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<front>
  <journal-meta>
    <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
    <journal-title-group>
      <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Imagem cardiovascular</journal-title>
      <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
    </journal-title-group>
    <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
    <publisher>
      <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
    </publisher>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
    <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223502ecom28</article-id>
    <article-categories>
      <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
        <subject>My Approach To</subject>
      </subj-group>
    </article-categories>
    <title-group>
      <article-title>My Approach to Echocardiography in Radiofrequency Ablation of Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
    </title-group>
    <contrib-group>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name>
          <surname>Paladino</surname>
          <given-names>Antonio Tito</given-names>
        </name>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name>
          <surname>Vilela</surname>
          <given-names>Andrea de Andrade</given-names>
        </name>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name>
          <surname>Assef</surname>
          <given-names>Jorge Eduardo</given-names>
        </name>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name>
          <surname>Valdigem</surname>
          <given-names>Bruno Pereira</given-names>
        </name>
      </contrib>
    </contrib-group>
    <aff id="aff1">
      <label> 1 </label>
      <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      <addr-line>
        <named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
        <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
      </addr-line>
      <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      <institution content-type="original"> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia
        ,
        São Paulo
        ,
        SP
        ,
        Brazil
        ;</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff2">
      <label> 2 </label>
      <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital SEPACO</institution>
      <addr-line>
        <named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
        <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
      </addr-line>
      <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      <institution content-type="original"> Hospital SEPACO
        ,
        São Paulo
        ,
        SP
        ,
        Brazil
        ;</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff3">
      <label> 3 </label>
      <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Vila Nova Star</institution>
      <addr-line>
        <named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
        <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
      </addr-line>
      <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Vila Nova Star
        ,
        São Paulo
        ,
        SP
        ,
        Brazil
        ;</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff4">
      <label> 4 </label>
      <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo FLEURY</institution>
      <addr-line>
        <named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
        <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
      </addr-line>
      <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      <institution content-type="original"> Grupo FLEURY
        ,
        São Paulo
        ,
        SP
        ,
        Brazil
        ;</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff5">
      <label> 5 </label>
      <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital São Luiz Jabaquara</institution>
      <addr-line>
        <named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
        <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
      </addr-line>
      <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      <institution content-type="original">Hospital São Luiz Jabaquara
        ,
        São Paulo
        ,
        SP
        ,
        Brazil
        ;</institution>
    </aff>
    <author-notes>
      <corresp id="c01">
        <bold>Mailing Address: Antonio Tito Paladino •</bold>
        E-mail:
        <email>atpf40@gmail.com</email>
      </corresp>
      <fn fn-type="con">
      <p>Authors’ contribution</p>
      <p>Research creation and design: Paladino AT, VILELA, AA; Data acquisition: Paladino AT, Valdigem B; Manuscript writing: Paladino AT, VILELA, AA; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Assef JE.</p>
      </fn> <fn fn-type="conflict">
      <p>Conflict of interest</p>
      <p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
      </fn> </author-notes>
    <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
      <day>27</day>
      <month>05</month>
      <year>2022</year>
    </pub-date>
    <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
      <year>2022</year>
    </pub-date>
    <volume>35</volume>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <elocation-id>ecom28</elocation-id>
    <history>
      <date date-type="received">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>3</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </date>
      <date date-type="rev-recd">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>3</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </date>
      <date date-type="accepted">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>3</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </date>
    </history>
    <permissions>
      <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
        <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
      </license>
    </permissions>
    <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
      <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      <kwd>Cardiac Hypertrophy</kwd>
      <kwd>Ablation</kwd>
      <kwd>Radio Frequency</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
    <counts>
      <fig-count count="16"/>
      <table-count count="2"/>
      <equation-count count="0"/>
      <ref-count count="16"/>
