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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223503eabc331</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Acometimento da Função Ventricular Direita em Pacientes com Esclerose Sistêmica e Doença Pulmonar Intersticial: Avaliação pelo Doppler Tecidual</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4500-5270</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Clara Tude</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9467-2013</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Kay</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando U.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7506-2586</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Roque</surname>
						<given-names>Marina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5140-5046</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gripp</surname>
						<given-names>Thais Emerick Henriques</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Becker</surname>
						<given-names>Derly</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1248-8691</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Arruda</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Lucia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6707-8721</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cerri</surname>
						<given-names>Giovanni Guido</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9843-6686</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sampaio-Barros</surname>
						<given-names>Percival D.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">InRad - HC</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">InRad - HC- Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Divisão de Reumatologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Correspondência: Ana Clara Tude Rodrigues. • Instituto de Radiologia (InRad). Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 75. CEP 05403-010, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP – Brasil. E-mail: <email>ana.rodrigues@hc.fm.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Cada autor contribuiu individual e significantemente para o desenvolvimento deste artigo. Rodrigues ANT: concepçao e redação do manuscrito; Kay FU: avaliação da tomografia; Roque MCF e Becker D: realização de exames e medidas; Gripp TEH: avaliação da tomografia; Arruda AL: redação do manuscrito; Cerri GG e Sampaio-Barros PD; revisão do manuscrito.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>23</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc331</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>7</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>4</day>
					<month>8</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>8</day>
					<month>8</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introdução</title>
					<p> A esclerose sistêmica (ES) é uma doença autoimune do tecido conjuntivo que cursa com fibrose e disfunção microvascular. O envolvimento dos órgãos viscerais, incluindo os pulmões e o coração, é a principal causa de óbito na ES. Nesse contexto, analisamos a relação entre os parâmetros ventriculares direitos (VD) pela ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual e o acometimento pulmonar em pacientes com ES.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Os pacientes que preencheram os Critérios de Classificação da ES de 2013 foram submetidos à ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual para avaliação da função sistólica (fração de ejeção) ventricular esquerda (VE), enquanto a função sistólica do VD foi avaliada por meio da fração de variação de área do VD (<italic>fractional area change</italic> — FAC), velocidade (sistólica) do Doppler tecidual, índice de desempenho miocárdico (IDM) e excursão sistólica do plano anular tricúspide (TAPSE). A pressão sistólica pulmonar foi estimada por insuficiência tricúspide. A tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução (TCAR) de tórax avaliou a presença de fibrose pulmonar. De acordo com os resultados da TCAR, os pacientes foram divididos em 2 subgrupos: Grupo I, incluindo pacientes com fibrose pulmonar (n=26), e Grupo II sem fibrose (n=17).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Entre os 43 pacientes com ES, a maioria era do sexo feminino (86%) com idade de 51±12 anos. Todos os pacientes apresentavam função ventricular sistólica normal, avaliada pela FEVE&gt;55% e FAC VD&gt;35%. Não houve diferença significativa em termos de idade ou duração da doença para os grupos. Exceto pela diminuição das velocidades do Doppler tecidual em pacientes com fibrose pulmonar, todos os índices de desempenho do VD foram semelhantes.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> Em pacientes com ES e fibrose pulmonar, o Doppler tecidual identifica acometimento miocárdico longitudinal precoce do VD, apesar do desempenho sistólico radial preservado do VD.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Esclerose Sistêmica</kwd>
				<kwd>Doppler tecidual</kwd>
				<kwd>Fibrose Pulmonar</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="15"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introdução</title>
