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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223503eabc300</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Mitral Annulus Disjunction: Diagnostic Modalities, Clinical Implications, and Prognostic Progression</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2425-4569</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Marcus Vinicius Silva Freire de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0656-8399</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sales</surname>
						<given-names>Marco André</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2584-8214</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bezerra</surname>
						<given-names>Suellen Lacerda</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3418-3226</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Torreão</surname>
						<given-names>Jorge Adinon</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5129-7639</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Macêdo</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina Thé</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital São Rafael</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Fundação Bahiana de Cardiologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Fundação Bahiana de Cardiologia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Alexandre Costa Souza • E-mail: <email>alexandrecostahsr@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contributions</p>
					<p>Souza AC: article conception and final review; Carvalho MVSF: diagnostic modalities in mitral annulus disjunction; Sales MA: surgical treatment; Bezerra SL: organization and collection of images provided by the São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, BA, Brazil. Torreão JA: discussion of cardiac resonance and its diagnostic and prognostic contribution; Macedo CT: discussion of prognostic progression.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>07</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc300</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>4</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Mitral annulus disjunction (MAD) is an abnormal insertion of the flexion line of the mitral annulus into the atrial wall. The annulus presents a separation (disjunction) between the posterior leaflet–atrial wall junction and the left ventricular myocardial crest.<sup>1</sup> MAD was first described more than 30 years ago in an autopsy study and is reportedly related to mitral valve prolapse (MVP) in 92% of cases.<sup>2</sup> Since then, several studies have been conducted, and reports on the prevalence of MAD in patients with MVP have varied. Ultimately, it may or may not be associated with mitral regurgitation. Transthoracic echocardiography is part of initial MVP assessment, allowing its diagnosis and the assessment of related complications. As new diagnostic methods emerged, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and transesophageal echocardiography improved the assessment of this pathology in terms of its diagnosis, extension, and location. However, the phenotypic characteristics of MVP that are more closely associated with MAD remain uncertain mainly due to the limited number of patients in classic studies on the subject. Patients with MAD may develop symptoms related to ventricular arrhythmias, configuring the MAD arrhythmic syndrome, which may progress to sudden death. The literature presents conflicting prognostic data among several studies on the subject from clear diagnostic criteria and best imaging method to be used to treatment and prognosis. This review describes MAD characteristics associated (or not) with valve prolapse to improve the diagnosis and management of this important pathology.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Mitral Valve Prolapse</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="25"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec>
			<title>Mitral annulus disjunction and diagnostic imaging modalities</title>
			<p>Mitral annulus disjunction (MAD) has been suggested as a structural abnormality often associated with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and malignant arrhythmias. To date, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) have been used to assess MAD. However, none of these modalities has been adopted as a standard reference for the diagnosis of this entity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Mitral annulus disjunction analysis by transthoracic echocardiography and transthoracic echocardiography</title>
				<p>MAD can be diagnosed by TTE in the parasternal longitudinal view and, less commonly, in the apical four- and two-chamber views. MAD distance is usually measured on TTE from the junction of the mitral valve and the left atrial wall to the base of the left ventricular wall during end-systole and in the parasternal long-axis view defined as the longitudinal distance of the MAD inferolateral wall. Equivalent CMRI projections can also detect MAD presence, extent, and location in the systolic phase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Although the two-chamber view is rarely analyzed in MAD assessments, it seems plausible that it can be clinically identified by echocardiographic imaging along the lower left ventricular (LV) wall similarly to the way it is identified in the inferolateral wall since pathological studies describe MAD at any point around the mitral valve annulus. These observations further reinforce the importance of a routine assessment of the MAD that includes the entire circumference of the valve annulus.</p>
