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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Imagem cardiovascular</journal-title>
        
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
        
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223502ecom24</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>My Approach To</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>My Approach to Transseptal Mitral Valve-In-Valve</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vilela</surname><given-names>Andrea de Andrade</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"> <sup>1</sup> </xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"> <sup>3</sup> </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paladino</surname><given-names>Antonio Tito</given-names><suffix>Filho</suffix></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"> <sup>1</sup> </xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"> <sup>5</sup> </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Otto</surname><given-names>Maria Estefânia Bosco</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"> <sup>2</sup> </xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"> <sup>6</sup> </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Esmanhoto</surname><given-names>Vanessa Andreoli</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"> <sup>1</sup> </xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"> <sup>4</sup> </xref></contrib></contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1"><label>
          1
        </label><institution content-type="orgname">Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute</institution><institution content-type="original">
        
        Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute
        ;
        
      </institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff2"><label>
          2
        </label><institution content-type="orgname">Institute of Cardiology and Transplantation of the Federal District</institution><institution content-type="original">
        
        Institute of Cardiology and Transplantation of the Federal District
        ;
        
      </institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff3"><label>
          3
        </label><institution content-type="orgname">Fleury Group</institution><institution content-type="original">
        
        Fleury Group
        ;
        
      </institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff4"><label>
          4
        </label><institution content-type="orgname">Samaritano Hospital</institution><institution content-type="original">
        
        Samaritano Hospital
        ;
        
      </institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff5"><label>
          5
        </label><institution content-type="orgname">Vila Nova Star</institution><institution content-type="original">
        
        Vila Nova Star
        ;
        
      </institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff6"><label>
          6
        </label><institution content-type="orgname">DF Star</institution><institution content-type="original">
        
        DF Star
        .
        
