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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223503eabc279</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography in Native Valve Endocarditis: A Case Report and Similarities Between Echocardiography and Surgical Findings</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Schmitz</surname>
						<given-names>Giulia Bevilacqua</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bertuol</surname>
						<given-names>Amadeu Antonio</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Berger</surname>
						<given-names>Solano Vinicius</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Saadi</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo Petersen</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Albrecht</surname>
						<given-names>Álvaro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Division</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Post-graduate program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UFRGS</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Post-graduate program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences. UFRGS, RS, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiovascular Surgery Division</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Surgery Division. Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Amadeu Antonio Bertuol Filho •</bold> Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Cardiologia. Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, sala 2061, CEP: 90035-903. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. E-mail: <email>amadeubertuol@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contributions</p>
					<p>Manuscript writing: Schmitz GB, Bertuol Filho AA; 2D and 3D image acquisition: Berger SV; surgery and imaging: Saadi RP, Albrecht A; review and general guidance: Santos ABS.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>07</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc279</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>4</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>9</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Native valve bacterial endocarditis is an uncommon, complex, and highly morbid disease that requires prolonged clinical treatment and challenging surgical interventions. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography are paramount assessment tools whose findings are included in the diagnostic criteria. Three-dimensional echocardiography shows further realistic imaging details. Here we present a case demonstrating the role of echocardiography in the diagnosis of endocarditis and the identification of its complications to show how advanced imaging techniques may have a remarkable resemblance with <italic>in vivo</italic> surgical findings.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Endocarditis</kwd>
				<kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Three-Dimensional</kwd>
				<kwd>Mitral Valve</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="6"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>A 60-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with important lumbar pain, malaise, loss of appetite, and nausea. She reported a progressive weight loss of more than 20 kg over the previous couple of months. She was an obese and fully functional woman. The patient had a Guillain-Barré syndrome episode complicated by deep venous thrombosis some years prior with no clinically relevant sequelae. She was undergoing testing for normocytic and normochromic anemia on an ambulatory basis. She had no previous cardiovascular conditions and no specific family history.</p>
			<p>Her vital signs were unremarkable. A physical examination showed normal neurologic status with pale and hydrated mucosae. The cardiac findings were a 3/6 rough systolic murmur in the aortic and mitral areas and a 3/6 aspiration diastolic murmur in the aortic area. This finding led to careful examination of the skin and extremities: her peripheral pulses were of increased amplitude and duration (Corrigan’s sign), the fingertips had papular ecchymosis compatible with Janeway’s lesions, and the nail beds had a pulsatile “ebb and flow” capillary filling (Quincke’s sign). Crackles were detected at the bases of both lungs.</p>
			<p>The differential diagnosis implied systemic inflammatory diseases. She presented with insidious symptoms of lumbar pain and malaise. Deep muscle or bone infections should be considered. Inflammatory myopathies, connective tissue diseases, or neoplasm could also explain those findings.</p>
			<p>The specific physical examination signs pointed to valvular heart disease. The systolic murmur could be secondary to a benign preexistant condition as simple as mild mitral regurgitation or aortic sclerosis. However, the diastolic murmur should indicate a pathology, especially when it has intense character.</p>
			<p>It was unclear if the patient had a previously unknown chronic heart condition that presented as another inflammatory disease or if there was a unique clinical entity responsible for all of the findings.</p>
