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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223503eabc308</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Correlação entre Medidas Ecocardiográficas e Hemodinâmicas na Avaliação do Átrio Direito e Ventrículo Direito em Pacientes com Hipertensão Pulmonar</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3551-9457</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brito</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Tereza Azeredo Bastos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4335-4568</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>João Batista Masson</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9131-0439</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rassi</surname>
						<given-names>Daniela do Carmo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1305-7914</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Daniela Graner Schuwartz Tannus</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8671-7042</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Costa</surname>
						<given-names>Sandra Araújo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6562-0978</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Diogo Sampaio de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7524-9837</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Jardim</surname>
						<given-names>Flavio de Souza Veiga</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5317-8174</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Leandro Zacarias F. de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3778-7153</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Aguinaldo F. de</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3551-9457</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rassi</surname>
						<given-names>Salvador</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goiás</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goiás</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Correspondência: Ana Tereza Azeredo Bastos Brito • Avenida Primeira Avenida, quadra 68, lote AR 1, Setor Leste Universitário. CEP 74605-020 – Goiânia, GO, Brasil. E-mail: <email>anaterezaa@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Cada autor contribuiu individual e significantemente para o desenvolvimento deste artigo. Jardim FV, Zacarias L, Masson JB, Zeredo AT: Redação e Realização de Cirurgias; Azeredo AT, Rassi D, Rassi S: Análise dos Dados e Redação; Azeredo AT, Graner D, Rassi S, Figueiredo A, Costa S, Sampaio D: Revisão do Artigo e Conceito Intelectual do Artigo.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>23</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc308</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>7</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>8</day>
					<month>8</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introdução</title>
					<p> Hipertensão Pulmonar (HP), uma condição clínica grave, pode levar à disfunção sistólica do ventrículo direto (DSVD), com implicações prognósticas. Pacientes com suspeita de HP devem ser submetidos ao ecocardiograma transtorácico (ECOTT) para diagnóstico e avaliação, colocando-o como o principal exame de triagem e acompanhamento.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Verificar a associação e a concordância das medidas referentes à pressão média no átrio direito (AD) e à disfunção sistólica do ventrículo direto (DSVD) ao (ECOTT) e ao cateterismo de câmaras direitas (CCD) em pacientes com (HP).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Foram incluídos indivíduos com diagnóstico de (HP). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao ECOTT e CCD. Avaliou-se pelo ECOTT: área do átrio direito (AAD), pressão média do átrio direito (AD) através por meio do diâmetro e da colapsabilidade da veia cava inferior (PMAD<sub>ECOTT</sub>), <italic>strain</italic> AD (SAD), TAPSE (excursão sistólica do plano anular tricúspide), MAF (mudança da área fracional), SPLVD (<italic>strain</italic> da parede livre do VD) e onda s´ tricuspídea. Pelo CCD avaliaram-se pressão média do (PMAD<sub>CCD</sub>) e índice cardíaco (IC).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Dos 16 pacientes, 13 eram do sexo feminino. A idade média foi de 44,4 anos (±14,9). Constataram-se associação entre pressão média do átrio direito PMADCCD com área do átrio direito, PMADECOTT pressão média do átrio direito e <italic>SAD strain</italic> do átrio direito (r=0,845, r=0,621 e r=-0,523, respectivamente; p&lt; 0,05). Verificou-se associação entre as categorias de risco de mortalidade, mensuradas pelas medidas AAD da área do átrio direito e pressão média do átrio direito PMADCCD (X2=10,42; p=0,003), com concordância moderada (k=0,44; p=0,012). DSVD A disfunção sistólica do ventrículo direto estava presente em dez pacientes. Houve associação entre disfunção sistólica do ventrículo direto DSVD (presente ou ausente) e índice cardíaco IC (r=0,522; p=0,04), com concordância moderada (k=0,43; p=0,037).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> As medidas do ecocardiograma transtorácico (ECOTT) e cateterismo de câmara direita (CCD) demostraram associação na avaliação da pressão média do átrio direito com melhor associação entre área do átrio direito AAD e pressão média do átrio direito (PMAD<sub>CCD)</sub>. Houve associação com concordância moderada quanto à disfunção sistólica do ventrículo direto (DSVD) entre métodos</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Hipertensão pulmonar</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Disfunção Ventricular Direita</kwd>
				<kwd>Cateterismo</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="14"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="24"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
			<p>A hipertensão pulmonar (HP) é uma condição clínica potencialmente grave caracterizada por alterações hemodinâmicas decorrentes de diversos mecanismos fisiopatológicos, os quais podem gerar insuficiência ventricular direita progressiva e até levar ao óbito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A detecção precoce, a classificação precisa e o estabelecimento da gravidade da doença são os objetivos essenciais do diagnóstico da HP, pois, assim, os pacientes podem se beneficiar da melhor forma de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Todos os pacientes com suspeita de HP devem ser submetidos ao ecocardiograma transtorácico (ECOTT) com o objetivo de diagnóstico e avaliação das repercussões da HP, colocando-o como principal exame de triagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>Ao ECOTT, estimam-se a pressão sistólica do ventrículo direito (VD) e a pressão média do átrio direito (AD); além disso, avaliam-se as características das câmaras direitas, principalmente quanto às anormalidades estruturais e funcionais relacionadas à HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>As medidas realizadas pelo ECOTT têm importância prognóstica no paciente com HP. Dentre elas, destacam-se tradicionalmente as que se referem à avaliação da função sistólica do VD, que pode ser determinada da quantificação da excursão sistólica do plano anular tricúspide (TAPSE), da mudança da área fracional (MAF) do VD, da velocidade sistólica anular tricúspide (s´tricuspídeo) e da análise do <italic>strain</italic> (deformidade miocárdica) da parede livre do VD (SPLVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A avaliação adequada do AD apresenta grande relevância no contexto da HP, pois a pressão média do AD e o aumento de sua dimensão são também fatores prognósticos para pacientes com HP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> mas a confiabilidade e a precisão da avaliação não invasiva são limitadas. Além disso, a análise do <italic>strain</italic> (deformidade miocárdica) do AD (SAD) tem demonstrado importância prognóstica para pacientes com HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O tratamento da HP está atrelado ao adequado diagnóstico, o qual se inicia após a suspeita clínica e o ecocardiograma compatível com a doença, seguido da identificação do grupo de HP (Grupos 1 a 4). Após fechar o diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial pulmonar (Grupo 1), faz-se o diagnóstico diferencial entre as várias causas, com posterior estratificação de risco (mortalidade em 1 ano). Essa estratificação leva em consideração parâmetros clínicos, de imagem e hemodinâmicos, nos quais a área do AD (AAD) e a pressão média obtida pelo cateterismo de câmara direita (CCD) fazem parte. Essa avaliação é recomendada a cada 3 a 6 meses, sendo a meta atingir/manter um perfil de baixo risco com o tratamento, o qual está associado com boa capacidade de exercício, boa qualidade de vida, boa função do VD e baixo risco de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A maior parte dos pacientes com HP são encaminhados para realização do CCD com intuito de confirmação diagnóstica, avaliação da gravidade, prognóstico e resposta a terapias específicas durante o curso da doença, sendo essa modalidade de exame considerada padrão-ouro para esses objetivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>Embora seguro, o CCD é realizado de forma invasiva, não sendo adequada sua aplicação generalizada, além de exigir atenção especial e <italic>expertise</italic> na aquisição e interpretação dos dados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a acurácia e a precisão entre os parâmetros correspondentes à pressão média no AD e a disfunção do VD ao ECOTT com as medidas correspondentes obtidas pelo CCD em pacientes com HP.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>Este estudo foi desenvolvido de acordo com as Diretrizes e Normas Regulamentadoras das Pesquisas Envolvendo Humanos (resolução 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde e Declaração de Helsinki) e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética institucional. Todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Participantes</title>