				<p>Another important aspect that must be analyzed on TTE is the presence of the Pickelhaube sign (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). This is an S wave with a high-velocity systolic peak on mitral annulus tissue Doppler (annular systolic velocity &gt; 16 cm/s) that may be useful for detecting significant mitral valve annulus hypermobility. Although consistent data are still lacking in the literature, some studies label it as a risk marker for the arrhythmogenic syndrome associated with MAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Images A and C demonstrate the presence of MAD associated with mitral regurgitation. B. Pickelhaube sign.</title>
							<p>AO, aorta; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; MR, mitral regurgitation; RV, right ventricle. Images cordially provided by Hospital São Rafael - BA.</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc300-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The study by Tan et al. (2018) analyzed TTE results of 185 patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) due to MVP. In this analysis, the researchers classified patients into four subtypes based on valve annulus mobility: type 0, no MAD; type I, hypermobile basal left ventricular segment without MAD; type II, MAD &lt; 5 mm; and type III, MAD &gt; 5 mm. In this scenario, 66.5% of patients were classified as type I, 25.4% as type II, 7.6% as type 0, and only 0.5% as type III.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, these findings may be underestimated due to the greater accuracy of CMRI at detecting MAD, especially when close to 2 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>LV ejection fraction (LVEF) should be cautiously measured during TTE using the Simpson method as the disjunction region does not include myocardium and should be excluded from the analysis. Thus, although some case series demonstrate a decreased LVEF in these patients, this may actually be due to miscalculation. In these cases, it is also important to consider that a decreased LVEF may be more closely related to concomitant MR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In clinical practice, TEE is requested mainly in patients with inconclusive or technically difficult TTE to better define mitral valve anatomy before surgery. However, it is not routinely used to assess MAD due to its semi-invasive nature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Mitral annulus disjunction analysis by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</title>
				<p>The ability to visualize the valve annulus and its disjunction varies between different imaging techniques. CMRI can distinguish adjacent structures and characterize myocardial tissue, detecting a minimal disjunction of up to 01 mm from the posterior mitral valve annulus of the left ventricle (LV) wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). In addition, it can accurately identify the presence of myocardial fibrosis in the posterior region of the papillary muscle and in the inferior basal segment of the LV by late gadolinium enhancement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>CMRI image showing a MAD measuring 6.65 mm during ventricular systole (red marks).</title>
							<p>AO, aorta; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle.</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc300-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Dejgaard et al. studied patients with MAD by CMRI and found that gadolinium enhancement in the papillary muscle and the longitudinal MAD distance in the inferolateral wall were predictive of the presence of ventricular arrhythmia. Furthermore, the study reported that late gadolinium enhancement in the anterolateral papillary muscle was strongly associated with a severe arrhythmic event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Comparison of echocardiography and resonance analysis of Mitral annulus disjunction</title>
				<p>Mantegazza et al. studied 130 patients with MVP and MAD to analyze the agreement between the findings documented by the three imaging modalities (TTE, TEE, and CMRI). Their study established a disjunction ≥ 2 mm detected by CMRI as MAD. In this scenario, 88.7% of patients diagnosed with MAD by CMRI were also diagnosed by TTE and 94.7% were also diagnosed by TEE. TTE and TEE accuracy improved to 97.0% and 96.5%% assuming a cutoff value for MAD length by CMRI ≥ 6 mm and ≥ 4 mm, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The lower MAD detection rate by TTE can be justified by different mechanisms such as inadequate acoustic window, shading or reverberations caused by posterior calcification of the mitral valve annulus, and lower spatial resolution compared to CMRI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Large-scale studies showed that small disjunctions (&lt; 4 mm) can cause malignant ventricular events; thus, CMRI may be a desirable test that can better identify the presence of MAD and MVP with high arrhythmogenic risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>MAD myocardial deformation analysis via different methods</title>
				<p>MAD may be associated with different left ventricular myocardial deformation due to reduced cardiac muscle in the disjunction segment, such as in the inferolateral basal segment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). Accordingly, Wang et al. (2021) analyzed global, radial, and circumferential longitudinal strain using TTE and CMRI in 63 patients divided into three groups of equal numbers of participants (group I, patients with MAD and MVP; group II, patients with MVP only; and group III, patients with no structural cardiac changes).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Cardiac magnetic resonance image of a patient with mitral annulus disjunction. A. Late enhancement showing fibrosis in the anterolateral papillary muscle. B. Late enhancement showing fibrosis in the inferolateral wall.