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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223503eabc287</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Long-Term Follow-Up of an Asymptomatic Man with a Cardiac Fibroma</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Jonas</surname>
						<given-names>Marina Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Braggion-Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Fernanda</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Koenigkam-Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Marcel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Manso</surname>
						<given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Dias</surname>
						<given-names>Luiza Frison</given-names>
					</name>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Schmidt</surname>
						<given-names>André</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Amaral</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2"> University Hospital</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ribeirão Preto Medical School</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pediatric and Adult4 Congenital Heart Disease Unit, Division of Cardiology2 Imaging Center3 University Hospital, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2"> University Hospital</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ribeirão Preto Medical School</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pediatric1 and Adult4 Congenital Heart Disease Unit, Division of Cardiology Imaging Center3 University Hospital, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">University Hospital</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ribeirão Preto Medical School</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pediatric1 and Adult4 Congenital Heart Disease Unit, Division of Cardiology2 Imaging Center University Hospital, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">University Hospital</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ribeirão Preto Medical School</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pediatric1 and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, Division of Cardiology2 Imaging Center3 University Hospital, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Fernando Amaral • Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, University Hospital, Ribeirão Preto Medical School USP. Rua Ten. Catão Roxo 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, 14015-010 Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil. E-mail: <email>ftamaral@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author’s statement: Permission was granted by the patient for the publication of this case report.</p>
					<p>Authors’ Contributions</p>
					<p>Research conception and design: Jonas MC, Amaral FA; data collection: Jonas MC, Dias LF; data analysis and interpretation: Jonas MC, Braggion-Santos MF, Koenigkam-Santos M; manuscript writing: all authors; critical review of the manuscript: Manso PH, Schmidt A, Amaral F.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>07</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc287</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>4</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>4</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>9</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Here we describe a case of a 19-year-old asymptomatic man with a left ventricular fibroma on follow-up for 15 years with no treatment required.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Adult</kwd>
				<kwd>Fibroma</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiac Neoplasms</kwd>
				<kwd>Sudden Death</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Cardiac fibroma, first described in 1855, is a benign tumor mainly affecting the left ventricular (LV) free wall that occasionally extends to the interventricular septum. Affected children may be afflicted by significant arrhythmias, creating a sudden death risk requiring prompt surgical treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> An asymptomatic presentation as well as first manifestation in adults is unusual and follow-up has not been well reported. Here we present the case of an untreated asymptomatic adult who was followed up for 15 years.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case report</title>
			<p>An enlarged heart was incidentally detected on the chest radiograph of a 4-year-old child with respiratory complaints (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1A</xref>). Cardiac examination findings were normal. A 12-lead electrocardiogram (EKG) disclosed LV hypertrophy and inverted T waves in the anterior leads (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1B</xref>). A 4.1 × 3.7 cm round mass was documented by two-dimensional echocardiography in the apical-lateral LV wall with unobstructed flow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2A</xref>). Twenty-four-hour Holter monitoring revealed one 7-beat episode of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. On cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), a 4.7 × 4.2 cm well demarcated mass was found in the lateral-inferior LV wall with late gadolinium enhancement consistent with cardiac fibroma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2B, 2C</xref>). Despite the brief tachycardia episode, surgery was not recommended. For 14 years, the uneventful follow-up was marked by irregular hospital visits every 1–2 years due to personal reasons including long distance to travel, but telephone consultations were frequently performed. Currently, as an asymptomatic 19-year-old with normal cardiac examination findings, he leads a normal life including moderate physical exercise and is taking no medication.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Chest radiographs taken at 4 (A) and 19 (C) years of age. Electrocardiogram taken at 4 (B) and 19 (D) years of age.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc287-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Echocardiogram at 4 (A) and 19 (D) years of age (LV, left ventricle; Tu, tumor). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging late gadolinium enhancement at 4 (B) and (E) and 19 (C) and (F) years of age. (B) and (C) Four-chamber view characteristic hyperintense signal (arrow); (E) and (F) Two-chamber view quantitative analysis of myocardial fibrosis using the full-width half-maximum method showing the hyper-enhanced tumor (star) without areas of fibrosis mixed with normal myocardium (gray zone).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc287-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Recent chest radiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1C</xref>), EKG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1D</xref>), and echocardiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2D</xref>) findings were similar to those obtained 15 years prior. Holter monitoring findings were normal and arrhythmias were not triggered by a recent exercise test. Sequential CMR showed small growth of the lesion (dimensions: 5.0 × 4.3 cm), which remained stable for the last 9 years (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2E, 2F</xref>). Steady-state free precession (SSFP) cine images in systolic (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figures 3A, 3C</xref>) and diastolic (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figures 3B, 3D</xref>) phases on CMR showed no significant repercussions in left ventricular function at 5 and 19 years of age. The case has been recently discussed and no consensus was reached regarding surgery. According to patient and family desire, regular 6-month follow-ups were offered after a detailed explanation about the risks and benefits of such an approach.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Relationship of cardiac fibroma with left ventricular contractility. Steady-state free precession cine magnetic resonance images in systolic (A and C) and diastolic (B and D) phases. (A) and (B) Four-chamber view. (C) and (D) Two-chamber view. White arrows: cardiac fibroma – note the isotense signal of the tumor related to myocardium in these sequences.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc287-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Cardiac fibroma, an unencapsulated tumor composed of fibroblasts and connective tissue, is rarely found in adults and usually diagnosed by echocardiography. After the detection of such a mass on echocardiography, the differential diagnosis includes other benign cardiac tumors (especially lipoma and hemangioma).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Computed tomography and CMR may define lesion extension and tissue characteristics, thereby improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning as in other tumors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In this scenario, CMR has an important role due to its unique capability to provide an advanced myocardial tissue characterization mainly through late gadolinium enhancement sequences, which allows the detection of fibrotic tissue, the main component of cardiac fibroma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Its clinical presentation in children may include syncope, dyspnea, chest pain, episodes of ventricular tachycardia, and, more rarely, cardiac arrest. In this setting, agreement exists regarding complete surgical resection, which, whenever accomplished, is curative with excellent early and late results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, opinions diverge in cases of the asymptomatic child in whom the risk of sudden death is used to justify a preventable surgical policy, although fatal arrhythmia appears to occur more frequently in the first few years of life.</p>
			<p>In 29 recently reported cases, eight patients experienced cardiac arrest in the first three years of life, seven within the first year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In this remarkable retrospective investigation, an interdigitating and entrapped myocardium was uniformly present to various extents within the tumor in at least 80% of cases and presented three interesting features: they were more extensive at a younger age at the time of surgery, were of moderate or marked extension in the majority of patients with cardiac arrest, and tended to gradually disappear with age. This peculiar histologic aspect is similar to the one found in peri-infarct zones and is very likely the arrhythmia substrate since complete surgical resection eliminated the arrhythmia in these cases.</p>
			<p>Management of the adult with a cardiac fibroma is debatable. Although surgery is not without risk and ventricular reconstruction might be difficult, 38 patients over 16 years of age were reported by 2011; surgery was performed in 34 of them, including four who were asymptomatic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The case presented here, as well as other non-operated patients without<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> or with routine<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> follow-up, should not be used to recommend a conservative approach for the asymptomatic adult. The consensually obtained recommendation against surgery when the patient was 4 years old was not uniform when he was 19 years old, including a detailed debate in an international panel. The possible risks and benefits of the clinical or surgical management that emerged from these discussions were presented to the patient and his family, who opted for clinical management considering the patient’s well-being and strong religious belief. It is interesting to note that the recently described myocardial tongues/entrapment characteristics<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>, which tend to disappear with age, suggest that the asymptomatic adult probably has a low risk of arrhythmia; thus, surgery can be avoided. The CMR tumor signal homogeneity demonstrated here, suggestive of a low mixture of normal and pathological tissue, is very likely responsible for the electrical stability noted in our patient. Could this gray zone<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> absence be considered an expression of scarce interdigitating/entrapped myocardium and be used to decide its appropriate management? Which degree of this myocardium abnormality would identify a high-risk patient? There are currently no answers for these questions which could eventually be achieved using a specific registry of a good number of patients adequately followed up, however difficult. In the meantime, common sense and shared decision-making with the patient and family seems the best policy.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Acompanhamento a Longo Prazo de Paciente do Sexo Masculino com Fibroma Cardíaco Assintomático</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Jonas</surname>