			<p>A esclerose sistêmica (ES) é uma doença autoimune do tecido conjuntivo que cursa com disfunção endotelial resultando em lesões vasculares difusas, produção excessiva de colágeno e fibrose da pele e dos principais órgãos, incluindo pulmões, rins e coração.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Tendo em vista que as manifestações pulmonares fibróticas e vasculares da ES, incluindo hipertensão pulmonar e fibrose pulmonar, são as principais causas de óbito,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> o reconhecimento precoce do acometimento pulmonar e cardíaco é essencial para o tratamento adequado desses pacientes. O acometimento cardíaco inclui disfunção cardíaca direita devido a hipertensão pulmonar, fibrose miocárdica e acometimento pericárdico, e geralmente está associado a mau prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Não está claro se o acometimento do ventrículo direito (VD) resulta de lesão direta do órgão ou indiretamente de doença pulmonar (hipertensão pulmonar e fibrose). A estimativa não invasiva da função do VD com imagens é um desafio devido à geometria complexa do VD. Como o Doppler tecidual e a ecocardiografia têm sido utilizados adequadamente para avaliar a função do VD e as pressões pulmonares, analisamos a relação entre o desempenho do VD e o acometimento pulmonar em pacientes com ES.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Métodos</title>
			<p>Pacientes: Nossa população foi composta por pacientes ambulatoriais maiores de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, com diagnóstico de ES de acordo com os Critérios de Classificação de 2013.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>Apenas pacientes com função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) normal (fração de ejeção do VE &gt;0,55) e função VD preservada (avaliada por uma fração de área &gt;35%) foram incluídos no estudo. Pacientes com janelas ecocardiográficas subótimas foram excluídos. Todos os pacientes deram consentimento informado por escrito para participar do estudo. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética Institucional local.</p>
			<p>Ecocardiografia: Um ecocardiografista experiente realizou um exame ecocardiográfico abrangente em todos os pacientes com um equipamento disponível comercialmente (Artida, Toshiba, Japão). Diâmetro, função sistólica (fórmula de Teichholz) e massa ventricular esquerda (VE) foram medidos a partir de imagens bidimensionais obtidas a partir do corte paraesternal eixo longo. O volume atrial esquerdo foi obtido a partir de cortes de duas e quatro câmaras usando o método biplanar de Simpson modificado. A função diastólica foi avaliada com Doppler transmitral, com o volume da amostra colocado nas extremidades da valva mitral do plano apical de quatro câmaras, para obter registros da velocidade da onda precoce (E) e tardia (A) e do tempo de desaceleração da onda E. As velocidades do Doppler tecidual foram obtidas a partir do anel septal basal e mitral lateral para registrar as velocidades precoces (e’) miocárdicas ao Doppler tecidual. As imagens foram obtidas ao final da expiração, e a média de três ciclos foi utilizada para análise.</p>
			<p>Avaliação da função do VD: O desempenho do VD foi avaliado por meio da fração de variação de área (<italic>fractional area change</italic> — FAC) do VD, definida como: (área diastólica final − área sistólica final)/área diastólica final × 100). A partir do corte apical de 4 câmaras, as bordas endocárdicas da parede livre do VD e do septo foram traçadas para a obtenção da área diastólica final, identificada pelo início da onda R do ECG a partir de um eletrocardiograma registrado simultaneamente e da sístole final, considerada a menor cavidade ventricular direita antes da abertura da valva tricúspide. A velocidade sistólica (s’) miocárdica ao Doppler tecidual foi obtida no corte apical quatro câmaras, com o volume da amostra posicionado na base lateral do anel tricúspide. O índice de desempenho miocárdico (IDM) foi obtido a partir de registros de Doppler tecidual medidos a partir da parede lateral do VD e calculado como (a − b)/b, onde (a) foi dado como o intervalo entre o final da velocidade anular diastólica tardia até o início da velocidade anular diastólica precoce, ao passo que (b) foi medido do início até o final da velocidade anular sistólica. A excursão sistólica do plano anular tricúspide (TAPSE) foi adquirida posicionando-se um cursor de modo M através do anel tricúspide e medindo-se a distância do movimento longitudinal do anel durante o período sistólico. A pressão sistólica pulmonar foi medida a partir da velocidade do jato de regurgitação tricúspide e somada à pressão atrial direita estimada pelo diâmetro da veia cava inferior em repouso e após a excursão respiratória. O diagnóstico de hipertensão pulmonar foi considerado quando a pressão sistólica pulmonar estimada era &gt;36 mmHg pelo ecocardiograma com Doppler.</p>