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc300-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A strain analysis by CMRI showed that patients with MAD and MVP have statistically lower values in the basal segments, especially in the inferolateral segment in circumferential and radial strain analyses. Although not statistically significant, there was a similar trend of a lower magnitude in the basal segments by longitudinal strain in the group of patients with MAD and MVP compared to the other groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>). The CMRI global circumferential strain cutoff point was -18.0%, with a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 76% for identifying MAD (area under the curve, 0.75). These observations on myocardial deformation by CMRI in patients with MVP and MAD can be explained by the disjunction segments being dragged in the longitudinal and apical direction by the rest of the myocardium during systole, although with less vigorous deformation and contraction in the circumferential or radial direction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Global longitudinal strain (GLS) in a patient with mitral annulus disjunction. This example shows regional impairment (basal septum) with a preserved GLS.</title>
							<p>Images cordially provided by Hospital São Rafael – BA.</p>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc300-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Literature findings show that patients with MAD present unique strain patterns compared to those with MVP but without MAD, especially in the basal segments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In addition, CMRI may be better able than TTE to assess LV characteristics associated with MAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain values by TTE were lower in patients with MAD in both studies; however, the differences were not statistically significant. Future prospective imaging studies with larger cohorts are necessary to confirm these findings and further assess the usefulness of the strain technique by TTE and CMRI in patients with MAD.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>MAD in the normal heart</title>
				<p>MAD anatomical findings have received increasing focus in recent studies. Complementary imaging methods play a fundamental role in better characterizing the mitral annulus in the diagnosis of MAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, controversy persists about the prevalence of MAD in healthy people, as it remains unclear whether the anatomical diagnosis alone has a prognostic relationship regardless of MVP and associated valve regurgitation. Further prospective studies are necessary to better understand the role of MAD in normal hearts.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Tricuspid annulus disjunction</title>
				<p>Tricuspid annulus disjunction (TAD) involves separation between the tricuspid valve annulus and the basal myocardium of the right ventricle (RV) at the end of systole. It can be associated with tricuspid valve prolapse (TVP) and MVP and has a high correlation with MAD, being present in 50% of cases. This strong correlation can be explained by the presence of fibrous annulus disease in this group of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Aebal et al. evaluated the right side of the heart in 84 patients previously diagnosed with MAD and reported the presence of TAD in 42 of them. In that study, TAD was defined by CMRI as a longitudinal distance greater than 1 mm between the tricuspid leaflet and the basal segment of the free wall of the RV both in the lateral (four-chamber window) and in the inferior region of the free wall of the RV (inlet and outlet).</p>
				<p>There was a strong association between the presence of bi-annulus disjunction and older age, greater MAD distance, circumferential mitral disjunction, and MVP. However, there was no association with cardiac arrhythmias, which may be a selection bias, showing the need for more studies to evaluate TVP and TAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Clinical implications</title>
			<p>The clinical course of MAD remains a controversial topic that has generated more studies due to its association with arrhythmias and sudden death in the presence or absence of MVP, which is called MAD arrhythmic syndrome and includes the signs and symptoms of arrhythmias present in patients with MAD. Palpitations is the most common clinical presentation, but pre-syncope, syncope, and documented ventricular arrhythmias are also included.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>MAD can be detected both in patients with MVP and in those without structural changes on echocardiography. However, MAD is more frequently encountered in patients with TVP. Retrospective studies reported a MAD prevalence of 16–71% in patients with MVP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Several factors may be associated with a higher MAD frequency in patients with MVP. Putnam et al. retrospectively investigated 90 patients with severe MVP and MR who underwent preoperative computed tomography. MAD was detected in 20% of these patients, being most often associated with female sex, smaller mitral annulus size, and greater posterior leaflet length.