    </counts>
  </article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
  <title>Introduction</title>
  <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), an autosomal dominant genetic disease that affects one in 500 people, <sup>
    <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
    </sup> is considered the most common isolated form of hereditary heart disease. HCM is characterized by varying degrees of ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial fiber disarray, interstitial fibrosis, and microvascular disease in the absence of cardiac or systemic conditions to justify these findings. <sup>
    <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
    </sup> </p>
  <p>Echocardiography, an invaluable tool for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with HCM, is used to assess morphology, hemodynamic disorders, left ventricular (LV) function, and patient prognosis. <sup>
    <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
    </sup> It also has a fundamental role in cases of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) in the indication of invasive treatments. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a possible treatment under study.</p>
  <p>After briefly reviewing HCM, we will describe the role of echocardiography in patient selection, intraprocedural RFA, and follow-up.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
  <title>Genetic basis</title>
  <p>HCM is caused by mutations in genes encoding the sarcomere protein, Z disk, or intracellular calcium modulators. <sup>
    <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
    </sup> More than 1,500 mutations have been identified among more than 11 genes. <sup>
    <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
    </sup> </p>
</sec>
<sec>
  <title>Pathophysiological mechanisms</title>
  <p>The combination of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction (LVOTO), mitral regurgitation (MR), diastolic dysfunction, and myocardial ischemia comprise the pathophysiological basis of HCM. <sup>
    <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
    </sup> </p>
  <p>The distinction between non-obstructive HCM and HOCM has great clinical importance, as the two conditions have different therapeutic strategies and prognosis. <sup>
    <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
    </sup> </p>
  <p>HOCM has a prevalence of one in 1,500 people. About one-third of patients with HCM have the non-obstructive form, one-third have significant obstruction at rest (defined as an instantaneous peak pressure gradient ≥ 30 mmHg), and one-third have latent obstruction (peak pressure gradient ≥ 30 mmHg after provocative maneuvers). <sup>
    <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
    </sup> A pressure gradient ≥ 50 mmHg is considered hemodynamically important.</p>
  <p>Obstruction is determined by an interaction between the septum, mitral valve, and subvalvular apparatus in addition to flow vectors generated in the ventricular cavity. The mechanisms responsible for LVOTO are: a) septal hypertrophy with LVOT narrowing, which increases the velocity and displaces the blood flow trajectory, which end up “dragging” the anterior mitral valve leaflets toward the interventricular septum <sup>
    <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
    </sup> (
    <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>
    , Videos
    <xref rid="m1a" ref-type="media">1A</xref>
    and
    <xref rid="m1b" ref-type="media">B</xref>
    ); and b) morphological changes in the mitral valve apparatus (papillary muscles and anterior leaflet implantation and/or dimension) that may contribute to LVOTO. <sup>
    <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
    </sup> </p>
  <p><fig id="f01">
    <label>Figure 1</label>
    <caption>
    <title>– Flow deviation caused by septal hypertrophy, generating an ejection flow angled in relation to the edges of the mitral valve that is ideal for “dragging” the leaflets toward the septum.</title>
    </caption>
    <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-gf01.tif"/>
    <attrib>Source: Otto et al. <sup>9</sup> </attrib>
    <attrib>LV: left ventricle; LA: left aorta; Ao: aorta.</attrib>
    </fig></p>
  <media id="m1a" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-m01a.mp4">
    <label>Video 1a</label>
    <caption>
    <title>4 CH Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve with moderate mitral regurgitation</title>
    </caption>
  </media>
  <media id="m1b" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-m01b.mp4">
    <label>Video 1b</label>
    <caption>
    <title>4 CH Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve with moderate mitral regurgitation</title>
    </caption>
  </media>
  <p>Left midventricular obstruction occurs in approximately 10% of patients with HCM; these patients often present with heart failure symptoms and are at increased risk of sudden death (SD) (
    <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>
    , Videos
    <xref rid="m2a" ref-type="media">2A</xref>
    and
    <xref rid="m2b" ref-type="media">B</xref>
    ). <sup>
    <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
    </sup> </p>
  <p><fig id="f02">
    <label>Figure 2</label>
    <caption>
    <title>– Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with midventricular obstruction. Flow acceleration is visualized in three-chamber view (arrow).</title>
    </caption>
    <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-gf02.tif"/>
    <attrib>Source: Echocardiography Service of Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
    </fig></p>
	<media id="m2a" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-m02a.mp4">
	<label>Video 2a</label>
	<caption>
		<title>3 CH (115 degrees). Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve with moderate mitral regurgitation. Pre-procedure.</title>
	</caption>
</media>
	<media id="m2b" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-m02b.mp4">
	<label>Video 2b</label>
	<caption>
		<title>3 CH (115 degrees). Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve with moderate mitral regurgitation. Pre-procedure.</title>
	</caption>
</media>
