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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223503eabc315</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Use of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Endoleak After EVAR: A Case Report</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3352-9192</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Djaló</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Carolina N. Netto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4562-0943</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pires</surname>
						<given-names>Glauber Lutterbach de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1874-3999</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ferraz</surname>
						<given-names>Adriana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0059-8105</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Abath</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Gustavo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2808-4966</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fonseca</surname>
						<given-names>Idalécio Souto</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4985-793X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marques</surname>
						<given-names>Milena O.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clínicas, Recife, PE, Brazil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Restauração</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital da Restauração, Recife, PE, Brazil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">University Hospital</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Vale do São Francisco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Petrolina</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">University Hospital of the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, PE, Brazil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Estácio de Juazeiro College,</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Juazeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Estácio de Juazeiro College, Juazeiro, BA, Brazil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Pernambuco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Angiorad</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Angiorad, Recife, PE, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Ana Carolina Nascimento Netto Djaló • E-mail: <email>ana.djalo@ebserh.gov.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contributions</p>
					<p>Case introduction and presentation: Djaló ACN; literature review: Fonseca Filho IS Marques MO; discussion: Pires GLO; manuscript review: Ferraz A, Abath CG.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>17</day>
				<month>08</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc315</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>3</day>
					<month>6</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>6</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>1</day>
					<month>7</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Aortic aneurysm</kwd>
				<kwd>abdominal</kwd>
				<kwd>Endoleak</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), with an estimated prevalence of 4–8% and a higher incidence in men, older people, hypertensive patients, and smokers,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> can be treated with surgical or endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). When well-indicated, EVAR is primarily used since it is less invasive and has lower morbidity and mortality rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, due to possible complications, routine clinical and imaging surveillance is necessary to identify or prevent periprosthetic leaks (endoleaks) associated with aneurysmal disease progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Accordingly, computed tomography angiography (CTA) has always been considered the gold standard for endoleak surveillance due to its high image quality and usefulness for two- and three-dimensional reconstruction; however, its use of iodinated contrast and exposure to ionizing radiation are disadvantages. Therefore, other post-EVAR control imaging methods such as contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) have been studied as an endoleak dynamic and high-quality assessment method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The present case report highlights the importance of CEUS as a diagnostic method for detecting endoleak after EVAR, showing its advantages and disadvantages versus those of the current gold standard method.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case report</title>
			<p>A 65-year-old hypertensive and diabetic man had a family history of cerebral aneurysm and AAA. In June 2014, he was diagnosed with an infrarenal AAA up to the aortoiliac bifurcation with a transverse diameter of 8.7 × 8.3 cm and a left common iliac artery (LCIA) aneurysm with a diameter of 2.1 cm.</p>
			<p>In July 2014, he underwent infrarenal abdominal aorta EVAR with aortoiliac endoprosthesis placement and left hypogastric artery (HA) embolization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Infrarenal and left common iliac artery endovascular aneurysm repair with aortoiliac endoprosthesis placement and left hypogastric artery embolization.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc315-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>In October 2019, a follow-up CTA showed an AAA measuring 9.5 × 9.1 cm without evidence of an endoleak. A CEUS type II endoleak was diagnosed and corrected with inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) embolization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>(A) B-mode ultrasound image used to take the transverse diameter measurement. (B) Color Doppler anechoic images inside the aneurysmal sac, mainly on the posterior wall, where pulsatile flow was recorded on spectral Doppler suggestive of the presence of a type II endoleak. (C) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (SonoVue, Bracco) image showing low-pressure leakage in the anterior wall of the aneurysmal sac at the height of the proximal segment of the endoprosthesis, probably from the inferior mesenteric artery suggestive of a type II endoleak.