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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223503eabc302</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Special Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Pediatric Cardiac Tumors: Echocardiographic Imaging Features</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1491-4877</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bravo-Valenzuela</surname>
						<given-names>Nathalie Jeanne Magioli</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5945-8660</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lucas</surname>
						<given-names>Eliane</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9716-5984</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Netto</surname>
						<given-names>Nadinne Velloso</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0220-099X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Conceição</surname>
						<given-names>Larissa Vieira da</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4043-655X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Estrada</surname>
						<given-names>Natalia Pinheiro Duque</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0238-2172</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Respondek-Liberska</surname>
						<given-names>Maria</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6145-2532</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Araujo</surname>
						<given-names>Edward</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">INC</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">INCA</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">SSBC/INC/INCA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Rio de Janeiro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Federal Bonsucesso Hospital</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Federal Bonsucesso Hospital, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Central Military Hospital, Brazilian Army</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Central Military Hospital, Brazilian Army (Hospital Central do Exército), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Research Institute</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Medical University of Lodz</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="state">Poland</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<institution content-type="original">Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Medical University of Lodz, Poland;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Federal University of São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Nathalie J M Bravo-Valenzuela •</bold> Rua Bruno Lobo, 50, 3<sup>o</sup> andar - Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil. CEP: 21941-912 E-mail: <email>njmbravo@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and study design: Bravo-Valenzuela NJM, Lucas E; Data collection, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing: Bravo-Valenzuela NJM, Lucas E, Velloso Netto N, Conceicao LV, Estrada NPD and Respondek-Liberska M; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Araújo Júnior E and Bravo-Valenzuela NJM.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>17</day>
				<month>08</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc302</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>4</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>6</day>
					<month>6</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>1</day>
					<month>7</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Cardiac tumors (CTs) in children are very rare, but their diagnosis is crucial for patient management. Echocardiography is the most commonly used cardiovascular imaging modality in clinical practice for the initial diagnosis of CTs in pediatric patients. Knowing the echocardiographic characteristics of CTs can enable an increasingly early diagnosis and the identification of its most likely etiology. Primary and benign CTs are the most frequent types in the pediatric population. Among benign CTs, the most frequent in fetuses and neonates are rhabdomyomas and teratomas. In children and adolescents, rhabdomyomas and fibromas are more common. Here we describe the echocardiographic characteristics of the most common CTs in pediatric patients.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Cardiac Tumors</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Screening</kwd>
				<kwd>Imaging</kwd>
				<kwd>Pediatrics</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="24"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="40"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Cardiac tumors (CTs), rarely encountered in clinical practice, are classified into primary and secondary types according to their site of origin. In the pediatric age group, CTs occur in 0.001–0.03% of autopsy findings, with primary CTs (PCTs) being the most prevalent and usually benign<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>. The most frequent benign PCTs in fetuses and newborns are rhabdomyomas, followed by teratomas and fibromas; in older children, these are rhabdomyomas and fibromas. In adults, myxomas are the most common benign PCTs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>. As for malignant PCTs, sarcomas are the most frequent in both children and adults. In adults, secondary malignant CTs (metastatic) are more frequent than primary ones, unlike in the pediatric population<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>. Characteristics such as CT density, number, and location aid the identification of CT type (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Echocardiography is an accessible non-invasive test and the most commonly used imaging method for the initial evaluation of cardiac masses in routine clinical practice. In this scenario, the analysis of CT aspects by echocardiography and its association with patient age groups and other epidemiological aspects can significantly impact the therapeutic approach and clinical evolution of these patients. Although rare, CTs should be considered a differential diagnosis with other types of cardiac masses such as thrombi and vegetations. This pictorial review aimed to describe the characteristics of echocardiographic images of the main PCT types found in the pediatric population, providing tools for its diagnosis.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Pediatric primary cardiac tumor locations. Schematic image of the heart with the most typical locations of where the more common different types of pediatric primary cardiac tumors are located.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf01.tif"/>
					<attrib>LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Typical characteristics of the most common pediatric primary CTs.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Cardiac Tumor Type</th>
								<th>Location/Association</th>
								<th>Echo Features</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Rhabdomyoma</td>
								<td>Ventricular cardiac chambers, interventricular septum Associated with tuberous sclerosis</td>
								<td>Homogeneous and well-delimited masses, variable in size, multiple or less commonly as a pedunculated mass</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Fibroma</td>
								<td>Interventricular septum and the ventricular free wall Associated with Gorlin syndrome</td>
								<td>Heterogeneous and well-delimited large solid mass (single tumor); calcification is an important sign</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Myxoma</td>
								<td>Atrial septum, left atrium Associated with Carney complex</td>
								<td>Single mobile, heterogeneous (pedunculated) mass; papillary myxomas are smaller with an elongated appearance</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Teratoma</td>
								<td>Pericardium, base of Ao/PA and SVC Associated with pericardial effusion</td>
								<td>Non-homogeneous density, (cystic and multilobulated aspect); large mass</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><italic>Ao, aorta; CTs, cardiac tumors; PA, pulmonary artery; SVC, superior vena cava.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Benign CTs</title>
				<p>Most (90%) pediatric primary CTs (primary site: heart) are benign<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>. In the pediatric population, rhabdomyomas, teratomas, and fibromas are the most prevalent PCTs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>. Other rarer benign pediatric PCTs are hemangiomas, myxomas, and hamartomas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>. Next we will describe the main echocardiographic characteristics of the most frequent benign PCTs.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Rhabdomyomas</title>
