repouso e imediatamente ap&#xF3;s o exerc&#xED;cio para avaliar os &#xED;ndices SLG e TM</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>No seguimento, a intoler&#xE2;ncia ao exerc&#xED;cio no grupo espironolactona foi seguida por uma melhora consider&#xE1;vel no aumento do GCW aos esfor&#xE7;os (P=0,002), mas n&#xE3;o no SLG.</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>O aumento da capacidade de exerc&#xED;cio se mostrou independentemente ligado &#xE0; mudan&#xE7;a no aumento do GCW aos esfor&#xE7;os desde a fase basal at&#xE9; o seguimento (b=0,24; P=0,009), mas n&#xE3;o com SLG (P=0,14) em 6 meses.</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>N&#xE3;o houve intera&#xE7;&#xE3;o significativa entre o uso de espironolactona e VO2 m&#xE1;ximo (P=0,97).</p></list-item></list></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Edwards NFA, et al <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">DAC</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">115 pacientes encaminhados para cineangiocoronariografia com FE&#x3E;55%, sem altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es de motilidade segmentar regional em repouso e sem dor tor&#xE1;cica</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tr&#xEA;s horas antes do cateterismo card&#xED;aco, realizou-se ETT nos pacientes.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>Pacientes com DAC significativa demonstraram TM global significativamente reduzido (P&#x3C;0,001) em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com aqueles sem DAC.</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>O TM superou o SLG (&#xE1;rea sob a curva = 0,693) como o preditor mais eficaz de DAC severa (&#xE1;rea sob a curva = 0,786).</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>O valor de corte do TM global &#xF3;timo para predizer DAC substancial foi de 1.810 mmHg% (92% de sensibilidade; 51% de especificidade).</p></list-item></list></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Lustosa RP, et al <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">DAC</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">600 pacientes com IAMSST divididos de acordo com a presen&#xE7;a de remodela&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Os &#xED;ndices de trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico n&#xE3;o invasivo foram medidos 3 meses ap&#xF3;s IAMSST.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>Porcentagens inferiores de GWI, GCW e GWE, bem como porcentagem superior de GWW, foram encontradas em pacientes com remodela&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com pacientes sem remodela&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE:</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>GWI (1.708&#xB1;522 mm Hg% vs. 1.979+450 mm Hg%; P&#x3C;0,001)</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>GCW (1.941&#xB1;598 mm Hg% vs. 2.272+519 mm Hg%; P&#x3C;0,001)</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>GWE (92% [intervalo 88%&#x2013;96%] vs. 95% [intervalo 93%&#x2013;96%]; P&#x3C;0,001)</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>GWW (116 mm Hg% [intervalo 73&#x2013;184 mm Hg%] vs. 91 mm Hg% [intervalo 61&#x2013;132 mm Hg%]; P&#x3C;0,001).</p></list-item></list></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Galli E, et al <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">CMP</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">82 pacientes com CMH n&#xE3;o obstrutiva e 20 indiv&#xED;duos saud&#xE1;veis pareados por idade (58&#xB1;7 anos, P=0,99) foram submetidos a EST.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Todos os pacientes com CMH foram submetidos a exame cl&#xED;nico, padr&#xE3;o e EST, Holter de 48 horas e TCPE</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>O &#xED;ndice GCW (1599&#xB1;423 vs. 2248&#xB1;249 mm Hg%, P&#x3C;0,0001) se mostrou significativamente reduzido em pacientes com CMH em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com o grupo controle.</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>N&#xE3;o se observou nenhuma diferen&#xE7;a no &#xED;ndice GWW (141&#xB1;125 vs. 101&#xB1;88 mm Hg%, P=0,18) e na fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE (FEVE) (63&#xB1;13 vs. 66&#xB1;4%; P=0,17)</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Na CMH, o &#xED;ndice GCW foi o &#xFA;nico preditor de fibrose do VE na an&#xE1;lise multivariada (OR 1,01, IC 95%: 0,99&#x2013;1.08, P=0.04).</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Um valor de corte de 1623 mm Hg% foi capaz de predizer fibrose mioc&#xE1;rdica com boa sensibilidade e razo&#xE1;vel especificidade (82% e 67%, respectivamente).