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc315-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The aneurysmal sac diameter transversely increased to 9.8 cm over 2020 and 2021, but no evidence of an endoleak was seen on CTA. In January 2022, spectral B-mode Doppler CEUS recorded a large infrarenal fusiform aneurysmal dilatation of 9.5 cm × 9.0 cm in transverse and anteroposteriorly, pulsatile flow inside the aneurysm sac on spectral Doppler, and, after the injection of 2.5 mL of microbubble contrast (SonoVue-Bracco), signs of leakage in a peripheral vein inside the aneurysmal sac originating from a lumbar artery (LA) from the right lateral wall and the right branch of the endoprosthesis, which aided the diagnosis of type II and III endoleaks, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>(A) B-mode ultrasound image used to take anteroposterior and transverse diameter measurements.(B) Spectral Doppler image showing high-velocity flow inside the aneurysmal sac. (C) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (SonoVue, Bracco) image showing leakage through the right branch of the endoprosthesis.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc315-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>CTA initially performed during the EVAR procedure in April 2022 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4 A</xref>) simultaneously with angiography detected an AAA with a transverse diameter of 9.58 cm, no sign of a type III endoleak, and only LA retrograde flow. Regardless, considering the CEUS findings (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>), we proceeded with the therapeutic strategy, bilaterally implanting iliac endoprostheses to cover the previous endoprostheses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4B</xref>). At the end of the procedure, CTA showed correct endoprosthesis positioning with no signs of endoleak (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m01">Video 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>(A) Computed tomography angiography (CTA) image taken in the sagittal plane demonstrating the anteroposterior diameter of the aneurysmal sac.(B) CTA image taken in the coronal plane. (C) CTA image taken in the sagittal plane.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc315-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<media id="m01" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc315-m01.mp4">
					<label>Video 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Computed tomography angiography video taken in the sagittal plane.</title>
					</caption>
					<attrib>Source: personal archive.</attrib>
				</media>
			</p>
			<p>The patient recovered well with no recurrence and was discharged on the second postoperative day.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Due to increasingly advanced techniques and devices for AAA treatment, most current cases can be endovascularly treated using fenestrated, branched, or even parallel stents. Constantly progressing treatments require intensified surveillance due to the possibility of several complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Endoleak, the most frequent complication after EVAR with an incidence of 20–25% among treated patients, is defined as persistent blood flow inside the aneurysm but outside the endoprosthesis, perpetuating aneurysmal sac pressurization and all related risks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Endoleaks can be anatomically classified into five types. Type I endoleaks involve a leak related to lack of endoprosthesis apposition to the healthy wall of the proximal (Ia) or distal (Ib) neck or due to lack of occlusion plug sealing in the iliac branch associated with blood flow from the crossed graft (Ic). Type II endoleaks involve aneurysmal sac perfusion by flow from the collateral arteries such as the LA, IMA, and HA. In type III endoleaks, leakage results from the disconnection or structural failure of the endoprosthesis components. In type IV endoleaks, tissue porosity leads to leakage. Finally, type V endoleaks present as aneurysmal sac pressurization without evidence of blood flow on imaging tests, known as endotension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Type I and III endoleaks carry an increased risk of rupture due to pressurizing more quickly and should be treated as soon as possible. Thus, frequent monitoring is imperative as this classification defines a care and action algorithm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>CTA is the standard after EVAR imaging surveillance tests at 1-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up and annually thereafter. This test is fast, is reproducible, has excellent spatial resolution, and uses iodinated contrast with image acquisition through the emission of ionizing radiation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>CTA disadvantages include its use of iodinated contrast, which is nephrotoxic, a limiting factor for non-dialysis-dependent kidney disease patients, and the use of ionizing radiation, which can have deleterious and cumulative effects, such as the development of cancer. An important limitation is not assessing hemodynamics or the flow direction that resulted in leakage in cases of type II endoleaks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Other imaging methods, such as CEUS, have been highlighted after EVAR surveillance. CEUS uses contrast agents with gas microbubbles (perfluorocarbon or sulfur hexafluoride) surrounded by a phospholipid that are injected into the bloodstream and work as intravascular reflectors of ultrasound waves. Consensus is still lacking on the ideal dose, but recommendations state 1–2.4 mL administered as a peripheral intravenous (IV) bolus. Low-frequency probe scanning is performed for about 5 min after the IV injection. The test assesses the presence of contrast in the aneurysmal sac and endoprosthesis and the perfusion time in relation to inflow and outflow vessels in addition to wave speed and shape in spectral mode.