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The presence of MAD in patients with MVP is also related to an increased risk of arrhythmias and sudden death. One of the mechanisms studied is that greater leaflet mobility leads to mechanical stress in the inferolateral wall and papillary muscles of the LV, resulting in hypertrophy and subsequent myocardial fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A previous study by Perazollo et al. reported a significant correlation between longer MAD and the presence of late enhancement on CMRI in patients with MVP (R = 0.61, p &lt; 0.001). An anatomopathological analysis of sudden death cases showed a longer MAD in 50 cases with MVP and myocardial fibrosis and in 20 cases without MVP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			<p>MAD extension is significantly related to the presence of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, with an extension greater than 8.5 mm being a predictor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Dejgaard et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> studied 116 patients with MAD diagnosed by echocardiography and CMRI. Palpitations were the most common symptom (71% of cases), and severe ventricular arrhythmias were detected in 12% of cases. Cases of arrhythmias were more common in younger patients with a lower LVEF and higher frequency of papillary muscle fibrosis. Greater MAD extension in the inferolateral wall by CMRI was an independent risk factor for ventricular arrhythmias. MVP was detected in 78% of these patients, but there was no association with ventricular arrhythmias, suggesting that MAD is related to symptoms and arrhythmias regardless of MVP status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The presence of MR and MVP should increase the degree of suspicion of the possibility of associated MAD. However, it can also be present alone, especially in the young population with unexplained ventricular extrasystole.</p>
			<p>CMRI may be useful in risk stratification for detecting papillary muscle fibrosis and measuring longitudinal MAD distance in the inferolateral wall.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> However, the clinical course of MAD remains a controversial topic still in the knowledge construction phase.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Predictive factors in surgical repair</title>
				<p>Surgical repair in patients with MVP and MR is already a well-established procedure in clinical practice with proven safety and efficacy. However, the increasing ability to diagnose MAD has raised questions about its surgical prognosis and immediate and late results. The real effects of changed lateral mitral annulus dynamics on the subvalvular apparatus in these situations and its influence on final mitral repair result remains uncertain. Thus, better understanding is important to enable surgical planning.</p>
				<p>MAD is usually related to MVP with the phenotypic expression of severe diffuse myxomatous disease, profound annular dynamics changes, and excessive annulus dilation at the end of systole, which may reduce the coaptation of its leaflets and be associated with severe MR. However, MAD does not impair valve repair viability and quality, requiring careful suturing of the annulus to the LV so that residual MAD does not persist after repair. Thus, MAD must be diagnosed in the preoperative evaluation and the condition shared with the surgeon and heart team of patients with MVP and severe MR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A recent study analyzed patients with MVP associated with severe MR eligible for mitral valve repair. The surgical outcome was studied in patients with MAD associated or not with MVP, and the groups were compared for surgical success. MAD was observed in approximately 40% of patients with MVP, with involvement of the two cusps being the most frequent type and invariable involvement of the P2 segment. Mitral repair was performed in 60 patients (98%), and leaflet resection was required more frequently in patients with versus without MAD. There was no intergroup difference in cord implantation, presence or absence of residual MR, or time of aortic clamping. The factors with statistically significant differences that influenced the surgical outcomes of patients with or without MAD were intercommissural diameter, leaflet area, and prolapse volume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				<p>After almost two decades of studies and debates, the annulus in MR correction is used at the surgeon’s discretion. However, large series in centers of excellence demonstrated the effectiveness of the annulus in preventing late MR recurrence. DiBardino et al. and Gillinov et al. confirmed the significant advantage of ring annuloplasty over ringless mitral repair in terms of reconstruction durability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A rigid saddle-shaped mitral annulus ring has been widely recognized as able to prevent MR recurrence in cases of MVP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In fact ringless repair is an independent risk factor for postoperative MR recurrence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Jensen et al. showed that saddle-shaped rigid ring annuloplasty can uniformly distribute tension forces compared to flexible rings and can maintain the medial alignment of the papillary muscles, improving leaflet coaptation and presenting greater repair durability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
				<p>To date, consensus is lacking on the effectiveness of surgical repair in the presence of MAD, only reports that the use of rigid saddle-shaped rings by experienced surgeons would theoretically increase life expectancy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Final considerations</title>
			<p>MAD is frequently associated with MVP, and its diagnosis is based on multimodal cardiovascular imaging. Echocardiography and CMRI play a complementary role in diagnostic assessments and prognostic characterization. Although the clinical course can vary, part of the growing importance of this diagnosis stems from the possible association with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
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						<given-names>Marcus Vinicius Silva Freire de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0656-8399</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sales</surname>
						<given-names>Marco André</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2584-8214</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bezerra</surname>
						<given-names>Suellen Lacerda</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3418-3226</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Torreão</surname>