</p></list-item></list></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hiemstra YL, et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">CMP</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">110 pacientes com CMH n&#xE3;o obstrutiva e 35 controles saud&#xE1;veis pareados por idade e sexo</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Os dados cl&#xED;nicos foram coletados do sistema de informa&#xE7;&#xE3;o do departamento de cardiologia e foi utilizado o primeiro ecocardiograma dispon&#xED;vel</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>GCW (1.722&#xB1;602 vs. 2.274&#xB1;574 mm Hg%, P&#x3C;0,001)</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>GWE (93%[89%&#x2013;95%] vs. 96% [96%&#x2013;97%], P&#x3C;0,001</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>GWI (1.534&#xB1;551 vs. 1.929&#xB1;473 mm Hg%) significativamente reduzido</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>GWW (104 mm Hg% [66&#x2013;137 mm Hg%] vs. 71 mm Hg% [49&#x2013;92 mm Hg%], P&#x3C;0,001) elevado em pacientes com CMH em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com indiv&#xED;duos controle.</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Pacientes com GCW&#x3E;1.730 mm Hg%) tiveram melhor sobrevida livre de eventos do que aqueles com CW global &#x3C;1.730 mm Hg% (P&#x3C;0,001)</p></list-item></list></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Chan J, et al <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">CMP</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">74 pacientes foram submetidos &#xE0; ETT e an&#xE1;lise de strain antes da angiocoronariografia, divididos em grupos controle, HTN e CMP.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">A ETT foi realizada imediatamente antes da angiocoronariografia</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>Aumento nos &#xED;ndices GCW e GWW. GLS, GWI e GWE mostraram-se significativamente reduzidos na CMP (P&#x3C;0,05)</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>O &#xED;ndice GCW se mostrou elevada na HTN Grau 1, mas n&#xE3;o atingiu n&#xED;veis significativos (P=0,87; 2361&#xB1;377 mmHg%) e significativamente elevado na HTN Grau 2/3 (P=0,0001; 3057&#xB1;403 mmHg%) quando comparado com controles (2184&#xB1;192 mmHg%)</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>O &#xED;ndice GWW se mostrou elevado em ambos os subgrupos HTN, mas n&#xE3;o se apresentou estatisticamente significativo</p></list-item></list></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cui C, et al <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">CMP</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">30 com CMD e 30 pacientes saud&#xE1;veis como grupo controle.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Ap&#xF3;s 6 meses de tratamento cl&#xED;nico, foram examinados ecocardiograma convencional e TM, e as medidas no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos foram comparadas antes e ap&#xF3;s a terapia.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>As diferen&#xE7;as de GMW entre os grupos controle e caso foram significativas (p 0,05).</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>O GWI e o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos aumentaram ap&#xF3;s o tratamento, enquanto a fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE e SLG n&#xE3;o se alteraram significativamente.</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>O GWI pode ser utilizado como um marcador para avaliar a efic&#xE1;cia da terapia.</p></list-item></list></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Clemmensen TS, et al <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">CMP</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">100 pacientes Paciente AC</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Os pacientes foram acompanhados prospectivamente desde o momento da ecocardiografia at&#xE9; o &#xF3;bito ou censo em 31 de mar&#xE7;o de 2019. Foram registrados eventos cardiovasculares maiores (ECAM) e &#xF3;bito durante o seguimento</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>Os pacientes com AC apresentaram GWI e GWE significativamente menores do que os controles (P&#x3C;0,0001 para todos)</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>GWI &#x3C;1.043 mmHg% apresentaram risco de ECAM maior do que pacientes com &#xED;ndice trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico no ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (<italic>left ventricular myocardial work index &#x2014; LVMWI</italic>) &#x3E;1.043 mmHg% [raz&#xE3;o de risco (RR) 2,3, intervalo de confian&#xE7;a (IC) de 95% 1,2&#x2013;4,3; P=0,01].</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>GWI &#x3C;1039 mmHg% maior risco de mortalidade por todas as causas do que pacientes com GWI VE &#x3E;1039 mmHg% (RR 2,6, IC 95% 1,2&#x2013;5,5; P&#x3C;0,05).