  <p>Mitral valve systolic anterior motion (SAM) is greater on the anterior versus posterior leaflet, resulting in coaptation distortion and dynamic mid-systolic regurgitation that is often directed to the lateral and posterior wall of the left atrium. The degree of MR varies according to the degree of LVOTO and the size of the posterior leaflet. <sup>
    <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
    </sup> </p>
  <p>The presence of a central or anterior jet should raise the suspicion of a primary mitral valve anomaly; in these cases, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is indicated to better elucidate the mechanism. <sup>
    <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
    </sup> </p>
  <p>The origins of the diastolic dysfunction and increased left ventricular filling pressures are multifactorial. <sup>
    <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
    </sup> The hypertrophy, ischemia, and replacement fibrosis present in the myocardium are factors that increase myocardial stiffness and decrease compliance. The assessment of multiple parameters is recommended to define the degree of diastolic dysfunction (
    <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref>
    ). <sup>
    <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
    </sup> </p>
  <p><fig id="f03">
    <label>Figure 3</label>
    <caption>
    <title>– Algorithm used to determine the degree of diastolic dysfunction and filling pressures. It can be used regardless of the presence of LVOTO.</title>
    </caption>
    <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-gf03.tif"/>
    <attrib>Ar-A, duration of the pulmonary reversal A wave – mitral A wave; DT, deceleration time; LA, left atrium; TR, tricuspid regurgitation. Source: Elliott PM et al. <sup>2</sup> </attrib>
    </fig></p>
</sec>
<sec>
  <title>Diagnosis</title>
  <p>The current diagnostic criteria for HCM are:</p>
  <p>Maximum myocardial thickness measured in diastole &gt; 15 mm of unexplained cause (in any LV segment); and</p>
  <p>Septal and inferolateral wall thickness ratio &gt; 1.3 in normotensive subjects or &gt; 1.5 in hypertensive patients. <sup>
    <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
    </sup> A myocardial thickness ≥ 13 mm may be considered in the diagnosis of HCM in patients with a family history of HCM (especially if the electrocardiogram findings are abnormal). The distribution pattern of hypertrophy varies, with the asymmetric septal form being more common (70% of cases). <sup>
    <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
    </sup> </p>
</sec>
<sec>
  <title>Treatment</title>
  <p>The pharmacological treatment of HCM is indicated in symptomatic patients. Beta-blockers are the first choice, disopyramide the second option, and verapamil is indicated for patients who are contraindicated to beta-blockers. <sup>
    <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
    </sup> </p>
  <p>In cases of significant obstruction (gradient &gt; 50 mmHg at rest or after a provocative maneuver) with symptoms refractory to drug treatment, invasive measures may be necessary to alleviate symptoms and reduce the intraventricular gradient. <sup>
    <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
    </sup> </p>
  <p>Two invasive treatment methods are traditionally used to alleviate LVOT: surgical myectomy (SM) and alcohol septal ablation (ASA). SM is considered the gold standard and consists of partial resection of the hypertrophied septum, reducing the dynamic outflow tract obstruction. <sup>
    <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
    </sup> ASA induces necrosis of the hypertrophied myocardium through the injection of alcohol into the septal perforating artery. Its use requires adequate anatomy, with the performance of contrast echocardiography being mandatory. If the contrast is not exclusively visualized in the basal septum, the procedure should be canceled. <sup>
    <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
    </sup> </p>
  <p>Recent articles on RFA reported favorable results. <sup>
    <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
    </sup> RFA is an option in situations in which there are limitations to ASA and/or in midventricular obstructions. RFA is performed by electrophysiologists in a hemodynamics room and guided by a trained echocardiographer. Anatomical (place of greater thickness) and functional (place of greater velocity) information is analyzed on echocardiography, while electroanatomical mapping provides the other necessary information. <sup>
    <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
    </sup> The patient is examined under general anesthesia in the supine position. The right femoral artery is punctured for retroaortic access to the septal region of the left ventricle, while the right femoral vein is punctured for the positioning of a quadripolar catheter in the right septum (to identify the bundle of His) and in the tip of the right ventricle. The therapeutic catheter is impacted at the point of greatest obstruction, where the radiofrequency is applied for 120 seconds (80 W and 60°C).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
  <title>Role of echocardiography</title>
  <sec>
    <title>In planning (preprocedural)</title>
    <p>The purpose of the pre-RFA assessment is to determine the site of greatest myocardial thickness, assess the point of greatest flow obstruction (greater aliasing), record the maximum peak gradient, and identify changes in the mitral valve apparatus. The identification of the major primary or mixed MR makes SM more appropriate due to the possible need for mitral valve replacement. On the other hand, the identification of a significant midventricular gradient makes SM less indicated.</p>
    <p>The morphofunctional analysis of the mitral cusps, subvalvular apparatus, and papillary muscles can elucidate the pathological mechanism mostly by TTE. TEE can be used in cases of limited acoustic window or uncertain mechanism of MR by TTE.</p>
    <p>The LVOT flow assessment should consider the shape of the curve recorded by continuous Doppler, which typically resembles a dagger. This flow with peak mid-systolic velocity often varies with the Valsalva maneuver or physical exercise (
      <xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figures 4</xref>
      and
      <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">5</xref>
      ). Take care not to mismeasure MR as an intraventricular gradient.</p>
