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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223503eabc294</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Acquired Pulmonary Stenosis in an Adolescent with Lymphoma</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9060-1330</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Voss</surname>
						<given-names>Themissa Helena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6193-5676</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Arantes</surname>
						<given-names>Flávia Bittar Britto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Uberlândia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Uberlândia</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Themissa Helena Voss • E-mail: <email>themissa@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contributions</p>
					<p>Research conception and design: Voss TH; data collection: Voss TH; funding obtention: Voss TH; manuscript writing: Arantes FBB.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>07</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc294</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>3</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>9</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="7"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec>
			<title>Case report</title>
			<p>A previously healthy 14-year-old male patient sought emergency care complaining of dyspnea. He was New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III and had a 1-month history of orthopnea and night sweats. Auscultation abolished in the left hemithorax, while a chest X-ray revealed extensive opacity in that region. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed a large mediastinal mass with concomitant involvement of the left pleura and retroperitoneal lymph nodes. No other palpable lymph nodes were present on physical examination.</p>
			<p>The patient underwent pleuroscopy for pleural biopsy, which identified lymphoid cell proliferation in a “starry sky” pattern compatible with lymphoma and a histochemical pattern compatible with precursor T-cell lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (pan-T and TdT, CD4 and CD4 co-expression, and high cell proliferation rate with positive Ki67 test results in 90%). Blast tests in the medulla and cerebrospinal fluid were negative.</p>
			<p>Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was part of the workup to assess dyspnea and a potentially cardiotoxic pre-chemotherapy protocol. A mediastinal 12 × 5.5 cm mass with an isoechoic and heterogeneous pattern adjacent to the great vessels and causing extrinsic compression with reduced pulmonary artery trunk diameter was visualized (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). Pulmonary artery flow was turbulent, with a high peak gradient measuring 44 mmHg. The pulmonary valves seemed normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m01">Video 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comparison of diagnostic (left images – A and C) and post-chemotherapy (right images – B and D) chest tomography images showing complete regression of the mediastinal mass. The images below (C and D) show the extrinsic pulmonary artery compression and its subsequent relief in the post-treatment period.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc294-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Transthoracic echocardiogram in the parasternal short-axis window with continuous Doppler of the pulmonary artery showing a maximum velocity of 3.3 m/s and peak gradient of 44 mmHg due to extrinsic compression by the mediastinal mass.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc294-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<media id="m01" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc294-m01.mp4">
					<label>Video 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Clip showing a narrowed region of the pulmonary artery trunk extrinsically compressed by the mediastinal mass.</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</p>
			<p>He also had a mild anechoic pericardial effusion of 10 mm without hemodynamic repercussions. The longitudinal function was preserved with mitral annular plane systolic excursion of 12 mm and mitral S’ wave of 9.9 cm/s. No other changes were identified, with an anatomically normal heart and acquired extrinsic valve disease related to the volume and site of the mediastinal mass. Chemotherapy was promptly initiated with a regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone as well as daunorubicin.</p>
			<p>Imaging tests (chest CT and TTE) were repeated after the treatment started, and the patient reported complete symptom improvement. CT showed complete mediastinal mass and pulmonary involvement remission in addition to a reduced number and volume of mesenteric and retroperitoneal lymph nodes (Figura 1). TTE showed preserved left ventricular longitudinal function (GLS, -21%) and normal pulmonary artery flow without turbulence or systolic gradients. The patient was discharged on prophylactic Bactrim® and scheduled to return for chemotherapy maintenance.</p>
			<p>From an oncological point of view, NHL is the fourth most common neoplasm in children and adolescents. Survival rates with current treatment exceed 80%, with T-cell or follicular lymphomas representing less than 5% of cases in this population. The Ann Arbor classification, widely used in the adult population, was not adapted for the pediatric population, with a preference for staging using the modified St. Jude classification, which considers the primary site of involvement, extranodal sites, and lymph node chain involvement above or below the diaphragm. Lymphoblastic lymphomas most commonly have a T-lineage (90%) and are diagnosed at more advanced stages (stage III–IV &gt; 90%) with bone marrow (30%) and central nervous system (CNS) (5%) involvement. Treatment protocols include several potentially cardiotoxic drugs, such as anthracyclines and vincristine, in addition to corticosteroids and specific protocols for preventing CNS involvement (considered a “sanctuary” for lymphoma).</p>