</p></list-item></list></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tadic M, et al<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">HTN</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">165 indiv&#xED;duos (55 controles, 60 pacientes com hipertens&#xE3;o sem DM e 50 pacientes hipertensos com DM)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">O estudo transversal foi submetido a um exame ecocardiogr&#xE1;fico bidimensional completo incluindo EST bidimensional</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>O &#xED;ndice GWI aumentou gradualmente dos controles, passando por pacientes hipertensos at&#xE9; os indiv&#xED;duos com hipertens&#xE3;o e DM (1887&#xB1;289 vs. 2073&#xB1;311 vs. 2144&#xB1;345 mm Hg%, P=0,001).</p></list-item>
<list-item>
<p>A diabetes demonstrou um efeito negativo adicional no trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico em pacientes hipertensos.</p></list-item></list></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN2">
<p>* IC = insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca; DAC = doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana; CMP = cardiomiopatia; HTN = hipertens&#xE3;o; IEMS = &#xED;ndice de escore de motilidade segmentar; VE = ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; SLG = strain longitudinal global; FE = fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o; IAMSST = infarto agudo do mioc&#xE1;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; CMH = cardiomiopatia hipertr&#xF3;fica; TCPE = teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#xED;cio; ETT = ecocardiografia transtor&#xE1;cica; CMD = cardiomiopatia dilatada; ECAM = evento card&#xED;aco adverso maior; AC = amiloidose card&#xED;aca.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<sec>
<title>Aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica do trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico</title>
<sec>
<title>Insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca</title>
<p>A predi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de vantagens e desfechos terap&#xEA;uticos em pacientes com IC submetidos &#xE0; terapia de ressincroniza&#xE7;&#xE3;o card&#xED;aca (TRC) foi a primeira e mais promissora utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do TM segmentar. A TRC est&#xE1; sendo utilizada para tratar pacientes sintom&#xE1;ticos com IC com FEVE de 35% e complexo QRS largo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O TM parece ser capaz de identificar pessoas que podem se beneficiar da ressincroniza&#xE7;&#xE3;o card&#xED;aca. De acordo com um estudo recente, os <italic>GWW</italic> avaliados no septo s&#xE3;o maiores nos respondedores &#xE0; TRC do que nos n&#xE3;o respondedores, mas esses &#xED;ndices caem significativamente ap&#xF3;s o implante da TRC, retornando aos valores card&#xED;acos normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em um estudo com 97 pacientes, Galli et al. descobriram que o <italic>GCW</italic> &#xE9; o &#xFA;nico preditor de resposta da TRC aos 6 meses de seguimento e est&#xE1; intimamente associado &#xE0; ideia de remodela&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica em pessoas isqu&#xEA;micas e n&#xE3;o isqu&#xEA;micas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Um estudo recente verificou que o TM estava associado a hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es por IC e morte por todas as causas. Pacientes com <italic>GMW</italic> inferior a 750 mmHg por cento tiveram um risco significativamente maior de mortalidade por todas as causas e hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o por IC do que pacientes com <italic>GMW</italic> superior a 750 mmHg%. Esses resultados aumentam o uso do TM em pacientes com FE em 40% e fornecem uma alternativa segura para FE e SLG para avaliar a sobrevida do paciente e as taxas de hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o futuras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana</title>
<p>Quando n&#xE3;o h&#xE1; altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es de motilidade segmentar (AMS) nas art&#xE9;rias coron&#xE1;rias, a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de indiv&#xED;duos com doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana &#xE9; dif&#xED;cil. J&#xE1; se demonstrou que o SLG &#xE9; bom preditor de cardiopatia isqu&#xEA;mica est&#xE1;vel na aus&#xEA;ncia de AMS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No entanto, n&#xE3;o h&#xE1; acordo sobre o valor de corte diagn&#xF3;stico adequado para o SLG, que difere amplamente entre as investiga&#xE7;&#xF5;es devido &#xE0;s caracter&#xED;sticas cl&#xED;nicas, depend&#xEA;ncia p&#xF3;s-carga e