<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="other" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223503ecom22</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>My Approach to</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach to Lung Ultrasound to Evaluate Extravascular Lung Water</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Otto</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Estefânia Bosco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Esmanhoto</surname>
						<given-names>Vanessa Andreoli</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Cardiology and Transplant Institute of the Federal District</institution>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiology and Transplant Institute of the Federal District.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">DF Star</institution>
				<institution content-type="original">DF Star.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute</institution>
				<institution content-type="original">Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Samaritano Hospital</institution>
				<institution content-type="original">Samaritano Hospital.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Maria Estefânia Bosco Otto • E-mail: <email>mariaestefaniaotto@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contributions</p>
					<p>This is a review article, there was no data collection or statistical analysis. Otto MEB and Esmanhoto VA equitably reviewed the literature, provided the images, and wrote the manuscript.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>17</day>
				<month>08</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>ecom22</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>6</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>6</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Ultrasonography</kwd>
				<kwd>Lung</kwd>
				<kwd>Dyspneia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="14"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="11"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
			<fig>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-ecom22-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>
			<fig>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-ecom22-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>A clinical history, physical examination, and focused ultrasound can accelerate the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of patients with progressive or acute dyspnea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Extravascular lung water (EVLW) is easily detected with lung ultrasound (LUS). Pivetta et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> reported excellent accuracy detecting EVLW by clinical evaluation and by the presence of “B” lines on LUS heigher than B natriuretic peptide dosage.</p>
			<p>The usefulness of LUS for intensive care unit patients was described in the 1980s, later than that of other ultrasound modalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> LUS is useful not only for diagnosing EVLW but also for risk stratification in myocardial infarction<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and acute congestive heart failure (CHF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Echocardiologists can easily learn this technique, which requires moving the transducer only a few centimeters from the usual accustic window used in echocardiography.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>My approach to the technique</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Equipment and transducers</title>
				<p>Simple and hand-held ultrasound equipment can obtain adequate LUS images. If the equipment has no lung presets, the abdominal preset is most appropriate due to its higher persistence. However, the adult cardiac preset can be used without losing information despite its reduced persistence.</p>
				<p>Three types of transducers can be used for LUS: 5-MHz convex, 3–5-MHz sectorial, and 5–12-MHz linear, the latter specifically to better assess the pleural line and slip. The sector transducer is most commonly used by echocardiologists due to ease of use and its narrow surface, which facilitates its transverse or longitudinal placement in the intercostal spaces.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The transducer can be used perpendicularly to the rib cage for rib visualization above and below the intercostal space. The ribs generate acoustic shadows that form an image called the bat sign (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Lung ultrasound image with the transducer in the longitudinal position. Larger arrow, pleural line; smaller arrows, acoustic shadow of the rib called the bat sign.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-ecom22-gf03.tif"/>
						<attrib>Source: Internal archive of the Echocardiography Department of Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Patient positioning and LUS protocols</title>