			<p>Considering the peripheral pulse and skin findings, a possible diagnosis was sought and complementary exams were ordered.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Investigations</title>
			<p>The blood cell count showed anemia (hemoglobin, 8 g/dL) with normocytic normochromic features, a leftward shift of the white blood count, and an increased serum C reactive protein level. The electrolytes and urinary panel findings were unremarkable.</p>
			<p>Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed inflammation and bone erosion on lumbar vertebral bodies of L2–3 compatible with spondylodiscitis. A bilateral pleural effusion was noted, as were contrast perfusion deficits compatible with renal and spleen infarction.</p>
			<p>A transthoracic echocardiogram showed normal LV systolic function. The mitral valve demonstrated a central regurgitation jet compatible with severe mitral insufficiency. There was irregular thickening on both leaflets and nodular vegetation on the atrial face of the anterior leaflet. The aortic valve had thickened cuspids and a central regurgitation jet of severe intensity. Transesophageal echocardiography further detailed the aortic and mitral valves, showing a vegetation on the anterior mitral leaflet with a central perforation. The aortic valve leaflets had increased motion and at least two prolongations (8 mm each) were depicted.</p>
			<p>Blood cultures drawn at admission tested positive for <italic>Enterococcus faecalis.</italic></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Management</title>
			<p>The broad-spectrum antibiotics vancomycin and cefepime were initiated. The therapy was modified to ampicillin plus gentamicin after the bacteria was cultured and the endocarditis diagnosis was made.</p>
			<p>The patient remained stable for the next few days despite her malaise being cumbersome and feeling fatigued after trivial efforts such as bathing. Considering the complicated endocarditis (mitral and aortic severe regurgitation), surgery was indicated.</p>
			<p>A large vegetation was found on the atrial aspect of the anterior mitral leaflet with a round perforation. The aortic leaflets were friable, were clad in inflammatory pannus, and had three vegetations.</p>
			<p>The transoperative findings (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>) were remarkably similar with the pre-procedure echo images (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Mitral valve with anterior leaflet perforation and vegetations (transoperative view).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc279-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Top left: Surgeon’s view perspective of a central vegetation and perforation on mitral valve anterior leaflet (AL). Top right: Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiogram (3D-TEE) showing the same view on True-View filter. Bottom left: Central regurgitation through the perforated leaflet and severe mitral insufficiency. Bottom right: 3D-TEE on a traditional filter.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc279-gf02.tif"/>
					<attrib>Ao, aorta; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Top left: Zoomed-in view of the structure and prolongations array of the mitral valve anterior leaflet vegetation. Top right: three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiogram (3D-TEE) True-View image showing remarkable similarity with the surgical findings. Bottom left: Vegetations (*) on both sides of the anterior mitral leaflet and aortic cuspids. Bottom right: Traditional 3D-TEE of the vegetation and mitral valve.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc279-gf03.tif"/>
					<attrib>Ao, aorta; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Left: Longitudinal transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) view in end systole. Irregular thickening of the aortic cuspid and an elongated vegetation (*) are evident. The anterior mitral leaflet with the reported vegetation. Right: Longitudinal TEE view in diastole and color Doppler. An aortic regurgitation jet is occupying almost the entire outflow tract (†).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc279-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Severe bleeding occurred during the operation that required major volumes of blood products. Although the replacement of both affected valves was technically successful, the patient developed progressive multiorgan failure and died of refractory shock within a few days despite intensive medical support.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Native valve infective endocarditis is currently an uncommon disease. Its clinical presentation varies from a very severe onset of sepsis to an insidious and progressing condition diagnosed weeks later.</p>