				<p>Rhabdomyomas are the most common benign PCTs in children, constituting 45–60% of tumors in this age group<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>. In a review including 27,640 patients with PCTs, Beghetti <italic>et al.</italic> described that rhabdomyomas were diagnosed as multiple or single CTs when associated with a family history of tuberous sclerosis or the involvement of other organs (central nervous system, kidneys, and skin)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>. Rhabdomyomas are homogeneous masses that vary in size. They generally present as multiple well-delimited masses (in &gt;60% of these patients) or, less commonly, as a pedunculated mass in the cardiac cavity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">B</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m01">Video clip 1</xref>). They typically occur at an equal distribution in the right and left ventricular (intracavitary) cardiac chambers<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>. Rhabdomyomas can also occur in the interventricular septum, and they can occasionally be intramural.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Imaging of rhabdomyomas. Pediatric echocardiogram demonstrating multiple ventricular masses (red arrows) appearing as rhabdomyomas: (A) in the 4-chamber subcostal view (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="m01">Video clip 1</xref>) and (B) in the parasternal left ventricle (LV) view by scanning the LV more apically. Note that the (increased) echogenicity of masses differs from that of the myocardium of the adjacent ventricular cavities.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf02.tif"/>
						<attrib>Ao, aorta; IVS, interventricular septum; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m01" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-m01.mp4">
						<label>Video 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Rhabdomyomas. Apical 4-chamber view with color Doppler showing large multiple masses located in the ventricles and interventricular septum in a child with rhabdomyoma.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>Most patients are asymptomatic; however, depending on their location, rhabdomyomas can cause arrhythmias (when located in the atrioventricular region), heart failure (HF), and signs of low cardiac output (ventricular) outflow obstruction<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>. In cases of hemodynamic repercussions, pharmacological treatment (rapamycin inhibitor [Everolimus]) or surgical treatment may be indicated<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>.</p>
				<p>These tumors usually occur in the fetal period or during the first year of life, as they are hormone-dependent and can grow in the fetal period until the 32<sup>nd</sup> week of pregnancy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>. The presence of multiple cardiac masses on obstetric ultrasonography and/or fetal echocardiography should draw attention to the diagnosis of rhabdomyomas. In some cases, the masses can be large and obstruct the ventricular outflow and/or inlet tracts. In such cases, blood flow obstruction may occur, carrying the risk of HF and fetal death. In the postnatal period, the tumor masses may shrink or even completely regress, especially in early childhood.</p>
				<p>There is a strong association between rhabdomyoma and tuberous sclerosis, especially in cases of multiple cardiac masses. About 60–80% of patients with rhabdomyomas have tuberous sclerosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>, a genetic syndrome with variable clinical presentation, including cognitive deficit, seizures, multiple facial angiofibromas, skin patches (hypochromic “coffee au lait” spots), multiple retinal hamartomas, and cardiac rhabdomyomas, among other features. Rhabdomyoma-type CT is most common fetal and neonatal clinical presentation of tuberous sclerosis. Therefore, the presence of multiple CTs in fetuses and children should draw attention to the diagnosis of rhabdomyoma and its association with tuberous sclerosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). The identification of mutations in the <italic>TSC1</italic> or <italic>TSC2</italic> genes is sufficient for the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis, and genetic research should be requested in cases of rhabdomyomas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Fetal rhabdomyoma in a case of tuberous sclerosis. Fetal echocardiogram showing multiple masses (1, 2, 3) in ventricular cavities and interventricular septum in a case of rhabdomyoma and tuberous sclerosis.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf03.tif"/>
						<attrib>Ao, aorta; IVS, interventricular septum; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Fibromas</title>
				<p>Although rare, fibromas are the second most common benign PCTs in pediatric patients except fetuses and neonates<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>. On echocardiography, these CTs usually present as a large solid myocardial mass (single tumor mass) that is well-delimited, non-contractile, echogenic, and heterogeneous within the myocardium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m02">Video clip 2</xref>). Their central portion may have calcifications that are pathognomonic, reflecting a poor blood supply to the tumor. Calcification is an important tool that enables the differentiation of fibroma from rhabdomyoma within a single tumor mass. The most common fibroma locations are the interventricular septum and the ventricular free wall, and its extension into the ventricular cavity can lead to obstruction and HF symptoms. Alternatively, myocardial location can lead to arrhythmias<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Fibroma. Transthoracic echocardiogram showing the presence of a large (single) homogeneous mass corresponding to a fibroma. The large single mass is visible in the LV free wall from the parasternal view by scanning of the LV long (A/ <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m02">Video clip 2</xref>) and short axes (B). The cardiac tumor was removed by cardiac surgery and a histopathological examination confirmed the echocardiographic diagnostic hypothesis.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf04.tif"/>
						<attrib>Ao, aorta; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; T, tumor (fibroma).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m02" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-m02.mp4">
						<label>Video 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Fibroma. Parasternal left ventricle (LV) long-axis view showing a large single mass in the LV of a pediatric patient with cardiac fibroma.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>These tumors do not regress spontaneously and often require resection. Surgical excision of CTs is recommended and can be subtotal to minimize loss of the myocardial mass. In cases of the evolution to myocardial failure or the involvement of a large cardiac area with the impossibility of complete tumor resection, a heart transplant may be considered.</p>
				<p>Patients with multiple basal cell carcinomas should be screened for Gorlin syndrome<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>, an autosomal dominant disease caused by a mutation in the <italic>PTCH1</italic> gene. Gorlin syndrome is characterized by skeletal and developmental abnormalities with a tendency for neoplasms such as medulloblastomas, basal cell carcinomas, and cardiac fibromas. In such cases, genetic counseling is crucial and the diagnosis is made through DNA analysis, even from the prenatal period<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Myxomas</title>
				<p>Cardiac myxomas, the most common PCTs in adults, usually present at age 30–60 years, most frequently in women. However, they are rare in children. Most of these PCTs (60%) are located within the left atrium, characteristically originating from the middle portion of the atrial septum by a narrow pedicle, while 28% originate in the right atrium<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>.</p>
				<p>On echocardiography, myxomas usually present as a single mobile and heterogeneous (pedunculated) atrial mass (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figures 5A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">5B</xref>). Polypoid myxomas are larger with a smooth surface and a rough core and include cystic areas due to hemorrhage and necrosis. Papillary myxomas tend to be smaller and have an elongated appearance with multiple villi. Papillary myxomas are associated with embolic phenomena, while polypoid myxomas tend to obstruct the blood flow, with HF symptoms being the most frequent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="m03">Video clip 3</xref>). Patients with myxomas may present with systemic symptoms such as fever, weight loss, night sweats, and arthralgia and exhibit laboratory abnormalities such as anemia and elevated inflammatory markers.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Left atrial myxoma. Transthoracic echocardiogram (apical 4-chamber view) demonstrating a large mobile mass (red arrow) in the left atrium with irregular contours (A) obstructing the LV inlet tract flow (B; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m03">Video clip 3</xref>).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf05.tif"/>
