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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223502eed_15</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Infective Endocarditis In India: A Broad Picture Of A Very Large Country</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Agrawal</surname>
						<given-names>Ashish</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sengupta</surname>
						<given-names>Shantanu P</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Korba Diabetic &amp; Cardio Center Korba</institution>
				<country country="IN">Índia</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Korba Diabetic &amp; Cardio Center Korba,Índia</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Sengupta Hospital &amp; Research Institute</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Nagpur</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IN">Índia</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Sengupta Hospital &amp; Research Institute, Nagpur, Índia.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Shantanu P Sengupta ● <email>senguptasp@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The author declares no conflicts of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>eed_15</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>3</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="13"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<disp-quote>
			<p><italic>Everything is recycled in India,</italic></p>
			<p><italic>Even dreams</italic></p>
			<p><italic>Shashi Tharoor</italic></p>
		</disp-quote>
		<p>Infective endocarditis (IE) has always been challenging for the medical field, which has responded with newer innovations and persistent efforts. Habib et al. stated “Infective endocarditis is still a life-threatening disease with the frequent lethal outcome despite profound changes in its clinical, microbiological, imaging, and therapeutic profiles”<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>.</p>
		<p>Various factors affect the different aspects of IE diagnosis and management. As a developing country, India has a very polar healthcare delivery system. Primary health centers range from basic facilities that provide very primary level healthcare in rural areas to center of excellence hospitals that offer the latest medical innovations in metropolitan areas. The crucial point is the time it takes for a patient to reach to suitable center to receive the appropriate interventions. In particular, the diagnosis of IE by primary healthcare physicians must be obtained as soon as possible. Socio-economic factors play a pivotal role in patient outcomes. All three of these issues pose great challenges, especially in very large countries like India. Sengupta et al. concluded that socio-economic factors influence the clinical profile of patients presenting with IE worldwide<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, leading to delayed diagnosis and lower use of surgery<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>. Gupta et al. reported observations about IE such as increasing patient age and increased proportions of patients without a history of cardiac ailments, better cultural positivity rates, an increasing incidence of staphylococcal infections, increased usage of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and increasing elective surgery rates<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>.</p>
		<p>Gupta et al. summarized the risk factors for IE as a longer lifespan contributing to degenerative heart disease and the risk of immune suppression due to diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus, immunosuppressive drugs, and intravenous drug abuse<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>.</p>
		<p>Various procedures require invasive instruments for the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, arteriovenous fistula for dialysis, pacemaker and defibrillator implantation, and immunosuppressive therapy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>. Few cases (10–15%) reportedly required healthcare intervention<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> than IE due to rheumatic heart disease<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>.</p>
		<p>Fever, heart murmur, and splenomegaly should be considered highly suggestive of IE and lead to its early diagnosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>. The clinical presentation can vary but most often includes the following (in order of most common to least common): fever, chills or sweating, shortness of breath with a history of loss of appetite or weight, chest pain, and peripheral edema<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>.</p>
		<p>The microbiological profile involves a wide spectrum of species including staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, <italic>Streptococcus gallolyticus, Streptococci viridians, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis</italic>, and others such as <italic>Coxiellaburnetii, Legionella</italic> spp., <italic>Chlamydia, Mycoplasma</italic> spp., <italic>Streptobacillus moniliformis, Salmonella</italic> spp., <italic>Brucella</italic> spp., <italic>Bartonella</italic> spp., <italic>Tropheryma whippelei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, and the HACEK group (<italic>Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterim, Eikenella,</italic> and <italic>Kingella</italic>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>.</p>
		<p>After an 11-year study, Navneet et al. concluded that predominant sites affected by IE include the tricuspid valve, followed by the mitral valve and the aortic and pulmonary valves<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>. Multivalvular involvement is also encountered. Vegetations are commonly 10–30 mm in diameter<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>. Blood cultures using modified Duke`s criteria and two-dimensional echocardiography/TEE/transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) remain the principal diagnostic modalities. However, culture positivity rates vary widely nationwide (30–70%)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>. Different non-invasive techniques such as multi-slice computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear imaging such as <sup>18</sup>F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography are gaining popularity<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>. Echocardiography