				<p>A população deste estudo foi constituída por pacientes encaminhados para realizar CCD para avaliação de HP entre 2019 e 2021. Foram incluídos indivíduos (acima de 14 anos) de ambos os sexos com diagnóstico de HP do Grupo 1 (hipertensão arterial pulmonar, incluindo a doença idiopática) e do Grupo 4 (HP tromboembólica crônica), de acordo com a classificação clínica de HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Indivíduos com arritmia significativa e insuficiência cardíaca grave foram excluídos, bem como aqueles com janela ecocardiográfica inadequada ao ECOTT ou medidas invasivas incompletas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Instrumentos e procedimentos</title>
				<p>Incialmente, os pacientes compareceram às consultas pré-agendadas nos ambulatórios de cardiologia para verificar se atendiam ou não aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão do estudo. Os pacientes incluídos foram submetidos à avaliação para coleta de dados demográficos (idade, sexo, índice de massa corporal – IMC), clínico e do exame físico (classe funcional, grupo, uso de medicamentos) após assinatura do TCLE.</p>
				<p>Posteriormente, todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao ECOTT no laboratório de ecocardiografia e, após 3 a 4 horas, ao cateterismo cardíaco direito (CCD) na sala de hemodinâmica.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Ecocardiograma transtorácico</title>
				<p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao ECOTT realizado por um único ecocardiografista experiente, utilizando um ecocardiógrafo Philips CX 50, equipado com um transdutor multifrequencial de 2,5 a 3,5 MHz. As medidas e a avaliação ecocardiográfica das câmaras cardíacas seguiram as <italic>Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e o consenso da <italic>European Society of Cardiovascular Imaging</italic> e <italic>American Society of Echocardiography.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As seguintes medidas hemodinâmicas foram obtidas e/ou calculadas pelo ECOTT: pressão sistólica do VD (PSVD, mmHg), calculada pela fórmula 4 x velocidade de pico de regurgitação tricuspídea<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> + pressão estimada média do AD (pressão média no átrio direito de acordo com ecocardiograma transtorácico – PMAD<sub>ECOTT</sub>), e pressão média da artéria pulmonar (PmAP, mmHg) calculada pela fórmula 0,6x PSAP.</p>
				<p>Foram realizadas medidas referentes à AAD (cm<sup>2</sup>) obtidas pelo plano apical de 4 câmara no final da sístole ventricular (<italic>frame</italic> anterior à abertura da valva tricúspide).</p>
				<p>Para a análise da SAD e da SPLVD, foram obtidas imagens otimizadas no plano apical de 4 câmeras e focada no VD, com <italic>frame rate</italic> &gt;50 Hz, tendo o início QRS como o ponto de referência. O software empregado para a análise foi o QLAB 13 (Philips), versão 13.0 (2019). O SPLVD foi calculado pela média da deformidade do pico sistólico de cada um dos três segmentos longos da parede livre e expresso como um valor absoluto. Para o SAD, foi calculada a média de cada um dos segmentos da parede atrial (função reservatório) por meio da onda pico positiva no final da sístole ventricular.</p>
				<p>Os parâmetros empregados para a análise da função sistólica do VD obtidos no plano apical 4 câmaras foram mobilidade do TAPSE obtida do posicionamento do cursor no modo unidimensional (M) na região basal do anel tricúspide lateral (VN &gt;16mm); MAF obtida no modo bidimensional e tracejando as bordas endocárdicas do VD e na área na sístole e diástole e empregando a fórmula MAF = 100 x (área VD na diástole – área VD na sístole) / área VD na diástole (VN &gt;34%); velocidade da onda s´ tricúspide com o posicionamento da amostra do volume ao Doppler tecidual na região basal do anel tricúspide lateral (VN &gt;9,4 cm/s) e SPLVD já descrito (VN absoluto &gt;19%). Quando um dos quatro parâmetros se apresentava alterado, o diagnóstico de disfunção sistólica do VD (DSVD) ao ecocardiograma era confirmado.</p>
				<p>Para a estimativa da PMAD<sub>ECOTT</sub>, avaliada pela veia cava inferior (VCI), foram adquiridas imagens na janela subcostal. Mediu-se o diâmetro 1 a 2cm distante da junção da VCI com o AD e avaliou-se o diâmetro no final da expiração. Para um diâmetro da VCI &lt; 2,1 cm e que colapsou &gt; 50% com a inspiração, foi dado o valor de 3 mmHg para a PADM, enquanto um diâmetro da VCI &gt; 2,1 cm e que colapsou &lt; 50%, foi dado o valor de 15 mmHg. Em cenários em que o diâmetro e o colapso do IVC não se encaixavam nesse paradigma, utilizou-se valor intermediário de 8 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cateterismo cardíaco direito</title>
				<p>O CCD foi realizado de acordo como as diretrizes da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> utilizando a fluoroscopia do aparelho FD10 Phlilips e o polígrafo SP12 da TEB. O cateter JR foi introduzido pela veia cubital direita ou femoral direita e avançado com auxílio da radioscopia pela veia cava superior, AD e valva tricúspide até atingir a artéria pulmonar.</p>
				<p>Nessa posição, foram aferidas as pressões sistólica, diastólica e média da artéria pulmonar, além da pressão capilar pulmonar, débito cardíaco (DC) e índice cardíaco (IC). O DC foi calculado pelo método de Fick indireto.</p>
				<p>Em relação ao CCD, as seguintes medidas foram extraídas: pressão sistólica pulmonar (TPsistólica, mmHg) e pressão sistólica média (TPmédia, mmHg). Também foi mensurada a pressão medida no AD (ADM, mmHg) e IC (L/min/m<sup>2</sup>), o qual foi utilizado para identificar pacientes com disfunção ventricular (&lt;2,8L/min/m<sup>2</sup>) e sem disfunção (&gt;2,8L/min/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análise estatística</title>
				<p>Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio do <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS, versão 25.0).</p>
				<p>Inicialmente, a normalidade e a homogeneidade foram verificadas por meio do teste Shapiro-Wilk e teste de Levene, respectivamente.</p>
				<p>As variáveis categóricas foram apresentadas como frequência absoluta (n) e relativa (%).</p>
				<p>As variáveis contínuas paramétricas foram apresentadas como média e desvio-padrão (DP) ou como mediana e intervalo interquartil.</p>
				<p>Com o objetivo de verificar a associação entre as medidas do ECOTT e CCD foram realizadas as análises de regressão linear e o teste do qui-quarado de Pearson para variáveis contínuas e categóricas, respectivamente. A magnitude das correlações foi analisada com base na classificação de Munro: baixa (0,26 a 0,49), moderada (0,50 a 0,69), alta (0,70 a 0,89) e muito alta (0,90 a 1,00).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Foi considerado um nível de significância de 5% para o estudo.</p>
				<p>Após identificar as associações, foram realizadas análises de Bland-Altman e Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI; Kappa). A análise de Bland e Altman, traz duas informações importantes: (1) o viés, que consiste na diferença entre as medidas e se esta é constante entre a gama de medidas, e (2) o limite de concordância, o qual representa a gama de possíveis erros. O viés informa a acurácia e o limite de concordância, a precisão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Para todas as análises, foi considerado um nível de significância de 5%.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Participantes</title>
				<p>O estudo incluiu 19 indivíduos que foram encaminhados para realizar CCD, sendo três excluídos por indisponibilidade de dados do ECO ou CCD.</p>
				<p>Dos 16 pacientes que participaram do estudo, 13 eram do sexo feminino (81,3%). A idade variou de 14 a 69 anos, sendo que apenas três participantes apresentavam idade superior a 60 anos (18,8%). O IMC variou de 13,9 a 42,30kg/m<sup>2</sup>, com a maioria dos participantes na faixa considerada normal (n=10; 62,5%). Em relação à Classe Funcional pela <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), 37,5% dos pacientes foram considerados classe III e 31,2%, classe II. O grupo predominante foi o 1 (n=13; 81,2%) com a maior parte etiologia congênita (n=7; 53,8%) seguido da idiopática (n=4; 30,8%).</p>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os dados demográficos, clínicos e do exame físico dos pacientes.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Dados demográficos, clínicos e de exame físico dos pacientes (n=16).</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Dados</th>
									<th>Valores</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Sexo (n/%)</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Feminino</td>
									<td align="center">13 (81,2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Masculino</td>