						<given-names>Jorge Adinon</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5129-7639</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Macêdo</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina Thé</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Fundação Bahiana de Cardiologia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Alexandre Costa Souza • E-mail: alexandrecostahsr@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção do artigo e revisão final: Souza AC; Modalidades diagnósticas em disjunção do anel mitral: Carvalho MVSF; Tratamento cirúrgico: Sales MA; Organização e captação da imagens cedidas pelo hospital São Rafael: Bezerra SL; Discussão da ressonância cardíaca e sua contribuição diagnóstica e prognóstica: Torreão JA; Discussão da evolução prognóstica: Macedo CT.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A disjunção do anel mitral (DAM) é uma inserção anormal da linha de flexão do anel mitral na parede atrial. O anel mostra uma separação (disjunção) entre a junção folheto posterior-parede atrial e a crista miocárdica ventricular esquerda.<sup>1</sup> A DAM foi descrita pela primeira vez há mais de 30 anos em estudo de autópsia, estando relacionada com prolapso da valva mitral (PVM) em 92% dos casos.<sup>2</sup> Desde então, foram realizados diversos estudos, sendo a prevalência de DAM em pacientes com PVM reportada de forma variável, podendo ou não estar associada à insuficiência mitral. O ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) faz parte da avaliação inicial do prolapso valvar mitral, permitindo o diagnóstico e a avaliação de complicações relacionadas. Com a evolução de novos métodos diagnósticos, a ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) e o ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) passaram a aprimorar a avaliação dessa patologia, bem como de sua extensão e localização. Contudo, as características fenotípicas do PVM que estão mais associadas a DAM permanecem incertas, sobretudo devido ao número limitado de pacientes, nos estudos clássicos sobre o tema. Portadores de DAM podem desenvolver sintomas relacionados a arritmias ventriculares, configurando a síndrome arrítmica da DAM (SDAM), podendo evoluir para morte súbita. Na literatura, os dados prognósticos ainda são conflitantes entre os diversos estudos acerca do tema, indo desde critérios claros de diagnóstico, o melhor método de imagem a ser aplicado, o tratamento e o prognóstico. Esta revisão descreve as características da DAM associada ou não ao prolapso valvar, auxiliando no diagnóstico e na conduta dessa importante patologia.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Insuficiência da Valva Mitral</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnóstico</kwd>
				<kwd>Prolapso da Valva Mitral</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec>
				<title>Disjunção do anel mitral e modalidades diagnósticas de imagem</title>
				<p>A DAM é sugerida como anormalidade estrutural muitas vezes associada ao PVM e a arritmias malignas. Atualmente, o ETT, o ETE e a RMC são as técnicas que podem ser empregadas para avaliação da DAM. Contudo, até o presente momento, nenhuma dessas modalidades foi adotada como referência padrão para o diagnóstico dessa entidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise da disjunção do anel mitral pela ecocardiografia transtorácica e transesofágica</title>
					<p>No ETT, o diagnóstico da DAM pode ser feito no corte paraesternal longitudinal e, menos comumente, no corte apical de quatro e duas câmaras. Habitualmente, a distância da DAM no ETT é medida da junção da valva mitral com a parede atrial esquerda até a base da parede do ventrículo esquerdo, durante a sístole final no corte paraesternal eixo longo, sendo definida como a distância longitudinal da DAM na parede inferolateral. As projeções de imagem equivalentes na RMC também são capazes de detectar a presença, a extensão e a localização da DAM na fase sistólica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Embora a visão de duas câmeras raramente tem sido analisada para avaliação da DAM, parece plausível que ela possa ser clinicamente identificada por imagem ecocardiográfica ao longo da parede inferior do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) de forma semelhante à parede inferolateral, uma vez que estudos patológicos descrevem a DAM em qualquer ponto ao redor do anel valvar mitral. Essas observações reforçam ainda mais a importância de uma avaliação de rotina da DAM abrangendo toda a circunferência do anel valvar.</p>
					<p>Outro aspecto importante que deve ser analisado no ETT é a presença do sinal de Pickelhaube (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>). Trata-se de uma onda S com pico sistólico de alta velocidade ao Doppler tissular do anel mitral (velocidade sistólica anular &gt;16cm/s) que pode ser útil na detecção de hipermobilidade significativa do anel valvar mitral. Embora ainda faltem dados mais consistentes na literatura, alguns estudos o apontam como um marcador de risco para a síndrome arritmogênica associada à DAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Figura A e C demonstra a presença de disjunção do anel mitral associada à insuficiência mitral. (B) Sinal de Pickelhaube.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc300-gf01-pt.tif"/>