varia&#xE7;&#xF5;es do interventor. Al&#xE9;m disso, as caracter&#xED;sticas contr&#xE1;teis do mioc&#xE1;rdio isqu&#xEA;mico s&#xE3;o consideravelmente controladas pelas condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es de carga, com r&#xE1;pidas transi&#xE7;&#xF5;es de hipocinesia para discinesia ap&#xF3;s aumento abrupto na p&#xF3;s-carga, que atua como restri&#xE7;&#xE3;o prim&#xE1;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Os &#xED;ndices de TM mostraram que ele pode superar essa restri&#xE7;&#xE3;o e fornecer informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es diagn&#xF3;sticas e progn&#xF3;sticas em cen&#xE1;rios cr&#xF4;nicos e agudos. Edwards et al. observaram que em pacientes com suspeita de DAC, mas com fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica normal, os &#xED;ndices <italic>GWI</italic>, <italic>GCW</italic> e <italic>GWE</italic> diminuem drasticamente na presen&#xE7;a de doen&#xE7;a obstrutiva, embora o <italic>GWW</italic> aumente modestamente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em um seguimento de 3 meses, os pacientes com IAMSST que apresentaram remodela&#xE7;&#xE3;o isqu&#xEA;mica do VE tiveram valores de GWI, GCW e GWE significativamente menores, mas valores de GWW significativamente maiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Esses resultados implicam que a defici&#xEA;ncia de TM se manifesta no metabolismo energ&#xE9;tico alterado (permanentemente anaer&#xF3;bico) no mioc&#xE1;rdio reconstru&#xED;do.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O &#xED;ndice MW regional tamb&#xE9;m se mostrou superior a todos os outros marcadores ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos (SLG e FEVE) na detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o de bloqueio agudo da art&#xE9;ria coron&#xE1;ria na s&#xED;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Cardiomiopatia</title>
<p>O GCW se apresentou como o &#xFA;nico preditor de fibrose do VE quando o realce tardio com gadol&#xED;nio foi usado, e valores de GCW &#x3C;1730 mmHg% estiveram relacionados a um pior progn&#xF3;stico a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Al&#xE9;m disso, Chanet al. descreveram diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o significativa do GWI, GCW e GWE, com aumento do GWW, em um subgrupo de pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Esse achado resultou de uma significativa deteriora&#xE7;&#xE3;o do desempenho contr&#xE1;til dos cardiomi&#xF3;citos em pacientes com CMD, sejam isqu&#xEA;micos ou n&#xE3;o isqu&#xEA;micos. Al&#xE9;m disso, outro benef&#xED;cio da medi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de MW tamb&#xE9;m pode ser utilizado como indica&#xE7;&#xE3;o na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos benef&#xED;cios da terapia em pacientes com CMD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Outro uso terap&#xEA;utico para os indicadores de MW pode ser na predi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eventos cardiovasculares significativos em pacientes com amiloidose card&#xED;aca (AC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Um estudo conduzido por Clemmensen et al. examinou o impacto do TM do VE na predi&#xE7;&#xE3;o do progn&#xF3;stico em indiv&#xED;duos com AC. Os autores verificaram que indiv&#xED;duos com GWI &#x3C;1.043 mm Hg% apresentavam risco aumentado de eventos card&#xED;acos adversos graves, enquanto aqueles com GWI &#x3C;1.039 mm Hg% apresentavam risco aumentado de morte por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Hipertens&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Em indiv&#xED;duos com hipertens&#xE3;o, o VE bombeia contra a press&#xE3;o arterial mais elevada, reduzindo o volume sist&#xF3;lico do VE e aumentando a energia necess&#xE1;ria para a fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o de bomba do VE, elevando assim o &#xED;ndice global de trabalho mioc&#xE1;rdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Chan et al. verificaram que pacientes com PAS superior a 160 mm Hg apresentavam os &#xED;ndices GWI e GCW consideravelmente elevados. Houve aumento constante do &#xED;ndice GWW em pacientes com PAS entre 140 e 159 mmHg, atingindo um pico de 160 mmHg naqueles com PAS &#x3E;160 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
