<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223503eabc332</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>O Que o Sistema Navegador Agrega aos Procedimentos Intervencionistas Na Sala Híbrida?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6072-499X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ramirez</surname>
						<given-names>Denisse Guzman</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4018-7346</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hernandez</surname>
						<given-names>Jose Maria Hernandez</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cardiología Unidad Medica de Alta Especialidad No. 34</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Monterrey</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cardiología Unidad Medica de Alta Especialidad No. 34, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, México.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Doctors Hospital</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Monterrey</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Doctors Hospital, Monterrey, México.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">SISIAC</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santiago</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CL">Chile</country>
				<institution content-type="original">SISIAC, Santiago, Chile.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Correspondência: Jose Maria Hernandez • Doctor's Hospital, Ecuador 2331, Balcones de Galerias Monterrey, Mexico. E-mail: <email>drchemahdez@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Guzman-Ramirez D e Hernandez-Hernandez JM: ideias principais, seleção de imagens; Guzman-Ramirez D: redação do artigo, seleção dos artigos; Hernandez-Hernandez JM: organização do manuscrito.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>23</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc332</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>3</day>
					<month>8</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>4</day>
					<month>8</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>8</day>
					<month>8</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Fluoroscopia</kwd>
				<kwd>Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="6"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec>
			<title>O que o sistema navegador agrega aos procedimentos intervencionistas na sala híbrida?</title>
			<p>A imagem fluoroscópica de projeção fixa bidimensional é limitada na caracterização de tecidos moles e anatomia cardíaca complexa; atualmente, é insuficiente no intervencionismo estrutural cardíaco. É necessário incluir técnicas recentes de ultrassonografia cardíaca tridimensional para melhorar a imagem anatômica e a resolução espacial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Imagens de fusão ou híbridas com o emprego de fluoroscopia 2D em combinação com imagens estáticas ou dinâmicas obtidas a partir de angiotomografia cardíaca (ATC), ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) e ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE) têm sido usadas com sucesso para intervenções cardíacas estruturais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Uma imagem de fusão é a sobreposição de imagens adquiridas de diferentes modalidades dentro de uma mesma coordenada espacial. Denominou-se esse processo de mapeamento de imagens de corregistro ou registro de imagens.</p>
			<p>A imagem de fusão de ecocardiografia/fluoroscopia é produzida no laboratório de hemodinâmica, entendendo a necessidade de se obter imagens tridimensionais em movimento e com qualidade adequada, uma vez que o uso de imagens pré-procedimento como RMC/ATC, por serem estáticas, não podem atualizar a situação intraprocedimento. Com novas tecnologias melhorando constantemente a resolução da ETE, essa modalidade de imagem foi considerada ideal para guiar intervenções cardíacas estruturais. A primeira proposta publicada veio de Gao et al. em 2010, mesclando as imagens ecocardiográficas e fluoroscópicas em software especializado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Conceito</title>
			<p>Este método utiliza uma imagem baseada em um algoritmo de registro 2D/3D para localizar a sonda transesofágica; dessa forma, é possível acompanhar seu movimento e sobrepor a imagem ecocardiográfica à imagem fluoroscópica quando o arco C se move. A imagem fluoroscópica foi transferida juntamente com a imagem ecocardiográfica; a precisão clínica no início foi de 1,5 a 4 mm no tecido. Esta tecnologia foi aprovada pela FDA para uso em 2013 para EchoNavigator (Philips Healthcare, Best, Holanda) e em 2017 para TrueFusion (Siemens Healthineer, Erlangen, Alemanha).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O primeiro estudo sobre o protótipo do software foi publicado em 2013 na Suíça, comparando dois grupos de pacientes não randomizados que receberam clipes mitrais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Pontos fortes</title>
			<p>Nesta tecnologia, o campo de visão da ETE é exibido como um contorno para fornecer um ponto de referência adicional, mostrando ambas as imagens fundidas em movimento. A imagem da ETE apresenta perspectivas fundamentais sobre a anatomia dos tecidos moles. Esta tecnologia de fusão permite o uso de marcadores colocados na imagem ecográfica e aparece automaticamente na imagem fundida com fluoroscopia. Por fim, na tela, três perspectivas de visualização simultâneas podem ser alteradas conforme a conveniência do operador, favorecendo a fluidez do trabalho de intervenção (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Tabela de apoio fusão eco/fluoroscopia de acordo com os procedimentos.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Procedimento</th>
								<th>Redução da Radiação</th>
								<th>Redução do Agente Contraste</th>
								<th>Redução do Tempo</th>
								<th>Cateteres, diretrizes e visualização do dispositivo</th>
								<th>Marcos durante o procedimento</th>