    <p><fig id="f04">
      <label>Figure 4</label>
      <caption>
      <title>– Preprocedural transthoracic echocardiogram: (A) M mode showing systolic anterior motion; (B) and (C) left ventricular outflow tract flows before and after the Valsalva maneuver.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-gf04.tif"/>
      <attrib>Source: Echocardiography Service of Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
      </fig></p>
    <p><fig id="f05">
      <label>Figure 5</label>
      <caption>
      <title>– Preprocedural transthoracic echocardiogram: (A) four-chamber apical view with color flow mapping showing the site of greatest systolic flow turbulence. (B) left ventricular outflow tract mid-systolic flow was also recorded in the spectral recording of mitral regurgitation.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-gf05.tif"/>
      <attrib>Source: Echocardiography Service of Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
      </fig></p>
  </sec>
  <sec>
    <title>During the procedure (intraprocedural)</title>
    <p>The initial assessment is performed by TEE and aims to confirm the previously described findings: maximum peak gradient, greater aliasing point, and MR degree. Data on systolic function, left ventricular segmental contractility, and pericardial effusion are extremely important as they are compared with post-RFA findings (
      <xref rid="f06" ref-type="fig">Figure 6</xref>
      ).</p>
    <p><fig id="f06">
      <label>Figure 6</label>
      <caption>
      <title>– Intraprocedural transesophageal echocardiography with versus without color (at 150°): mitral valve assessment and systolic anterior motion identification and location. At this angle, we could more easily identify the site of greatest flow acceleration and the degree of mitral regurgitation.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-gf06.tif"/>
      <attrib>Source: Echocardiography Service of Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
      </fig></p>
    <p>Zero degree angles (in middle esophagus for five-chamber visualization), angles between 120° and 150°, and deep transgastric angles are the most commonly used to assess the site of greatest turbulence and measure maximum peak gradient. The gradient analysis should always consider the patient’s blood pressure since, in cases of hypotension (very common during anesthesia), the value of the aorta-ventricle gradient may be higher than the one recorded in a previous examination.</p>
    <p>The access route is usually retroaortic, but in cases in which passage of the catheter through the aortic valve is impossible (stenosis and significant calcification), access can occur via the transseptal route. The myocardium will be more echogenic (thermal injury) and slightly hypokinetic after the ablation (
      <xref rid="f07" ref-type="fig">Figure 7</xref>
      ). A decreased SAM, and consequently a decreased degree of valve insufficiency, is an indicator of a good response to therapy (
      <xref rid="f08" ref-type="fig">Figure 8</xref>
      ,
      <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>
      , Videos
      <xref rid="m3a" ref-type="media">3A</xref>
      and
      <xref rid="m3b" ref-type="media">B</xref>
      ).</p>
    <p><fig id="f07">
      <label>Figure 7</label>
      <caption>
      <title>– Intraprocedural transesophageal echocardiography at 120° (A) and 0° (B) showing the passage of the retroaortic catheter and its repositioning in the site of greatest flow obstruction. Catheter at 120° (C) during radiofrequency application the moment the myocardium becomes more echogenic and hypokinetic due to the thermal injury.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-gf07.tif"/>
      <attrib>Source: Echocardiography Service of Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
      </fig></p>
    <p><fig id="f08">
      <label>Figure 8</label>
      <caption>
      <title>– Intraprocedural transesophageal echocardiography with recording of maximum left ventricular outflow tract gradients before (A) and after (B) radiofrequency ablation with estimated values of 96 mmHg and 58 mmHg, respectively.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-gf08.tif"/>
      <attrib>Source: Echocardiography Service of Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
      </fig></p>
	  <media id="m3a" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-m03a.mp4">
	<label>Video 3a</label>
	<caption>
		<title>3 CH (126 degrees). Attenuation of the systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve with mild mitral regurgitation. Post-procedure. Catheter positioned in the LVOT</title>
	</caption>
</media>
	  <media id="m3b" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-m03b.mp4">
	<label>Video 3b</label>
	<caption>
		<title>3 CH (126 degrees). Attenuation of the systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve with mild mitral regurgitation. Post-procedure. Catheter positioned in the LVOT</title>
	</caption>
</media>
    <p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
        <title>– Step-by-step echocardiography performed during the procedure.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
          <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Catheter access route and positioning</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Step 1: Analyze gradients, valves, cavities, and pericardial space.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Step 2: Find where flow acceleration (SAM) occurs and what structures are involved.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Step 3: Guide the proper positioning of the ablation catheter (site of greatest acceleration).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td><bold>During application</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Step 1: Confirm that the catheter remains in the desired site.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Step 2: Confirm that the myocardium becomes hyperechoic, suggesting the therapy is effective.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Step 3: Confirm that the acceleration site changes with the application so that the catheter can be redirected, if necessary.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Step 4: Check the degree of MR, one indicator of therapeutic efficacy.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Step 5: Analyze the mitral and aortic valve apparatus to check if there was any damage during the procedure.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