			<p>Tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução (TCAR) do tórax: A TCAR de tórax foi realizada dentro do período de um mês após o ecocardiograma para avaliar a presença de fibrose pulmonar. Considerou-se a presença de doença pulmonar intersticial fibrótica com base nos seguintes achados: opacidades reticulares, bronquiolectasia de tração ou faveolamento (isolado ou em combinação). De acordo com os resultados da TCAR de tórax, os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos: Grupo I, composto por pacientes com ES com fibrose pulmonar; e Grupo II, composto por pacientes com ES sem fibrose pulmonar. Os estudos foram revisados em consenso por radiologistas cardiotorácicos com um (T.G.) e seis anos (F.K.) de experiência em TCAR. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Tomografia computadorizada de tórax de alta resolução com pacientes com esclerose sistêmica mostrando: (A)- Reconstrução coronal de parênquima pulmonar normal e (B)- Reconstrução coronal de doença pulmonar intersticial fibrótica associada à ES, mostrando opacidades reticulares, bronquiectasia de tração e faveolamento.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc331-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Análise estatística: As variáveis contínuas são expressas em média±desvio padrão e as variáveis categóricas são expressas em porcentagens. As variáveis contínuas foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student bilateral, e as variáveis categóricas foram testadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou de Fisher. Considerou-se p&lt;0,05 como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
			<p>As medidas ecocardiográficas da função do VD (FAC, TAPSE, IDM, s’) foram repetidas para 15 pacientes por dois leitores (ACR e MR) para avaliar a variabilidade intra e interobservador. A variabilidade foi calculada como a diferença entre as 2 observações dividida pela média das observações e expressa em porcentagem.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p>Dentre os 51 pacientes que realizaram ecocardiograma, oito foram excluídos, cinco deles por não terem realizado TCAR de tórax, dois por apresentarem imagens ecocardiográficas subótimas e um por disfunção grave do VE, sendo o grupo final composto por 43 pacientes. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (86%), com idade média de 51±12 anos e duração média da doença de 11,4±8,7 anos (mediana de 9,5 anos). A FEVE média foi de 0,63±0,04, enquanto o índice de massa do VE foi de 92±28 g/m<sup>2</sup>. Em relação à avaliação do VD, a medida da pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar a partir da regurgitação tricúspide foi factível em 33 pacientes, com valores médios de 30±14 mmHg. A hipertensão pulmonar mostrou-se incomum nesse grupo, com apenas cinco pacientes (15%) apresentando pressão sistólica pulmonar acima de 36 mmHg. Os demais índices de avaliação do desempenho do VD foram normais, conforme observado pela medida TAPSE (22±4 mm) e onda s’ do VD (12,7±2,7 cm/s). A FAC média foi de 47±7%. O índice de desempenho miocárdico (IDM) do VD ao Doppler tecidual para toda a população também estava dentro da faixa normal (0,47±0,10).</p>
			<p>Análise da tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução (TCAR) do tórax: De acordo com os resultados da TCAR, havia 26 pacientes no Grupo I (fibrose pulmonar) e 17 pacientes no grupo II (sem fibrose pulmonar). Não houve diferença significativa de idade ou sexo entre os grupos, mas a duração da doença foi maior para pacientes com fibrose pulmonar (12,9±10 anos vs. 8,1±4,9 anos, p &lt;0,03). A função e a massa sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo também se mostraram semelhantes entre os grupos. Em relação à avaliação da função do VD, exceto pela diminuição significativa (p=0,02) das velocidades s’ ao Doppler tecidual em pacientes com fibrose pulmonar na TC de tórax, todos os índices de desempenho do VD foram semelhantes, conforme observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Variáveis clínicas e ecocardiográficas para pacientes com (Grupo I) e sem (Grupo II) fibrose pulmonar.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th scope="col"> </th>
								<th scope="col">Grupo I (n=26)</th>
								<th scope="col">Grupo II (n=17)</th>
								<th scope="col"><italic>p</italic></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Idade (anos)</td>
								<td align="center">53±11</td>
								<td align="center">51±12</td>
								<td>NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sexo feminino (n/%)</td>
								<td align="center">23 (88%)</td>
								<td align="center">16 (94%)</td>
								<td>NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Duração da doença (anos)</td>
								<td align="center">12,9±10</td>
								<td align="center">8,1±4,9</td>
								<td>0,03</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>FEVE (%)</td>
								<td align="center">62±2</td>
								<td align="center">64±4</td>
								<td>NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Índice de massa do VE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center">92±18</td>
								<td align="center">89±34</td>
								<td>NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Relação E/e’ septal</td>
								<td align="center">11±4</td>
								<td align="center">11±3</td>
								<td>NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>FAC (%)</td>
								<td align="center">48±6</td>
								<td align="center">45±6</td>
								<td>NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>S’ VD (cm/s)</td>
								<td align="center">11,9±1,6</td>
								<td align="center">13,5±2,4</td>
								<td>0,02</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>IDMVD</td>
								<td align="center">0,48±0,1</td>
								<td align="center">0,46±0,1</td>
								<td>NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>TAPSE (mm)</td>
								<td align="center">22,0±3,2</td>
								<td align="center">23,3±4,8</td>
								<td>NS</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>PSAP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center">32±16</td>
								<td align="center">28±12</td>