									<td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade (anos)</td>
									<td align="center">44,4 (14,9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">26,5 (7,5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Categoria IMC (n/%)</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Baixo peso</td>
									<td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Normal</td>
									<td align="center">10 (62,6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sobrepeso</td>
									<td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Obesidade Grau I</td>
									<td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Obesidade Grau II</td>
									<td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Obesidade Grau III</td>
									<td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Classe Funcional - NYHA (n/%)</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>I</td>
									<td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>II</td>
									<td align="center">5 (31,2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>III</td>
									<td align="center">6 (37,5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IV</td>
									<td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Grupo HP</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1</td>
									<td align="center">13 (81,2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Congênita</td>
									<td align="center">7 (53,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Idiopática</td>
									<td align="center">4 (30,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Reumatológico</td>
									<td align="center">2 (15,4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>4</td>
									<td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TEP Crônico</td>
									<td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Uso de medicamentos</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sim</td>
									<td align="center">8 (50,0)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Não</td>
									<td align="center">8 (50,0)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p><italic>IMC: Índice de Massa Corpórea. NYHA: New York Heart Association. TEP: Tromboembolismo pulmonar. HP: Hipertensão Pulmonar. Os dados de idade e IMC foram apresentados como média e desvio padrão e os dados de sexo, categoria IMC, classe funcional, etiologia e uso de medicamentos foram apresentados como frequência absoluta (n) e relativa (%).</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as medidas ecocardiográficas das cavidades cardíacas e da função ventricular dos pacientes.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Medidas Ecocardiográficas</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Variável</th>
									<th>Valores</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>AE</td>
									<td align="center">35,19 (±3,67)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VD VSVD</td>
									<td align="center">35,13 (±7,56)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VD basal</td>
									<td align="center">48,13 (±11,18)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VD medio</td>
									<td align="center">36,81 (±10,34)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VD longitudinal</td>
									<td align="center">78,25 (±8,09)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VD espessura</td>
									<td align="center">6,08 (±1,94)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>AAD</td>
									<td align="center">23,71 (±9,34)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DDVE</td>
									<td align="center">45,38 (±7,03)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DSVE</td>
									<td align="center">29,31 (±5,06)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FEVE</td>
									<td align="center">64,50 (4,50)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TAPSE</td>
									<td align="center">1919 (±5,83)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>s´ tricuspídea</td>
									<td align="center">10,61 (±2,79)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>MAF</td>
									<td align="center">34,56 (±15,03)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>SLPLVD</td>
									<td align="center">19,68 (±8,50)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>SAD</td>
									<td align="center">24,57 (±11,27)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p><italic>Dados apresentados em média e desvio padrão, exceto FE VE e SGLVD que estão apresentados como mediana e intervalo interquartil. AE: átrio esquerdo; VD: ventrículo direito; VSVD: via de saída do VD; AAD: área do átrio direito; DDVE: diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo; DSVE: diâmetro sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; TAPSE: mobilidade do anel tricuspídeo; s´tricuspídeo: onda s´ do anel tricúspide; MAF: mudança da área fracional; SLPLVD: strain da parede livre do ventrículo direito; SAD; strain função reservatório átrio direito.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta os valores das medidas hemodinâmicas obtidas ao ECOTT e ao CCD.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Medidas hemodinâmicas do ECOTT e CCD.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Medida</th>
									<th>ECO TT</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>PSVD (mmHg)</td>
									<td align="center">59,44 (24,10)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TPmédia (mmHg)</td>
									<td align="center">44,21 (20,37)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Medida</td>
									<td align="center">CCD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TPsistólica (mmHg)</td>
									<td align="center">68,50 (28,71)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PmAP</td>
									<td align="center">37,37 (15,37)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PMAD<sub>CCD</sub> (mmHg)</td>
									<td align="center">12,69 (8,14)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IC (l/min/m2)</td>
									<td align="center">3,43 (1,57)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p><italic>Dados apresentados em média e desvio padrão. PSVD: Pressão sistólica do ventrículo direito; TPmédia: pressão média na artéria pulmonar; TP sistólica: Pressão sistólica na artéria pulmonar; PmAP: Pressão média da artéria pulmonar, PMAD<sub>CCD</sub>: pressão média no átrio direito; IC: Índice cardíaco.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Átrio direito</title>
				<p>Na análise de regressão linear, constatou-se associação positiva e forte entre PMAD<sub>CCD</sub> e AAD; associação positiva e moderada da PMAD<sub>CCD</sub> entre e PMAD<sub>ECOTT</sub>; e associação negativa e moderada entre ADM e ASAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). No entanto, não foi observada concordância entre as medidas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabela 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Associação entre PMADCCD e AAD, PMADECOTT e SAD.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Variável</th>
									<th>Valor de r</th>
									<th>Valor de p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>AAD</td>
									<td align="center">0,845</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PAD</td>
									<td align="center">0,621</td>
									<td align="center">0,010</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>ASAD</td>
									<td align="center">-0,523</td>
									<td align="center">0,038</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p><italic>PMAD<sub>CCD</sub>: pressão média do átrio direito pelo cateterismo de câmaras direitas; AAD: área do átrio direito; PMAD<sub>ECOTT</sub>: pressão média do átrio direito pelo ecocardiograma transtorácico; SAD: SAD; strain função reservatório átrio direito.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Gráfico de associação entre PMADCCD, AAD, PMADECOTT e SAD.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc308-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Bland-Altman das medidas da PMADCCD, AAD, PMADECOTT e SAD.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc308-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Foi verificada associação entre as categorias de risco (mortalidade de HP em 1 ano), mensurada pelas medidas de PMAD<sub>CCD</sub> e PMAD<sub>ECOTT</sub> (X2=10,42; p=0,003), com concordância moderada (k=0,44; p=0,012). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>)</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Tabela 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Associação entre as categorias determinadas pelo AD e ADM.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2">ADM: categorias de risco</th>
									<th colspan="3">AD: categorias de risco</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th>Baixo</th>
									<th>Intermediário</th>
									<th>Alto</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Baixo</td>
									<td align="center">3 (18,75)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (12,50)</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0,00)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Intermediário</td>