  </sec>
  <sec>
    <title>In the follow-up period (postprocedural)</title>
    <p>TTE should be performed 24–48 hours after the procedure to record the maximum peak gradient. During this period, there are records of paradoxical gradient increase due to post-ablation wall edema. <sup>
      <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
      </sup> The use of periprocedural dexamethasone seems to reduce the edema; however, further studies are required to assess its efficacy.</p>
    <p>The literature reports progressively decreased gradients in up to a 1-year follow-up. TTE should be repeated after 3 months and annually thereafter if the clinical status shows no changes. <sup>
      <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
      </sup> </p>
  </sec>
</sec>
</body><back>
  <ack>
    <title>Acknowledgments</title>
    <p>Dr. Edileide de Barros Correia, responsible for the cardiomyopathies outpatient clinic at Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, for her attention and cordiality in choosing patients for our research.</p>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
  <front-stub>
    <article-categories>
      <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
        <subject>Como Eu Faço</subject>
      </subj-group>
    </article-categories>
    <title-group>
      <article-title>Como Eu Faço Ecocardiograma na Ablação por Radiofrequência da Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica Obstrutiva</article-title>
    </title-group>
    <contrib-group>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name>
          <surname>Paladino</surname>
          <given-names>Antonio Tito</given-names>
        </name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name>
          <surname>Vilela</surname>
          <given-names>Andrea de Andrade</given-names>
        </name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name>
          <surname>Assef</surname>
          <given-names>Jorge Eduardo</given-names>
        </name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
      </contrib>
      <contrib contrib-type="author">
        <name>
          <surname>Valdigem</surname>
          <given-names>Bruno Pereira</given-names>
        </name>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
      </contrib>
    </contrib-group>
    <aff id="aff1002">
      <label>1</label>
      <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP,
        Brasil
        ;</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff2002">
      <label>2</label>
      <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      <institution content-type="original">Hospital SEPACO, São Paulo, SP,
        Brasil
        ;</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff3002">
      <label>3</label>
      <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      <institution content-type="original">Hospital Vila Nova Star, São Paulo, SP,
        Brasil
        ;</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff4002">
      <label>4</label>
      <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      <institution content-type="original">Grupo FLEURY, São Paulo, SP,
        Brasil
        ;</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff5002">
      <label>5</label>
      <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      <institution content-type="original">Hospital São Luiz Jabaquara, São Paulo, SP,
        Brasil
        .</institution>
    </aff>
    <author-notes>
      <corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Antonio Tito Paladino • E-mail: atpf40@gmail.com</corresp>
      <fn fn-type="con">
      <p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
      <p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Paladino AT, VILELA, AA; Obtenção de dados: Paladino AT, Valdigem B; Redação do manuscrito: Paladino AT, VILELA, AA; Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Assef JE.</p>
      </fn><fn fn-type="conflict">
      <p>Conflito de interesses</p>
      <p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
      </fn></author-notes>
    <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
      <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      <kwd>Ablação por Radiofrequência</kwd>
      <kwd>Hipertrofia Cardíaca</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
  </front-stub>
  <body>
  <sec sec-type="intro">
    <title>Introdução</title>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) é uma doença genética autossômica dominante que afeta um a cada 500 indivíduos,<sup>
      <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
      </sup>sendo considerada a forma isolada mais comum de doença cardíaca hereditária. É caracterizada por graus variáveis de hipertrofia ventricular, desarranjo das fibras miocárdicas, fibrose intersticial e doença microvascular, na ausência de condições cardíacas ou sistêmicas que justifiquem esses achados.<sup>
      <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia é uma ferramenta inestimável no diagnóstico e acompanhamento de pacientes com CMH, avaliando morfologia, distúrbios hemodinâmicos, função do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e prognóstico.<sup>
      <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
      </sup>Além disso, tem papel fundamental nos casos de CMH obstrutiva (CMHO) na indicação dos tratamentos invasivos. A ablação por radiofrequência (ARF) é atualmente uma das possibilidades em estudo.</p>
    <p>Descrevemos, após breve revisão da CMH, o papel do ecocardiograma na seleção dos pacientes, no intraprocedimento de ARF e no seguimento destes.</p>
  </sec>
  <sec>
    <title>Bases genéticas</title>
    <p>A doença é causada por mutações em genes que codificam a proteína do sarcômero, disco Z ou moduladores intracelulares de cálcio.<sup>
      <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
      </sup>Atualmente, foram identificadas mais de 1.500 mutações em mais de 11 genes.<sup>
      <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
      </sup></p>
  </sec>
  <sec>
    <title>Mecanismos fisiopatológicos</title>