								<td>NS</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><italic>VE: ventrículo esquerdo; FE: fração de ejeção; FAC: fração de variação de área; VD: ventrículo direito; onda s’ ao Doppler tecidual sistólica de s; IDM: índice de desempenho miocárdico; TAPSE: Excursão sistólica do plano anular da valva tricúspide; PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussão</title>
			<p>Como a fibrose pulmonar e a hipertensão pulmonar são as principais causas de óbito na ES,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> o pulmão foi o único acometimento visceral incluído nos Critérios de Classificação de 2013.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O reconhecimento precoce do acometimento pulmonar é essencial, pois mais de dois terços dos pacientes terão alterações intersticiais na TCAR de tórax,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> uma ferramenta bem estabelecida como precisa e não invasiva para detectar e caracterizar a fibrose pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O padrão da TCAR em pacientes com ES é geralmente pneumonia intersticial inespecífica, com maior proporção de opacidades em vidro fosco e menor proporção de reticulação irregular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Estudamos dois grupos de pacientes com ES com TCAR, um com fibrose pulmonar e outro sem fibrose, e mostramos que pacientes com ES e fibrose pulmonar apresentam velocidades s’ ao Doppler tecidual significativamente menores quando comparados com pacientes sem fibrose. Observou-se uma diminuição das velocidades ao Doppler tecidual em pacientes com ES, juntamente com o aumento do IDM, em associação com pior prognóstico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> permitindo especular que a disfunção do VD poderia estar relacionada à fibrose do VD. Nossos achados são inéditos porque mostramos a associação de uma diminuição da função longitudinal do VD com a presença de fibrose pulmonar. Demonstrou-se que a fibrose miocárdica do VD ocorre concomitantemente com fibrose pulmonar em estudos patológicos, de modo que é concebível que a disfunção do VD (avaliada pelas velocidades s’ do VD) resulte da fibrose do VD, particularmente nesta amostra, com baixa prevalência de hipertensão pulmonar (apenas cinco pacientes). Reconhecemos que esta hipótese é predominantemente especulativa, pois não foram realizadas biópsias endomiocárdicas para correlacionar achados histopatológicos com técnicas de imagem; entretanto, esses pacientes não apresentavam outra cardiopatia direita que explicasse totalmente a diminuição das velocidades ao Doppler tecidual. Além disso, a biópsia endomiocárdica também apresenta algumas desvantagens: a fibrose miocárdica pode ser encontrada em distribuição irregular por todo o miocárdio, limitando a precisão da biópsia, além de ser invasiva e não isenta de risco e de não haver estudos com cardiopatia subclínica. Estudos histopatológicos comparando pacientes com ES e hipertensão pulmonar idiopática mostraram quantidade semelhante de fibrose miocárdica do VD, mas mais inflamação em pacientes com ES.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O Doppler tecidual foi capaz de identificar disfunção incipiente do VD melhor do que outros parâmetros convencionais de desempenho do VD. As velocidades do Doppler tecidual são reduzidas nas cardiomiopatias e têm sido utilizadas para detecção pré-clínica de diversas doenças. Também não encontramos associação com TAPSE, principalmente ligada à hipertensão pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A avaliação da função do VD é fundamental nesses pacientes, pois estudos que analisam a sobrevida com ES mostraram pior sobrevida em pacientes com pressão atrial direita média elevada e índice cardíaco baixo. Um estudo comparando pacientes com ES com um grupo controle utilizando ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual observou diminuição da disfunção biventricular sistólica e diastólica nesses pacientes; após três anos de seguimento, também foi evidenciada deterioração desses índices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A prevalência de HP na ES é variável e depende do método de detecção e da população estudada. Embora o cateterismo cardíaco seja considerado o padrão-ouro para a investigação da HP, o ecodopplercardiograma tem funcionado como importante fator de triagem na prática reumatológica diária.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Utilizando o ecodopplercardiograma transtorácico, observou-se uma prevalência de HAP em 13% a 35%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Este estudo apresentou baixa prevalência de HP provavelmente devido à exclusão de pacientes com disfunção miocárdica direita e esquerda. Além disso, não houve diferença significativa quanto à presença de HP dentro dos subgrupos.</p>
			<p>A velocidade s’ ao Doppler tecidual poderia, assim, ser utilizada como possível preditor de disfunção do VD e possível fibrose pulmonar em pacientes com ES. O Doppler tecidual tem a vantagem de ser menos dependente da carga do que os índices usuais utilizados para avaliar o desempenho miocárdico do VD e pode ser usado para monitorar serialmente o desempenho do VD em pacientes com ES. A velocidade s’ do VD representa a integral da velocidade de encurtamento miocárdico da base ao ápice e, portanto, fornece informações sobre a função ventricular global, e não regional.</p>