									<td align="center">1 (6,25)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (18,75)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (6,25)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Alto</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0,00)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (12,50)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (25,0)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p><italic>Dados apresentados como frequência absoluta e relativa. Legenda tabela 4.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Disfunção ventricular e índice cardíaco</title>
				<p>A DSVD estava presente em dez pacientes (62,5%).</p>
				<p>Observou-se associação moderada entre as categorias de disfunção ventricular (presente e ausente) mensuradas pelo ECOTT e pelo CCD (r=0,522; p=0,04), com concordância moderada (k=0,43; p=0,037). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>) Entretanto, não foram observadas associações das categorias (com e sem disfunção) identificadas pela variável IC (CCD) para cada um dos critérios ecocardiográficos analisados de forma isolada (TAPSE, S’ anel tricúspide, MAF, SAD e SLPLVD) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 7</xref>)</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Tabela 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Associação entre as categorias de disfunção ventricular mensuradas pelo ECO e CAT.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2">CCD: presença de IC</th>
									<th colspan="2">ECO: presença de IC</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th>Ausente</th>
									<th>Presente</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Ausente</td>
									<td align="center">6 (37,5)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (31,2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Presente</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0,00)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (31,2)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p><italic>Dados apresentados como frequência absoluta e relativa. CCD: cateterismo de câmaras direitas; IC: índice cardíaco.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Tabela 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Associação entre as variáveis de disfunção ventricular mensuradas pelo ECO e CAT.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2">Variável</th>
									<th rowspan="2">Presença de disfunção</th>
									<th colspan="2">IC: Presença de disfunção</th>
									<th rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th>Não</th>
									<th>Sim</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">TAPSE</td>
									<td>Não</td>
									<td>9 (56,2)</td>
									<td>2 (12,5)</td>
									<td rowspan="2">0,107</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sim</td>
									<td>2 (12,5)</td>
									<td>3 (18,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">S´tricuspidea</td>
									<td>Não</td>
									<td>9 (56,2)</td>
									<td>2 (12,5)</td>
									<td rowspan="2">0,107</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sim</td>
									<td>2 (12,5)</td>
									<td>3 (18,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">MAF</td>
									<td>Não</td>
									<td>7 (43,8)</td>
									<td>1 (6,2)</td>
									<td rowspan="2">0,120</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sim</td>
									<td>4 (25,0)</td>
									<td>4 (25,0)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">SAD</td>
									<td>Não</td>
									<td>7 (43,8)</td>
									<td>1 (6,2)</td>
									<td rowspan="2">0,120</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sim</td>
									<td>4 (25,0)</td>
									<td>4 (25,0)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">SLPLVD</td>
									<td>Não</td>
									<td>5 (31,2)</td>
									<td>1 (6,2)</td>
									<td rowspan="2">0,363</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sim</td>
									<td>6 (37,5)</td>
									<td>4 (25,0)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p><italic>Dados apresentados como frequência absoluta e relativa. Legendas: Tabela 2.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSSÃO</title>
			<p>O estudo verificou associação das medidas realizadas pelo ECOTT e pelo CCD em um grupo de pacientes com HP, referentes à avaliação morfofuncional do AD e do VD.</p>
			<p>A medida da pressão média do AD avaliada pelo CCD (PMAD<sub>CCD</sub>) apresentou associação com as medidas relacionadas do AD pelo ECOTT (AAD, PMAD<sub>ECOTT</sub> e SAD). Este dado é concordante com o estudo conduzido por Fukuda et al., em que houve correlação moderada com a soma dos três componentes do SAD (reservatório, contudo e bomba) e a PMD<sub>CCD</sub> (r=0,56; p= 0,005). Além de se correlacionar com a medida hemodinâmica, a soma do SAD demonstrou valor prognóstico neste estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entretanto, neste estudo, apesar da associação, não houve concordância para as medidas, provavelmente devido ao tamanho amostral.</p>
			<p>A avaliação precisa da AAD é realizada por meio da planimetria bidimensional somente no plano apical 4 câmaras. Isso tem implicações, pois o desempenho do AD é um fenômeno tridimensional. Entretanto, quando comparadas as medidas que avaliação o AD em nosso estudo, a AAD foi a que apresentou maior associação com a PMAD<sub>CCD</sub>, sendo essa uma associação forte. Uma maior disponibilidade de <italic>softwares</italic> no futuro, incluindo a ressonância cardíaca, provavelmente nos trará informações relevantes sobre essa estrutura no contexto da HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A medida da pressão média do AD pelo ECOTT é feita pela variabilidade respiratória da VCI, o que já mostrou ter acurácia limitada, pois é um método relativamente subjetivo. Além disso pode ser necessário um certo grau de elevação da pressão no AD antes de causar dilatação da VCI. Como essa medida é usada no cálculo das pressões pulmonares (PSAP e PmAP), pode ocorrer soma inadequada de valores. Essa influência depende do nível de HP, sendo menos importante nos casos mais graves do que nos casos bordeline<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Venkateshvaran et al. demostraram que a estimativa da pressão no AD pelo ECO estava falsamente elevada em mais de um terço dos casos em sua amostra, o que levou a uma a superestimativa da PSVD e da PAPm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>. Assim, recomenda-se o uso da velocidade absoluta da regurgitação tricúspidea na avaliação da HP pelas diretrizes internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O paciente com HP pode ser classificado como de baixo, intermediário ou alto risco de piora clínica ou óbito. Pacientes categorizados como baixo risco, intermediário ou alto têm mortalidade estimada &lt;5%, 5 a 10% e &gt;10% em 1 ano, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As medidas da pressão média do átrio direito avaliada pelo CCD (PMAD<sub>CCD</sub>) e da AAD pelo ECOTT são utilizadas nos escores de prognóstico de HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>Foi observado neste estudo forte associação com concordância moderada entre essas medidas para cada grau de risco (baixo, intermediário e alto), demostrando boa acurácia entre as medidas para cada graduação de risco.</p>
			<p>O VD é a câmara cardíaca que apresenta maior dificuldade de análise funcional devido à sua complexidade anatômica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>A ressonância cardíaca, padrão-ouro para análise morfofuncional do VD, não apresenta limitações técnicas na aquisição da imagem, porém sua menor disponibilidade, maior complexidade e altos custos inviabilizam seu emprego como método escolha. Em contrapartida, o ECOTT, por seu baixo custo e exequibilidade, tornou-se o método mais atrativo para avaliação inicial da função global do VD, deixando a ressonância cardíaca para casos selecionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
			<p>No contexto da HP, a disfunção DSVD tem papel importante quanto ao prognóstico desses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A função sistólica do VD pode ser avaliada pelo CCD através do IC. Em nosso estudo foi avaliado se os pacientes que possuíam valores reduzidos do IC no CCD, apresentavam DSVD ao ECOTT. Houve associação entre as medidas, com concordância moderada. Em nossa pesquisa, o débito cardíaco foi calculado pelo método de Fick indireto, o qual tem menor precisão do que o Fick direto e a termodiluição com o Swang Ganz, o que pode justificar esse resultado. Além disso, as medidas do VD pelo ECOTT se alteram de forma precoce, antes de ocorrer uma alteração efetiva no débito cardíaco calculado pelo CCD, que poderia corroborar com esse achado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Não foram observadas associações das categorias (com e sem disfunção) avaliadas por meio da variável IC (CCD) para cada um dos critérios ecocardiográficos analisados de forma isolada. Esse resultado é decorrente provavelmente do número reduzido de pacientes nesta amostra.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitações do estudo</title>
				<p>Este estudo apresenta limitações, como o tamanho amostral. Porém considera-se esta pesquisa um estudo-piloto, a partir do qual a amostra será ampliada com a finalidade de se obterem resultados mais robustos. No serviço estudado, não havia ressonância cardíaca para a realização da correlação das medidas ecocardiográficas com o método padrão-ouro, porém os exames foram realizados por um ecocardiografista experiente, e pacientes com janelas inadequadas foram excluídos da pesquisa. A utilização do método de Fick indireto para realização de medidas hemodinâmicas do CCD pode ser outro fator limitante do, porém os custos elevados do cateter de Swa-Ganz limitam seu uso de forma rotineira, logo não foi usado o método de termodiluição para realizar as medidas deste estudo.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSÃO</title>