can be useful for predicting complications based on vegetation size, mobility, extent, and consistency<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>. TTE is the procedure of choice<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>. TEE is better in cases of prosthetic valves since its image quality is superior due to higher transducer frequency and no interference of lung tissue<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>. Abscesses, vegetations, and destructive lesions are the anatomical features and main findings of IE on echocardiography<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of prokaryotic 165 rDNA (recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid) is helpful for demonstrating the presence of bacteria within the heart valve<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>. Newer PCR techniques include nested PCR, real-time PCR, and LightCycler technology<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>, but the above techniques are not readily available or cost-effective in developing countries.</p>
		<p>Medical management consists of various regimens including injectable vancomycin, gentamycin, ceftriaxone, nafcillin, oxacillin, cefazolin, and rifampin, which are used according to the organism isolated in culture. An increasing trend in surgical intervention is aiming to lower mortality rates. Shock, congestive heart failure, and staphylococcal endocarditis are associated with a higher mortality risk in India<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> as well as other parts of the world<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>. The disease profile of patients is shifting from young patients with rheumatic heart disease to those with prosthetic valves or underlying valvular disease<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>.</p>
		<p>Surgical management and timing are crucial in IE. Indications for surgery are heart failure, uncontrolled infection, and embolism risk<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>. Two major societies, the European Society of Cardiology( ESC) and the American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC), agree on these indications but differ in some areas. The ESC proposes urgent/emergent versus elective surgery, whereas the ACC/AHA recommends early surgery before antibiotics are stopped<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>. Surgery is recommended by the ACC/AHA for vegetations &gt;10 mm versus by the ESC for those &gt;30 mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>.</p>
		<p>The biggest challenge in the Indian subcontinent is obtaining sterile blood cultures since tested patients have likely already received antibiotics from their primary care physicians. Around 2.5–31% of cases in India are blood culture–negative IE due to the use of antibiotics before diagnosis and poor adherence to blood culture guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>. Strong suspicion, correlation between clinical findings and the history and work-up leads to early detection and better outcomes. Thus, the need for microbiology labs and echocardiography facilities across India for early detection is crucial. The second hurdle is a reluctance to receive surgical intervention; however, in-depth counseling can remedy this barrier. This response has ramped up in India over the past few decades. Early suspicion leads to early detection is seen, and increases in medical and surgical interventions are helping fight IE.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Endocardite Infecciosa na Índia: Um Panorama de um País Enorme</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Agrawal</surname>
						<given-names>Ashish</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sengupta</surname>
						<given-names>Shantanu P</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="IN">Índia</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Korba Diabetic &amp; Cardio Center Korba,</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="IN">Índia</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Sengupta Hospital &amp; Research Institute, Nagpur, Índia.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Shantanu P Sengupta ● senguptasp@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<disp-quote>
				<p><italic>Tudo é reciclado na Índia,</italic></p>
				<p><italic>Até mesmo os sonhos...</italic></p>
				<p>Shashi Tharoor</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>A endocardite infecciosa (EI) sempre impôs desafios ao universo médico, os quais foram respondidos pelas mais recentes inovações e esforços persistentes. Segundo Habib et al., “A endocardite infecciosa ainda é uma doença que envolve riscos à vida, com frequentes desfechos letais, apesar das profundas mudanças em seus perfis clínicos, microbiológicos, de imagem e terapêuticos”.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Diversos fatores influenciam as peculiaridades da doença. A Índia é um país em desenvolvimento, cujo sistema de saúde é de natureza muito polarizada. Nas aldeias, há centros rurais de Atenção Primária com instalações básicas, que prestam cuidados de saúde de nível muito primários, estendendo-se ao centro de excelência hospitalar com os últimos avanços da área médica. O ponto crucial é o tempo que leva para um paciente chegar ao centro adequado para as intervenções corretas e, ainda mais importante, o diagnóstico de EI deve ser estabelecido pelos médicos da Atenção Primária o quanto antes. O fator socioeconômico desempenha um papel fundamental no desfecho. Todas as três questões representam um desafio ainda maior, principalmente em um país tão grande quanto a Índia. Sengupta et al. concluíram que fatores socioeconômicos influenciam o perfil clínico de pacientes com EI em todo o mundo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> levando a atrasos no diagnóstico e a menos casos de cirurgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Já Gupta et al. mostram observações sobre EI, como aumento da idade e proporção de pacientes sem histórico de doenças cardíacas, melhores taxas de positividade em exames sanguíneos e aumento de infecções estafilocócicas, além do aumento do uso de ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) e das altas taxas de cirurgias eletivas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Gupta et al. resumiram os fatores de risco para a doença EI como uma vida útil mais longa contribui para doenças cardíacas degenerativas e o risco de imunossupressão devido a diabetes, HIV, drogas imunossupressoras e uso de drogas intravenosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>Diversos procedimentos requerem instrumentos invasivos para o trato gastrintestinal e geniturinário, fístula arteriovenosa para diálise, implante de marca-passo e desfibrilador e terapia imunossupressora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Poucos foram os casos (10% a 15%) relacionados à intervenção de saúde<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> seguida de EI devido a doença cardíaca reumática.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>Febre, sopro cardíaco e esplenomegalia com alto grau de suspeição são fundamentais para o diagnóstico precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A apresentação clínica também varia (da mais comum para a menos comum)</p>