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This type of contrast is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and eliminated by the respiratory system, making it safe for patients with compromised kidney function; it also has the advantage of no radiation exposure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Recent studies showed that this method has high diagnostic value and is suitable for following this complication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> CEUS also has higher sensitivity for detecting endoleaks than CTA, mainly due to detecting flow velocity and direction despite a lack in significant specificity differences between the two imaging modalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Another CEUS benefit reported in the literature is lower follow-up cost than CTA with high sensitivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The specific analysis of CEUS for type II endoleaks can stratify cases at greatest need of additional intervention according to endoleak flow velocity and width, parameters that indicate treatment need when &gt;80 cm/s and &gt;4 mm, respectively. Test sensitivity and specificity were 0.62–0.83 and 0.90–0.97 for all types, respectively, and 0.40–0.97 and 0.97–1.00 for types I and III, respectively, thus demonstrating that CEUS is accurate and effective.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>However, despite having these advantages, CEUS is limited by being an operator-dependent technique that requires specific training and equipment and can be affected by patient-related factors such as a high body mass index, intestinal gas, aortic wall calcifications, or ascites, and the acquisition of CTA images may be necessary to better characterize the detected leaks and complete the surgical planning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In the reported case, CTA identified aneurysmal sac dilation but did not visualize the leak (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>) However, CEUS classified the endoleak as type III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>), enabling safe intervention and repair due to the risk of aneurysmal sac rupture and corroborating the data in the literature about its greater sensitivity.</p>
			<p>Therefore, the case described here highlights the importance of CEUS as an alternative to the current gold standard for following up and monitoring endoleaks after EVAR. Despite its limitations, this US method improves the detection of this complication, leading to early diagnosis and favorable outcomes.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Uso do Ultrassom com Contraste para Diagnóstico de Endoleak após Reparo Endovascular de Aneurisma em Ruptura</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3352-9192</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Djaló</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Carolina N. Netto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4562-0943</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pires</surname>
						<given-names>Glauber Lutterbach de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1874-3999</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ferraz</surname>
						<given-names>Adriana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0059-8105</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Abath</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Gustavo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6002"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2808-4966</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fonseca</surname>
						<given-names>Idalécio Souto</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6002"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4985-793X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marques</surname>
						<given-names>Milena O.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clínicas-Recife, Pernambuco, PE, Brasil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Restauração, Recife, PE, Brasil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário da UNIVASF, Brasil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade Estácio de Juazeiro, BA, Brasil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6002">
				<label>6</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Angiorad, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Ana Carolina Nascimento Netto Djaló • E-mail: ana.djalo@ebserh.gov.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Introdução e apresentação do caso: Djaló ACN; revisão da literatura: Djaló ACN, Fonseca Filho IS e Marques MO; discussão: Djaló ACN, Pires GLO; revisão do manuscrito: Ferraz A e Abath CG.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Aneurisma de aorta abdominal</kwd>
				<kwd>Endoleak</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
				<p>O aneurisma de aorta abdominal (AAA) é uma doença com prevalência estimada em 4% a 8% da população, com maior incidência em homens, idosos, hipertensos e tabagistas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> podendo ser feito o reparo cirúrgico ou endovascular da aorta (REVA) quando bem indicado, sendo esta a principal técnica utilizada, por ser menos invasiva e de menor morbimortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Todavia, diante das complicações, faz-se necessária a vigilância clínica e por imagem rotineiramente, para identificar ou prevenir os vazamentos periprotéticos (<italic>endoleaks</italic>) relacionados à progressão da doença aneurismática.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Diante disso, a angiotomografia computadorizada (angio-TC) sempre foi considerada o padrão-ouro para a vigilância do <italic>endoleak</italic>, pela qualidade da imagem e pela possibilidade de reconstrução em duas e três dimensões. Entretanto, entre suas desvantagens estão o uso de contraste iodado e a exposição à radiação ionizante. Motivado por essas características negativas, outros métodos de imagem vêm sendo estudado para controle pós-REVA, como a ultrassonografia com contraste por microbolhas (UCM), que é um método dinâmico e de avaliação de alta qualidade dos aspectos relacionados ao <italic>endoleak</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No seguinte caso, buscamos destacar a importância do UCM como método diagnóstico para a detecção do <italic>endoleak</italic> após REVA, ressaltando suas vantagens e desvantagens em comparação com o atual método padrão-ouro.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>RELATO DO CASO</title>