			<p>The possibility of this indolent course implies the need for a high grade of suspicion and adequate workup before complications ensue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The most important risk associated factors are implanted prosthetic heart valves or devices, hemodialysis, indwelling catheters, immunosuppression, and the use of injectable recreational drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Emboligenic complications can seed virtually any vascularized tissue, culminating in visceral and neurologic sequelae, sepsis, and death.</p>
			<p>This patient presented with lumbar pain and was diagnosed with spondylodiscitis, a serious infection of the deep bone tissue of possible emboligenic origin. Thus, the diagnosis of endocarditis was made due to the embolization seen in multiple territories (renal and spleen infarctions). The patient had plenty auscultatory findings; however, these are not always present and a normal cardiac examination alone does not rule out the diagnosis, especially in cases with an earlier clinical presentation.</p>
			<p>In addition to a careful history-taking and physical examination, echocardiography is the first-choice exam when suspicion of endocarditis occurs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The transthoracic examination is the initial evaluation exam, with sensitivity as high as 80% in more recent clinical series. As it cannot rule out the diagnosis, transesophageal echocardiography can accurately detail the valves, with a sensitivity of 90–100% and a specificity of 90%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> One must also exclude complications such as perforation, annular abscess, and fistula. The testing should be repeated within the treatment course if the initial imaging exams are negative and clinical suspicion persists, as it increases the sensitivity to near 98%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography is becoming more familiar to cardiologists. It has a realistic approximation and can show additional morphological details of lesion mechanisms and refine surgical planning. This modality requires newer ultrasonography machines and software, although it is not cumbersome to learn and perform.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Native valve infective endocarditis is a serious disease whose clinical presentation ranges from subtle to dramatic. It requires detailed imaging attention with transthoracic and transesophageal studies. Its three-dimensional echocardiographic findings show notable resemblance to operative findings.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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						<etal>et al</etal>
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					<comment>GAMES investigators (Appendix 1)</comment>
					<article-title>Prognostic implications of a negative echocardiography in patients with infective endocarditis</article-title>
					<source>Eur J Intern Med</source>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional na Avaliação de Endocardite de Válvula Nativa: Um Relato de Caso E Semelhança entre Achados Ecocardiográficos e Cirúrgicos</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Schmitz</surname>
						<given-names>Giulia Bevilacqua</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bertuol</surname>
						<given-names>Amadeu Antonio</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Berger</surname>
						<given-names>Solano Vinicius</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Saadi</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo Petersen</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Albrecht</surname>
						<given-names>Álvaro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Programa de Pós Graduação de Cardiologia e Ciências Cardiovasculares da UFRGS, RS, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Amadeu Antonio Bertuol Filho • Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Cardiologia. Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, sala 2061, CEP: 90035-903. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. E-mail: amadeubertuol@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Redação do texto: Schmitz GB, Bertuol Filho AA; Execução das imagens 2D e 3D: Berger SV; Ato cirúrgico e fornecimento de imagens: Saadi RP, Albrecht A; Revisão e orientação geral: Santos ABS.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A endocardite de valva nativa é uma doença incomum, complexa, e de alta morbimortalidade. Requer tratamento clínico prolongado, com várias complicações possíveis, e o seu tratamento cirúrgico é complexo e tecnicamente difícil. O ecocardiograma transtorácico e transesofágico são fundamentais na avaliação da doença, inclusive seus achados são parte dos critérios diagnósticos de endocardite. Adicionalmente, o ecocardiograma tridimensional (3D) contribui com detalhamento anatômico na avaliação das estruturas cardíacas acometidas pela doença. Mostramos um caso em que é ilustrado o papel da ecocardiografia no diagnóstico e avaliação de complicações da endocardite, comparando as imagens do ecocardiograma 3D pré-operatórias, com os achados durante o ato cirúrgico.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Endocardite</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