				<p>LUS can be performed with the patient in supine or seated position. Air-predominant structures will be positioned more apically and anteriorly (such as air trapped in a pneumothorax), while fluids will be located more inferiorly and posteriorly (as in pleural effusion). Thus, the patient should be kept at a 30–45 degree chest inclination for the assessment of pleural effusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency (BLUE) protocol, schematically described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 2A</xref>, enables a more systematic chest evaluation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This protocol divides the anterior region of the chest into eight segments from the right and left anterior axillary line. Each segment should be evaluated for the presence of the pulmonary artifact patterns described below. In addition to these eight anterior quadrants, the right and left costophrenic space region in the posterior axillary line should be evaluated for pleural effusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 2B</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Schematic representation of the Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency (BLUE) protocol. A. Anterior chest analysis; B. Costophrenic sinus analysis using the posterior axillary line as a reference. A, B: Model to locate the points to be evaluated by lung ultrasound (LUS) using the BLUE protocol. Figure A: Using both hands on the patient’s hemithorax with the superior little finger just below the clavicle (black line above the little finger) excluding the thumbs, and the inferior region of the other hand is positioned at the diaphragmatic line (black line). The “superior BLUE” point (red) is in the middle of the superior hand. The “inferior BLUE” point is in the middle of the inferior palm. These four points follow the anatomy of the lung and avoid the cardiac area. Figure B: The costophrenic sinus region point (red) is constructed from the horizontal line continuing the inferior BLUE point and the vertical line continuing the posterior axillary line (black). A superior point can be added between the posterior and anterior axillary line on the upper thorax floor. Thus, we will have four points in each hemithorax. This is a suggestion of a standardized location, but depending on the patient’s anatomy and size of the cardiac area, adaptations can be made to obtain the pulmonary window.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-ecom22-gf04.tif"/>
						<attrib>Source: Image produced by Dr. Maria Estefânia Bosco Otto based on information from several sources.<sup>6,8–10</sup></attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>LUS findings</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Normal findings</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Pleural line</title>
					<p>The pleural line is a more superficial hyperechogenic structure that is actually the only normal lung image finding that is not an artifact. This line slides (between the parietal and visceral pleura) with respiratory movements. The absence of this movement may indicate pneumothorax which is beyond the scope of this article (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>A lines</title>
					<p>The presence of air in the lung prevents proper ultrasound imaging. Thus, aerated lungs result in no interpretable ultrasound findings. However, the hyperechogenic pleural line causes part of the ultrasound to reflect back to the transducer and another part to propagate in the aerated lung, causing a reverberation phenomenon with several equidistant “A” or pleural lines. This normal finding is called the “A” pattern and is more visible in thin patients or those with lung hyperinflation (emphysema) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 3A</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f05">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Lung ultrasound findings in the parenchyma. Internal archive of the Echocardiography Department of Dante Pazzanese Cardiology. A. Lung ultrasound (LUS) quadrant. Thick arrow: pleural line; slin arrow: A line. B. LUS quadrant. Arrow: B line. C. LUS quadrant with coalescing B lines (arrows). It is not possible to differentiate A lines, only the pleural line. D. LUS quadrant showing consolidation and some air bronchograms (arrow).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-ecom22-gf05.tif"/>
							<attrib>Source: Institute and the Cardiology and Transplant Institute of the Federal District.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Abnormal findings</title>
					<sec>
						<title>B lines</title>
						<p>As the air content of the lung parenchyma is reduced, the density of the lung increases due to the increased presence of EVLW, exudate, transudate (in edema), collagen, or blood. Increased parenchymal density leads to contrast between lung structures, which now contain water in addition to air, and the ultrasound wave can be repeatedly reflected at deeper points from the pleura, creating vertical reverberation artifacts extending through the entire ultrasound accustic window depth. These artifacts are called “B” lines or comet tails. B lines move along the pleural line following its sliding with breathing. The number of B lines increases with increasing EVLW volume. A diagnosis of increased EVLW in a chest quadrant is significant in the presence of more than two B lines, being bilaterally considered significant EVLW by the BLUE protocol if four quadrants present more than two B lines (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 3B</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Sometimes B lines coalesce, forming a gray or white lung pattern that hinders A line visualization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 3C</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Consolidation</title>
						<p>Other findings such as consolidation and air bronchograms reflect the presence of a pulmonary process with increased extravascular fluid. These findings are common in pulmonary embolism, bacterial or viral pneumonia, and atelectasis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 3D</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Search for pleural effusion</title>