								<th>Segurança e viabilidade</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Punção transseptal</td>
								<td>88p retrospectivo<sup>2</sup></td>
								<td> </td>
								<td>88p retrospectivo<sup>2</sup></td>
								<td> </td>
								<td>88p retrospectivo<sup>2</sup></td>
								<td>88p retrospectivo<sup>2</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Fechamento de vazamento paravalvar</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Às vezes pode obscurecer guias e cateteres<sup>2</sup></td>
								<td>Pequenos defeitos paravalvares ou abordagem retrógrada<sup>2</sup></td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Reparo da valva mitral transcateter</td>
								<td>21p versus 21p não randomizado<sup>4</sup></td>
								<td>21p versus 21p não randomizado<sup>4</sup></td>
								<td>21 versus 21p<sup>4</sup> Em mais de um clipe implantado, houve redução clínica no tempo</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Pode ser útil na qualidade de imagem subótima ou no sombreamento do cateter-guia<sup>2</sup></td>
								<td>21 vs 21p não randomizado<sup>4</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Fechamento do apêndice atrial esquerdo</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Teoricamente<sup>2</sup></td>
								<td>Facilitar a canulação do AAE<sup>2</sup></td>
								<td>Facilitar a implantação do dispositivo<sup>2</sup></td>
								<td>Teoricamente<sup>2</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Substituição da Valva Aórtica Transcateter</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Teoricamente, redução na DRC não adequada para ATC<sup>2</sup></td>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Teoricamente, melhor avaliação da posição do fio-guia e do dispositivo<sup>2</sup></td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Cardiopatia congênita em adultos</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td>51p<sup>6</sup> Melhorar a confiança</td>
								<td>51p<sup>6</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><italic>p: Pacientes; Verde: Vantagens obtidas no estudo; Laranja: algumas vantagens e desvantagens observadas no estudo; Vermelho: Nenhum benefício observado no estudo.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Desvantagens</title>
			<p>Disponibilidade e custo são os fatores que mais influenciam seu uso rotineiro. Atualmente, há pouca disponibilidade de informações baseadas em evidências; a experiência de alguns centros médicos e publicações de casos clínicos são as principais fontes de dados.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Novos formatos</title>
			<p>Foram publicados casos clínicos que explicam a fusão ecocardiográfica com ATC e fluoroscopia. A fusão com ATC permite sobrepor imagens tiradas em dias anteriores com fluoroscopia em tempo real. As informações obtidas a partir de ambas as modalidades de imagem são sinérgicas durante as intervenções cardíacas estruturais, onde o feedback imediato e a precisão são essenciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As condições de pré-carga podem variar entre o momento da aquisição tomográfica e o momento da intervenção, causando alguma variabilidade anatômica. Outra limitação da fusão com ATC é que a correlação com a anatomia torácica pode se tornar inconsistente irregular depois que cateteres e fios-guia invadem o tórax.</p>
			<p>Novas versões de ETE/fusão fluoroscópica otimizaram sua tecnologia adicionando uma tela sensível ao toque ao equipamento ecocardiográfico para introdução de marcadores e planos de reconstrução automática foram adicionados para a aorta, valva mitral e apêndice atrial esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). Ambas as tecnologias apresentam essas características, onde a modelagem de válvula de um clique fornece pontos de referência automatizados para fusão ao vivo.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Orientação de oclusão de apêndice atrial esquerdo. Observa-se marcação oval mostrando a localização do óstio do apêndice atrial esquerdo.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc332-gf01.tif"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Dr. Jose Maria Hernandez, Monterrey, México.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>O EchoNavigator adicionou a tecnologia de vidro Truevue com Doppler colorido para avaliar o local da regurgitação valvar na imagem fundida. Além disso, cavidades como ventrículo e átrio podem ser rastreadas no equipamento de ecocardiografia, e essas imagens podem ser transmitidas para a tela principal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Fusão de imagens de ecocardiograma/fluoroscopia na orientação da implantação de clipe mitral. Observam-se três marcações que conferem segurança durante a implantação do dispositivo.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc332-gf02.tif"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Dr. Jose Maria Hernandez, Monterrey, México.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusões</title>
			<p>A fluoroscopia da ecocardiografia de fusão é uma ferramenta valiosa para procedimentos de intervenção cardiovascular estrutural, oferecendo uma série de vantagens para orientá-los. Essa tecnologia facilita o trabalho em equipe e pode contribuir para a redução do tempo, a quantidade de radiação e a quantidade de contraste IV. A tecnologia continua sendo modernizada, existindo atualmente protocolos específicos para intervencionismo estrutural.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>Referências</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Gao G, Penney G, Ma Y, Gogin N, Cathier P, Arujuna A, Morton G, Caulfield D, Gill J, Aldo Rinaldi C, Hancock J, Redwood S, Thomas M, Razavi R, Gijsbers G, Rhode K. Registration of 3D trans-esophageal echocardiography to X-ray fluoroscopy using image-based probe tracking. Med Image Anal. 2012 Jan;16(1):38-49. doi: 10.1016/j.media.2011.05.003.