							<attrib>Ao: aorta; AE: átrio esquerdo; VE: ventrículo esquerdo. Fonte: Hospital São Rafael, Salvador (BA), Brasil.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Tani et al. analisaram exames de ETT de 185 pacientes com regurgitação mitral severa por PVM. Durante essa análise, os pesquisadores classificaram os pacientes em quatro subtipos baseados na mobilidade do anel valvar: tipo 0/sem DAM, tipo I (segmento ventricular esquerdo basal hipermóvel sem DAM), tipo II (&lt;5mm DAM) e tipo III (&gt;5mm DAM). Nesse cenário, 66,5% dos pacientes foram classificados no tipo I, 25,4% como tipo II, 7,6% no tipo 0 e apenas 0,5% com disjunções maiores que 5mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Esses achados podem estar subestimados devido a maior acurácia da RMC em detectar DAM, principalmente quando próximas de 2mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Durante a realização do ETT, a medida da fração de ejeção pelo método de Simpson deve ser realizada com cautela, pois a região que apresenta a disjunção não apresenta miocárdio e deveria ser excluída da análise. Dessa forma, apesar de algumas séries de casos demonstrarem queda na fração de ejeção nesses pacientes, isso pode ser, na verdade, um erro de cálculo desse valor. Nesses casos, também é importante considerar que a queda na fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) pode estar mais relacionada à concomitância com a insuficiência mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Na prática clínica, o ETE é solicitado principalmente em pacientes com ETT inconclusivo ou tecnicamente difícil, com o intuito de definir melhor a anatomia da valva mitral antes da cirurgia. Contudo, não é utilizado rotineiramente para avaliação da DAM, devido à sua natureza semi-invasiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise da disjunção do anel mitral pela ressonância magnética</title>
					<p>A capacidade de visualizar o anel valvar e sua respectiva disjunção varia entre diferentes técnicas de imagem. A RMC tem a possibilidade de distinguir estruturas adjacentes e caracterizar o tecido miocárdico, permitindo detectar uma disjunção mínima de até 1mm do anel valvar mitral posterior da parede do ventrículo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>). Além disso, pode identificar com precisão a presença de fibrose miocárdica na região posterior do músculo papilar e no segmento inferobasal do ventrículo esquerdo, pelo realce tardio com gadolíneo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Ressonância magnética cardíaca mostrando, pela marcação em vermelho, a disjunção do anel mitral durante a sístole ventricular, medindo 6,65mm.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc300-gf02-pt.tif"/>
							<attrib>Ao: aorta; AE: átrio esquerdo; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Dejgaard et al. estudaram pacientes com DAM utilizando a RMC e descobriram que o realce de gadolínio no músculo papilar e a distância longitudinal da DAM na parede inferolateral foram informações preditivas da presença de arritmia ventricular. Além disso, nesse estudo, o realce tardio por gadolínio no músculo papilar anterolateral foi fortemente associado a evento arrítmico grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Comparação entre ecocardiografia e ressonância para análise da disjunção do anel mitral</title>
					<p>Mantegazza et al. estudaram 130 pacientes com PVM e presença de disjunção do anel valvar mitral avaliando a concordância entre os achados documentados nas três modalidades de imagem (ETT, ETE e CMR). Nesse estudo, foi estabelecida como DAM disjunção ≥2mm detectada pela RMC. Nesse cenário, 88,7% dos pacientes diagnosticados com DAM pela RMC também foram detectados pelo ETT e 94,7% também tiveram seu diagnóstico detectado pelo ETE. A precisão do ETT e do ETE melhorou para 97,0% e 96,5%, assumindo um valor de corte para comprimento da DAM por ressonância ≥6mm e ≥4mm, respectivamente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>.</p>
					<p>A taxa de detecção mais baixa da DAM pela ecocardiografia transtorácica pode ser atribuída a diferentes mecanismos, como janela acústica inadequada, sombreamento ou reverberações causadas por calcificação posterior do anel valvar mitral e uma menor resolução espacial em comparação com a RMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Estudos em grande escala demonstraram que pequenas disjunções (&lt;4mm) podem ser responsáveis por eventos ventriculares malignos e, nesse sentido, a realização de RMC pode ser desejável para identificar melhor a presença de DAM e PVM com alto risco arritmogênico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise da deformação miocárdica por métodos diferentes na disjunção do anel mitral</title>
					<p>A DAM pode estar associada a diferenças na deformação miocárdica do ventrículo esquerdo devido à redução de músculo cardíaco no segmento de disjunção, como o segmento basal inferolateral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>). Tendo em vista isso, Wang et al. analisaram o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global, radial e circunferencial utilizando o ETT e a RMC em 63 pacientes divididos em três grupos com números iguais de participantes (grupo I: paciente com DAM e PVM; grupo II: pacientes apenas com PVM; e grupo III: pacientes sem alterações cardíacas estruturais).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Ressonância magnética cardíaca realizada em paciente com disjunção do anel mitral. (A) Realce tardio em músculo papilar anterolateral, revelando fibrose. (B) Realce tardio revelando fibrose da parede inferolateral.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc300-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A análise de <italic>strain</italic> por RMC mostrou que os pacientes com DAM e PVM apresentam valores estatisticamente menores nos segmentos basais, especialmente inferolateral, quando analisada a deformação circunferencial e radial. Apesar de não ser estatisticamente significante, houve tendência similar de menor magnitude nos segmentos basais pelo <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal naqueles com DAM e PVM em comparação com os outros grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref>). O ponto de corte da deformação circunferencial global de RMC foi de -18,0%, com sensibilidade de 76% e especificidade de 76% para identificar DAM (área sob a curva de 0,75). Essas observações sobre deformação miocárdica verificadas na RMC em indivíduos com PVM e DAM podem ser explicadas pelos segmentos de disjunção, sendo arrastados na direção longitudinal no sentido apical pelo resto do miocárdio durante a sístole, porém, com deformação e contração na direção circunferencial ou radial não tão vigorosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04002">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Strain global longitudinal realizado em paciente com disjunção do anel mitral. Neste exemplo, há comprometimento regional (septo basal) com strain global longitudinal preservado.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc300-gf04-pt.tif"/>