						<p>LUS is a sensitive tool for detecting pleural effusion. It can detect effusion volumes of 20 ml, while a chest X-ray detects only volumes larger than 100 ml. Pleural effusion detection should include a bilateral costophrenic sinus analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figures 2B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">4</xref>). Some authors recommend the use of formulas to evaluate pleural effusion volume. The most commonly used is the Balik formula, in which effusion volume (ml) = 20 × the greatest transversal distance containing the pleural effusion in millimeters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f06">
								<label>Figure 4</label>
								<caption>
									<title>Costophrenic space with pleural effusion.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-ecom22-gf06.tif"/>
								<attrib>Source: Internal archive of the Echocardiography Department of Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute. L, liver; PE, pleural effusion (arrow); S, spine.</attrib>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>How to describe changes in a structured lung report</title>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 5</xref> shows a sequential report model for the eight-segment BLUE protocol understanding of the findings clinician’s understanding of the findings. It is essential to describe findings on the right and left sides of each segment using a table. For more extensive lung involvement, segmentation can be expanded to 12, 16, or 32 segments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, the eight-segment protocol is practical and adds important information for echocardiologists who use LUS as a complement to echocardiography.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f07">
					<label>Figure 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Essential report elements. Table with columns on the left with four quadrants on the right (D1–D4) and on the right with the four left quadrants (E1–E4).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-ecom22-gf07.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>LUS was neglected for decades, but it has recently become indispensable for outpatient follow-up<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> or for the emergency treatment<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> of patients with dyspnea. LUS is fast and simple and provides crucial information. It is also of low cost and can be performed at the bedside using portable equipment. LUS is not a substitute for clinical examinations and should be considered in the context of the patient’s history.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Zanobetti M, Scorpiniti M, Gigli C, Nazerian P, Vanni S, Innocenti F, et al. Point-of-Care Ultrasonography for Evaluation of Acute Dyspnea in the ED. Chest. 2017;151(6):1295-301. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.02.003.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zanobetti</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Scorpiniti</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gigli</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nazerian</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vanni</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Innocenti</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Point-of-Care Ultrasonography for Evaluation of Acute Dyspnea in the ED</article-title>
					<source>Chest</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>151</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>1295</fpage>
					<lpage>1301</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.chest.2017.02.003</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. Pivetta E, Goffi A, Lupia E, Tizzani M, Porrino G, Ferreri E, et al.; SIMEU Group for Lung Ultrasound in the Emergency Department in Piedmont. Lung Ultrasound-Implemented Diagnosis of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure in the ED: A SIMEU Multicenter Study. Chest. 2015;148(1):202-10. doi: 10.1378/chest.14-2608.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pivetta</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Goffi</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lupia</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tizzani</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Porrino</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ferreri</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
						<collab>SIMEU Group for Lung Ultrasound in the Emergency Department in Piedmont</collab>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Lung Ultrasound-Implemented Diagnosis of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure in the ED: A SIMEU Multicenter Study</article-title>
					<source>Chest</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>148</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>202</fpage>
					<lpage>210</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1378/chest.14-260</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Slasky BS, Auerbach D, Skolnick ML. Value of portable real-time ultrasound in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 1983;11(3):160-4. doi: 10.1097/00003246-198303000-00002</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Slasky</surname>
							<given-names>BS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Auerbach</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Skolnick</surname>