    <p>A combinação entre obstrução da via de saída do VE (OVSVE), regurgitação mitral, disfunção diastólica e isquemia miocárdica compõe a base fisiopatológica da doença.<sup>
      <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>A distinção entre CMH na forma não obstrutiva da CMHO é de grande importância clínica, pois elas apresentam estratégias terapêuticas e prognóstico distintos.<sup>
      <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>A CMHO é uma doença com prevalência de um a cada 1.500 indivíduos. Em torno de um terço dos pacientes com CMH é não obstrutivo, um terço possui obstrução significativa ao repouso (definida como gradiente pressórico de pico instantâneo ≥30mmHg) e um terço apresenta obstrução latente (na qual há um gradiente pressórico de pico ≥30mmHg após manobras provocativas).<sup>
      <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
      </sup>Considera-se hemodinamicamente importante um gradiente pressórico ≥50mmHg.</p>
    <p>Foi demonstrado que a obstrução é determinada por uma interação entre septo, aparato valvar e subvalvar mitral, além dos vetores de fluxo gerados na cavidade ventricular. Os mecanismos responsáveis pela OVSVE são hipertrofia septal com estreitamento da via de saída do VE (VSVE), gerando alta velocidade e deslocamento da trajetória do fluxo sanguíneo, que acabam “arrastando” anteriormente os folhetos da valva mitral em direção ao septo interventricular<sup>
      <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
      </sup>(
      <xref rid="f01002" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>
      , Vídeos
      <xref rid="m1a" ref-type="media">1A</xref>
      e
      <xref rid="m1b" ref-type="media">B</xref>
      ), e alterações morfológicas do aparelho valvar mitral (implantação e/ou dimensão dos músculos papilares e folheto anterior) que podem contribuir para a OVSVE.<sup>
      <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p><fig id="f01002">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
      <title>– Desvio do fluxo ocasionado pela hipertrofia septal, que gera um fluxo ejetivo, com angulação em relação aos bordos da valva mitral ideal para “arrastamento” dos folhetos em direção ao septo.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-gf01-pt.tif"/>
      <attrib>Fonte: Otto et al.<sup>9</sup></attrib>
      <attrib>VE: ventrículo esquerdo; Ao: aorta; AE: átrio esquerdo.</attrib>
      </fig></p>
    <media id="m1a" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-m01a.mp4">
      <label>Vídeo 1a</label>
      <caption>
      <title>4CH. Movimento anterior sistólico da valva mitral, com refluxo mitral moderado</title>
      </caption>
    </media>
    <media id="m1b" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-m01b.mp4">
      <label>Vídeo 1b</label>
      <caption>
      <title>4CH. Movimento anterior sistólico da valva mitral, com refluxo mitral moderado</title>
      </caption>
    </media>
    <p>A obstrução médio-ventricular esquerda ocorre em aproximadamente 10% dos pacientes com CMH. São casos que frequentemente apresentam sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca e maior risco de MS (
      <xref rid="f02002" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>
      , Vídeos
      <xref rid="m2a" ref-type="media">2A</xref>
      e
      <xref rid="m2b" ref-type="media">B</xref>
      ).<sup>
      <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <media id="m2a" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-m02a.mp4">
      <label>Vídeo 2a</label>
      <caption>
      <title>3 CH (115graus). Movimento anterior sistólico da valva mitral, com refluxo mitral moderado. Pré procedimento.</title>
      </caption>
    </media>
    <media id="m2b" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-m02b.mp4">
      <label>Vídeo 2b</label>
      <caption>
      <title>3 CH (115graus). Movimento anterior sistólico da valva mitral, com refluxo mitral moderado. Pré procedimento.</title>
      </caption>
    </media>	  
    <p><fig id="f02002">
      <label>Figura 2</label>
      <caption>
      <title>– Caso do MCPH com obstrução médio-ventricular. É possível visualizar a aceleração do fluxo em 3 câmaras (seta).</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-gf02-pt.tif"/>
      <attrib>Fonte: Serviço de Ecocardiografia do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
      </fig></p>
    <p>O movimento sistólico anterior da valva mitral (SAM) na cúspide anterior é maior que da cúspide posterior, resultando na distorção da coaptação e na regurgitação dinâmica mesotelessistólica, que, na maioria das vezes, é direcionada para a parede lateral e posterior do átrio esquerdo. O grau de insuficiência mitral varia de acordo com o grau da OVSVE e o tamanho da cúspide posterior.<sup>
      <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>A presença de um jato central ou anterior deve levantar a suspeita de anomalia primária da valva mitral, e, nesses casos, um ecocardiograma transesofágico estaria indicado para melhor elucidação do mecanismo.<sup>
      <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>A origem da disfunção diastólica e o aumento das pressões de enchimento do VE são multifatoriais.<sup>
      <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
      </sup>A hipertrofia, a isquemia e a fibrose de substituição presentes no miocárdio são fatores que promovem aumento da rigidez miocárdica e redução da complacência. Recomenda-se a avaliação de múltiplos parâmetros para a definição do grau de disfunção diastólica (
      <xref rid="f03002" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref>
      ).<sup>
      <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p><fig id="f03002">
      <label>Figura 3</label>
      <caption>
      <title>– Algoritmo para determinar o grau de disfunção diastólica e as pressões de enchimento, podendo ser aplicado independentemente da presença de obstrução na via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-gf03-pt.tif"/>
      <attrib>AE: átrio esquerdo; RT: refluxo tricuspídeo; Ar-A: duração da onda A reversa pulmonar – onda A mitral; TD: tempo de desaceleração. Elliott PM et al.<sup>2</sup></attrib>
      </fig></p>
  </sec>
  <sec>
    <title>Diagnóstico</title>
    <p>Os critérios diagnósticos atuais da MCPH são espessura miocárdica máxima medida em diástole &gt;15mm de causa inexplicada (em qualquer segmento do VE) e relação da espessura das paredes septal e inferolateral &gt;1,3 em normotensos; ou &gt;1,5 em hipertensos.<sup>