							<attrib>Fonte: Hospital São Rafael, Salvador (BA), Brasil.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Os achados da literatura demonstram que pacientes com DAM apresentam padrões distintos de <italic>strain</italic> em comparação com pacientes com PVM sem DAM, principalmente nos segmentos basais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Além disso, a RMC pode ser uma modalidade superior ao ETT para avaliar as características do VE associadas a DAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Tanto para Wang et al. como para Essayagh et al., os valores de strain longitudinal, circunferencial e radial no ETT foram inferiores em pacientes com DAM, porém sem significância estatística.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entretanto, mais estudos de imagem prospectivos e utilizando coortes maiores são necessários para confirmar esses achados e avaliar de maneira mais minuciosa a utilidade da técnica de <italic>strain</italic> por ETT e RMC em pacientes com DAM.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Disjunção do anel mitral em coração normal</title>
					<p>O achado anatômico de DAM tem recebido foco crescente nos estudos recentes. A utilização de métodos complementares em imagem tem papel fundamental na melhor caracterização do anel mitral no diagnóstico de DAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Existe ainda controvérsia sobre a prevalência de DAM em indivíduos normais, pois ainda não está claro se o diagnóstico anatômico isoladamente confere relação prognóstica, independentemente do PVM e da insuficiência valvar associada. Para a evolução do entendimento sobre DAM em corações normais, mais estudos prospectivos são necessários.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Disjunção do anel tricúspide</title>
					<p>A disjunção do anel tricúspide (DAT) é uma separação entre o anel da valva tricúspide e o miocárdio basal do ventrículo direito (VD) no final da sístole. Pode estar associada ao prolapso da valva tricúspide (PVT) e ao PVM e tem uma grande correlação com a DAM, podendo estar presente em 50% dos casos. Essa grande correlação pode ser justificada pela presença da doença do anel fibroso nesse grupo de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Aabel et al. avaliaram o lado direito do coração em 84 pacientes com DAM diagnosticados previamente e observaram a presença de DAT em 42 deles. Neste estudo, a DAT foi definida pela RMC como uma distância maior que 1mm longitudinal entre o folheto da tricúspide e o segmento basal da parede livre do VD, analisado tanto na região lateral (janela quatro câmaras) quanto na região inferior da parede livre do VD (via de entrada e saída do VD).</p>
					<p>Houve grande associação entre a presença de disjunção bianelar e pacientes mais idosos, distâncias maiores da DAM, disjunção mitral circunferencial e PVM. Entretanto, não houve associação com arritmias cardíacas, podendo ser um viés de seleção, mostrando a necessidade de mais estudos desenhados para avaliação do PVT e DAT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Implicações clínicas</title>
				<p>O curso clínico da DAM ainda é um tema controverso que vêm gerando mais estudos devido à sua associação com arritmias e morte súbita na presença ou não de PVM, constituindo a SDAM.</p>
				<p>A SDAM é composta de sinais e sintomas de arritmias presentes em pacientes portadores de DAM. A palpitação é a apresentação clínica mais comum, porém a pré-síncope, a síncope e as arritmias ventriculares documentadas também compõem o quadro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A DAM pode ser detectada tanto em pacientes portadores de PVM como também naqueles sem alterações estruturais ao ecocardiograma. Contudo, a frequência de DAM é maior em portadores de PVM. Estudos retrospectivos demonstraram prevalência de 16% a 71% de DAM em portadores de PVM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Diversos fatores podem estar associados a maior frequência DAM em portadores de PVM. Putnam et al. investigaram retrospectivamente 90 pacientes portadores de PVM e IM de grau importante que realizaram tomografia computadorizada no pré-operatório. A DAM foi detectada em 20% desses pacientes, tendo associação com sexo feminino, menor tamanho do anel mitral e maior comprimento do folheto posterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Adicionalmente, a presença de DAM em portadores de PVM está relacionada ao aumento de risco de arritmias e morte súbita. Um dos mecanismos estudados é que a maior mobilidade dos folhetos levaria ao estresse mecânico da parede inferolateral e músculos papilares do VE, resultando em hipertrofia e posterior fibrose miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Estudo prévio de Perazzolo Marra et al. detectou correlação significativa entre DAM de maior extensão e presença de realce tardio na RMC em portadores de PVM (R:0.61; p&lt;0.001). Na análise anatomopatológica dos casos de morte súbita, DAM de maior extensão estava presente em 50 casos daqueles com PVM e fibrose miocárdica e em 20 casos sem PVM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Observa-se que a extensão da DAM é relacionada significativamente com a presença de taquicardia ventricular