						<given-names>Marina Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Braggion-Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Fernanda</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Koenigkam-Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Marcel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Manso</surname>
						<given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Dias</surname>
						<given-names>Luiza Frison</given-names>
					</name>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Schmidt</surname>
						<given-names>André</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Amaral</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Cardiopatias Pediátricas e Congênitas4,Divisão de Cardiologia2, Centro de Imagem3 – Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Cardiopatias Pediátricas1 e Congênitas4,Divisão de Cardiologia, Centro de Imagem3 – Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Cardiopatias Pediátricas1 e Congênitas4,Divisão de Cardiologia2, Centro de Imagem – Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Cardiopatias Pediátricas1 e Congênitas,Divisão de Cardiologia2, Centro de Imagem3 – Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Fernando Amaral • Serviço de Cardiopatias Congênitas, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP. Rua Ten. Catão Roxo 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, 14015-010 Ribeirão Preto SP, Brasil.E-mail: ftamaral@cardiol.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuições dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho do estudo: Jonas MC, Amaral FA; Coleta de dados: Jonas MC, Dias LF; Análise e interpretação dos dados: Jonas MC, Braggion-Santos MF, Koenigkam-Santos M.; Redação do manuscrito: todos os autores; Revisão crítica do manuscrito: Manso PH, Schmidt A, Amaral F.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Descreve-se o caso de um homem de 19 anos assintomático com fibroma de ventrículo esquerdo em acompanhamento por 15 anos, sem tratamento.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Adulto</kwd>
				<kwd>Fibroma</kwd>
				<kwd>Neoplasias Cardíacas</kwd>
				<kwd>Morte Súbita</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O fibroma cardíaco, descrito pela primeira vez em 1855, é um tumor benigno que acomete principalmente a parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), estendendo-se ocasionalmente para o septo interventricular. As crianças podem ser acometidas por arritmias significativas com risco de morte súbita, exigindo tratamento cirúrgico imediato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A apresentação assintomática e a primeira manifestação na fase adulta são incomuns e o acompanhamento não foi bem relatado. Apresentamos o caso de um adulto assintomático não tratado em acompanhamento por 15 anos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato do caso</title>
				<p>Detectou-se coração aumentado incidentalmente na radiografia de tórax de uma criança de 4 anos com queixas respiratórias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1A</xref>). Exame cardíaco normal. Eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 derivações revelou hipertrofia do VE e ondas T invertidas nas derivações anteriores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1B</xref>). Uma massa arredondada de 4,1 x 3,7 cm foi documentada por ecocardiograma bidimensional na parede apical-lateral do VE com fluxo desobstruído (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2A</xref>). O Holter de 24 horas revelou um episódio de taquicardia ventricular não sustentada de 7 batimentos. Na ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC), encontrou-se uma massa bem demarcada de 4,7 x 4,2 cm na parede látero-inferior do VE com realce tardio com gadolínio compatível com fibroma cardíaco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2 B/C</xref>). Apesar do breve episódio de taquicardia, a cirurgia foi, consensualmente, desaconselhada. Durante quatorze anos, o acompanhamento sem intercorrências foi marcado por visitas irregulares ao hospital a cada um ou dois anos por motivos pessoais, incluindo viagens de longa distância, mas a consulta por telefone era frequente. Atualmente, como um jovem de 19 anos assintomático e com exame cardíaco normal, leva uma vida normal, incluindo prática moderada de exercícios físicos, sem medicação. Os achados recentes de radiografia de tórax (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1C</xref>), eletrocardiograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1D</xref>) e ecocardiograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2D</xref>) são semelhantes aos obtidos há quinze anos. O Holter foi normal e não houve desencadeamento de arritmias por um teste de esforço recente. A RMC sequencial mostrou pequena taxa de crescimento da lesão (dimensões: 5,0 x 4,3 cm), que tem se mantido estável nos últimos 9 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2 E/F</xref>). As imagens da cine RMC com precessão livre no estado estacionário (<italic>steady-state free precession</italic>, SSFP) nas fases sistólica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3A/C</xref>) e diastólica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3B/D</xref>) não mostraram repercussão significativa na função ventricular esquerda com 5 e 19 anos. O caso foi discutido recentemente e não houve consenso quanto à cirurgia. Atendendo ao desejo do paciente e da família, recomendou-se acompanhamento regular de 6 meses após explicação detalhada sobre os riscos e benefícios de tal decisão terapêutica.