							<given-names>ML</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Value of portable real-time ultrasound in the ICU</article-title>
					<source>Crit Care Med</source>
					<year>1983</year>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>160</fpage>
					<lpage>164</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00003246-198303000-00002</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Araujo GN, Silveira AD, Scolari FL, Custodio JL, Marques FP, Beltrame R, et al. Admission Bedside Lung Ultrasound Reclassifies Mortality Prediction in Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(6):e010269. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.119.010269</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Araujo</surname>
							<given-names>GN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Silveira</surname>
							<given-names>AD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Scolari</surname>
							<given-names>FL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Custodio</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marques</surname>
							<given-names>FP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Beltrame</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Admission Bedside Lung Ultrasound Reclassifies Mortality Prediction in Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
					<source>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>13</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<elocation-id>e010269</elocation-id>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.119.010269</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Platz E, Campbell RT, Claggett B, Lewis EF, Groarke JD, Docherty KF, et al. Lung Ultrasound in Acute Heart Failure: Prevalence of Pulmonary Congestion and Short- and Long-Term Outcomes. JACC Heart Fail. 2019;7(10):849-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2019.07.008</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Platz</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Campbell</surname>
							<given-names>RT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Claggett</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lewis</surname>
							<given-names>EF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Groarke</surname>
							<given-names>JD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Docherty</surname>
							<given-names>KF</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Lung Ultrasound in Acute Heart Failure: Prevalence of Pulmonary Congestion and Short- and Long-Term Outcomes</article-title>
					<source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>849</fpage>
					<lpage>858</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jchf.2019.07.008</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. Stassen J, Bax JJ. How to do lung ultrasound. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;23(4):447-9. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jeab241</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Stassen</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bax</surname>
							<given-names>JJ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>How to do lung ultrasound</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>447</fpage>
					<lpage>449</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jeab241</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. Balik M, Plasil P, Waldauf P, Pazout J, Fric M, Otahal M, et al. Ultrasound estimation of volume of pleural fluid in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32(2):318. doi: 10.1007/s00134-005-0024-2</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Balik</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Plasil</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Waldauf</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pazout</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fric</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Otahal</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Ultrasound estimation of volume of pleural fluid in mechanically ventilated patients</article-title>
					<source>Intensive Care Med</source>
					<year>2006</year>
					<volume>32</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<size units="pages">318</size>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00134-005-0024-2</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. Lichtenstein DA. BLUE-protocol and FALLS-protocol: two applications of lung ultrasound in the critically ill. Chest. 2015;147(6):1659-70. doi: 10.1378/chest.14-1313.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lichtenstein</surname>
							<given-names>DA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>BLUE-protocol and FALLS-protocol: two applications of lung ultrasound in the critically ill</article-title>
					<source>Chest</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>147</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>1659</fpage>
					<lpage>1670</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1378/chest.14-1313</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>9. Picano E, Scali MC, Ciampi Q, Lichtenstein D. Lung Ultrasound for the Cardiologist. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;11(11):1692-705. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.06.023</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Picano</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Scali</surname>
							<given-names>MC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ciampi</surname>
							<given-names>Q</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lichtenstein</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Lung Ultrasound for the Cardiologist</article-title>