						<attrib>LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m03" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-m03.mp4">
						<label>Video 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Myxoma. Echocardiogram (4-chamber view) of a 10-year-old girl demonstrating a single large mobile mass (myxoma) in the left atrium with irregular contours. Note the inlet left ventricular flow obstruction during diastole.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>Cardiac myxomas may be associated with Carney complex, a syndrome inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>. Carney complex results in several neuroendocrine tumors and cardiac and cutaneous myxomas associated with changes in skin pigmentation resulting from mutations in the <italic>PRKAR1A</italic> gene. Myxomas in this syndrome occur at an earlier age and tend to recur more frequently<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>.</p>
				<p>An atrial myxoma warrants resection due to the risk of cardiovascular embolization, complications, and sudden death. Surgical resection is associated with low operative mortality rates and good outcomes. A small percentage of patients (up to 5%), typically those with a family history, show smaller tumors or ventricular locations and are at risk of recurrence or new myxomas, highlighting the importance of periodic follow-up.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Teratomas</title>
				<p>Teratomas are PCTs of which 70% of cases occur in childhood, more frequently in fetuses and neonates<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>. The main echocardiographic characteristics of teratomas include large masses with a non-homogeneous density and a cystic and multilobulated aspect, as they contain all germinative layers<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>. Their most common location is the pericardium, close to the base of the great arteries (adherent to the aorta and pulmonary arteries), and the superior vena cava. In some cases, extrinsic compression of these vessels can occur<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>. These patients may have dyspnea and HF signs. Pericardial effusion is generally present and may progress to cardiac tamponade, especially in fetuses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>.</p>
				<p>Teratomas are frequently detected on prenatal ultrasound or fetal echocardiography with a risk of fetal death of extrinsic compression or cardiac tamponade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref>). These fetuses may benefit from prenatal intervention<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>. Teratomas have a good postnatal prognosis after curative surgical resection and generally show no recurrence in long-term follow-up<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f06">
						<label>Figure 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Fetal teratoma. Three-dimensional fetal echocardiogram with power and color Doppler imaging demonstrating a teratoma in a fetus at 32 weeks’ gestation. Note the large pericardial mass (A) and pericardial effusion (B).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf06.tif"/>
						<attrib>LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Hemangiomas</title>
				<p>Hemangiomas are rare CTs usually located in the right atrium and right ventricle. Depending on their location and size, they can cause systemic venous congestion, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, elevated right ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and irreversible right ventricular dysfunction. Electrocardiography can reveal ST-segment abnormalities, signs of right ventricular hypertrophy, signs of pre-excitation, and arrhythmias. The presence of pericardial effusion is prevalent in hemangioma cases<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>. Remarkably, this type of CT has the best prognosis due to the possibility of its spontaneous regression<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Malignant CTs</title>
				<p>Malignant tumors account for about 15% of CTs and are rather rare in childhood<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>. They typically show rapid growth, local invasion, hemorrhagic pericardial effusion, and precordial pain. Among them, the most prevalent are sarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>a. Sarcomas</title>
					<p>Sarcomas are the most common among malignant CTs and typically diagnosed in the mid-4<sup>th</sup> decade of life. Undifferentiated sarcomas appear as broad masses on echocardiography, typically in the left atrium (which allows differential diagnosis with myxomas), heterogeneous echogenicity, and hypoechoic areas, indicating tumor necrosis. The most common sarcoma in the heart is angiosarcoma. It is often located to the right, particularly the right atrium. Echocardiograms show a clearly heterogeneous lobulated mass with areas of necrosis and hemorrhage but without a pedicle, differentiating it from other tumors. Sarcomas tend to show direct involvement with the pericardium, resulting in hemorrhagic effusion that may or may not cause tamponade.</p>
					<p>Angiosarcomas tend to replace the cardiac wall of the right atrium and fill the chamber. Depending on their location and hemodynamic repercussions, they can show signs and symptoms of pericardial precordial pain, obstruction, congestion, dyspnea, and fatigue. Unfortunately, metastasis to the lung is common at diagnosis and the prognosis is restricted, even after surgery, due to recurrence and metastasis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>b. Rhabdomyosarcomas</title>
					<p>Rhabdomyosarcomas, the second most common malignant tumor type, can appear in any cardiac structure without location preference. They tend to occupy multiple areas and can cause obstructions. They grow quickly, involve the pericardium early, and carry a poor prognosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>.</p>
					<p>Leiomyosarcomas, osteosarcomas, fibrosarcomas, and undifferentiated sarcomas are other rare types that have a very poor prognosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>c. Lymphomas</title>
					<p>In general, due to cardiac involvement in patients with Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, however. Primary cardiac lymphomas show an increased incidence in immunocompromised patients, those after transplantation, and those infected with HIV. These tumors are most commonly diffuse large B cell lymphoma. On echocardiography, they are homogeneous and infiltrative, leading to wall thickening and hemodynamic restriction, with nodular masses occupying the cardiac chambers, mainly the right atrium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 7</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m04">Video clip 4</xref>). The atrioventricular region can be affected, involving the right coronary artery and pericardial effusion.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f07">
							<label>Figure 7</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Lymphoma. Two-dimensional echocardiogram showing a large nodular mass (lymphoma) in the RA cavity (red arrow). The features of this mass in an adolescent patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus raised the suspicion of this diagnosis.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf07.tif"/>
							<attrib>LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle; T, tumor (lymphoma).</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="m04" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-m04.mp4">
							<label>Video 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Lymphoma. Note the nodular mass (lymphoma) occupying the right atrial cavity in an adolescent patient.</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>Transesophageal echocardiography is the best imaging technique and should be performed to identify tumor type. Depending on its location, it can generate symptoms of inlet obstruction, leading to vena cava syndrome, HF, and arrhythmias such as complete atrioventricular block and embolism.</p>