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gao</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Penney</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ma</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gogin</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cathier</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arujuna</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Morton</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Caulfield</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gill</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aldo Rinaldi</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hancock</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Redwood</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Thomas</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Razavi</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gijsbers</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rhode</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Registration of 3D trans-esophageal echocardiography to X-ray fluoroscopy using image-based probe tracking</article-title>
					<source>Med Image Anal</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<month>01</month>
					<volume>16</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>38</fpage>
					<lpage>49</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.media.2011.05.003</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. Wiley BM, Eleid MF, Thaden JJ. Fusion Imaging for Procedural Guidance. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2018 May;71(5):373-381. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.rec.2017.10.029.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wiley</surname>
							<given-names>BM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Eleid</surname>
							<given-names>MF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Thaden</surname>
							<given-names>JJ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Fusion Imaging for Procedural Guidance</article-title>
					<source>Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed)</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<month>05</month>
					<volume>71</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>373</fpage>
					<lpage>381</lpage>
					<comment>English, Spanish</comment>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.rec.2017.10.029</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Gao, G. et al. (2010). Rapid Image Registration of Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography and X-ray Fluoroscopy for the Guidance of Cardiac Interventions. In: Navab, N., Jannin, P. (eds) Information Processing in Computer-Assisted Interventions. IPCAI 2010. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6135. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13711-2_12">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13711-2_12</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gao</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al.</etal>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<chapter-title>Rapid Image Registration of Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography and X-ray Fluoroscopy for the Guidance of Cardiac Interventions</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Navab</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jannin</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<role>eds</role>
					</person-group>
					<source>Information Processing in Computer-Assisted Interventions. IPCAI 2010. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6135</source>
					<publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Berlin, Heidelberg</publisher-loc>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13711-2_12">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13711-2_12</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Sündermann SH, Biaggi P, Grünenfelder J, Gessat M, Felix C, Bettex D, Falk V, Corti R. Safety and feasibility of novel technology fusing echocardiography and fluoroscopy images during MitraClip interventions. EuroIntervention. 2014 Feb;9(10):1210-6. doi: 10.4244/EIJV9I10A203.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sündermann</surname>
							<given-names>SH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Biaggi</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grünenfelder</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gessat</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Felix</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bettex</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Falk</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Corti</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Safety and feasibility of novel technology fusing echocardiography and fluoroscopy images during MitraClip interventions</article-title>
					<source>EuroIntervention</source>
					<year>2014</year>
					<month>02</month>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>1210</fpage>
					<lpage>1216</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4244/EIJV9I10A203</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Safi LM, Jelnin V, Patel R, Oguayo K, Pasala TKR, Ruiz CE. Novel Use of Echo Fusion and Cardiac Computed Tomographic Imaging Guidance for Percutaneous Paravalvular Leak Closure. CASE (Phila). 2020 Jun 11;4(4):303-310. doi: 10.1016/j.case.2020.05.006.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Safi</surname>
							<given-names>LM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jelnin</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Patel</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oguayo</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pasala</surname>
							<given-names>TKR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ruiz</surname>
							<given-names>CE</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Novel Use of Echo Fusion and Cardiac Computed Tomographic Imaging Guidance for Percutaneous Paravalvular Leak Closure</article-title>
					<source>CASE (Phila)</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<month>06</month>