			<p>Limitações: Como dito acima, a presença de fibrose miocárdica do VD só pode ser especulada, uma vez que não foi realizada biópsia endomiocárdica nessa população; além disso, a ressonância magnética com realce tardio tem sido utilizada para avaliar a presença de fibrose miocárdica no ventrículo esquerdo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>portanto, mais estudos seriam necessários para identificar o padrão e a presença de fibrose do VD em associação com fibrose pulmonar na ES.</p>
			<p>Em conclusão, o presente estudo mostrou que as velocidades sistólicas ao Doppler tecidual podem ser um indicador precoce de envolvimento miocárdico do VD em pacientes com ES e fibrose pulmonar, podendo talvez monitorar o desempenho do VD nessa população.</p>
		</sec>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Impairment of Right Ventricular Function in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis and Interstitial Lung Disease:Tissue Doppler Evaluation</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4500-5270</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Clara Tude</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9467-2013</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Kay</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando U.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7506-2586</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Roque</surname>
						<given-names>Marina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5140-5046</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gripp</surname>
						<given-names>Thais Emerick Henriques</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Becker</surname>
						<given-names>Derly</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1248-8691</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Arruda</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Lucia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6707-8721</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cerri</surname>
						<given-names>Giovanni Guido</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9843-6686</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sampaio-Barros</surname>
						<given-names>Percival D.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1001">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">InRad - HC- University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2001">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Division of Rheumatology, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Ana Clara Tude Rodrigues. • Instituto de Radiologia (InRad). Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 75.CEP 05403-010, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP – Brazil. E-mail: ana.rodrigues@hc.fm.usp.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contributions</p>
					<p>Each author contributed individually and significantly to the development of this article. Rodrigues ANT: conception and writing of the manuscript; Kay FU: CT assessment; Roque MCF and Becker D: performance of exams and measurements; Gripp TEH: tomography evaluation; Arruda AL: writing of the manuscript; Cerri GG and Sampaio-Barros PD; manuscript review.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The author declares that he has no conflict of interest</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction</title>
					<p> Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune tissue connective disease that courses with fibrosis and microvascular dysfunction. Involvement of the visceral organs, including the lungs and heart, is the main cause of death among patients with SSc. In this context, here we analyzed the relationship between right ventricle (RV) parameters assessed by tissue Doppler echocardiography and lung involvement in patients with SSc.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> Patients fulfilling the 2013 SSc Classification Criteria underwent tissue Doppler echocardiography for the assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic function (ejection fraction) and RV fractional area change (FAC), tissue Doppler s’ (systolic) velocity, myocardial performance index, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion for the assessment of RV systolic function. Pulmonary systolic pressure was estimated using tricuspid regurgitation. Chest high-resolution computed tomography was used to evaluate the presence of pulmonary fibrosis. The patients were divided into two subgroups accordingly: Group I, patients with pulmonary fibrosis (n=26); and Group II, those without fibrosis (n=17).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> Among the 43 patients with SSc, most were female (86%), and the mean age was 51 ± 12 years. All patients had normal systolic ventricular function as evidenced by an LV ejection fraction &gt; 55% and an RV FAC &gt; 35%. No significant intergroup difference was noted in age or disease duration. Except for a decreased tissue Doppler s’ velocity in patients with lung fibrosis, all indexes of RV performance were similar. Conclusion: In patients with SSc and pulmonary fibrosis, tissue Doppler identified early RV longitudinal myocardial involvement despite preserved RV radial systolic performance.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Systemic Sclerosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Tissue Doppler</kwd>