					<p>The diagnosis can be made by pericardial effusion cytology or echo-guided biopsy. Cytology is the key to lymphoma prognosis, which is usually much better than that of other primary CTs, especially if patients are candidates for adequate chemotherapy. Radiotherapy is less favorable, while surgical resection of the entire tumor is very difficult<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>d. Mesothelioma</title>
					<p>Mesotheliomas represent half of primary pericardial tumors, the other half being benign (teratomas, fibromas, and lipomas). Their symptoms include chest pain, cough, and palpitations. These tumors form bulky nodules within the pericardial cavity, circumventing the heart, mimicking pericarditis, and cardiac tamponade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>. Echocardiography typically reveals pericardial effusion and a tumor involving the heart, but a mild mass may not be seen. The patient prognosis is restricted, although surgery and radiotherapy can provide palliative benefits.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>e. Metastasis</title>
					<p>Cardiac metastasis is not uncommon, with an incidence of around 0.7–3.5% in the general population that reaches 7.1% in people with known malignancies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>. They can invade the heart by hematogenous dissemination, contiguity, or via the venous/lymphatic route. Heart metastasis is most common in primary breast and lung tumors, esophageal carcinoma, malignant lymphoma, leukemia, and malignant melanoma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 8</xref>). Melanoma is more prone to cardiac metastasis due to its hematogenous spread. The pericardium is more seriously affected, with an effusion that can even be asymptomatic. However, metastasis should be considered in any patient with a known malignant disease and new cardiovascular symptoms.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f08">
							<label>Figure 8</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Transthoracic echocardiogram showing a secondary cardiac tumor (metastasis) in the aorta in an adult patient. Secondary cardiac tumors are encountered more frequently in the adult population than in the pediatric population.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf08.tif"/>
							<attrib>Ao, aorta; DAo, descending aorta; T, secondary cardiac tumor (red arrow).</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Echocardiography should be performed as an initial diagnostic test for the presence of metastatic implants, and it can be complemented with other imaging tests. Unfortunately, metastatic cardiac disease occurs in patients with already disseminated disease, making its prognosis quite poor when identified<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>.</p>
					<p>We can currently detect CT, make the diagnosis, and treat and follow patients, but in this chain, the missing link is very first one: What causes CTs, and why? To answer this question, international cooperation is needed, as is the establishment of national databases. Is it possible that air pollution plays a role? The first such suggestion came from Poland<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup>.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Differential diagnosis</title>
			<p>The main differential diagnosis of CTs is thrombi, which occur more frequently on the right side of the heart and are related to a clinical history of central venous catheter use (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 9A</xref>) or structural heart diseases with dilated cardiomyopathy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 9B</xref>). Cardiac thrombi generally appear as mural masses or pedunculated and mobile intraluminal masses. Unlike CTs, they are avascular and do not show increased echogenicity on contrast-enhanced echocardiography<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup>.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f09">
					<label>Figure 9</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Cardiac thrombus. Transthoracic echocardiogram showing a thrombus (red arrow): (A) in the right atrium adherent to a catheter and (B) in the LV apical wall. The first was identified in a child with a central venous catheter and the latter was identified in an adolescent with myocardial disease.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf09.tif"/>
					<attrib>LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; T, thrombus (red arrow).</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Left ventricular diverticulum is another differential diagnosis characterized by the image of a structure connected to the ventricular cavity by a narrow pedicle presenting asynchronous contractility with the left ventricular myocardium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 10</xref>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup>.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f10">
					<label>Figure 10</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Ventricular diverticulum. Transthoracic echocardiogram (4-chamber view) of a child with left ventricular diverticulum. Observe the color Doppler on the narrow pedicle demonstrating that this structure is communicating with the ventricular cavity.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf10.tif"/>
					<attrib>D, diverticulum (red arrow); LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Other differential diagnoses are pericardial cysts and vegetations, the latter being associated with a clinical history of fever and, in general, the presence of structural heart disease (valvular disease or shunt heart disease with communication between the left and right sides of the heart) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 11</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m05">Video clip 5</xref>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup>. Vegetations generally appear as echogenic masses attached to the atrial side of the atrioventricular valves or the ventricular side of the semilunar valves. Indeed, important features of vegetations on echocardiography are isoechoic to the tissue, move independently, and are associated with valvular regurgitation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup>.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f11">
					<label>Figure 11</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Infective endocarditis in a pediatric patient affecting the anterior cusp of the mitral valve on the atrial side of the valve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="m05">Video clip 5</xref>).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf11.tif"/>
					<attrib>a, anterior cusp; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; M, mitral valve; MR, mitral regurgitation; p, posterior cusp; V, vegetation.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<media id="m05" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-m05.mp4">
					<label>Video 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Mitral valve vegetation. Transthoracic echocardiography image of a mobile mitral valve vegetation attached to the anterior cusp.</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>Although CTs are rarely encountered in the pediatric age group, their early diagnosis can impact the conduct and prognosis of these patients. Primary CTs are most frequently seen in children, with a high prevalence of a benign nature. Echocardiography, the most commonly used cardiovascular diagnostic test, provides important tools for an initial diagnosis. Knowledge of the echocardiographic characteristics of pediatric CTs can enable the identification of different CT types and their differential diagnosis with other images of masses such as thrombi, contributing to treatment optimization (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 12</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f12">
					<label>Figure 12</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Echocardiographic approach to pediatric cardiac tumors (PCT).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf12.tif"/>
					<attrib>Tyebally, S. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol Cardio Onc. 2020.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgment</title>
			<p>The authors acknowledge Liana Bravo-Valenzuela e Silva, graphic designer at Pedicor Pediatric Cardiology Center in Brazil, for editing figures to this manuscript.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Especial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Tumores Cardíacos Pediátricos: Características de Imagens Ecocardiográficas</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1491-4877</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bravo-Valenzuela</surname>
						<given-names>Nathalie Jeanne Magioli</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5945-8660</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lucas</surname>