					<source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<fpage>1692</fpage>
					<lpage>1705</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.06.023</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation>10. Picano E, Pellikka PA. Ultrasound of extravascular lung water: a new standard for pulmonary congestion. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(27):2097-104. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw164</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Picano</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pellikka</surname>
							<given-names>PA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Ultrasound of extravascular lung water: a new standard for pulmonary congestion</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>37</volume>
					<issue>27</issue>
					<fpage>2097</fpage>
					<lpage>2104</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehw164</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation>11. Miglioranza MH, Gargani L, Sant’Anna RT, Rover MM, Martins VM, Mantovani A, et al. Lung ultrasound for the evaluation of pulmonary congestion in outpatients: a comparison with clinical assessment, natriuretic peptides, and echocardiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(11):1141-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.08.004</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Miglioranza</surname>
							<given-names>MH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gargani</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sant’Anna</surname>
							<given-names>RT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rover</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martins</surname>
							<given-names>VM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mantovani</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Lung ultrasound for the evaluation of pulmonary congestion in outpatients: a comparison with clinical assessment, natriuretic peptides, and echocardiography</article-title>
					<source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1141</fpage>
					<lpage>1151</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.08.004</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Como Eu Faço</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como Eu Faço Ultrassom de Pulmão para Avaliar Congestão</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Otto</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Estefânia Bosco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Esmanhoto</surname>
						<given-names>Vanessa Andreoli</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplante do Distrito Federal.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">DF Star.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Maria Estefânia Bosco Otto • E-mail: mariaestefaniaotto@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Este é um artigo de revisão, não houve coleta de dados ou análise estatística. Otto MEB e Esmanhoto VA realizaram de forma equitativa a revisão de literatura, o fornecimento de imagens e a redação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Ultrassonografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Pulmão</kwd>
				<kwd>Dispneia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
				<fig>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-ecom22-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02002">
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-ecom22-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>No diagnóstico de dispneia progressiva ou aguda, a história clínica e o exame físico, acrescido de um exame de ultrassom focado, podem ser capazes de acelerar o diagnóstico apropriado e o tratamento adequado do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Particularmente, a presença de líquido extravascular pulmonar é detectada facilmente com o ultrassom de pulmão (USP). Pivetta et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> observaram alta acurácia para detecção de congestão pulmonar utilizando avaliação clínica e presença de linhas B pelo USP, inclusive superior até que a dosagem de peptídeo natriurético tipo B.</p>
				<p>A utilidade do USP nas urgências foi descrita mais tardiamente que outras modalidades de ultrassom, já na década de 1980,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> em pacientes de unidade de terapia intensiva. Com a experiência acumulada, o USP provou ser útil não somente para o diagnóstico de congestão, mas também para estratificação de risco no infarto do miocárdio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e na insuficiência cárdica congestiva (ICC) aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>A técnica para os ecocardiologistas é de fácil aprendizado e requer o deslocamento do transdutor somente alguns centímetros da janela habitual utilizada no ecocardiograma.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Como eu faço a técnica</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Equipamentos e transdutores</title>
					<p>Equipamentos de ultrassom simples e até mesmo os chamados <italic>hand-held</italic> são capazes de obter imagens adequadas de USP. O <italic>preset</italic> considerado mais apropriado para obtenção das imagens, caso o equipamento não tenha um <italic>preset</italic> pulmonar, é o abdominal, por sua persistência mais elevada. No entanto, o <italic>preset</italic> cardíaco adulto, apesar da persistência reduzida, pode ser utilizado, sem perda de informações.</p>