				<kwd>Pulmonary Fibrosis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease that courses with endothelial dysfunction, resulting in diffuse vascular lesions, excessive collagen production, and fibrosis of the skin and major organs, including the lungs, kidneys, and heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As the pulmonary fibrotic and vascular manifestations of SSc, including pulmonary hypertension and lung fibrosis, are the leading cause of death,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> the early recognition of lung and heart involvement are essential for the proper management of these patients. Cardiac involvement includes right heart dysfunction due to pulmonary hypertension, myocardial fibrosis, and pericardial involvement and is usually associated with a poor prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It is unclear whether involvement of the right ventricle (RV) results directly from organ lesion or indirectly from lung disease (pulmonary hypertension and fibrosis). Thus, the noninvasive estimation of RV function with imaging is challenging due to the complex RV geometry. As tissue Doppler echocardiography has been adequately used to assess RV function and pulmonary pressures, here we analyzed the relationship between RV performance and lung involvement in patients with SSc.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Methods</title>
				<p>Patients: Our population consisted of outpatients older than 18 years of both sexes who were diagnosed with SSc according to the 2013 Classification Criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Only patients with a normal systolic left ventricular (LV) function (LV ejection fraction &gt; 0.55) and preserved RV function (as assessed by a fractional area &gt; 35%) were included in the study. Patients with suboptimal echocardiography windows were excluded. All patients provided written informed consent to participate. The study was approved by the local institutional ethics committee.</p>
				<p>Echocardiography: A comprehensive echocardiography examination was performed of all patients by an experienced echocardiographer using commercially available equipment (Artida, Toshiba, Japan). LV diameters and systolic function (Teichholz formula) and mass were measured from bidimensional images obtained from the parasternal long-axis view. Left atrial volumes were obtained on two- and four-chamber views using the modified Simpson’s biplane rule. Diastolic function was evaluated with transmitral Doppler, with the sample volume placed at the tips of the mitral valve on the apical four-chamber plane to obtain velocity recordings of early (E) and late (A) wave and E wave deceleration time. Tissue Doppler velocities were obtained from basal septal and lateral mitral annulus to record early (e’) tissue Doppler myocardial velocities. Images were obtained at end expiration, and the average of three cycles was used in the analysis.</p>
				<p>Assessment of RV function: RV performance was evaluated using RV fractional area change (FAC) defined as: (end-diastolic area − end-systolic area)/end-diastolic area × 100. From the apical four-chamber view, endocardial borders of the RV free wall and septum were traced to obtain end-diastolic area identified as the onset of the electrocardiography R wave from a simultaneously recorded electrocardiogram and end systole considered the smallest RV cavity size before tricuspid valve opening. Tissue Doppler myocardial systolic (s’) velocity was obtained from the apical four-chamber view, with the sample volume placed at the lateral base of the tricuspid annulus. Myocardial performance index (MPI) was obtained from tissue Doppler recordings measured from the lateral RV wall and calculated as (a − b)/b, where (a) was the interval from the end of the late diastolic annular velocity to the onset of the early diastolic annular velocity and (b) was measured from the onset to the end of the systolic annular velocity. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) was acquired by the placement of an M-mode cursor through the tricuspid annulus and the measurement of the distance of longitudinal movement of the annulus during systole. Pulmonary systolic pressure was measured from tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity and added to the right atrial pressure estimated as the inferior vena cava diameter at rest and after respiratory excursion. The diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension was considered when estimated pulmonary systolic pressure was &gt;36 mmHg on Doppler echocardiography.</p>
				<p>Chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT): Chest HRCT was performed within 1 month of the echocardiography to assess the presence of lung fibrosis. Fibrotic interstitial lung disease was considered present based on any of the following findings: reticular opacities, traction bronchiectasis, or honeycombing (isolated or in combination). According to the chest HRCT results, patients were divided into two groups: Group I, SSc patients with pulmonary fibrosis; and Group II, SSc patients without pulmonary fibrosis. Studies were reviewed to consensus by cardiothoracic radiologists with 1 (T.G.) and 6 years (F.K.) of experience with HRCT. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>)</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01001">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>High-resolution chest computed tomography images of patients with systemic sclerosis showing (A) coronal reconstruction of a normal lung parenchyma; and (B) coronal reconstruction of fibrotic interstitial lung disease associated with systemic sclerosis showing reticular opacities, traction bronchiectasis, and honeycombing.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc331-gf01-en.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Statistics: Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, while categorical variables are expressed as percentages. Continuous variables were compared using the two-sided Student’s t test, whereas categorical variables were tested with the Chi squared or Fisher’s exact test. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