						<given-names>Eliane</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9716-5984</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Netto</surname>
						<given-names>Nadinne Velloso</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0220-099X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Conceição</surname>
						<given-names>Larissa Vieira da</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4043-655X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Estrada</surname>
						<given-names>Natalia Pinheiro Duque</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0238-2172</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Respondek-Liberska</surname>
						<given-names>Maria</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6145-2532</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Araujo</surname>
						<given-names>Edward</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6002"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">SBC/INC/INCA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Militar Central, Exército Brasileiro (Hospital Central do Exército), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="PL">Polônia</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Medical University of Lodz, Polônia;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6002">
				<label>6</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Nathalie J M Bravo-Valenzuela • Rua Bruno Lobo, 50, 3<sup>o</sup> andar - Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brasil. CEP: 21941-912 E-mail: njmbravo@cardiol.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Bravo-Valenzuela NJM, Lucas E; Coleta dos dados, análise e interpretação dos dados, redação do manuscrito: Bravo-Valenzuela NJM, Lucas E, Velloso Netto N, Conceicao LV, Estrada NPD e Respondek-Liberska M; Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Araujo Júnior E e Bravo-Valenzuela NJM.</p>
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Tumores cardíacos (TC) em crianças são lesões muito raras, mas seu diagnóstico é fundamental para a conduta adotada para o paciente. A ecocardiografia é a modalidade de imagem cardiovascular mais utilizada na prática clínica para o diagnóstico inicial de TC em pacientes pediátricos. Conhecer as características ecocardiográficas das TCs pode possibilitar um diagnóstico cada vez mais precoce e a identificação de sua etiologia mais provável. Os TCs primários e benignos são os mais frequentes na população pediátrica. Entre os TCs benignos, os mais frequentes em fetos e neonatos são rabdomiomas e teratomas. Em crianças e adolescentes, rabdomiomas e fibromas são os mais comuns. Neste artigo, descrevemos as características ecocardiográficas dos principais TCs em idades pediátricas.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Tumores cardíacos</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Triagem</kwd>
				<kwd>Imagem</kwd>
				<kwd>Pediatria</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Os tumores cardíacos (TCs) são raramente encontrados na prática clínica e são classificados em primários e secundários de acordo com seu local de origem. Na faixa etária pediátrica, os TCs ocorrem em 0,001–0,03% dos achados de necropsia, sendo os TCs primários (TCPs) os mais prevalentes e, em sua maioria, benignos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>. Os TCPs benignos mais frequentes em fetos e recém-nascidos são os rabdomiomas, seguidos de teratomas e fibromas, sendo que em crianças maiores são os rabdomiomas e os fibromas. Em adultos, os mixomas são os TCPs benignos mais comuns<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>. Quanto aos TCPs malignos, os sarcomas são os mais frequentes, tanto em crianças quanto em adultos. Em adultos, os TCs malignos secundários (metastáticos) são mais frequentes que os primários, diferentemente da população pediátrica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>. Características como densidade, número e localização do TC ajudam a suspeitar do tipo de TC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>). O ecocardiograma é um exame acessível, não invasivo, sendo o método de imagem mais utilizado para avaliação inicial de massas cardíacas na prática clínica de rotina. Nesse cenário, a análise dos aspectos do TC pelo ecocardiograma e sua associação com as faixas etárias dos pacientes e outros aspectos epidemiológicos podem ter grande impacto na conduta terapêutica e na evolução clínica desses pacientes. Embora raros, os TCs devem ser consideradas como diagnóstico diferencial com outros tipos de massas cardíacas, como trombos e vegetações. O objetivo desta revisão pictórica é descrever as características das imagens ecocardiográficas dos principais tipos de TCPs encontrados na população pediátrica, fornecendo ferramentas para seu diagnóstico.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Localizações dos tumores cardíacos pediátricos primários. Imagem esquemática do coração com as localizações mais típicas dos diferentes tipos mais comuns de TCs pediátricos primários.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>AE: átrio esquerdo; AD: átrio direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; VD: ventrículo direito.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Características típicas dos TCs pediátricos primários mais comuns.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Tipo de tumor cardíaco</th>
									<th>Localização/associação</th>
									<th>Características ecocardiográficas</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Rabdomioma</td>
									<td>câmaras cardíacas ventriculares, septo interventricular Associado a: Esclerose tuberosa</td>
									<td>Massas homogêneas e bem delimitadas, de tamanho variável, múltiplas ou menos comumente pedunculadas Massa</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Fibroma</td>
									<td>septo interventricular e parede livre ventricular Associado a: Síndrome de Gorlin</td>
									<td>Grande massa sólida heterogênea e bem delimitada (tumor único); a calcificação é uma importante ferramenta</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mixomas</td>
									<td>septo atrial, átrio esquerdo Associado a: Complexo de Carney</td>
									<td>Massa única móvel, heterogênea (pedunculada) Mixomas papilares — menores, com aparência alongada</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Teratoma</td>
									<td>pericárdio, base de AO/AP e SVC Associado a: derrame pericárdico</td>
									<td>Densidade não homogênea, (aspecto cístico e multilobulado), massa de grandes dimensões</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p><italic>Ao, aorta; AP, artéria pulmonar e VCS, veia cava superior.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>TCs benignos</title>
					<p>A maioria (90%) dos TCs primários pediátricos (local primário: coração) são benignos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>. Na população pediátrica, rabdomiomas, teratomas e fibromas são os TCPs mais prevalentes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>. Outros TCPs pediátricos benignos mais raros são os hemangiomas, mixomas e hamartomas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>. A seguir, descreveremos as principais características ecocardiográficas dos TCPs benignos mais frequentes.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Rabdomiomas</title>
					<p>Os rabdomiomas são os TCPs benignos mais comuns em crianças, constituindo 45–60% dos tumores nessa faixa etária<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>. Em uma revisão que incluiu 27.640 pacientes com TCPs, Beghetti et al. descreveram que os rabdomiomas foram diagnosticados como TCs múltiplos ou únicos quando associados a histórico familiar de esclerose tuberosa ou envolvimento de outros órgãos (sistema nervoso central, rins e pele)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>. Os rabdomiomas são massas homogêneas e de tamanho variável. Em geral, apresentam-se como massas múltiplas e bem delimitadas (em &gt;60% desses pacientes) ou, menos comumente, como massa pedunculada na cavidade cardíaca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figuras 2 A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">B</xref>/<xref ref-type="fig" rid="m01_pt">videoclipe 1</xref>). Ocorrem tipicamente em câmaras cardíacas ventriculares (intracavitárias), tanto à esquerda quanto à direita, com distribuição igual<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>. Os rabdomiomas também podem ser encontrados no septo interventricular. Ocasionalmente, podem ser intramurais.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Imagem dos rabdomiomas. Ecocardiograma pediátrico demonstrando múltiplas massas ventriculares (setas vermelhas) com aspecto de rabdomiomas: (A) vista subcostal de quatro câmaras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="m01_pt">videoclipe 1</xref>) e (B) vista paraesternal do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) por varredura mais apical do VE. Observe que a ecogenicidade (aumentada) das massas é diferente da do miocárdio das cavidades ventriculares adjacentes.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf02-pt.tif"/>