					<p>Três tipos de transdutores podem ser utilizados para o USP: convexo de 5MHz, setorial de 3 a 5Mhz e o linear de 5 a 12Mhz – este último especificamente para melhor avaliação da linha pleural e deslizamento pleural. Para o ecocardiologista, o transdutor setorial é o mais utilizado, por sua disponibilidade e superfície estreita, facilitando sua colocação de forma transversa ou longitudinal nos espaços intercostais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Quando utilizado o transdutor orientado no sentido perpendicular ao gradeado costal, visualizam-se as costelas acima e abaixo do espaço intercostal. As costelas geram sombras acústicas que formam a imagem chamada de <italic>Bat-sign</italic> (sinal do morcego) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Imagem de ultrassom de pulmão com transdutor na posição longitudinal. Seta maior aponta para linha pleural, e setas menores mostram a sombra acústica da costela. Este aspecto da sombra acústica da costela é chamado “sinal do morcego”.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-ecom22-gf03-pt.tif"/>
							<attrib>Fonte: Arquivo interno do setor de ecocardiografia do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Posicionamento do paciente e protocolos para ultrassom de pulmão</p>
					<p>É possível realizar o exame de USP com o paciente em decúbito dorsal ou sentado. As estruturas com predominância de ar terão um posicionamento mais apical e anterior (como o ar aprisionado no pneumotórax); os líquidos serão localizados mais inferior e posteriormente (como pode ser observado no derrame pleural). Dessa forma, para avaliar o derrame pleural, é interessante manter o paciente com uma inclinação do tórax de 30 a 45°.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>Para uma avaliação mais sistemática do tórax, o protocolo <italic>bedside lung ultrasound in emergency</italic>, ou BLUE, é descrito de forma esquemática na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 2A</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Esse protocolo divide a região anterior do tórax em oito segmentos a partir da linha axilar anterior direita e esquerda. Cada segmento deve ser avaliado para presença de padrões de artefatos pulmonares que são descritos a seguir. Além desses oito quadrantes anteriores, a avaliação da região do seio costofrênico direito e esquerdo na linha axilar posterior é recomendada para detecção de derrame pleural (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 2B</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Representação esquemática do protocolo bedside lung ultrasound in emergency, ou BLUE. Modelo de localização dos pontos a serem avaliados com ultrassom de pulmão pelo protocolo BLUE. (A) Análise do tórax anterior. Utilizar as duas mãos no hemitórax do paciente, com o dedo mínimo superior logo abaixo da clavícula (linha preta acima do dedo mínimo); excluir os polegares. A região inferior da outra mão é posicionada ao nível da linha diafragmática (linha preta). O ponto denominado “BLUE superior” (ponto vermelho) está no meio da mão superior. O “ponto BLUE inferior” está no meio da palma inferior. Esses quatro pontos seguem aproximadamente a anatomia do pulmão e evitam a área cardíaca. (B) Análise do seio costofrênico, utilizando a linha axilar posterior como referência. O ponto da região do seio costo frênico (ponto vermelho) é construído a partir da linha horizontal, continuando o ponto BLUE inferior e a linha vertical continuando a linha axilar posterior (linha preta). Para completar, pode-se adicionar um ponto superior entre a linha axilar posterior e anterior, no andar superior do tórax. Dessa forma, teremos quatro pontos em cada hemitórax. Essa é uma sugestão de localização padronizada, mas, na depedência da anatomia do paciente e do tamanho da área cardíaca, adaptações podem ser realizadas para obtenção da janela pulmonar.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-ecom22-gf04-pt.tif"/>
							<attrib>Fonte: Imagem produzida por Dra. Maria Estefânia Bosco Otto, com base em Stassen et al.,<sup>6</sup> Lichtenstein<sup>8</sup> e Picano et al.<sup>9,10</sup></attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Imagens encontradas no ultrassom de pulmão</title>
					<sec>
						<title>Achados compatíveis com normalidade</title>
						<sec>
							<title>Linha pleural</title>
							<p>A linha pleural é uma estrutura hiperrefringente, mais superficial e, na verdade, é a única imagem no pulmão normal que não é um artefato. Há um deslizamento normal dessa linha (movimento entre a pleura parietal e visceral) com o movimento respiratório, e a ausência desse movimento pode indicar pneumotórax, que foge ao escopo deste artigo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
						</sec>
						<sec>
							<title>Linhas A</title>
							<p>A presença de ar no pulmão impede a condução apropriada do ultrassom. Dessa forma, o pulmão aerado não forma uma imagem de ultrassom passível de interpretação. No entanto, a linha pleural, sendo hiperrefringente, faz com que parte do ultrassom reflita de volta ao transdutor e parte se propaga no pulmão aerado, causando o fenômeno de reverberação, com várias linhas “A” equidistantes, ou linhas pleurais equidistantes. Pode-se chamar esse achado, que deve ser considerado normal, de padrão de “A”, sendo mais visível em pacientes magros ou com hiperinsuflação pulmonar (enfisema)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 3A</xref>).</p>
							<p>
								<fig id="f05002">
									<label>Figura 3</label>
									<caption>