      <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
      </sup>Espessura miocárdica ≥13mm pode ser considerada no diagnóstico de MCPH nos casos com história familiar de MCPH (principalmente se eletrocardiograma é anormal). O padrão de distribuição da hipertrofia é variável, sendo mais comum a forma septal assimétrica (70% dos casos).<sup>
      <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
      </sup></p>
  </sec>
  <sec>
    <title>Tratamento</title>
    <p>O tratamento farmacológico da MCPH está indicado em sintomáticos. Os betabloqueadores são os fármacos de primeira escolha; a disopiramida é a segunda opção e o verapamil para casos em que há contraindicação aos betabloqueadores.<sup>
      <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>Quando há obstrução significativa (gradiente maior que 50mmHg em repouso ou após manobra provocativa) com sintomas refratários ao tratamento medicamentoso, medidas invasivas podem ser necessárias para aliviar os sintomas e reduzir o gradiente intraventricular.<sup>
      <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>Dois métodos de tratamento invasivos são tradicionalmente usados para aliviar a OVSVE: a miectomia cirúrgica (MC) e a ablação septal alcoólica (ASA). A MC, considerada o padrão-ouro, consiste na ressecção parcial do septo hipertrofiado, levando à redução da obstrução dinâmica da via de saída.<sup>
      <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
      </sup>A ASA consiste na necrose do miocárdio hipertrofiado por meio da injeção de álcool na artéria perfurante septal, e sua realização depende da anatomia adequada, sendo mandatória a realização de um ecocardiograma com contraste. Caso o contraste não se localize exclusivamente no septo basal, o procedimento deve ser abortado.<sup>
      <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>Recentemente, têm sido publicados artigos sobre a ARF, com resultados favoráveis.<sup>
      <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
      </sup>Em situações em que há limitações à ASA e/ou obstruções médio-ventriculares, a ARF é uma opção.</p>
    <p>A ARF é procedimento realizado por eletrofisiologistas em sala de hemodinâmica, orientados por ecocardiografista treinado. As informações anatômicas (local de maior espessura) e funcionais (local onde há maior velocidade) são analisadas pelo ecocardiograma, enquanto o mapeamento eletroanatômico dá as outras informações necessárias.<sup>
      <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
      </sup></p>
    <p>O paciente fica sob anestesia geral em decúbito dorsal. São realizadas punção na artéria femoral direita para acesso à região septal do VE via retroaórtica e punção em veia femoral direita para posicionamento de cateter quadripolar em septo direito (para identificação do feixe de His) e na ponta do ventrículo direito. O cateter terapêutico fica impactado no ponto de maior obstrução, onde são realizadas as aplicações com radiofrequência por 120 segundos (80W e 60°C).</p>
  </sec>
  <sec>
    <title>Papel do ecocardiograma</title>
    <sec>
      <title>No planejamento (pré-procedimento)</title>
      <p>O objetivo da avaliação pré-ARF é determinar o local de maior espessura miocárdica, avaliar o ponto de maior obstrução ao fluxo (maior
        <italic>ailiasing</italic>
        ), registrar o gradiente máximo de pico e identificar alterações do aparato valvar mitral.</p>
      <p>A identificação de regurgitação mitral importante primária ou mista torna a MC mais apropriada, visto que há a possibilidade de troca valvar mitral. Em contrapartida, a identificação de gradiente significativo medioventricular torna a MC menos indicada.</p>
      <p>A análise morfofuncional das cúspides e do aparato subvalvar mitral, assim como dos músculos papilares, pode elucidar o mecanismo patológico, na maioria das vezes por meio do ecotranstorácico. O ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) pode ser utilizado nos casos de janela acústica limitada ou dúvidas no mecanismo da insuficiência mitral pelo ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT).</p>
      <p>Na avaliação do fluxo na VSVE, devemos nos atentar para a forma da curva registrada pelo Doppler contínuo, que tipicamente tem formato de adaga. Geralmente, esse fluxo com pico de velocidade mesotelessistólico varia com a manobra de Valsalva ou exercício físico (
        <xref rid="f04002" ref-type="fig">Figuras 4</xref>
        e
        <xref rid="f05002" ref-type="fig">5</xref>
        ). Atentar para não medir erroneamente o refluxo mitral como sendo gradiente intraventricular.</p>
      <p><fig id="f04002">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
        <title>– Ecocardiograma transtorácico pré-procedimento. (A) Modo M evidenciando o movimento sistólico anterior da valva mitral. (B e C) Fluxos da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo pré e pós-Valsalva.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-gf04-pt.tif"/>
        <attrib>Fonte: Serviço de Ecocardiografia do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
        </fig></p>
      <p><fig id="f05002">
        <label>Figura 5</label>
        <caption>
        <title>– Ecocardiograma transtorácico pré-procedimento. (A) Apical 4 câmaras com mapeamento de fluxo a cores. É possível observar o local de maior turbilhonamento do fluxo sistólico. (B) No registro espectral do refluxo mitral, foi registrado também o fluxo mesotelesistólico na via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-gf05-pt.tif"/>
        <attrib>Fonte: Serviço de Ecocardiografia do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
        </fig></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>No intraprocedimento</title>
      <p>A avaliação inicial é feita com o ETE e tem como objetivo confirmar os achados previamente descritos: verificar o gradiente máximo de pico e definir o ponto de maior
        <italic>aliasing</italic>
        e o grau da insuficiência mitral. A checagem da função sistólica, a contratilidade segmentar do VE e a presença de derrame pericárdico são dados de grande importância, pois serão comparados com os achados pós-ARF (
        <xref rid="f06002" ref-type="fig">Figura 6</xref>
        ).</p>
      <p><fig id="f06002">