							<attrib>AE: átrio esquerdo; AD: átrio direito; Ao: aorta; VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; SIV: septo interventricular.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="m01_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-m01-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Rabdomiomas. Corte apical de quatro câmaras com doppler colorido mostrando grandes massas múltiplas localizadas em câmaras ventriculares e septo interventricular em uma criança com rabdomiomas.</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>A maioria dos pacientes não apresenta sintomas; porém, dependendo de sua localização, os rabdomiomas podem causar arritmias (quando localizados na região atrioventricular), insuficiência cardíaca (IC) e sinais de baixo débito cardíaco (ventricular) na via de saída obstruindo o fluxo)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>. Nos casos em que há repercussões hemodinâmicas, pode-se indicar tratamento farmacológico (inibidores da rapamicina e everolimo) ou tratamento cirúrgico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>.</p>
					<p>Geralmente ocorrem no período fetal ou durante o primeiro ano de vida, pois esse TC é hormônio-dependente, podendo crescer no período fetal até a 32ª semana de gestação<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>. A presença de múltiplas massas cardíacas na ultrassonografia obstétrica e/ou na ecocardiografia fetal deve chamar a atenção para o diagnóstico de rabdomiomas. Em alguns casos, as massas podem ser encontradas nas vias de saída e/ou entrada ventriculares e ser de grandes dimensões. Nesses casos, pode ocorrer obstrução do fluxo sanguíneo, com risco de IC e morte fetal. No período pós-natal, pode haver redução ou até regressão completa das massas tumorais, principalmente na primeira infância. Há forte associação entre rabdomioma e esclerose tuberosa, principalmente nos casos de múltiplas massas cardíacas. Cerca de 60–80% dos pacientes com rabdomiomas apresentam esclerose tuberosa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>, que é uma síndrome genética com apresentação clínica variável, incluindo déficit cognitivo, convulsões, múltiplos angiofibromas faciais, manchas na pele (hipocrômicas, “café com leite”), múltiplos hamartomas retinianos e rabdomiomas cardíacos, entre outras características. A apresentação clínica fetal e neonatal mais comum da esclerose tuberosa é o TC do tipo rabdomioma. Portanto, a presença de múltiplos TCs em fetos e crianças deve chamar a atenção para o diagnóstico de rabdomioma e sua associação com esclerose tuberosa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>). A identificação de mutações nos genes TSC1 ou TSC2 é suficiente para o diagnóstico de esclerose tuberosa, devendo a pesquisa genética ser solicitada nos casos de rabdomiomas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Rabdomioma fetal em um caso de esclerose tuberosa. Ecocardiograma fetal mostrando múltiplas massas1,2,3 em cavidades ventriculares e septo interventricular em um caso de rabdomiomas e esclerose tuberosa.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf03-pt.tif"/>
							<attrib>AE: átrio esquerdo; AD: átrio direito; Ao: aorta; VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; SIV: septo interventricular.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Fibromas</title>
					<p>Embora raros, os fibromas correspondem ao segundo TCP benigno mais comum em pacientes pediátricos, exceto em fetos e neonatos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>.</p>
					<p>Na ecocardiografia, esses TCs geralmente se apresentam como uma grande massa miocárdica sólida (massa tumoral única) bem delimitada, não contrátil, ecogênica e heterogênea no interior do miocárdio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref>/<xref ref-type="fig" rid="m02_pt">videoclipe 2</xref>). Podem apresentar calcificações em sua porção central, que são patognomônicas, refletindo má irrigação sanguínea do tumor. A calcificação é uma importante ferramenta que permite diferenciar fibroma de rabdomioma dentro de uma única massa tumoral. As localizações mais comuns dos fibromas são o septo interventricular e a parede livre ventricular, enquanto sua extensão para a cavidade ventricular pode levar à obstrução e sintomas de IC. Alternativamente, a localização miocárdica pode levar a arritmias<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04002">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Fibroma. Ecocardiograma transtorácico com presença de uma grande massa homogênea (única) compatível com o aspecto de um fibroma. Detecta-se uma grande massa única na parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) a partir da vista paraesternal por varredura do eixo longo (A/<xref ref-type="fig" rid="m02_pt">videoclipe 2</xref>) e eixo curto do VE (B). O tumor cardíaco foi removido por cirurgia cardíaca e a histopatologia confirmou a hipótese diagnóstica ecocardiográfica.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf04-pt.tif"/>
							<attrib>AE: átrio esquerdo; Ao: aorta; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; T: tumor (fibroma).</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="m02_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-m02-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Fibroma. Corte paraesternal em eixo longo do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) mostrando uma grande massa única no VE em um caso pediátrico de fibroma cardíaco.</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>Esses tumores não regridem espontaneamente e muitas vezes requerem ressecção. O tratamento cirúrgico para exérese do TC é recomendado e pode ser subtotal em outros para minimizar a perda de massa miocárdica. Se ocorrer evolução para insuficiência miocárdica ou envolvimento de grande área cardíaca com impossibilidade de ressecção completa do tumor, pode-se considerar transplante cardíaco.</p>
					<p>Deve-se investigar a ocorrência de miomas cardíacos em pacientes com múltiplos carcinomas basocelulares (síndrome de Gorlin)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>. A síndrome de Gorlin é uma doença autossômica dominante causada por uma mutação no gene PTCH1. Caracteriza-se por alterações esqueléticas e de desenvolvimento, com tendência a neoplasias como meduloblastomas, carcinomas basocelulares e fibromas cardíacos. Nesses casos, o aconselhamento genético é fundamental, e o diagnóstico é realizado por meio de análise de DNA, ainda desde o período pré-natal<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Mixomas</title>
					<p>Os mixomas cardíacos são os TCPs mais comuns em adultos, geralmente apresentando-se entre os 30 e 60 anos, e mais frequentemente em mulheres. No entanto, são raros em crianças. A maioria desses TCPs (60%) está localizada no átrio esquerdo, caracteristicamente originando-se a partir da porção média do septo atrial por um pedículo estreito, ao passo que 28% se originam no átrio direito<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>.</p>
					<p>Ao ecocardiograma, o mixoma geralmente se apresenta como uma única massa atrial móvel e heterogênea (pedunculada) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 5 A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">B</xref>). Os mixomas polipoides são maiores, com superfície lisa e núcleo rugoso, incluindo áreas císticas devido a hemorragia e necrose. Os mixomas papilares tendem a ser menores e têm aparência alongada com múltiplas vilosidades. Os mixomas papilares estão associados a fenômenos embólicos, ao passo que os mixomas polipoides tendem a obstruir o fluxo sanguíneo, sendo os possíveis sintomas de IC os mais frequentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="m03_pt">videoclipe 3</xref>). Pacientes com mixomas podem apresentar sintomas sistêmicos, como febre, perda de peso, sudorese noturna, artralgia e apresentar alterações laboratoriais, como anemia e elevação de marcadores inflamatórios.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f05002">
							<label>Figura 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Mixoma de átrio esquerdo. O ecocardiograma transtorácico (vista apical de quatro câmaras) demonstra uma grande massa móvel (seta vermelha) no átrio esquerdo com contornos irregulares (A) obstruindo o fluxo da via de entrada do ventrículo esquerdo (B; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m03_pt">videoclipe 3</xref>).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf05-pt.tif"/>