			<p>As medidas do ECOTT e CCD demostraram associação na avaliação da pressão média do átrio direito com melhor associação entre AAD e PMAD<sub>CCD</sub>. Verificou-se associação entre as categorias de risco de mortalidade para HP, mensuradas pelas medidas, com concordância moderada. Houve associação com concordância moderada quanto a DSVD entre métodos.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Correlation Between Echocardiographic and Hemodynamic Measurements in Right Atrium and Right Ventricle Assessments of Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3551-9457</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Brito</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Tereza Azeredo Bastos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4335-4568</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>João Batista Masson</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9131-0439</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rassi</surname>
						<given-names>Daniela do Carmo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1305-7914</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Daniela Graner Schuwartz Tannus</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8671-7042</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Costa</surname>
						<given-names>Sandra Araújo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6562-0978</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Diogo Sampaio de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7524-9837</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Jardim</surname>
						<given-names>Flavio de Souza Veiga</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5317-8174</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Leandro Zacarias F. de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3778-7153</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Aguinaldo F. de</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3551-9457</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rassi</surname>
						<given-names>Salvador</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1001">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2001">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">School of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Ana Tereza Azeredo Bastos Brito • Avenida Primeira Avenida, quadra 68, lote AR 1, Setor Leste Universitário. CEP 74605-020 – Goiânia, GO, Brazil. E-mail: anaterezaa@hotmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contributions</p>
					<p>Each author contributed individually and significantly to the development of this article. Jardim FV, Zacarias L, Masson JB, Zeredo AT: Writing and Performing Surgeries; Azeredo AT, Rassi D, Rassi S: Data Analysis and Writing; Azeredo AT, Graner D, Rassi S, Figueiredo A, Costa S, Sampaio D: Review of the Article and Intellectual Concept of the Article.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The author declares that he has no conflict of interest</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction</title>
					<p> Pulmonary hypertension (PH), a serious clinical condition, can lead to right ventricular systolic dysfunction (RVSD) with prognostic implications. Patients with suspected PH should undergo transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for diagnosis and evaluation as the main screening and follow-up exam.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To verify the associations of and agreement between measurements of mean pressure in the right atrium (RA) and RVSD with TTE</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Method</title>
					<p> Individuals diagnosed with PH were included. All patients underwent TTE and RCC. The following were evaluated by TTE: right atrial area (RAA), mean right atrial pressure through the diameter and collapsibility of the inferior vena cava (RMAPTTE), RA strain (RAS), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, fractional area change, RV free wall strain, and tricuspid s’ wave. Mean RA pressure (RMAPRCC) and cardiac index (CI) were evaluated through the RCC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> Of the 16 patients, 13 were female. The mean patient age was 44.4 (±14.9) years. An association was found between RMAPRCC and AAD, RMAPTTE, and RAS (r=0.845, r=0.621, and r=-0.523, respectively; p&lt;0.05). There was an association between the mortality risk categories measured by the RAA and RMAPRCC measures (X2=10.42; p=0.003), with moderate agreement (k=0.44; p=0.012). RVSDJ was present in 10 patients. There was an association between RVSD (present or absent) and CI (r=0.522; p=0.04) with moderate agreement (k=0.43; p=0.037).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p> The TTE and RCC measurements showed an association in the assessment of mean right atrial pressure, especially between RAA and RMAPRCC. An association with RVSD and moderate agreement between methods were also noted.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
				<kwd>Pulmonary</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
				<kwd>Right</kwd>
				<kwd>Catheterization</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a potentially severe clinical condition characterized by hemodynamic changes resulting from several pathophysiological mechanisms that can lead to progressive right ventricular (RV) failure and even death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The early detection and accurate disease severity classification are essential for diagnosing PH and ensuring that patients receive the best treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>All patients with suspected PH should undergo transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) to diagnose and evaluate PH repercussions as the main screening test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>RV systolic pressure and right atrial (RA) mean pressure are estimated by TTE. Additionally, right chamber characteristics are evaluated, especially regarding PH-related structural and functional disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> TTE measurements have prognostic importance in PH patients. Those referring to RV systolic function assessment, which can be determined by quantifying the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), RV fractional area changes (FAC), tricuspid annular systolic velocity (tricuspid s′), and RV free wall strain (RVFWS) stand out.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Adequate RA assessments are highly relevant in the context of PH, as mean RA pressure and its dimensional increase are prognostic factors for patients with PH,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> but the reliability and accuracy of noninvasive assessments are limited. RA strain (RAS) analysis also has prognostic importance for patients with PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>PH treatment is linked to an adequate diagnosis, which starts after clinical suspicion and echocardiogram compatible with the disease, followed by the PH group identification. After concluding the diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (group 1), a differential diagnosis is made between several causes with a subsequent risk stratification (1-year mortality). This stratification considers clinical, imaging, and hemodynamic parameters, including RA area (RAA) and mean pressure obtained by right chamber catheterization (RCC). This assessment is recommended every 3–6 months to achieve/maintain a low-risk profile with treatment associated with good exercise capacity, good quality of life, good RV function, and a low risk of mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Most patients with PH are referred for RCC to confirm the diagnosis and assess its severity, prognosis, and response to specific therapies during the disease course. This test is considered the gold standard for these assessments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>Although safe, RCC is invasive and its generalized use is not recommended, as its acquisition and interpretation require special attention and expertise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Thus, this study aimed to verify the accuracy and precision of mean pressure parameters in RA and RV dysfunction on TTE versus the corresponding measurements obtained by RCC in patients with PH.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Methods</title>
				<p>The study was developed in accordance with the Regulatory Guidelines and Norms for Human Research (resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Council and Declaration of Helsinki) and approved by the local institutional ethics committee. All participants signed an informed consent form.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Participants</title>