<p>Al&#xE9;m disso, Tadic et al. verificaram que os &#xED;ndices de TM de pacientes hipertensos pioravam em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com controles normotensos, mas esses valores eram consideravelmente piores em pacientes hipertensos com DM concomitante. Apenas o &#xED;ndice GCW se mostrou significativamente mais elevado em indiv&#xED;duos com hipertens&#xE3;o e diabetes mellitus concomitantes do que aqueles com hipertens&#xE3;o apenas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, a primeira investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Sahiti et al. que correlacionou o TM com fatores de risco CV e g&#xEA;nero concluiu que a rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre hipertens&#xE3;o e obesidade e GWI era maior em mulheres. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es e recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es</title>
<p>Embora a an&#xE1;lise de TM possa ser realizada em uma grande propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pacientes, existem v&#xE1;rias limita&#xE7;&#xF5;es a serem consideradas. Tendo em vista que o TM se baseia na estimativa da press&#xE3;o n&#xE3;o invasiva do VE a partir da press&#xE3;o arterial sist&#xEA;mica (PAS) medida com esfigmoman&#xF4;metro, n&#xE3;o &#xE9; fortemente recomendado para avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o em situa&#xE7;&#xF5;es patol&#xF3;gicas como estenose a&#xF3;rtica (EA), em que a PA sist&#xF3;lica n&#xE3;o reflete o pico de press&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica do VE press&#xE3;o devido &#xE0; obstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o fixa causada por uma valva esten&#xF3;tica. Jain et al. recomendaram recentemente que o total do gradiente m&#xE9;dio transa&#xF3;rtico e da PA sist&#xF3;lica sejam usados para estimar a press&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica de pico do VE em um grupo de pacientes com EA severa submetidos a substitui&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar a&#xF3;rtica transcateter (TAVR). Quando os indicadores de TM foram comparados antes e depois da substitui&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar, observou-se uma diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o consider&#xE1;vel nos &#xED;ndices GWI e GCW, contribuindo para o r&#xE1;pido al&#xED;vio do aumento da demanda de oxig&#xEA;nio associada ao aumento da p&#xF3;s-carga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Esses achados sugerem que a abordagem sugerida de corre&#xE7;&#xE3;o do TM pela adi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de um gradiente m&#xE9;dio transa&#xF3;rtico &#xE0; PA sist&#xF3;lica &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel e confi&#xE1;vel. No entanto, &#xE9; necess&#xE1;ria a valida&#xE7;&#xE3;o em pacientes com maior EA submetidos a TAVR antes de sua utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de forma mais consistente.</p>
<p>Por fim, o TM &#xE9; dependente da plataforma do fornecedor e necessita de um software especializado que, atualmente, &#xE9; suportado exclusivamente pela General Electric (GE), n&#xE3;o podendo ser testado utilizando outro software. Esse fato restringe o n&#xFA;mero de pacientes que podem ser analisados com essa estrat&#xE9;gia e limita a compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos achados de um mesmo paciente com itens de m&#xFA;ltiplos fornecedores. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
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<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O TM &#xE9; uma abordagem razo&#xE1;vel, vi&#xE1;vel e confi&#xE1;vel para a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o n&#xE3;o invasiva da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE, permitindo o uso generalizado da medi&#xE7;&#xE3;o do TM no diagn&#xF3;stico e na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o do tratamento de diversas doen&#xE7;as cardiovasculares. O TM melhora as avalia&#xE7;&#xF5;es de FEVE e SLG, minimizando a depend&#xEA;ncia de carga desses fatores. Embora as informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es atualmente dispon&#xED;veis sobre o TM sejam insuficientes para orientar maiores interven&#xE7;&#xF5;es, espera-se um m&#xE9;todo integrado que ofere&#xE7;a valor adicional &#xE0;s medidas ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficas convencionais. Os m&#xE9;dicos tamb&#xE9;m precisam confiar nos sintomas e nos dados ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos at&#xE9; que uma pesquisa multic&#xEA;ntrica bem projetada que valide essa estrat&#xE9;gia em grandes popula&#xE7;&#xF5;es seja realizada para estabelecer seu valor agregado e incluir &#xED;ndices de TM na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o ecocardiogr&#xE1;fica de rotina.</p>
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<p>Editor respons&#xE1;vel pela revis&#xE3;o: Marco S. Lofrano Alves</p></fn></fn-group>
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<title>Agradecimentos</title>
<p>Os autores agradecem a todos que apoiam esta revis&#xE3;o sistem&#xE1;tica.</p>
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