      </institution></aff>
      <author-notes> <corresp id="c01"> <bold>Mailing Address:</bold> E-mail: <email>andreadeandradevilela@gmail.com</email> </corresp> <fn fn-type="con"> <p>Authors’ contribution</p> <p>Writing, preparing figures and videos and revisions: Vilela AA, Otto MEB, Paladino AT, Esmanhoto VA</p></fn> <fn fn-type="conflict"><p>Conflict of interest</p> <p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p> </fn> </author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>27</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>ecom24</elocation-id>
      <history><date date-type="received"><day>16</day><month>3</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>17</day><month>3</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>31</day><month>3</month><year>2022</year></date></history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Deart por Heart</kwd><kwd>Transthoracic Echocardiography</kwd><kwd>Treatment</kwd></kwd-group>
      <counts><fig-count count="22"/><table-count count="6"/><equation-count count="0"/><ref-count count="18"/></counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p><fig id="f01">
      <caption>
        <title>Andrea de Andrade Vilela
          1,3
        </title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf01.tif"/>
    </fig></p>
    <p><fig id="f02">
      <caption>
        <title>Antonio Tito Paladino Filho
          1,5
        </title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf02.tif"/>
    </fig></p>
    <p><fig id="f03">
      <caption>
        <title>Maria Estefânia Bosco Otto
          2,6
        </title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf03.tif"/>
    </fig></p>
    <p><fig id="f04">
      <caption>
        <title>Vanessa Andreoli Esmanhoto
          1,4
        </title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf04.tif"/>
    </fig></p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The percutaneous treatment of heart valve disease is a subject of great interest in cardiology. Percutaneous aortic valve implantation, first performed in 2002 by Alan Cribier,
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
        </sup>
        paved the way for transcatheter treatment of the mitral valve.</p>
      <p>The first valve-in-valve (VIV) procedures were performed to treat deteriorated bioprosthetic valves in the aortic position.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
          ,
          <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
        </sup>
        In 2009, the group led by Dr. John Webb published the first successful case of mitral VIV.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
        </sup>
        Since then, mitral VIV has been performed in numerous centers worldwide.</p>
      <p>Mitral valve disease has a significant prevalence worldwide,
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
        </sup>
        particularly in Brazil. Its most frequent cause is rheumatic fever,
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
        </sup>
        implying more severe valve diseases at a younger age that require early and repeated surgical procedures.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
        </sup>
        Knowing that bioprosthetic valve replacement is associated with high morbidity and mortality, VIV plays an extremely important role in avoiding or at least delaying surgery while improving patient quality of life.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
        </sup>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular imaging multimodality is essential for transcatheter mitral valve interventions.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
        </sup>
        Here we will describe the role of echocardiography and computed tomography (CT) angiography in the different stages of evaluating mitral VIV.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Preprocedural assessment</title>
      <p>Mitral VIV is a complex procedure that should only be performed after a careful heart team assessment to obtain better results.</p>
      <p>The indication for mitral VIV depends on a series of data necessary to ensure its feasibility. Knowing the type and size of the implanted prosthesis is very useful for assessing the true internal diameter of the prosthesis and choosing the ideal endoprosthesis.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
        </sup>
        In the absence of information about surgical prosthesis type, fluoroscopy can provide important data for analyses of bioprosthetic valves.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
        </sup>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Role of echocardiography</title>
      <p>Complete transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) followed by preprocedural transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is essential, and the analysis main points include:</p>
      <list list-type="simple">
        <list-item>
          <p>Identify bioprosthesis failure mechanism and its quantification, including dysfunction type, degree, and, if possible, quantification;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Rule out factors that contraindicate mitral VIV (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>) <sup> <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> </sup> ;</p><p><table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>– Mitral valve-in-valve contraindications.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>Absolute contraindication</th>
              <th>Relative contraindication</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Infectious endocarditis</td>
              <td>Narrow left ventricular outflow tract</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Prosthesis dehiscence</td>
              <td>Paraprosthesis regurgitation</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Extensive prosthesis thrombosis</td>
              <td>Thrombus in the atrial cavity</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Atrial septum thrombus</td>
              <td>Major prosthesis-patient mismatch</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Inferior vena cava interruption</td>
              <td>Surgical repair of previous atrial septum</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Previous transseptal mitral valve repair</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>Source: Harloff et al.
            <sup>11</sup>
          </attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap></p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Asses anatomical factors that predict left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction (<xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>);</p><p><table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>– Anatomical factors predicting LVOT obstruction.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>Echocardiography</th>