				<p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 65 anos, hipertenso, diabético, com história familiar de aneurisma cerebral e AAA. Em junho de 2014, foram diagnosticados, por meio da angio-TC, um AAA infrarrenal (AAAI) até a bifurcação aorto-ilíaca, com diâmetro transverso de 8,7x8,3cm, e um aneurisma de artéria ilíaca comum esquerda (AICE), com 2,1cm.</p>
				<p>Foi submetido em julho de 2014 a REVA de aorta abdominal (AA) infrarrenal e de AICE, com colocação de endoprótese aorto-ilíaca e embolização da artéria hipogástrica esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Reparo endovascular de aneurisma em ruptura infrarrenal e de ilíaca comum esquerda com colocação de endoprótese aorto-ilíaca e embolização da artéria hipogástrica esquerda.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc315-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Em outubro de 2019, foi realizado uma angio-TC de acompanhamento, com AAA de 9,5x9,1cm sem evidências de <italic>endoleak</italic>, e, no UCM, foi diagnosticado <italic>endoleak</italic> tipo II, o qual foi corrigido com embolização da artéria mesentérica inferior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>)</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>(A) Ultrassom modo B: medida de diâmetro transverso. (B) Doppler colorido: imagens anecoicas no interior do saco aneurismático, principalmente na parede posterior, na qual se registrou fluxo pulsátil ao Doppler espectral, sugerindo a presença de endoleak tipo II. (C) Ultrassom com contraste de microbolha (SonoVue® Bracco): imagem com vazamento de baixa pressão na parede anterior do saco aneurismático, na altura do segmento proximal da endoprótese, provavelmente da artéria mesentérica inferior, sugerindo endoleak tipo II.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc315-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Durante 2020 e 2021, foi evidenciado aumento do saco aneurismático para 9,8cm de diâmetro transverso, contudo sem evidências de <italic>endoleak</italic> pela angio-TC. Foi realizado, em janeiro de 2022, o ultrassom Doppler no modo B, espectral e com contraste de microbolha, com registro de volumosa dilatação aneurismática fusiforme infrarrenal de 9,5x9,0cm de diâmetro transverso e anteroposterior no modo B, além de fluxo pulsátil no interior do saco aneurismático ao Doppler espectral. Após injeção de 2,5mL do contraste de microbolhas (SonoVue® Bracco) em veia periférica, foram observados sinais de vazamento no interior do saco aneurismático provenientes de uma artéria lombar da parede lateral direita e do ramo direito da endoprótese, que diagnosticou <italic>endoleaks</italic> tipos II e III, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>(A) Ultrassom modo B: medida dos diâmetros anteroposterior e transverso. (B) Doppler espectral: registro de fluxo com velocidade elevada no interior do saco aneurismático. (C) Ultrassom com contraste de microbolha (SonoVue® Bracco): vazamento através do ramo direito da endoprótese.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc315-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Durante o procedimento do REVA, em abril de 2022, foi realizada inicialmente a angio-TC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4A</xref>), simultânea com a angiografia, detectando AAA de diâmetro transverso de 9,58cm, no qual não se observou nenhum sinal de <italic>endoleak</italic> tipo III e havia apenas fluxo retrógrado em artérias lombares. Mesmo assim, considerando os achados do UCM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>), prosseguimos com a estratégia terapêutica, implantando-se endopróteses em ilíacas bilateralmente, recobrindo as endopróteses prévias. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4B</xref>). Ao final do procedimento a angio-TC mostrou correto posicionamento das endopróteses, sem sinais de <italic>endoleak</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m01_pt">Vídeo 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>(A) ATC no plano sagital demonstrando o diâmetro anteroposterior do saco aneurismático. (B) ATC no plano coronal. (C) ATC no plano sagital.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc315-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m01_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc315-m01-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>ATC no plano sagital.</title>
						</caption>
						<attrib>Fonte: arquivo pessoal.</attrib>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>O paciente evolui com boa recuperação pós-operatória, sem intercorrências, com alta no segundo dia de pós-operatório.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSÃO</title>