				<p>Echocardiographic measurements of RV function (FAC, TAPSE, IPM, RV s’) were repeated for 15 patients by two readers (ACR and MR) for the assessment of intra- and interobserver variability. Variability was calculated as the difference between the two observations divided by the mean of the observations expressed as percentages.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<p>Among the 51 patients who underwent echocardiography, eight were excluded, five of them for not having undergone chest HRCT, two for having suboptimal echocardiographic images, and one for severe LV dysfunction; thus, the final group included 43 patients. Most patients were female (86%), with a mean age of 51 ± 12 years and a mean disease duration of 11.4 ± 8.7 years (median, 9.5 years). The mean LV ejection fraction was 0.63 ± 0.04, while the LV mass index was 92 ± 28 g/m<sup>2</sup>. Regarding the RV assessment, the measurement of pulmonary artery systolic pressure from tricuspid regurgitation was feasible in 33 patients, with a mean value of 30 ± 14 mmHg. Pulmonary hypertension was uncommon in this group, with only five patients (15%) having a pulmonary systolic pressure &gt; 36 mmHg. The other indices used to assess RV performance were normal as observed by TAPSE (22 ± 4 mm) and RV s’ wave (12.7 ± 2.7 cm/s). The mean FAC was 47 ± 7%. The mean tissue Doppler RV MPI for the entire population was also within the normal range (0.47 ± 0.10).</p>
				<p><bold>Chest HRCT analysis:</bold> According to the HRCT results, there were 26 patients in Group I (lung fibrosis) and 17 patients in Group II (no lung fibrosis). There was no significant intergroup difference in age or sex, but disease duration was longer for patients with pulmonary fibrosis (12.9 ± 10 years vs. 8.1 ± 4.9 years, p &lt; 0.03). LV systolic function and mass were also similar between groups. Regarding the assessment of RV function, except for the significant (p = 0.02) decrease in tissue Doppler s’ velocities in patients with pulmonary fibrosis on chest CT, all indexes of RV performance were similar. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>)</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1001">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Clinical and echocardiographic variables of patients with (Group I) and without (Group II) lung fibrosis.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>Group I (n=26)</th>
									<th>Group II (n=17)</th>
									<th><italic>p</italic></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Age, years</td>
									<td align="center">53±11</td>
									<td align="center">51±12</td>
									<td>NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Female sex</td>
									<td align="center">23 (88%)</td>
									<td align="center">16 (94%)</td>
									<td>NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Disease duration, years</td>
									<td align="center">12.9±10</td>
									<td align="center">8.1±4.9</td>
									<td>0,03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LV EF, %</td>
									<td align="center">62±2</td>
									<td align="center">64±4</td>
									<td>NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LV mass index, g/m٢</td>
									<td align="center">92±18</td>
									<td align="center">89±34</td>
									<td>NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>E/e′ septal</td>
									<td align="center">11±4</td>
									<td align="center">11±3</td>
									<td>NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FAC, %</td>
									<td align="center">48±6</td>
									<td align="center">45±6</td>
									<td>NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>RV s′, cm/s</td>
									<td align="center">11.9±1.6</td>
									<td align="center">13.5±2.4</td>
									<td>0,02</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>RV MPI</td>
									<td align="center">0.48±0.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.46±0.1</td>
									<td>NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TAPSE, mm</td>
									<td align="center">22.0±3.2</td>
									<td align="center">23.3±4.8</td>
									<td>NS</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PASP, mmHg</td>
									<td align="center">32±16</td>
									<td align="center">28±12</td>
									<td>NS</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1001">