					<p>This study population consisted of patients referred for RCC for PH assessment in 2019–2021. The inclusion criteria were age over 14 years, being of either sex, and diagnosis of PH in groups 1 (pulmonary arterial hypertension, including idiopathic disease) and 4 (chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension) according to clinical PH classification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The exclusion criteria were significant arrhythmia, severe heart failure, inadequate TTE echocardiographic window, and incomplete invasive measurements.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Instruments and procedures</title>
					<p>The patients initially attended pre-scheduled appointments at cardiology outpatient clinics for inclusion criteria screening. The included patients were evaluated for demographic data collection (age, sex, body mass index [BMI]) and clinical and physical examination findings (functional class, group, medication use) after signing the informed consent form. Subsequently, all patients underwent TEE in the echocardiography laboratory and, after 3–4 h, underwent RCC in the hemodynamics laboratory.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Transthoracic echocardiography</title>
					<p>All patients underwent TEE performed by a single experienced echocardiographer using a Philips CX 50 device with a 2.5–3.5 MHz multifrequency transducer. Cardiac chamber echocardiographic measurements were performed according to the transthoracic echocardiographic examination guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and the consensus document of the European Society of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography for left atrial, RV, and RA deformity imaging on echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>The following hemodynamic measurements were obtained and/or calculated by TTE: RV systolic pressure (RVSP; in mmHg) calculated by the formula 4 × peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> + estimated mean RA pressure (MRAP<sub>TTE</sub>); and mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP; in mmHg) calculated by the formula 0.6 × pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP).</p>
					<p>The RAA (in cm<sup>2</sup>) was measured in the four-chamber apical plane at the end of ventricular systole (frame before tricuspid valve opening). The RAS and RVFWS were analyzed through optimized images obtained in the apical four-chamber plane focused on the RV, with a frame rate &gt; 50 Hz with the QRS as the reference point. QLAB 13 (Philips) software version 13.0 (2019) was used for these analyses. The RVFWS was calculated as the mean peak systolic deformity of each of the three long free wall segments expressed as an absolute value. The mean RAS of each atrial wall segment (reservoir function) was calculated through the positive peak wave at the end of ventricular systole.</p>
					<p>The parameters used to analyze RV systolic function obtained in the apical four-chamber plane were TAPSE obtained by positioning the unidimensional mode cursor (M) in the basal region of the lateral tricuspid annulus (VN &gt; 16 mm); FAC obtained in two-dimensional mode by tracing the RV endocardial borders and area in systole and diastole and using the formula: FAC=100 (RV area in diastole – RV area in systole)/RV area in diastole (VN&gt;34%); tricuspid s-wave velocity with the positioning of the tissue Doppler volume sample in the basal region of the lateral tricuspid ring (VN&gt;9.4 cm/s), and RVFWS previously described (absolute VN&gt;19%). When one of the four parameters was changed on echocardiography, the diagnosis of RV systolic dysfunction (RVSD) was confirmed.</p>
					<p>MRAP<sub>TEE</sub> evaluated through the inferior vena cava was estimated by images acquired in the subcostal window. The diameter was measured 1–2 cm distant from the junction of the inferior vena cava (IVC), with the RA and the diameter evaluated at the end of expiration. An IVC diameter &lt; 2.1 cm that collapsed &gt; 50% with inspiration received a MRAP value of 3 mmHg, while an IVC diameter &gt; 2.1 cm that collapsed to &lt; 50% received a value of 15 mmHg. In scenarios in which the IVC diameter and collapse did not fit this parameter, an intermediate value of 8 mmHg was used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Right chamber catheterization</title>
					<p>RCC was performed according to the American Heart Association guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> using a Philips FD10 fluoroscopy device and a TEB SP12 polygraph machine. A JR catheter was introduced through the right cubital or right femoral vein and advanced under radioscopic guidance through the superior vena cava, RA, and tricuspid valve to the pulmonary artery (PA).</p>
					<p>Systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and MPAP were measured in this position in addition to pulmonary capillary pressure, cardiac output (CO), and cardiac index (CI). CO was calculated using the indirect Fick method.</p>
					<p>As for RCC, the following measurements were extracted from the pulmonary systolic pressure (systolic PP, in mmHg) and mean systolic pressure (mean PP, in mmHg). RA pressure (RAP; in mmHg) and CI (in L/min/m<sup>2</sup>) were also measured to identify patients with ventricular dysfunction (&lt;2.8 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>) and no dysfunction (&gt;2.8 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>SPSS software version 25.0 was used for all statistical analyses.</p>
					<p>Initially, normality and homogeneity were verified using the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, respectively.</p>
					<p>Categorical variables are presented as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequency, while parametric continuous variables are presented as mean and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range.</p>
					<p>Linear regression and the Pearson chi-square test were performed for continuous and categorical variables, respectively, to verify the association between the TTE and RCC measurements. The magnitudes of the correlations were analyzed based on Munro’s classification: low (0.26–0.49), moderate (0.50–0.69), high (0.70–0.89), and very high (0.90–1.00).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A significance level of 5% was used here.</p>
					<p>Bland-Altman and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC–k) analyses were performed after identifying the associations. The Bland-Altman analysis brings two important pieces of information: (1) the bias, which consists of the difference between the measurements and whether this is constant between the range of measurements; and (2) the limit of agreement, which represents the range of possible errors. Therefore, the bias informs the accuracy and the limit of agreement (precision).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A significance level of 5% was considered for all analyses.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Participants</title>
					<p>The study included 19 participants referred for RCC, with three being excluded due to the unavailability of TEE or RCC data.</p>
					<p>Of the 16 participants, 13 (81.3%) were women. Patient ages were 14–69 years, and only three participants were older than 60 years (18.8%). Patient BMI was 13.9–42.30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, with most participants being within the normal range (n=10 [62.5%]). Regarding New York Heart Association functional classification, 37.5% of the patients were class III and 31.2% were class II. Group 1 was predominant (n=13 [81.2%]) with the most common etiology being congenital heart disease (n=7 [53.8%]), followed by idiopathic (n=4 [30.8%]).</p>
					<p>Another finding was that half of the patients took specific medications for PH treatment, with 4 (25%) taking two medications, including riociguat, bosentan, sildenafil, and ambrisentan.</p>
					<p>RV systolic pressure was estimated using the peak velocity of tricuspid regurgitation in all patients.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the participants’ demographic, clinical, and physical examination data.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1001">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Patients’ demographic, clinical, and physical examination data (N=16).</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th>Data</th>
										<th>Values</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Sex</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Women</td>
										<td align="center">13 (81.2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Men</td>
										<td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Age, years</td>
										<td align="center">44.4 (14.9)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>BMI, kg/m2</td>
										<td align="center">26.5 (7.5)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>BMI category</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Low weight</td>
										<td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Normal weight</td>
										<td align="center">10 (62.6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Overweight</td>
										<td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grade I obesity</td>
										<td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grade II obesity</td>
										<td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grade III obesity</td>
										<td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>NYHA functional classification</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>I</td>