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Radiografia de tórax aos 4 (A) e aos 19 (C) anos. Eletrocardiograma aos 4 (B) e aos 19 (D) anos.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc287-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Ecocardiograma aos 4 (A) e aos 19 (D) anos (VE: ventrículo esquerdo, Tu: tumor). Realce tardio com gadolínio na RMC aos 4 (B/E) e aos 19 (C/F) anos. B/C: Sinal hiperintenso característico de corte de 4 câmaras (seta); E/F: Análise quantitativa da fibrose miocárdica em corte de 2 câmaras usando o método largura total a meia altura mostrando o tumor hiper-realçado (asterisco) sem áreas de fibrose misturadas com miocárdio normal (zona cinza).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc287-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Relação do fibroma cardíaco com a contratilidade ventricular esquerda. Imagens da cine RMC com precessão livre no estado estacionário (steady-state free precession, SSFP) nas fases sistólica (A e C) e diastólica (B e D). Figuras A e B: Corte de 4 câmaras. Figuras C e D: Corte de 2 câmaras. Setas brancas: fibroma cardíaco – observe o sinal isotenso do tumor relacionado ao miocárdio nestas sequências.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc287-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O fibroma cardíaco é um tumor não encapsulado composto por fibroblastos e tecido conjuntivo raramente encontrado em adultos e geralmente diagnosticado por ecocardiografia. Após a detecção de uma massa pela ecocardiografia, o diagnóstico diferencial inclui outros tumores cardíacos benignos (principalmente lipoma e hemangioma).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A tomografia computadorizada e a RMC podem definir a extensão da lesão e as características do tecido, melhorando a precisão do diagnóstico e o planejamento do tratamento, como em outros tumores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Neste cenário, a RMC tem um papel importante devido à sua capacidade singular de fornecer uma caracterização avançada do tecido miocárdico, principalmente por meio de sequências de realce tardio de gadolínio, que permite a detecção de tecido fibrótico, o principal componente do fibroma cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A apresentação clínica em crianças pode incluir síncope, dispneia, dor torácica, episódios de taquicardia ventricular e, mais raramente, parada cardíaca. Neste cenário, há concordância quanto à ressecção cirúrgica completa, que, sempre que realizada, propicia a cura com excelentes resultados precoces e tardios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As opiniões divergem quanto a crianças assintomáticas, em que o risco de morte súbita é usado para justificar uma política cirúrgica evitável. Embora fatal, a arritmia parece ser mais frequente nos primeiros anos de vida. Em 29 casos relatados recentemente, oito tiveram parada cardíaca nos primeiros três anos de vida, sete dos quais no primeiro ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nesta marcante investigação retrospectiva, encontrou-se um miocárdio interdigitante e aprisionado uniformemente presente em diversas extensões no interior do tumor em no mínimo 80% dos casos, apresentando três características interessantes: eram mais extensos em pacientes mais jovens na ocasião da operação, eram de extensão moderada ou acentuada na maioria dos pacientes com parada cardíaca e tendiam a desaparecer gradualmente com a idade. Esse aspecto histológico peculiar é semelhante ao encontrado nas zonas peri-infarto e é muito provável que seja o substrato da arritmia, uma vez que a ressecção cirúrgica completa eliminou a arritmia nesses casos.</p>
				<p>A conduta a ser adotada em pacientes adultos com fibroma cardíaco é discutível. Embora a cirurgia não seja isenta de risco e a reconstrução ventricular possa ser difícil, 38 pacientes acima de dezesseis anos foram notificados até 2011 e a cirurgia foi realizada em 34 deles, incluindo quatro casos assintomáticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O caso aqui apresentado, assim como outros pacientes não operados sem<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> ou em acompanhamento de rotina<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> não devem ser usados para recomendar uma abordagem conservadora para o adulto assintomático. A recomendação consensual contra a cirurgia quando o paciente tinha ٤ anos não se manteve aos ١٩ anos, incluindo um debate detalhado em um painel internacional. Os possíveis riscos e benefícios de uma conduta clínica ou cirúrgica que surgiram dessas discussões foram apresentados ao paciente e familiares que optaram por uma conduta clínica levando em consideração o bem estar do paciente e uma forte crença religiosa. É interessante notar que as características das línguas/aprisionamento miocárdico, recentemente descritos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> que tendem a desaparecer com a idade, nos fazem supor que o adulto assintomático provavelmente tem baixo risco de arritmia e, portanto, a operação poderia ser evitada. A homogeneidade do sinal tumoral da RMC aqui demonstrada, sugerindo uma baixa mistura de tecido normal e patológico, é muito provavelmente responsável pela estabilidade elétrica em nosso paciente. Será que essa ausência de zona cinzenta<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> poderia ser considerada uma expressão de miocárdio interdigitado/aprisionado escasso e ser usada para decidir a conduta adequada? Qual grau dessa anormalidade miocárdica caracterizaria um paciente de alto risco? Atualmente não há respostas para essas perguntas que talvez poderiam ser respondidas por meio de um registro específico de um bom número de pacientes acompanhados adequadamente, por mais difícil que seja. Nesse ínterim, o bom senso e uma decisão compartilhada com paciente e familiares parece ser a melhor política para o caso em questão.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>