			<p>de febre, calafrios ou sudorese, falta de ar com histórico de perda de apetite ou peso, dor torácica e edema periférico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>. O perfil microbiológico é um amplo espectro composto por <italic>Staphylococcus, Streptococcus enterococcus, Streptococcus gallolyticus, Streptococcus viridans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis</italic>, além de outros como <italic>Coxiella burnetii, Legionella</italic> spp., <italic>Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Salmonella, Brucella, Bartonella, Tropheryma whippelei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> e o grupo HACEK (<italic>Haemophilus, Actinobacillus, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella</italic> e <italic>Kingella</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>Navneet et al., em seu estudo de 11 anos, concluíram que os achados ecocardiográficos mostram que o local predominante é a valva tricúspide seguida pela valva mitral e, depois, as valvas aórtica e pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Também há envolvimento multivalvar. O tamanho da vegetação normalmente variava entre 10 e 30mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Hemoculturas com critérios de Duke modificados e ecocardiografia bidimensional/ ETE/transtorácica (ETT) continuam sendo as principais modalidades, embora haja uma grande diferença na positividade dos exames sanguíneos em todo o país, variando de 30% a 70%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Diferentes técnicas não invasivas, como tomografia computadorizada <italic>multislice</italic>, ressonância magnética e tomografia por emissão de pósitrons com 18F-fluorodesoxiglicose vêm ganhando popularidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A ecocardiografia pode ser útil na predição de complicações com base no tamanho da vegetação, na mobilidade, na extensão e na consistência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A ETT é o procedimento de escolha.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A ETE é melhor com válvulas protéticas, pois a qualidade da imagem é superior, devido à maior frequência do transdutor, e não há interferência do tecido pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Abscesso, vegetação e lesão destrutiva são características anatômicas da EI e os principais achados na ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A amplificação por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) do gene 165 do ácido desoxirribonucleico recombinante (rDNA) procariótico é útil na demonstração de bactérias presentes na válvula cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As técnicas de PCR mais recentes são a PCR aninhada, a PCR em tempo real (RT-PCR) e a tecnologia Lightcycler,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> mas as técnicas descritas não estão prontamente disponíveis e não são econômicas nos países em desenvolvimento.</p>
			<p>O tratamento clínico consiste em diversos regimes que incluem vancomicina injetável, gentamicina, ceftriaxona, nafcilina, oxacilina ou cefazolina e rifampicina, que são usados dependendo do organismo cultivado em cultura. Há uma tendência crescente na intervenção cirúrgica, levando a uma menor mortalidade. Choque séptico, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva e endocardite estafilocócica estão associados a maior risco de mortalidade na Índia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> o que também é observado em outras partes do mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O perfil da doença dos pacientes está mudando de pacientes jovens com cardiopatia reumática para pacientes com próteses valvares ou doença valvar subjacente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>O tratamento cirúrgico e o sincronismo são cruciais na EI. As indicações para cirurgia são insuficiência cardíaca, infecção não controlada e risco de embolia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Duas grandes sociedades, a <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC) e a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA)/<italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> (ACC), concordam com essas indicações, mas algumas diferenças também são observadas. A ESC determina que o momento da cirurgia seja de urgência/emergência ou eletivo, enquanto a ACC/AHA recomenda o quanto antes, previamente à interrupção dos antibióticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Em seguida é o tamanho da vegetação. A ACC/AHA recomenda mais de 10mm para cirurgia, mas para a ESC, mais de 30mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>O maior desafio no subcontinente indiano são as hemoculturas estéreis, pois um paciente já recebeu antibióticos de médicos de cuidados primários. Cerca de 2,5% a 31% são endocardite com hemocultura negativa na Índia devido ao uso de antibióticos antes do diagnóstico e à má adesão às diretrizes na realização da hemocultura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Fortes suspeitas, correlação de achados clínicos, histórico e exames diagnósticos levam à detecção precoce e melhor desfecho. A necessidade de laboratórios de microbiologia e ecocardiografia em todo o país para detecção precoce é muito crucial. O segundo obstáculo é a relutância em relação à intervenção cirúrgica, mas o atendimento aprofundado prestado ao paciente ajuda a superar essa barreira. Na Índia, nas últimas décadas, houve aumento da resposta. Conhecimento da suspeita precoce, detecção e aumento do tratamento clínico e cirúrgico estão ajudando a combater a EI.</p>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>