				<kwd>Valva Mitral</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Mulher de 60 anos procurou o serviço de emergência apresentando dor lombar intensa, mal-estar, perda de apetite e náuseas. Relatou perda de peso progressiva de mais de 20 kg nos últimos meses. Era uma mulher obesa e sem limitações funcionais. A paciente apresentou um episódio de síndrome de Guillain-Barré complicado com trombose venosa profunda há alguns anos, sem sequelas clínicas relevantes. Além disso, estava em investigação ambulatorial de anemia normocítica e normocrômica. Não referiu doenças cardiovasculares prévias e nenhum histórico familiar específico de problemas de saúde.</p>
				<p>Seus sinais vitais eram normais. O exame físico mostrou estado neurológico normal, mucosas pálidas e hidratadas. Os achados cardíacos foram sopro sistólico rude de 3/6 em áreas aórtica e mitral, e sopro diastólico aspirativo de 3/6 em área aórtica. Esse achado levou a um exame cuidadoso da pele e extremidades: seus pulsos periféricos eram de amplitude e duração aumentadas (sinal de Corrigan), as pontas dos dedos apresentavam equimose papular compatível com as lesões de Janeway e os leitos ungueais apresentavam enchimento capilar pulsátil (sinal de Quincke). Haviam crepitantes em ambas as bases dos pulmões.</p>
				<p>Doenças inflamatórias sistêmicas foram consideradas no diagnóstico diferencial, uma vez que a paciente apresentava sintomas insidiosos de dor lombar e mal-estar. Infecções musculares ou ósseas profundas foram consideradas. Miopatias inflamatórias, doenças do tecido conjuntivo ou neoplasias também poderiam explicar esses achados.</p>
				<p>Os sinais específicos do exame físico apontam para cardiopatia valvar. O sopro sistólico pode ser secundário a uma condição pré-existente benigna como insuficiência mitral leve ou esclerose aórtica. No entanto, a presença de sopro diastólico indica acometimento patológico valvar, sobretudo quando tem caráter intenso.</p>
				<p>Não ficou claro se a paciente tinha doença cardíaca crônica previamente desconhecida, apresentando outra doença inflamatória, ou se havia uma entidade clínica única responsável por todos os achados.</p>
				<p>Considerando o pulso periférico e os achados cutâneos, buscou-se um possível diagnóstico e foram solicitados exames complementares.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Investigações</title>
				<p>O hemograma mostrava anemia (hemoglobina de 8 g/dl) com características normocíticas normocrômicas, no leucograma havia um desvio para a esquerda e o nível sérico de proteína C reativa estava significantemente elevado. Os eletrólitos e os exames urinários eram normais.</p>
				<p>A tomografia computadorizada (TC) abdominal mostrou inflamação e erosão óssea nos corpos vertebrais lombares de L3-L2, compatível com espondilodiscite. Além disso, havia derrame pleural bilateral e déficits de perfusão de contraste compatíveis com infarto renal e esplênico.</p>
				<p>Realizou-se ecocardiografia transtorácica que mostrou função sistólica do VE normal. A valva mitral apresentava jato de regurgitação central compatível com insuficiência mitral grave. Havia espessamento irregular em ambos os folhetos e vegetação nodular na face atrial do folheto anterior. A valva aórtica apresentava cúspides espessadas e jato de regurgitação central de intensidade grave. A ecocardiografia transesofágica detalhou ainda mais as imagens nas valvas aórtica e mitral. Mostrava a vegetação no folheto anterior da valva mitral com perfuração central. Os folhetos da valva aórtica tinham amplitude de movimento aumentado e pelo menos dois prolongamentos de 8 mm podiam ser observados.</p>
				<p>As hemoculturas coletas na admissão foram positivas para <italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Conduta terapêutica</title>
				<p>Foram iniciados antibióticos de amplo espectro, vancomicina e cefepima. O tratamento foi modificado para ampicilina mais gentamicina após a identificação do germe e o diagnóstico de endocardite.</p>
				<p>A paciente permaneceu estável nos dias seguintes, embora apresentasse cansaço para esforços habituais, como tomar banho. Considerando a endocardite complicada (insuficiência mitral e aórtica grave), foi indicada cirurgia.</p>
				<p>Uma grande vegetação foi encontrada na face atrial do folheto anterior da valva mitral com perfuração circular. Além disso, os folhetos aórticos eram friáveis, revestidos de pannus inflamatório e apresentavam três vegetações.</p>