										<title>Achados de imagem do parênquima no ultrassom de pulmão. (A) Quadrante de ultrassom de pulmão. Seta grossa: linha pleural; seta fina: linha A. (B) Quadrante de ultrassom de pulmão. Seta: linha B. (C) Quadrante de ultrassom de pulmão com linhas B coalescentes (setas). Não é possível diferenciar linhas A, somente a linha pleural. (D) Quadrante de ultrassom de pulmão com imagem de consolidação e alguns broncogramas aéreos (seta).</title>
									</caption>
									<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-ecom22-gf05-pt.tif"/>
									<attrib>Fonte: Arquivo interno do Setor de Ecocardiografia do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia e do Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplante do Distrito Federal.</attrib>
								</fig>
							</p>
						</sec>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Achados anormais</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Linhas B</title>
					<p>À medida que o conteúdo de ar do parênquima pulmonar é reduzido, a densidade do pulmão aumenta, seja pela maior presença de líquido extravascular, por exsudato, transudato (na congestão), colágeno ou por sangue. Com a densidade do parênquima aumentada, há contraste entre as estruturas pulmonares, as quais, agora, além de ar, têm água, e a onda de ultrassom pode ser refletida em pontos mais profundos, repetidas vezes a partir da pleura, criando artefatos verticais de reverberação, que se estendem por toda profundidade da janela de ultrassom. Esses artefatos são chamados linhas “B”, ou rabos de cometa. As linhas B se movem a longo da linha pleural, acompanhando seu deslizamento com a respiração. O número de linhas B aumenta com o aumento do líquido extravascular. O diagnóstico de aumento de líquido extravascular é considerado significativo em um quadrante do tórax na presença de mais de duas linhas B e será considerado<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> bilateralmente pelo protocolo BLUE se quatro quadrantes estiverem com mais de duas linhas B como congestão significativa. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 3B</xref>). Por vezes, as linhas B coalescem, impossibilitando a visualização das linhas A, formando um padrão cinza ou branco de pulmão (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 3C</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Consolidação</title>
					<p>Outros achados, como consolidações e broncograma aéreo, refletem a presença de processo pulmonar, com aumento de líquido extravascular. Esses achados são frequentes em embolia pulmonar, pneumonias bacterianas ou virais e atelectasias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 3D</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Pesquisa de derrame pleural</title>
					<p>O USP de pulmão é uma ferramenta sensível para detecção de derrame pleural. Tem capacidade de detectar volumes de derrame de ٢٠ ml, enquanto o raio X de tórax detecta a partir de 100 ml. A detecção de derrame pleural deve incluir a análise do seio costofrênico bilateralmente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figuras 2B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">4</xref>). Alguns autores preconizam a avaliação do volume do derrame por meio de fórmulas, sendo a mais utilizada a de Balik, onde o volume do derrame (ml)=20x a maior distância da lâmina avaliada pela posição transversa do transdutor em milímetros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f06002">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Seio costofrênico com derrame pleural.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-ecom22-gf06-pt.tif"/>
							<attrib>Fonte: Arquivo interno do Setor de Ecocardiografia do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. F: fígado; DP: derrame pleural (seta); C: coluna.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Como descrever as alterações no laudo estruturado para pulmão</title>
				<p>Para melhor entendimento dos achados pelo clínico solicitante, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07002">Figura 5</xref> sugere um modelo de laudo sequencial para o protocolo BLUE de oito segmentos. É importante descrever o achado de cada seguimento à direita e à esquerda, por meio de uma tabela. Para acometimentos pulmonares mais extensos, pode-se ampliar a segmentação pulmonar para 12, 16 ou 32 segmentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, para o ecocardiologista que utiliza o USP como complementação do exame de ecocardiograma, o protocolo de oito segmentos é prático e acrescenta informações importantes para o diagnóstico do paciente.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f07002">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Elementos essenciais para o laudo. Tabela com colunas da esquerda com quatro quadrantes da direita (D1-D4) e, à direita, os quatro quadrantes esquerdos (E1-E4).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-ecom22-gf07-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Por décadas, o ultrassom do pulmão foi negligenciado. Recentemente, tornou-se indispensável para acompanhamento ambulatorial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> ou na emergência<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> de pacientes com dispneia. O ultrassom do pulmão é rápido, simples e pode trazer informações cruciais. Além disso, seu custo é baixo e tem possibilidade de ser realizado à beira do leito, com equipamentos portáteis. O ultrassom do pulmão não substitui a avaliação clínica e deve ser inserido no contexto da história do paciente.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>