não sustentada (TVNS), sendo extensão maior que 8.5mm preditora de TVNS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Dejgaard et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> estudaram 116 pacientes portadores de DAM diagnosticados pelo ecocardiograma e RMC. Palpitações foram o sintoma mais comum (71% dos casos) e arritmias ventriculares graves foram detectadas em 12% dos casos. Casos de arritmias foram mais comuns em pacientes mais jovens, com menor FEVE e maior frequência de fibrose dos músculos papilares. Maior extensão da DAM na parede inferolateral pela RMC foi fator de risco independente para arritmias ventriculares. Adicionalmente, PVM foi detectado em 78% dos pacientes, mas não houve associação com as arritmias ventriculares, sugerindo que DAM está relacionada a sintomas e arritmias independentemente da presença de PVM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A presença de insuficiência mitral e PVM deve aumentar o grau de suspeição para a possibilidade de DAM associada, sendo que ela também pode estar presente isoladamente, especialmente na população jovem portadora de ESV sem causa aparente.</p>
				<p>O uso de RMC pode ser útil na estratificação de risco devido à detecção de fibrose de músculo papilar e à medida da distância longitudinal da DAM na parede inferolateral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Contudo, o curso clínico da DAM ainda é um tema controverso, ainda em fase de construção do conhecimento acerca da área.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Fatores preditores na plastia cirúrgica</title>
				<p>A plastia cirúrgica de portadores de PVM com IM associada já é um procedimento bem estabelecido na prática clínica, com segurança e eficácia comprovadas. Entretanto, com a capacidade crescente do diagnóstico de DAM, questionamentos quanto ao prognóstico cirúrgico e os resultados imediatos e tardios têm sido fonte de questionamentos. As reais consequências da dinâmica alterada do anel mitral lateral no aparato subvalvar nessas situações e a influência no resultado da plastia mitral permanecem incertas e sua melhor compreensão é importante para planejamento cirúrgico.</p>
				<p>A DAM está habitualmente relacionada ao PVM com expressão fenotípica de doença mixomatosa difusa, grave, com profunda alteração da dinâmica anular, com excesso de dilatação do anel no final da sístole, que pode contribuir para coaptação reduzida de seus folhetos, associado à insuficiência mitral grave. No entanto, a DAM não prejudica a viabilidade e a qualidade do reparo valvar, mas requer sutura cuidadosa do anel ao ventrículo esquerdo, para que a DAM residual não persista após o reparo. Assim, o diagnóstico de DAM deve ser detectado na avaliação pré-operatória e sinalizado para o cirurgião e o <italic>Heart Team</italic> em pacientes com PVM e IM grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Estudo recente avaliou portadores de PVM associado à insuficiência severa candidatos à plastia mitral. O desempenho cirúrgico foi estudado em pacientes com o diagnóstico de DAM associada ou não à PVM, comparando os dois grupos quanto ao sucesso da plastia. A DAM foi observada em cerca de 40% dos pacientes com PVM, sendo que o envolvimento das duas cúspides era o tipo mais frequente, com invariável acometimento do segmento P2. A plastia mitral foi realizada em 60 pacientes (98%), e a ressecção de folheto foi mais frequente em pacientes com DAM do que nos sem DAM. Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto à implantação de cordas e presença ou não de IM residual, assim como no tempo de clampeamento aórtico. Os fatores com significância estatística no que influenciaram no resultado da plastia com ou sem DAM foram o diâmetro intercomissural, a área da cúspide e o volume do prolapso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Após quase duas décadas de estudos e debates, o uso ou não do anel na correção da IM depende da preferência do cirurgião. Entretanto, grandes séries de centros de excelência têm demonstrado a eficácia do anel em prevenir a recorrência tardia da IM. DiBardino et al. e Gillinov et al. confirmaram a significativa vantagem da anuloplastia com anel em relação ao reparo mitral sem anel quanto à durabilidade de reconstrução.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O anel mitral rígido em forma de sela tem sido largamente reconhecido como capaz de prevenir a recorrência de IM em casos de PVM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A plastia sem anel é um fator de risco independente de recorrência da IM no pós-operatório.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Jensen et al. demonstraram que anuloplastia com o anel rígido em forma de sela pode fornecer uma distribuição uniforme de forças de tensão quando comparado com anéis flexíveis, além de poder manter o alinhamento medial dos músculos papilares, facilitando a coaptação das cúspides e levando a uma maior durabilidade do reparo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Até o momento, ainda não existe consenso sobre a eficácia do resultado da plastia cirúrgica na presença de DAM. Existem benefícios teóricos de que o uso de anéis rígidos em sela em mãos de cirurgiões experientes aumentaria a expectativa de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
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				<title>Considerações finais</title>
				<p>A DAM está frequentemente associada ao prolapso valvar mitral, e seu diagnóstico ocorre por meio da multimodalidade em imagem cardiovascular. A ecocardiografia e a ressonância magnética cardíaca exercem papel complementar para a avaliação diagnóstica e a caracterização prognóstica. Embora o curso clínico possa assumir caracterização evolutiva variável, parte da importância crescente desse diagnóstico decorre da possível associação com arritmias ventriculares e morte súbita.</p>
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