				<p>Os achados transoperatórios (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>) eram notavelmente semelhantes às imagens ecocardiográficas pré-procedimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figuras 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Valva mitral com perfuração e vegetações do folheto anterior — vista transoperatória.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc279-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Imagem superior esquerda: Perspectiva do cirurgião, com vegetação central e perfuração no folheto anterior da válvula mitral (AL). Imagem superior direita: ETE 3D mostrando a mesma vista no filtro True-View. Imagem inferior esquerda: Regurgitação central pelo folheto perfurado e insuficiência mitral grave. Imagem inferior direita: ETE 3D no filtro tradicional.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc279-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>VE: ventrículo esquerdo; AE: átrio esquerdo: Ao: aorta.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Imagem superior esquerda: Visão ampliada da estrutura e matriz de prolongamentos da vegetação do folheto anterior da válvula mitral. Imagem superior direita: Imagem do ETE 3D em True-View mostrando notável semelhança com o achado cirúrgico. Imagem inferior esquerda: Vegetações (*) em ambos os lados do folheto anterior da valva mitral e cúspides aórticas. Imagem inferior direita: ETE 3D tradicional da vegetação e valva mitral.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc279-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>VE: ventrículo esquerdo; AE: átrio esquerdo: Ao: aorta.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Imagem à esquerda: Visão longitudinal do ETE ao final da sístole. Há espessamento irregular da cúspide aórtica e vegetação alongada (*). Folheto mitral anterior com a vegetação relatada. Imagem à direita: Vista longitudinal do ETE em diástole e Doppler colorido. Há um jato de regurgitação aórtica ocupando quase toda a via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (†).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-03-eabc279-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Houve sangramento intenso durante a operação, exigindo grandes quantidades de hemoderivados. Embora tenha havido sucesso técnico com a substituição de ambas as valvas acometidas, a paciente evoluiu com falência múltipla dos órgãos progressiva e faleceu nos dias seguintes devido a choque refratário, apesar do suporte médico intensivo.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Atualmente, a endocardite infecciosa da valva nativa é uma doença incomum. Sua apresentação clínica varia desde um súbita instalação de sepse grave até um quadro insidioso e progressivo, sendo diagnosticado semanas depois.</p>
				<p>A possibilidade desse curso indolente implica a necessidade de alto grau de suspeição e investigação adequada antes que a complicação ocorra.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os fatores de risco associados mais importantes são próteses valvares ou dispositivos cardíacos implantados, hemodiálise, cateteres de longa permanência, imunossupressão e uso de drogas recreativas injetáveis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embolizações podem acometer qualquer tecido vascularizado, culminando em sequelas viscerais e neurológicas, sepse e óbito.</p>
				<p>Esta paciente apresentou dor lombar e foi diagnosticada inicialmente com espondilodiscite, uma infecção grave do tecido ósseo de possível origem emboligênica. Assim, buscou-se o diagnóstico de endocardite, pois havia embolização em múltiplos territórios (infartos renal e esplênico). Evidentemente, a paciente apresentava alterações da ausculta cardíaca, porém, nem sempre estes estão presentes e um exame cardíaco normal não descarta o diagnóstico de endocardite, principalmente na apresentação clínica mais precoce.</p>
				<p>Além de cuidadosa anamnese e exame físico, o ecocardiograma é o exame de primeira escolha quando há suspeita de endocardite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A modalidade transtorácica é escolhida como o exame de avaliação inicial, com sensibilidade de até 80% nas séries clínicas mais recentes. Como não pode descartar o diagnóstico, o exame transesofágico (ETE) pode detalhar com maior precisão as valvas, com sensibilidade de 90–100% e especificidade de 90%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Também é indicado para excluir complicações como perfuração, abscesso anular e fístula. Além disso, o ecocardiograma deve ser repetido no decorrer do tratamento se os exames de imagem iniciais forem negativos e a suspeita clínica persistir, pois isso eleva a sensibilidade para cerca de 98%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O ecocardiograma transesofágico tridimensional (ETE 3D) vem se tornando mais popular entre os cardiologistas. O exame apresenta uma aproximação realista e pode mostrar detalhes morfológicos adicionais dos mecanismos da lesão e refinamento no planejamento cirúrgico. Essa modalidade requer aparelhos e softwares mais avançados, contudo, seu aprendizado e execução são acessíveis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A endocardite infecciosa da valva nativa é uma doença grave que varia de apresentação clínica sutil a complicada. Requer imagens detalhadas com estudos transtorácicos e transesofágicos. As modalidades ecocardiográficas tridimensionais podem apresentar notável semelhança com os achados operatórios.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>