					<day>11</day>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<fpage>303</fpage>
					<lpage>310</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.case.2020.05.006</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. Hadeed K, Hascoet S, Karsenty C, Chausseray G, Alacoque X, Dulac Y, et al. Echonavigator in children with congenital heart disease. Arch Cardiovasc Dis Supplements. 2019:11 (3);e307. Doi: 10.1016/j.acvdsp.2019.04.006<underline>.</underline>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hadeed</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hascoet</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Karsenty</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chausseray</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alacoque</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dulac</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Echonavigator in children with congenital heart disease</article-title>
					<source>Arch Cardiovasc Dis Supplements</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>e307</fpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.acvdsp.2019.04.006</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>What does the navigator system in interventional procedures in the hybrid room?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6072-499X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ramirez</surname>
						<given-names>Denisse Guzman</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4018-7346</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hernandez</surname>
						<given-names>Jose Maria Hernandez</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1001">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cardiología Unidad Medica de Alta Especialidad No. 34, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, México.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2001">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Doctors Hospital, Monterrey, México.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3001">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="CL">Chile</country>
				<institution content-type="original">SISIAC, Santiago, Chile.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Jose Maria Hernandez • Doctor's Hospital, Ecuador 2331, Balcones de Galerias Monterrey, Mexico. E-mail: drchemahdez@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contributions</p>
					<p>Guzman-Ramirez D and Hernandez-Hernandez JM: main ideas, selection of images; Guzman-Ramirez D: writing of the article, selection of articles; Hernandez-Hernandez JM: organization of the manuscript.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The author declares that he has no conflict of interest</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Fluoroscopy</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiac Surgical Procedures</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec>
				<title>What does the navigator system add to interventional procedures in the hybrid room?</title>
				<p>The usefulness of two-dimensional fixed projection fluoroscopic imaging in the characterization of soft tissues and complex cardiac anatomy is limited. Moreover, it is currently insufficient for cardiac structural interventionism. Including recent three-dimensional cardiac ultrasound imaging techniques is necessary to improve anatomical images and spatial resolution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Fusion or hybrid imaging using two-dimensional fluoroscopy in combination with static or dynamic imaging obtained from cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCT), cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) have been successfully used for structural cardiac interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A fusion image is the superimposition of images acquired from different modalities within the same spatial coordinate. This image mapping process is called co-registration or image registration.</p>
				<p>As the echocardiography/fluoroscopy fusion image arises in the catheterization laboratory, we must understand the need to obtain adequate-quality three-dimensional moving images since the use of static pre-procedural images such as CMR/CCT cannot improve the intraprocedural situation. With emerging technologies constantly improving TEE resolution, this imaging modality is considered ideal for guiding structural cardiac interventions. The first published proposal, provided by Gao et al. in 2010, merged echocardiographic and fluoroscopic images using specialized software.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Concept</title>
				<p>This method uses an image based on a two-/three-dimensional registration algorithm to locate the transesophageal probe; in this way, it is possible to follow its movement and superimpose the echocardiographic image on the fluoroscopic image when the C-arc moves. The fluoroscopic image is transferred together with the echocardiographic image; the initial clinical precision in the tissue was 1.5–4 mm. This technology was FDA approved for use in 2013 for the EchoNavigator (Philips Healthcare, Best, The Netherlands) and in 2017 for the TrueFusion (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The first study of the software prototype, published in 2013 in Switzerland, compared two groups of non-randomized patients who received mitral clips.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Strengths</title>
				<p>Using this technology, the TEE field of view is displayed as an outline to provide an additional point of reference by showing both fused images in motion. The TEE image provides critical perspectives on soft tissue anatomy. This fusion technology allows the use of markers placed on the echo image and automatically appears on the image fused with a fluoroscopic image. Finally, on the screen, three simultaneous viewing perspectives can be changed at the operator’s convenience, which favors the intervention work’s fluidity. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>)</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1001">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Echocardiography/fluoroscopy fusion utility procedures.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Procedure</th>