			<p>Mediastinal lymphomas commonly involve the great vessels with hemodynamically significant obstructions capable of generating murmurs or symptoms since they tend to grow laterally and not anteroposteriorly. In case of cardiac involvement, the most common symptoms are chest pain and dyspnea, with an audible murmur noted in 81% of patients. The prognostic implication of the presence of acquired pulmonary stenosis in NHL cases is unknown.</p>
			<p>Acquired pulmonary stenosis is rare, with the congenital form being the most common and affecting up to 10% of the pediatric population in varying degrees of importance. Cases of extrinsic compression with supravalvular pulmonary stenosis or right ventricular outflow tract obstruction are even more uncommon, being reported only in case reports or series. Obstruction is usually caused by mediastinal tumors, the most frequent being lymphoma. Other possible causes include aortic aneurysm, mediastinal cysts, extra-mediastinal tumors, and fibrosing mediastinitis. Fixed pulmonary artery obstruction may contribute to symptoms of exertional dyspnea and orthopnea.</p>
			<p>Long-term persistent obstruction can increase right chamber pressure, causing tricuspid insufficiency and, in the presence of patent foramen ovale, a right-to-left shunt with cyanosis, and an increased risk of paradoxical embolism. TTE has paramount importance in defining the etiology of pulmonary stenosis — in the case reported here, the mediastinal mass and its compressive effect are clearly visible in the parasternal short-axis window as well as the pulmonary valves with normal morphology, suggesting an external cause of the flow turbulence.</p>
			<p>According to Tesoro-Tess et al., basal vessel involvement is more frequent in NHL (42%) than in Hodgkin’s lymphoma (23%). Treatment is based on the underlying cause, consisting of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery depending on the type of mass identified. When the mass is successfully reduced, the pulmonary circulation flow is restored to normal and symptoms are expected to be resolved. With intensive treatment, refractory or recurrent disease occurs in 10–20% of patients, mainly with local recurrence in cases of T lymphoblastic lymphoma. In these cases, the cure rate decreases to 30%, so patients must maintain regular follow-up and closely monitor their symptoms.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Estenose Pulmonar Adquirida em Adolescente com Linfoma</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9060-1330</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Voss</surname>
						<given-names>Themissa Helena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6193-5676</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Arantes</surname>
						<given-names>Flávia Bittar Britto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Themissa Helena Voss • E-mail: themissa@hotmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Voss TH; obtenção de dados: Voss TH; obtenção de financiamento: Voss TH; redação do manuscrito: Arantes FBB</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec>
				<title>Relato do caso</title>
				<p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 14 anos, previamente hígido, procurou pronto atendimento com queixa de dispneia classe funcional III da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), ortopneia e sudorese noturna há 1 mês. Ausculta era abolida em hemitórax esquerdo, e a radiografia de tórax mostrou extensa opacidade na região. A tomografia de tórax evidenciou massa mediastinal volumosa com acometimento concomitante da pleura esquerda e linfonodos retroperitoneais. Não apresentava outros linfonodos palpáveis ao exame físico.</p>
				<p>Foi submetido à biópsia de pleura via pleuroscopia com identificação de proliferação de células linfoides em padrão de “céu estrelado” compatível com linfoma, com padrão histoquímico compatível com linfoma não Hodgkin (LNH) linfoblástico de células precursos T (marcadores pan-T e TdT, coexpressão de CD4 e CD4 e alto índice de proliferação células com Ki67 positivo em 90%). As pesquisas de blastos na medula e no líquor foram negativas.</p>
				<p>Como parte da propedêutica de avaliação de dispneia e para protocolo de pré-quimioterapia potencialmente cardiotóxica, foi realizado ecocardiograma transtorácico. Ao exame, visualizou-se massa mediastinal aferida em 12x5,5cm, com padrão isoecoico e heterogêneo, adjacente aos grandes vasos e causando compressão extrínseca com redução do diâmetro do tronco da artéria pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>). O fluxo na artéria pulmonar mostrava-se turbulento, com gradiente de pico elevado, aferido em 44mmHg. O aspecto das válvulas da valva pulmonar era normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="m01_pt">Vídeo 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Comparação entre a tomografia de tórax do diagnóstico (A e C) e pós-quimioterapia (B e D) mostrando completa regressão da massa mediastinal. C e D mostram a compressão extrínseca da artéria pulmonar e o posterior alívio do trajeto no controle pós-tratamento.