              <th>Computed tomography</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Basal septal hypertrophy</td>
              <td>Estimated neo-outflow tract &lt; 1.7 cm
                <sup>2</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Small LV (&lt;48 mm)</td>
              <td>Less obtuse mitral-aortic angle (&lt;115°)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Reduced distance from the IV septum to the mitral annulus (unfavorable if &lt;17.8 mm)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>
              <italic>IV, interventricular; LV, left ventricle; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract. Source: Pirelli et al.
                <sup>14</sup>
                e Yoon et al.
                <sup>15</sup>
              </italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap></p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Describe the characteristics of the interatrial septum, including the fact that the presence of extensive calcification, surgical patchs, thrombus, aneurysm, and exuberant lipomatous infiltration may hinder or prevent transseptal puncture;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Analyse the hemodynamic repercussion of prosthetic dysfunction by assessing biventricular function and estimating pulmonary hypertension in which pulmonary dysfunction and hypertension worsen the outcome after surgical and/or percutaneous mitral valve treatment.
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
              ,
              <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
            </sup>
          </p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Role of CT angiography</title>
      <p>CT angiography is extremely important for analyzing the residual LVOT area after percutaneous prosthesis implantation (
        <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>
        ) and the internal diameter of the annulus (
        <xref rid="f06" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>
        ), which determines the implanted prosthesis size.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
          ,
          <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
        </sup>
      </p><p><fig id="f05">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>– Computed tomography image of estimated left ventricular outflow tract area with the implanted prosthesis chosen for the patient.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf05.tif"/>
        <attrib>RLVO, residual left ventricular outflow. Source: Internal archives from cardiac tomography and magnetic resonance of Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute.</attrib>
      </fig></p><p><fig id="f06">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>– Tomography. (A) Measurement of the prosthesis’ annulus. (B) Measurement of the prosthesis’ internal diameter. (C) Measurement of the prosthesis’ perimeter. (D) Measurement of the prosthesis’ area.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf06.tif"/>
        <attrib>Source: Internal archives from cardiac tomography and magnetic resonance of Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute.</attrib>
      </fig></p>
      <p>The neo-LVOT area is calculated using an appropriate software that considers the LVOT measurement, the height of the percutaneous prosthesis, and the mitral-aortic angle, with the tolerated area to enable a VIV &gt; 170 mm
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
        </sup>
        .
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
        </sup>
      </p>
      <p>As for the internal diameter of the prosthesis, the correct measurement is closely associated with the type of prosthesis implanted. In prostheses with internally sutured leaflets, the true diameter (true ID) of the annulus is 1 mm smaller than the measured value; prostheses with externally sutured leaflets have an internal diameter equal to that evaluated by CT angiography.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
          ,
          <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
        </sup>
      </p>
      <p>Another relevant use of CT angiography is analyzing the coronary arteries, aorta, and lungs, adjuvant factors in the short- and long-term success of mitral VIV.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
        </sup>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Intraprocedural assessment</title>
      <p>Mitral VIV should be performed in a hybrid operating room with the patient under general anesthesia (
        <xref rid="f07" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref>
        ). TEE plays a fundamental role in all the steps of the procedure as follows:</p><p><fig id="f07">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>– hybrid operating room.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf07.tif"/>
        <attrib>Source: Adapted from Harloff et al. Transseptal ViV-TMVR.
          <sup>11</sup>
        </attrib>
      </fig></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Initial assessment</title>
        <p>TEE must be used to confirm the findings described in the preprocedural “Role of Echocardiography” assessment and rule out contraindications (
          <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>
          ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Transseptal puncture orientation</title>
        <p>This is a critical moment. The ideal for an appropriate puncture is the posteroinferior region of the lamina of the fossa ovalis. The use of 3D-TEE resources such as multi-D or X-plane are extremely important, as they provide optimal spatial orientation to the interventional physician, avoiding accidentally perforation of the aorta or heart cavity (
          <xref rid="f08" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref>
          ).
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
          </sup>
        </p><p><fig id="f08">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>– Proper transseptal puncture sequence. Orthogonal multi-D three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography images of the interatrial septum, its anterior (1A) and posterior (1B) portions with the image of a “tent” formed by the puncture needle. (B) The distance from the aortic puncture site should be assessed at 45°. (C) The puncture site must be a maximum of 35 mm away from the mitral annulus plane (performed at 0°). (D) Atrial septal transfixation by the puncture needle.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf08.tif"/>
        <attrib>Source: Internal archive from Echocardiography division of Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology.</attrib>
      </fig></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Device position</title>