							<attrib>AE: átrio esquerdo; AD: átrio direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; VD: ventrículo direito.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="m03_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-m03-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Mixoma. Ecocardiograma (quatro câmaras) de uma paciente de dez anos de idade demonstrando uma única grande massa móvel (mixoma) em átrio esquerdo com contornos irregulares. Observe a obstrução do fluxo de entrada do VE durante a diástole.</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>Os mixomas cardíacos podem estar associados ao complexo de Carney, que é uma síndrome herdada em padrão autossômico dominante<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>. O complexo de Carney resulta em diversos tumores neuroendócrinos e mixomas cardíacos e cutâneos associados a alterações na pigmentação da pele resultantes de mutações no gene PRKAR1A. Os mixomas nesta síndrome ocorrem em idade precoce e tendem a recorrer com mais frequência<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>.</p>
					<p>Um mixoma atrial requer ressecção devido ao risco de embolização cardiovascular, complicações e morte súbita. A ressecção cirúrgica está associada a baixa mortalidade operatória e bons desfechos. Uma pequena porcentagem de pacientes (até 5%), tipicamente aqueles com histórico familiar, apresentam tumores menores ou localizações ventriculares e apresentam risco de recorrência ou novos mixomas, ressaltando a importância do acompanhamento periódico.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Teratomas</title>
					<p>Os teratomas são TCPs em que 70% dos casos ocorrem na infância, sendo mais frequentes em fetos e neonatos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>. Como principais características ecocardiográficas dos teratomas, podemos citar grandes massas com densidade não homogênea e aspecto cístico e multilobulado, pois contêm todas as camadas germinativas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>. Sua localização mais comum é o pericárdio, próximo à base das grandes artérias (aderidas à aorta e artérias pulmonares) e à veia cava superior. Em alguns casos, podem ocorrer compressões extrínsecas desses vasos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>. Esses pacientes podem apresentar dispneia e sinais de IC. Em geral, observa-se a presença de derrame pericárdico, podendo evoluir para tamponamento cardíaco, principalmente em fetos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>.</p>
					<p>Os teratomas são frequentemente detectados na ultrassonografia pré-natal ou na ecocardiografia fetal, com risco de morte fetal por compressão extrínseca ou tamponamento cardíaco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">Figura 6</xref>). Esses fetos podem se beneficiar da intervenção pré-natal<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>. Os teratomas têm bom prognóstico pós-natal após ressecção cirúrgica curativa e, em geral, não apresentam recidiva no seguimento de longo prazo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f06002">
							<label>Figura 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Teratoma fetal. Ecocardiograma fetal 3D com imagens power doppler e doppler colorido demonstrando teratoma em um feto com 32 semanas de gestação. Observe a grande massa pericárdica (A) e o derrame pericárdico (B).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf06-pt.tif"/>
							<attrib>AE: átrio esquerdo; AD: átrio direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; VD: ventrículo direito.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Hemangiomas</title>
					<p>Os hemangiomas são TCs raros, estando mais localizados no átrio direito e ventrículo direito. Dependendo de sua localização e tamanho, podem causar congestão venosa sistêmica, obstrução da via de saída do ventrículo direito, elevação da pressão diastólica final do ventrículo direito e disfunção irreversível do ventrículo direito. No eletrocardiograma, podem ser encontradas alterações do segmento ST, sinais de hipertrofia ventricular direita, sinais de pré-excitação, e arritmias. A presença de derrame pericárdico é prevalente nos casos de hemangioma<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>. Notavelmente, este tipo de TC tem o melhor prognóstico devido à possibilidade de regressão espontânea<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tumores malignos</title>
					<p>Os tumores malignos representam cerca de 15% das TCs e são bastante raros na infância<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>. Geralmente apresentam crescimento rápido, invasão local, derrame pericárdico hemorrágico e dor precordial. Dentre eles, os mais prevalentes são os sarcomas e os rabdomiossarcomas.</p>
					<sec>
						<title>a. Sarcomas</title>
						<p>Os sarcomas são os mais comuns entre as TC malignas e geralmente são diagnosticados em meados da 4ª década de vida. Os sarcomas indiferenciados aparecem como uma massa ampla ao ecocardiograma, tipicamente no átrio esquerdo (o que permite o diagnóstico diferencial com mixomas), ecogenicidade heterogênea e áreas hipoecogênicas, que indicam necrose tumoral. O sarcoma mais comum no coração é o angiossarcoma. Muitas vezes localiza-se à direita, principalmente no átrio direito. Os ecocardiogramas mostram uma massa lobulada, claramente heterogênea, com áreas de necrose e hemorragia, e sem pedículo, diferenciando-a de outros tumores. Os sarcomas tendem a apresentar envolvimento direto com o pericárdio, resultando em derrame hemorrágico, que pode ou não causar tamponamento.</p>
						<p>Os angiossarcomas tendem a substituir a parede cardíaca do átrio direito e preenchê-la por toda a câmara. Dependendo de sua localização e das repercussões hemodinâmicas, podem apresentar sinais e sintomas de dor precordial pericárdica, obstrução, congestão, dispneia e fadiga. Infelizmente, a metástase pulmonar é comum ao diagnóstico e o prognóstico é restrito, mesmo após abordagem cirúrgica, devido à recorrência e metástase<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>b. Rabdomiossarcomas</title>
						<p>Os rabdomiossarcomas são o 2º tipo de tumor maligno mais comum e podem aparecer em qualquer estrutura cardíaca, sem localizações preferenciais. Eles tendem a ocupar múltiplas áreas e podem causar obstrução. Crescem rapidamente, envolvem o pericárdio precocemente e resultam em mau prognóstico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>.</p>
						<p>Leiomiossarcomas, osteossarcomas, fibrossarcomas e sarcomas indiferenciados são outros tipos mais raros e com prognóstico muito ruim<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>c. Linfomas</title>
						<p>Em geral, devido ao envolvimento cardíaco em pacientes com linfoma de Hodgkin e não-Hodgkin. Os linfomas cardíacos primários apresentam incidência aumentada em pacientes imunocomprometidos, pós-transplante ou infectados pelo HIV. O tumor mais comum é o linfoma difuso de grandes células B. Ao ecocardiograma, são homogêneos, infiltrativos, levando a espessamento da parede e restrição hemodinâmica, com massas nodulares ocupando as câmaras cardíacas, principalmente as direitas, principalmente o átrio direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07002">Figura 7</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m04_pt">videoclipe 4</xref>). A região atrioventricular pode ser acometida, causando acometimento da artéria coronária direita e derrame pericárdico.</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f07002">
								<label>Figura 7</label>
								<caption>
									<title>Linfoma. Imagem ecocardiográfica 2D mostrando uma grande massa nodular (linfoma) na cavidade do átrio direito (AD) (seta vermelha). As características dessa massa em um paciente adolescente infectado pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana possibilitaram a suspeita desse diagnóstico.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf07-pt.tif"/>
								<attrib>AE: átrio esquerdo; AR; átrio direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; VD: ventrículo direito; T: tumor (linfoma).</attrib>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>
							<media id="m04_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-m04-pt.mp4">
								<label>Vídeo 4</label>
								<caption>
									<title>Linfoma. Observe a massa nodular (linfoma) ocupando a cavidade do AD em um paciente adolescente.</title>
								</caption>
							</media>
						</p>
						<p>A ecocardiografia transesofágica é a melhor técnica de imagem e deve ser realizada quando houver necessidade de identificação desse tipo de tumor. Dependendo de sua localização, pode ocasionar sintomas de obstrução da via de entrada, levando à síndrome da veia cava, IC e arritmias, como bloqueio atrioventricular total e embolia.</p>