									<th>Radiation reduction</th>
									<th>Contrast agent reduction</th>
									<th>Time reduction</th>
									<th>Catheters, guidelines, and device visualization</th>
									<th>Landmarks during procedure</th>
									<th>Safety and feasibility</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Transeptal punction</td>
									<td>88 p; retrospective<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td>88 p; retrospective<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td>88 p; retrospective<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td>88 p; retrospective<sup>2</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Paravalvular leak closure</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Sometimes can obscure guides and catheters<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td>Small paravalvular defects or retrograde approach<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Transcatheter mitral valve repair</td>
									<td>21 p vs 21 p; non-randomized<sup>4</sup></td>
									<td>21 p vs 21 p; non-randomized<sup>4</sup></td>
									<td>21 vs 21 p;<sup>4</sup> in more than one implanted clip, a clinical reduction in time was noted</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Can be useful in suboptimal image quality or shadowing from the guide catheter<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td>21 p vs 21 p; non-randomized<sup>4</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Left atrial appendage closure</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Theoretically<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td>Facilitate LAA cannulation<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td>Facilitate device implantation<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td>Theoretically<sup>2</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Transcatheter aortic valve replacement</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Theoretic reduction in CKD non-suitable for CCT<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Theoretically better evaluation of wire and device position<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Congenital heart disease in adults</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td>51 p;<sup>6</sup> improved confidence</td>
									<td>51 p<sup>6</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1001">
								<p><italic>CCT, cardiac computed tomography; CKD, chronic kidney disease; LAA, left atrial appendage. p: patients; Green: advantages obtained in the study; Orange: some advantages and disadvantages observed in the study; Red: no benefits observed in the study.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Disadvantages</title>
				<p>Availability and cost are the most important factors influencing its routine use. Limited evidence-based information is currently available; in fact, experiences of some medical centers and publications of clinical cases are the primary data sources.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>New Formats</title>
				<p>Clinical cases have been published explaining echocardiographic fusion using CCT and fluoroscopy. Fusion with CCT allows the superimposing of images taken on previous days with fluoroscopy in real time. The information obtained from both imaging modalities is synergistic during structural cardiac interventions in which immediate feedback and precision are essential.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The preload conditions may vary between the timing of the tomographic acquisition and the timing of the intervention, causing some anatomical variability. Another limitation of CCT fusion is that the correlation with thoracic anatomy may become inconsistent after catheters and wires invade the thorax.</p>
				<p>New TEE/fluoroscopic fusion versions have optimized this technology by adding a touch screen to the echocardiographic equipment to introduce markers and automatic reconstruction plans for the aortic, mitral valve, and left atrial appendage (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). Both technologies feature these characteristics in which one-click valve modeling provides automated landmarks for live fusion.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01001">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Left atrial appendage closure guidance. Note the oval mark is showing the site of the left atrial appendage ostium.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc332-gf01-en.tif"/>
						<attrib>Source: Dr. Jose Maria Hernandez, Monterrey, México.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The EchoNavigator added Truevue glass technology with Doppler color to evaluate the valvular regurgitation site in the fused image. Moreover, cavities such as the ventricle and atrium can be traced by the echocardiography equipment and the relevant images transmitted to the main screen (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02001">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Fusion echocardiography/fluoroscopy in mitral clip guidance. Notice the three landmarks that provide safety during device implantation.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc332-gf02-en.tif"/>
						<attrib>Source: Dr. Jose Maria Hernandez, Monterrey, México.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>Fusion echocardiography fluoroscopy is a valuable tool that can guide structural cardiovascular interventional procedures. This technology facilitates teamwork and potentially contributes to reducing the time, amount of radiation, and amount of intravenous contrast. It continues to be modernized, most recently with the advent of specific protocols for structural interventionism.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>