										<td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>II</td>
										<td align="center">5 (31.2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>III</td>
										<td align="center">6 (37.5)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>IV</td>
										<td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>PH group</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>1</td>
										<td align="center">13 (81.2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Congenic cardiopathy</td>
										<td align="center">7 (53.8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Idiopathic</td>
										<td align="center">4 (30.8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Rheumatologic disease</td>
										<td align="center">2 (15.4)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>4</td>
										<td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Chronic PTE</td>
										<td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Medication use</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Yes</td>
										<td align="center">8 (50.0)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>No</td>
										<td align="center">8 (50.0)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1001">
									<p><italic>BMI, body mass index; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PH, pulmonary hypertension; PTE, pulmonary thromboembolism. Data on age and BMI are presented as mean and SD; data on sex, BMI category, functional class, etiology, and medication use are presented as absolute (n) and relative (%) values.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> presents the echocardiographic measurements of the participants’ cardiac chambers and ventricular function.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2001">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Echocardiographic measurements.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th>Variable</th>
										<th>Values</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>LA, mm</td>
										<td align="center">35.19 (±3.67)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>RVOT, mm</td>
										<td align="center">35.13 (±7.56)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Basal RV, mm</td>
										<td align="center">48.13 (±11.18)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Medium RV, mm</td>
										<td align="center">36.81 (±10.34)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Longitudinal RV, mm</td>
										<td align="center">78.25 (±8.09)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>RV thickness, mm</td>
										<td align="center">6.08 (±1.94)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>RAA, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">23.71 (±9.34)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>RVDD, mm</td>
										<td align="center">45.38 (±7.03)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>RVSD, mm</td>
										<td align="center">29.31 (±5.06)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>LVEF, %</td>
										<td align="center">64.50 (4.50)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>TAPSE, mm</td>
										<td align="center">1919 (±5.83)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Tricuspid s′, cm/s</td>
										<td align="center">10.61 (±2.79)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FAC, %</td>
										<td align="center">34.56 (±15.03)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>RVFWS, %</td>
										<td align="center">19.68 (±8.50)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>RAS, %</td>
										<td align="center">24.57 (±11.27)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> presents the TEE and RCC hemodynamic measurement values.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3001">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title><italic>Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation except for LVEF and RVFWS, which are presented as median (interquartile range). FAC, fractional area change; LA, left atrium; LVDD, left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSD, left ventricular systolic diameter; RAA, right atrial area; RAS, right atrial strain; RV, right ventricle; RVOT, RV outflow tract; RVFWS, right ventricle free wall strain; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; tricuspid s′, tricuspid annulus s′ wave.</italic></title>
								<p> - Hemodynamic TEE and RCC measurements.</p>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th>Measurement</th>
										<th>TTE</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>RVSP, mmHg</td>
										<td align="center">59.44 (24.10)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Mean PAP, mmHg</td>
										<td align="center">44.21 (20.37)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"><bold>Measurement</bold></td>
										<td align="center"><bold>RCC</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>SPAP, mmHg</td>
										<td align="center">68.50 (28.71)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>MPAP</td>
										<td align="center">37.37 (15.37)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>MRAPRCC, mmHg</td>
										<td align="center">12.69 (8.14)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>CI, L/min/m<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">3.43 (1.57)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2001">
									<p><italic>Data are presented as mean (standard deviation). CI, cardiac index; MPAP, mean pulmonary artery pressure; MRAPRCC, mean right atrial pressure by right chamber catheterization; PAP, pulmonary arterial pressure; RCC, right chamber catheterization; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; SPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Right atrium</title>
					<p>In the linear regression analysis, a positive strong association was found between MRAP<sub>RCC</sub> and RAA; a positive moderate association between MRAP<sub>RCC</sub> and MRAP<sub>TEE</sub>; and a negative moderate association between RAP and RAS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). However, no agreement was observed between measurements (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4001">
							<label>Tabela 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Associação entre PMADCCD e AAD, PMADECOTT e SAD.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th>Variable</th>
										<th>R value</th>
										<th>P value</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>RAA</td>
										<td align="center">0.845</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>RAP</td>
										<td align="center">0.621</td>
										<td align="center">0.010</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>RAS</td>
										<td align="center">-0.523</td>
										<td align="center">0.038</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01001">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Association between MRAPRCC, RAA, MRAPTEE, and RAS.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc308-gf01-en.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02001">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Bland-Altman plots of MRAPRCC, RAA, MRAPTEE, and RAS values.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc308-gf02-en.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>An association was found between risk categories (1-year mortality from PH) measured by MRAP<sub>RCC</sub> and MRAP<sub>TTE</sub> (X<sup>2</sup>=10.42; p=0.003), with moderate agreement (k=0.44; p=0.012;). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>)</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5001">
							<label>Table 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title><italic>MRAPRCC, mean right atrial pressure by right chamber catheterization; RAA, right atrial area; MRAPTTE, mean right atrial pressure on transthoracic echocardiography; RAP, right atrial pressure; RAS, right atrial strain.</italic></title>
								<p> – Association between categories determined by RAA and MRAP<sub>RCC</sub>.</p>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th rowspan="2">MRAP<sub>RCC</sub> risk category</th>
										<th colspan="3">RAA risk category</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th>Low</th>
										<th>Moderate</th>
										<th>High</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Low</td>
										<td align="center">3 (18.75)</td>
										<td align="center">2 (12.50)</td>
										<td align="center">0 (0.00)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Moderate</td>
										<td align="center">1 (6.25)</td>
										<td align="center">3 (18.75)</td>
										<td align="center">1 (6.25)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>High</td>
										<td align="center">0 (0.00)</td>
										<td align="center">2 (12.50)</td>
										<td align="center">4 (25.0)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3001">
									<p><italic>Data are presented as absolute and relative frequency. MRAPRCC, mean right atrial pressure by right chamber catheterization; RAA, right atrial area.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ventricular dysfunction and cardiac index</title>