						<p>O diagnóstico pode ser feito por citologia de derrame pericárdico ou biópsia ecoguiada. O diagnóstico por citologia é a chave para o prognóstico do linfoma, que geralmente é muito melhor do que o de outros TCs primários, principalmente se os pacientes forem elegíveis para quimioterapia adequada. A radioterapia é menos favorável e a ressecção cirúrgica de todo tumor é muito difícil<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>d. Mesotelioma</title>
						<p>Os mesoteliomas representam metade dos tumores primários do pericárdio, sendo a outra metade benigna (teratoma, fibroma e lipoma). Seus sintomas incluem dor no peito, tosse, palpitação. Esses tumores formam nódulos volumosos no interior da cavidade pericárdica, contornando o coração, mimetizando pericardite e tamponamento cardíaco<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>. A ecocardiografia geralmente revela derrame pericárdico e um tumor envolvendo o coração, podendo não ser possível se observar uma massa discreta. O prognóstico é restrito, embora a cirurgia e a radioterapia possam trazer benefícios paliativos.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>e. Metástase</title>
						<p>A metástase cardíaca não é incomum, com incidência em torno de 0,7–3,5% na população geral, mas chegando a 7,1% em pessoas com malignidades conhecidas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>. Podem penetrar o coração por disseminação hematogênica, ou por contiguidade, ou por via venosa/linfática. A metástase cardíaca é mais comum em tumores primários de mama e pulmão, carcinoma esofágico, linfoma maligno, leucemia e melanoma maligno (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08002">Figura 8</xref>). O melanoma é mais propenso a metástases cardíacas devido à sua disseminação hematogênica. O pericárdio é mais acometido, com derrame que pode até ser assintomático. No entanto, deve-se considerar metástase em qualquer paciente com doença maligna conhecida e novos sintomas cardiovasculares.</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f08002">
								<label>Figura 8</label>
								<caption>
									<title>Ecocardiograma transtorácico com tumor cardíaco secundário (metástase) na aorta em paciente adulto. Os tumores cardíacos secundários são mais frequentes na população adulta do que na população pediátrica.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf08-pt.tif"/>
								<attrib>Ao: aorta; AoD: aorta descendente; T: tumor cardíaco secundário (seta vermelha).</attrib>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>Deve-se realizar ecocardiografia como exame diagnóstico inicial para avaliar a presença de implantes metastáticos, podendo ser complementada com outros exames de imagem. Infelizmente, a doença cardíaca metastática ocorre em pacientes com doença já disseminada, tornando o prognóstico bastante ruim quando identificado<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>.</p>
						<p>Até agora, podemos detectar o TC, fazer o diagnóstico, tratar os pacientes e fazer o seguimento, mas nessa cadeia o elo que falta é o primeiro: por que e qual é a causa dos tumores cardíacos. Para responder a essa pergunta, é necessária uma boa cooperação internacional, mas também bases de dados nacionais, provavelmente. É possível que a poluição do ar possa exercer algum papel nisso? A primeira sugestão vem da Polônia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup>.</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diagnóstico diferencial</title>
				<p>O principal diagnóstico diferencial dos TCs são os trombos, que ocorrem mais frequentemente no lado direito do coração e estão relacionados ao histórico clínico de uso de cateter venoso central (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09002">Figura 9 A</xref>) ou cardiopatias estruturais com cardiomiopatia dilatada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09002">Figura 9 B</xref>). Em geral, o trombo cardíaco apresenta-se como massa mural ou massa intraluminal pedunculada e móvel. Ao contrário do TC, são avasculares e não apresentam aumento da ecogenicidade ao ecocardiograma com contraste<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f09002">
						<label>Figura 9</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Trombo cardíaco. Ecocardiograma transtorácico mostrando trombo (seta vermelha): (A) no átrio direito aderido a um cateter e (B) na parede apical do VE. O primeiro em uma criança com cateter venoso central e o segundo em um adolescente com doença miocárdica.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf09-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>AD: átrio direito; AE: átrio esquerdo; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; T: trombo (seta vermelha).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>O divertículo do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) é outro diagnóstico diferencial caracterizado pela imagem de uma estrutura que se conecta à cavidade ventricular por um pedículo estreito e apresenta contratilidade assíncrona com o miocárdio do VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10002">Figura 10</xref>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f10002">
						<label>Figura 10</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Divertículo ventricular. Ecocardiograma transtorácico (vista de quatro câmaras) em uma criança com divertículo de ventrículo esquerdo. Observe o doppler colorido no pedículo estreito demonstrando que esta estrutura se comunica com a cavidade ventricular.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf10-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>AE: átrio esquerdo; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; D: divertículo (seta vermelha).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Outros diagnósticos diferenciais são cistos e vegetações pericárdicos, estando estes últimos associados a histórico clínico de febre e, em geral, à presença de cardiopatia estrutural (valvulopatia ou shunt com comunicação entre os lados esquerdo e direito do coração) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11002">Figura 11</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m05_pt">videoclipe 5</xref>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup>. As vegetações geralmente aparecem como uma massa ecogênica anexada ao lado atrial das valvas atrioventriculares ou ao lado ventricular das valvas semilunares. De fato, características importantes das vegetações na ecocardiografia são: isoecogênicas ao tecido, movimento independente e associadas à insuficiência valvar<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f11002">
						<label>Figura 11</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Vegetação da válvula mitral. Endocardite infecciosa em paciente pediátrico afetando a cúspide anterior da valva mitral no lado atrial desta valva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="m05_pt">videoclipe 5</xref>).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf11-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>AE: átrio esquerdo; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; M: valva mitral; a: cúspide anterior; p: cúspide posterior; IM: insuficiência mitral; V: vegetação.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m05_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-m05-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Vegetação da valva mitral. Imagem ecocardiográfica transtorácica de vegetação valvar mitral móvel anexada à cúspide anterior.</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusões</title>
				<p>Embora os TCs sejam raros na faixa etária pediátrica, seu diagnóstico precoce pode ter impacto na conduta e prognóstico desses pacientes. Os TCs primários são mais frequentes em crianças, com alta prevalência de TCs benignos. A ecocardiografia é o exame de diagnóstico cardiovascular mais utilizado e fornece ferramentas importantes para um diagnóstico inicial. O conhecimento das características ecocardiográficas dos TCs pediátricos pode possibilitar a identificação de diferentes tipos de TCs e seu diagnóstico diferencial com outras imagens de massas como trombos, contribuindo para a otimização do tratamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>/<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12002">Figura 12</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f12002">
						<label>Figura 12</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Abordagem ecocardiográfica dos tumores cardíacos pediátricos (TCP).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc302-gf12-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>Tyebally, S. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol Cardio Onc. 2020.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimentos</title>
				<p>Os autores agradecem à Liana Bravo-Valenzuela e Silva, designer gráfico do Centro de Cardiologia Pediátrica Pedicor no Brasil, pela edição das figuras deste manuscrito.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>