								<p><italic>EF, ejection fraction; FAC, fractional area change; LV, left ventricular; MPI, myocardial performance index; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RV, right ventricular; s′, systolic tissue Doppler wave; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. Values are shown as mean ± standard deviation or n (%).</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>As lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension are the leading causes of death in SSc,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> the 2013 Classification Criteria defined visceral involvement as the lung only.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The early recognition of lung involvement is essential as <italic>more than two-thirds of</italic> patients will have interstitial abnormalities on chest HRCT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> which is well-established as an accurate and noninvasive tool for detecting and characterizing lung fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The HRCT pattern in SSc patients is generally nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, with a greater proportion of ground-glass opacity and a lower proportion of coarse reticulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> We studied two groups of patients with SSc with HRCT, one with lung fibrosis and the other without fibrosis, and showed that patients with SSc and lung fibrosis have significant lower tissue Doppler s’ velocities than patients without fibrosis. A decrease in tissue Doppler velocities in patients with SSc, along with an increase in MPI, was already observed in association with a worse prognosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> allowing the speculation that RV dysfunction could be related to RV fibrosis. Our findings are new because we showed the association between decreased longitudinal RV function and the presence of lung fibrosis. RV myocardial fibrosis reportedly occurred concomitantly with lung fibrosis in pathological studies, so it is conceivable that RV dysfunction (assessed by RV s’ velocity) results from RV fibrosis, particularly in this sample with a low prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (only five patients).</p>
				<p>We acknowledge that this hypothesis is predominantly speculative, as endomyocardial biopsies were not performed to correlate histopathological findings with imaging techniques; however, these patients had no other right heart disease that would fully explain the decrease in tissue Doppler velocity. Furthermore, endomyocardial biopsy also has some disadvantages: myocardial fibrosis can be found in a patchy distribution throughout the myocardium, thus limiting biopsy accuracy, apart from being invasive and not without risk, in addition to a lack of studies with subclinical heart disease.</p>
				<p>Histopathological studies comparing patients with SSc and idiopathic pulmonary hypertension showed a similar degree of RV myocardial fibrosis but greater inflammation in the former.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Tissue Doppler was able to identify incipient RV dysfunction better than other conventional parameters of RV performance. Tissue Doppler velocities are reduced in cardiomyopathies and have been used for the preclinical detection of several diseases. We also found no association with TAPSE, mainly due to pulmonary hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The assessment of RV function is critical in these patients, as studies analyzing survival among patients with SSc have shown worse survival in patients with a high mean right atrial pressure and low cardiac index. A study comparing SSc patients with a control group using echocardiography with tissue Doppler observed a decrease in biventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction; after a 3-year follow-up, the deterioration of these indices was also reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The prevalence of PH in SSc is variable and depends on the method of detection and the population studied. Although cardiac catheterization is considered the gold standard for investigating PH, Doppler echocardiography is an important screening factor in daily rheumatologic practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography, the prevalence of PAH is reportedly 13–35%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This study had a low prevalence of PH, most likely due to the exclusion of patients with right and left myocardial dysfunction. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the presence of PH between subgroups.</p>
				<p>Therefore, tissue Doppler s’ velocity could be used as a potential predictor of RV dysfunction and possible pulmonary fibrosis in patients with SSc. Tissue Doppler has the advantage of being less dependent on load than usual indexes used to evaluate RV myocardial performance and could be used to serially monitor RV performance in patients with SSc. The RV s’ velocity represents the integral of myocardial shortening velocity from base to apex; therefore, it provides information on global rather than regional ventricular function.</p>
				<p>Limitations: As stated above, the presence of RV myocardial fibrosis can only be speculated since endomyocardial biopsies were not performed in this population. Moreover, delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging has been used to assess the presence of myocardial fibrosis in the LV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> so additional studies are necessary to identify the pattern and presence of RV fibrosis in association with lung fibrosis in patients with SSc.</p>
				<p>In conclusion, this study showed that tissue Doppler systolic velocity may be an early indicator of myocardial RV involvement in patients with SSc and pulmonary fibrosis and could potentially be used to monitor RV performance in this population.</p>
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