					<p>RVSD was present in 10 participants (62.5%). A moderate association was observed between ventricular dysfunction categories (present and absent) measured by TTE and RCC (r=0.522; p=0.04), with moderate agreement (k=0.43; p=0.037; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>). However, no associations were observed between categories (with and without dysfunction) identified through the CI variable (RCC) for each of the echocardiographic criteria analyzed alone (TAPSE, tricuspid annulus s’, FAC, RAS, and RVFWS;). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">Table 7</xref>)</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6001">
							<label>Table 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Association between ventricular dysfunction categories by TEE and RCC measurements.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th rowspan="2">RCC: presence of CI</th>
										<th colspan="2">TTE: presence of CI</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th>Absent</th>
										<th>Present</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Absent</td>
										<td align="center">6 (37.5)</td>
										<td align="center">5 (31.2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Present</td>
										<td align="center">0 (0.00)</td>
										<td align="center">5 (31.2)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4001">
									<p><italic>Data are presented as absolute and relative frequency. CI, cardiac index; RCC, right chamber catheterization; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t7001">
							<label>Table 7</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Association between ventricular dysfunction variables by TTE and RCC.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th rowspan="2">Variable</th>
										<th rowspan="2">Presence of dysfunction</th>
										<th colspan="2">CI: Presence of dysfunction</th>
										<th rowspan="2">p value</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th>No</th>
										<th>Yes</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="2">TAPSE</td>
										<td>No</td>
										<td align="center">9 (56.2)</td>
										<td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
										<td align="center" rowspan="2">0.107</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Yes</td>
										<td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
										<td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="2">Tricuspid s′</td>
										<td>No</td>
										<td align="center">9 (56.2)</td>
										<td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
										<td align="center" rowspan="2">0.107</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Yes</td>
										<td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
										<td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="2">FAC</td>
										<td>No</td>
										<td align="center">7 (43.8)</td>
										<td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
										<td align="center" rowspan="2">0.120</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Yes</td>
										<td align="center">4 (25.0)</td>
										<td align="center">4 (25.0)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="2">RAS</td>
										<td>No</td>
										<td align="center">7 (43.8)</td>
										<td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
										<td align="center" rowspan="2">0.120</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Yes</td>
										<td align="center">4 (25.0)</td>
										<td align="center">4 (25.0)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="2">RVFWS</td>
										<td>No</td>
										<td align="center">5 (31.2)</td>
										<td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
										<td align="center" rowspan="2">0.363</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Yes</td>
										<td align="center">6 (37.5)</td>
										<td align="center">4 (25.0)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5001">
									<p><italic>Data presented as absolute and relative frequency. CI, cardiac index. Other abbreviations are as shown in Table 2.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>The study verified the association between TEE and RCC RA and RV morphofunctional assessment values in a group of participants with PH.</p>
				<p>The mean RAP measured by RCC (MRAP<sub>RCC</sub>) was associated with RA measurements taken on TEE (RAA, MRAP<sub>TTE</sub>, and RAS). These data corroborate the study findings of Yuko Fukuda et al. including a moderate correlation with the sum of the three RAS components (reservoir, content, and pump) and MRAP<sub>RCC</sub> (r=0.56, p=0.005). The sum of RAS also demonstrated prognostic value in that study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, in our study, despite the association, no agreement was noted between measurements, probably due to the sample size.</p>
				<p>RAA is accurately assessed through two-dimensional planimetry only in the apical four-chamber plane, which has implications since RA performance is a three-dimensional phenomenon. However, when RA measurements were evaluated in our study, the RA showed a strong association with MRAP<sub>RCC</sub>. Greater software availability in the future that can examine cardiac resonance will provide relevant information about this framework in the context of PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>MRAP<sub>TTE</sub> is performed through the respiratory variability of the IVC, which has limited accuracy due to being relatively subjective. In addition, a certain degree of an RA pressure increase may be required before IVC dilation. As this measurement is used to calculate pulmonary pressures (PASP and MPAP), an inappropriate sum of values may occur. This influence depends on PH level, being less important in more severe than borderline cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Venkateshvaran et al. showed that RA pressure estimated by TEE was falsely increased in more than 1/3 of cases, which led to overestimated RVSP and MPAP values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Thus, the use of the absolute tricuspid regurgitation velocity is recommended in PH assessment as recommended by international guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>PH can be classified as carrying a low, intermediate, or high risk of clinical worsening or death. Patients judged at low, intermediate, or high risk have an estimated 1-year mortality of &lt;5%, 5–10%, and &gt;10%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> MRAP<sub>RCC</sub> and TEE RAA are used to determine PH prognostic scores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>This study showed a strong association with moderate agreement between these measurements at each risk level, showing good accuracy.</p>
				<p>Due to its anatomical complexity, the RV is the most difficult cardiac chamber to analyze functionally. Cardiac resonance, the gold standard for RV morphofunctional analysis, has no technical limitations in image acquisition, but its lower availability, greater complexity, and higher cost make it unfeasible as a method of choice. On the other hand, TEE has low cost and high feasibility, making it the most attractive method for the initial assessment of global RV function and leaving cardiac resonance for selected cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
				<p>RV systolic function can be identified by reduced CI values on RCC and RVSD measurements on TEE. We found an association between LVSD measurements on TEE and CI on RCC with moderate agreement. In this study, CO was calculated using the indirect Fick method, which is less accurate than the direct Fick method and thermodilution with the Swang Ganz, which may explain this result. In addition, RV measurements by TEE change early, before an effective CO change on RCC occurs, which could corroborate this finding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No associations were observed between categories (with and without dysfunction) assessed through the CI variable (RCC) for each of the echocardiographic criteria analyzed alone. This result is probably due to the small number of patients in our sample.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Study limitations</title>
					<p>This study has limitations such as its small sample size. However, we consider this a pilot study from which we will expand our sample to obtain more robust results. Cardiac resonance imaging is not available in our service to correlate echocardiographic measurements with the gold standard method, but the tests were performed by an experienced echocardiographer and patients with inadequate windows were excluded. Another limitation was the lack of echocardiographic intra- and interobserver variation assessments, but the tests were performed by an examiner with extensive experience testing patients with PH. Use of the indirect Fick method to perform the RCC hemodynamic measurements may be another limiting factor, but since the high cost of the Swan Ganz catheter limits its routine use, the thermodilution method was not used in this study.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>TEE and RCC measurements showed an association in the assessment of MRAP, especially between RAA and MRAP<sub>RCC</sub>. An association with RVSD and moderate agreement between methods were also noted.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>