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc294-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Ecocardiograma transtorácico em janela paraesternal eixo curto com Doppler contínuo da artéria pulmonar mostrando velocidade máxima 3,3m/s e gradiente de pico 44mmHg por compressão extrínseca pela massa mediastinal.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc294-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="m01_pt" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc294-m01-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Clipe mostrando região estreitada do tronco da artéria pulmonar por compressão extrínseca pela massa mediastinal</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>Apresentava também derrame pericárdico discreto, aferido em 10mm, anecoico, sem repercussão hemodinâmica. A avaliação da função longitudinal era preservada com excursão sistólica do plano do anel mitral (MAPSE) 12mm e onda S’ mitral 9,9cm/s. Não apresentava mais alterações, com coração anatomicamente normal e valvopatia adquirida extrínseca relacionada ao volume e à localização da massa mediastinal. Assim, foi proposto prontamente o início de quimioterapia com esquema ciclofosfamida, vincristina e prednisona (COP) e daunorrubicina.</p>
				<p>Os exames de imagem (tomografia de tórax e ecocardiograma transtorácico) foram repetidos após início do tratamento, já com paciente com melhora completa dos sintomas. A tomografia de tórax mostrava remissão total da massa mediastinal e do comprometimento pulmonar, além de redução do número e do volume dos linfonodos mesentéricos e retroperitoniais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>). Ao ecocardiograma transtorácico, notavam-se manutenção de função longitudinal preservada do ventrículo esquerdo (<italic>stain</italic> longitudional global – SLG – 21%) e normalização do fluxo na artéria pulmonar, sem turbulência ou gradientes sistólicos. Paciente recebeu alta em uso de Bactrim® profilático, com retorno programado para manutenção da quimioterapia.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Do ponto de vista oncológico, o LNH é a quarta neoplasia mais comum em crianças e adolescentes. As taxas de sobrevida com o tratamento atual ultrapassam 80%; linfomas de células T ou foliculares representam menos de 5% dos casos nessa população. A classificação de Ann Arbor amplamente utilizada na população adulta não foi adaptada para população pediátrica, com preferência pela utilização do estadiamento pela classificação de St. Jude modificada, que considera o sítio de acometimento primário, sítios extranodais e comprometimento de cadeias linfonodais acima ou abaixo do diafragma. Linfomas linfoblásticos são mais comumente de linhagem T (٩٠٪) e diagnosticados em estádios mais avançados (estádio III a IV: &gt;90%) com comprometimento da medula óssea (30%) e do sistema nervoso central (5%). Os protocolos de tratamento incluem diversas drogas potencialmente cardiotóxicas, como antracíclicos e vincristina, além de corticoide e protocolos específicos para prevenção de acometimento do sistema nervoso central (considerado um “santuário” do linfoma).</p>
				<p>É relativamente incomum que linfomas mediastinais causem comprometimento dos grandes vasos com obstruções hemodinamicamente significativas capazes de gerar sopro ou sintomas, já que a tendência é crescimento lateral e não anteroposterior. No caso de comprometimento cardíaco, os sintomas mais comuns são dor torácica e dispneia, com sopro audível em ٨١٪ dos pacientes. Não se sabe se há implicação prognóstica da presença de estenose pulmonar adquirida nos casos de LNH.</p>
				<p>A estenose pulmonar adquirida é rara, sendo mais comum a forma congênita que, em diversos graus de importância, pode atingir até 10% da população pediátrica. Casos de compressão extrínseca com estenose supravalvar pulmonar ou obstrução de via de saída do ventrículo direito são ainda mais incomuns, sendo reportados em relatos ou séries de casos. A obstrução costuma ser decorrente de tumores mediastinais, e o mais frequente é o linfoma. Outras causas possíveis são aneurisma de aorta, cistos mediastinais, tumores extramediastinais e mediastinite fibrosante. A obstrução fixa na artéria pulmonar pode contribuir para os sintomas de dispneia de esforço e ortopneia apresentados pelo paciente.</p>
				<p>A perpetuação de obstrução por tempo prolongado pode elevar a pressão em câmaras direitas, originando insuficiência tricúspide e, na presença de forame oval pérvio, pode ocorrer <italic>shunt</italic> direita-esquerda com cianose e aumento do risco de embolia paradoxal. O ecocardiograma transtorácico é de suma importância para a definição da etiologia da estenose pulmonar – no caso relatado, a massa mediastinal e seu efeito compressivo são claramente visíveis na janela paraesternal eixo curto, bem como são visíveis as válvulas da valva pulmonar com morfologia normal, sugerindo causa externa para a turbulência de fluxo.</p>
				<p>O envolvimento dos vasos da base é mais frequente no LNH (42%) comparado ao linfoma de Hodgkin (23%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O tratamento é da causa base, seja com quimioterapia, radioterapia ou cirurgia, a depender do tipo de massa identificado. Caso haja sucesso na redução do volume da massa, restaura-se o fluxo no normal na circulação pulmonar, com expectativa de resolução dos sintomas. Com tratamento intensivo, doença refratária ou recorrente ocorre em 10% a 20% dos pacientes, principalmente com recorrência local, no caso de linfoma linfoblástico T. Nesses casos, a taxa de cura cai vertiginosamente para 30%, de modo que os pacientes devem manter acompanhamento regular e vigilância rigorosa de sintomas.</p>
			</sec>
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	</sub-article>
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