				<p>Diante do crescente avanço de técnicas e dispositivos para tratamento dos AAA, atualmente a maior parte dos casos pode ser tratada por via endovascular, utilizando endopróteses diversas, inclusive as fenestradas e ramificadas, ou, ainda, com stents paralelos. Isso exige uma vigilância intensificada para tratamentos que estão em constante progresso e com possibilidade de diversas complicações.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O <italic>endoleak</italic> é a complicação mais frequente pós-REVA, com incidência de 20 a 25% dos pacientes tratados, sendo definido como um fluxo sanguíneo persistente dentro do aneurisma, mas fora da endoprótese, perpetuando a pressurização do saco aneurismático e todos os riscos relacionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O <italic>endoleak</italic> pode ser classificado do ponto de vista anatômico em cinco tipos. No tipo I, há um vazamento relacionado à falta de aposição da endoprótese a parede saudável do colo proximal (Ia) ou distal (Ib), ou ainda por falta de selamento do <italic>plug</italic> de oclusão do ramo ilíaco, associado ao fluxo sanguíneo proveniente do enxerto cruzado (Ic). No tipo II, há perfusão do saco aneurismático por fluxo oriundo de artérias colaterais, como as lombares, mesentérica inferior e hipogástrica. No tipo III, o vazamento decorre da desconexão dos componentes da endoprótese ou da falha estrutural dela. No tipo IV, a porosidade do tecido leva ao vazamento. Por fim, no tipo V, há pressurização do saco aneurismático sem evidência de fluxo sanguíneo nos exames de imagem, sendo conhecido como endotensão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os tipos mais relacionados ao risco de ruptura e que devem ser tratados o mais brevemente possível são aqueles que pressurizam mais rapidamente e têm alto risco de ruptura, que são os tipos I e III. Assim, pelo fato de a classificação definir um algoritmo de cuidados e ações a serem realizadas, é imperativo o acompanhamento frequente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A vigilância por imagem padrão pós-REVA é a angio-TC no seguimento de 1, 6 e 12 meses e, depois, anualmente. Esse método é rápido, reprodutível, tem excelente resolução espacial e utiliza contraste iodado com aquisição de imagem por meio da emissão de radiação ionizante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As desvantagens da angio-TC envolvem o uso do contraste iodado, que é nefrotóxico, ou seja, trata-se de um fator limitante para nefropatas não dialíticos. Ainda, o uso da radiação ionizante pode levar a efeitos deletérios e acumulativos ao organismo, como o desenvolvimento de câncer. Uma limitação importante é o fato de não avaliar a hemodinâmica ou direção do fluxo que resultou no vazamento, em situações como no tipo II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Outros métodos de imagem vêm apresentando destaque na vigilância pós REVA, como o UCM. Esse exame utiliza agentes contrastados, que são microbolhas de gás (perfluocarbono ou hexafluoreto de enxofre), envoltas por um fosfolipídio, os quais quando injetados na corrente sanguínea servem como refletores intravasculares de ondas ultrassonograficas. Ainda não há consenso da dose ideal, mas o que é preconizado é entre 1mL e 2,4mL, em bólus em veia periférica. A varredura com sonda de baixa frequência é feita por cerca de ٥ minutos após a injeção endovenosa. São avaliados a presença e o tempo de perfusão do contraste no saco aneurismático em relação aos vasos de entrada e saída, assim como dentro da endoprótese, além da velocidade e do formato da onda ao modo espectral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Esse tipo de contraste tem rápida absorção pela corrente sanguínea e eliminação pelo sistema respiratório, sendo seguro para pacientes com função renal comprometida, além de ter como vantagem a ausência de exposição à radiação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Estudos recentes demonstram que esse método tem alto valor diagnóstico e é adequado para vigilância dessa complicação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Além disso, o UCM demonstrou sensibilidade maior na detecção de <italic>endoleak</italic> quando comparado com a angio-TC, relacionado principalmente à detecção da velocidade e da direção do fluxo, embora sem diferença significativa na taxa de especificidade entre as duas modalidades de imagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Outro benefício demostrado na literatura é a redução de custos relacionados com o acompanhamento desses pacientes: o protocolo UCM reduziu significativamente os custos em comparação com a angio-TC, permanecendo com altas taxas de sensibilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A análise específica do UCM para <italic>endoleaks</italic> do tipo II pode estratificar os casos que teriam maior necessidade de intervenção adicional, de acordo com a velocidade do fluxo e a largura do <italic>endoleak</italic>, sendo os parâmetros indicativos de tratamento quando a velocidade fosse superior a 80cm/s e a largura superior a 4mm. A sensibilidade e a especificidade do exame foram 0,62 a 0,83 e 0,90 a0,97 para todos os tipos, respectivamente, e 0,40 a 0,97 e 0,97 a 1,00 para os tipos I e III, respectivamente, demonstrando que o exame é muito preciso e eficaz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Todavia, apesar de possuir essas vantagens, o UCM tem como limitação ser uma técnica operador-dependente, que necessita de treinamento e equipamentos específicos e pode ser afetado de acordo com fatores do paciente, como índice de massa corporal alto, gases intestinais, calcificações da parede da aorta ou ascite; podem ser necessários planejamento cirúrgico e aquisição de imagens tomográficas, para caracterizar melhor os vazamentos detectados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No caso apresentado, a angio-TC identificou dilatação do saco aneurismático, mas sem visualizar o vazamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref>). Todavia, o UCM, conseguiu identificar o tipo de <italic>endoleak</italic>, classificando-o como tipo III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>) e dando a segurança para a intervenção e o reparo, devido ao risco de rompimento do saco aneurismático, corroborando dados da literatura sobre a maior sensibilidade desse método.</p>
				<p>Portanto, o caso descrito visa ilustrar a importância do método UCM como alternativa ao padrão-ouro atual, para acompanhamento e monitoramento de <italic>endoleak</italic> no pós-operatório da REVA. Apesar de suas limitações, o método ultrassonográfico parece apresentar uma superioridade que pode ser benéfica para a detecção dessa complicação, levando ao diagnóstico precoce e à evolução favorável.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>