        <label>Figura 6</label>
        <caption>
        <title>– Ecocardiograma transtorácico intraprocedimento com e sem color (a 150°): avaliação da valva mitral, identificação do movimento sistólico anterior da valva mitral e sua localização. Nessa angulação, é possível identificar mais facilmente o local de maior aceleração de fluxo e o grau do refluxo mitral.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-gf06-pt.tif"/>
        <attrib>Fonte: Serviço de Ecocardiografia do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
        </fig></p>
      <p>As angulações em 0° (em esôfago médio para visualização de 5 câmaras), entre 120° a 150° e transgástrico profundo são as mais utilizadas para avaliar o local de maior turbilhonamento e medir o gradiente máximo de pico. A análise do gradiente deve sempre levar em consideração a pressão arterial do paciente, pois, nos casos de hipotensão (muito comum durante anestesia), o valor do gradiente aorta-ventrículo pode ser mais elevado do que o registrado em exame prévio.</p>
      <p>Normalmente, a via de acesso é retroaórtica, mas, em alguns casos em que a passagem do cateter pela valva aórtica não é possível (estenose e calcificação importante), o acesso pode ser feito via transeptal. Durante a ablação, espera-se que o miocárdio após a aplicação fique mais ecogênico (lesão térmica) e discretamente hipocinético (
        <xref rid="f07002" ref-type="fig">Figura 7</xref>
        ). A redução do SAM e, consequentemente, do grau de insuficiência valvar é um indicador de boa resposta à terapêutica (
        <xref rid="f08002" ref-type="fig">Figura 8</xref>
        ,
        <xref rid="t1002" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>
        , VÍdeos
        <xref rid="m3a" ref-type="media">3A</xref>
        e
        <xref rid="m3b" ref-type="media">B</xref>
        ).</p>
      <p><fig id="f07002">
        <label>Figura 7</label>
        <caption>
        <title>– Ecocardiograma transesofágico intraprocedimento a 120° (A) e a 0° (B). Visualizam-se a passagem do cateter retroaórtico e seu reposicionamento no local de maior obstrução ao fluxo. Em 120° (C), observa-se o cateter durante a aplicação de radiofrequência, momento em que o miocárdio fica mais ecogênico e hipocinético, secundário à lesão térmica.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-gf07-pt.tif"/>
        <attrib>Fonte: Serviço de Ecocardiografia do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
        </fig></p>
      <p><fig id="f08002">
        <label>Figura 8</label>
        <caption>
        <title>– Ecocardiograma transesofágico intraprocedimento com o registro dos gradientes máximos da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (A) pré e (B) pós-ablação por radiofrequência, com valores estimados em 96mmHg e 58mmHg, respectivamente.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-gf08-pt.tif"/>
        <attrib>Fonte: Serviço de Ecocardiografia do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
        </fig></p>
      <media id="m3a" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-m03a.mp4">
	<label>Vídeo 3a</label>
	<caption>
		<title>3 CH (126graus). Atenuação do movimento anterior sistólico da valva mitral, com refluxo mitral discreto. Pós procedimento. Cateter posicionado na VSVE</title>
	</caption>
</media>
<media id="m3b" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom28-m03b.mp4">
	<label>Vídeo 3b</label>
	<caption>
		<title>3 CH (126graus). Atenuação do movimento anterior sistólico da valva mitral, com refluxo mitral discreto. Pós procedimento. Cateter posicionado na VSVE</title>
	</caption>
</media>

		<p>
        <table-wrap id="t1002">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
          <title>– Passo a passo do ecocardiograma no durante o procedimento.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
            <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Via de acesso e posicionamento do cateter</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Passo 1: analisar os gradientes, válvulas, cavidades e espaço pericárdico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Passo 2: localizar onde ocorre a aceleração do fluxo (SAM) e quais estruturas estão envolvidas</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Passo 3: orientar o posicionamento adequado do cateter de ablação (local de maior aceleração)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Durante a aplicação</bold></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Passo 1: observar se o cateter se mantém encostado no local desejado</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Passo 2: observar se o miocárdio fica hiperecogênico, sugerindo eficácica da terapia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Passo 3: observar se o local de aceleração muda com a aplicação, para redirecionarmos, se necessário, o cateter</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Passo 4: observar o grau da insuficiência mitral, um dos indicadores de eficácia da terapia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Passo 5: analisar o aparato valvar mitral e aórtico, para checar se houve algum dano durante o procedimento</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>No
      <italic>follow-up</italic>
      (pós-procedimento)</title>
      <p>A avaliação deve ser realizada com ETT entre 24 e 48 horas após para registrar o gradiente máximo de pico. Durante esse período, há registros de elevação paradoxal do gradiente decorrente do edema da parede pós ablação.<sup>
        <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
        </sup>O uso de dexametasona periprocedimento parece reduzir o edema, contudo, mais estudos são necessários para avaliar a eficácia dessa terapia.</p>
      <p>De acordo com a literatura, há queda progressiva dos gradientes até 1 ano de acompanhamento. Recomenda-se repetir o ETT em 3 meses e, a partir daí, anualmente, se não houver alteração do quadro clínico.<sup>
        <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
        </sup></p>
    </sec>
  </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Dra. Edileide de Barros Correia, responsável pelo ambulatório de miocardiopatias do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, pela atenção e cordialidade na escolha dos pacientes para nossa pesquisa.</p>
    </ack>
  </back>
</sub-article>
</article>