        <p>The sequence of device positioning and release is detailed in
          <xref rid="f09" ref-type="fig">Figure 5</xref>
          . The height of the percutaneous prosthesis implant is calculated by neo-LVOT on CT angiography.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
          </sup>
          The largest area usually occurs with 20% of the prosthesis in the atrial position and 80% in the ventricular position
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
          </sup>
          ; and postprocedural assessment must be performed systematically to ensure the absence of complications and to confirm the proper functioning of the new prosthesis.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
          </sup>
        </p><p><fig id="f09">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>– Intraprocedural device positioning. (A) Passage of the catheter through the atrial septum. (B) Progression of the guide wire to the mitral prosthesis, passing into the left ventricle. (C) A rigid wire is passed to support release of the endoprosthesis. (D) At this time, the septal puncture orifice is usually dilated (to allow passage of the device delivery equipment). (E) Device position is evaluated (as central as possible to the bioprosthetic valve). Some degree of eccentricity is normally corrected with balloon inflation, which tends to naturally reposition the device in the center of the dysfunctional prosthesis.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf09.tif"/>
        <attrib>Source: Internal archive from Echocardiography division of Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology.</attrib>
      </fig></p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>Mitral endoprosthesis assessments are performed using 2D echocardiography (ECHO), 3D ECHO, and color flow mapping. The objective is to analyze whether the endoprosthesis is adequately expanded (circular shape, mobility, and adequate opening of leaflets) and identify the flow pattern (laminar or turbulent) in addition to the presence of central and/or paraprosthetic regurgitation and its quantification. The maximum and mean gradients of the endoprosthesis are recorded using continuous Doppler, while its area is defined using the continuity equation or 3D planimetry (<xref rid="f09" ref-type="fig">figures 5</xref> and <xref rid="f10" ref-type="fig">6</xref> and <xref rid="m1" ref-type="media">video 1</xref>).</p><p><fig id="f10">
        <label>Figure 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>– Assessment after endoprosthesis release. (A) Three-dimensional echocardiogram (3D-ECHO) showing the endoprosthesis annulus inside the prosthetic annulus in diastole. (B) 3D-ECHO showing laminar flow delimiting the effective endoprosthesis orifice. (C) Left atrium-left ventricle gradient by continuous Doppler. (D) 3D planimetry used to estimate the endoprosthesis area.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf10.tif"/>
        <attrib>Source: Internal archive from Echocardiography division of Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology.</attrib>
      </fig></p>
			  		  <media id="m1" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-m01.mp4">
    <label>Video 1</label>
    <caption>
    <title>– Endoprosthesis evaluation immediately after liberation.</title>
    </caption>
    <attrib>Source: Internal archive from Echocardiography division of Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology.</attrib>
  </media>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>LVOT assessment by color flow mapping and pulsed Doppler to detect high gradients. The technique of choice is deep transgastric view TEE at 0° or 5°, or even TTE (if flow alignment by TEE is inadequate). LVOT obstruction should be suspected in cases of hemodynamic deterioration immediately after endoprosthesis release and in the presence of turbulent outflow. These cases present an increase of ≥10 mmHg in mean LVOT gradient compared to the preprocedural assessment.
              <sup>
                <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
              </sup>
            </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Ruling out the onset of pericardial effusion or changed left ventricular segmental contraction.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Assessment of the atrial septum orifice status after puncture to determine its dimensions (orthogonal diameters and area, preferably by 3D ECHO) and the shunt direction through the orifice.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Assessment of right ventricular function and tricuspid regurgitation and estimation of pulmonary artery systolic pressure.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Postprocedural assessment</title>
      <p>Numbers of published cases and follow-up times remain small and limited. Simonato et al.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
        </sup>
        compiled a range of relevant information through a multicenter VIV and valve-in-ring registry (surgical ring endoprosthesis) in 90 different centers with 1,079 patients analyzed from 2006 to 2020, which can help the proper determination of long-term follow-up.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
        </sup>
        The results of this study are of great interest in the field of interventional cardiology and will be briefly summarized in this document. The long-term follow-up currently used at the Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute (
        <italic>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</italic>
        - IDPC) is described in
        <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>
        .</p><p><table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>– Suggested IDPC valve-in-valve follow-up.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="100%">
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>Follow-up steps</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>1. Register prosthesis type and size in the first follow-up report.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>2. Pre-discharge: TTE with anatomical description, mean and maximum gradients, and effective orifice area.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3. Repeat follow-up at 3, 6, and 12 months with TTE and TEE.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>4. What to evaluate on TTE: anatomy, maximum and mean gradients, and area by continuity equation.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>5. What to evaluate on TEE: anatomy and presence of thrombi on the ventricular or atrial face of the valve, size and flow pattern in the ASD (normal being left to right).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>6. Warning signs:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>⇑ Man gradient &gt; 5 mmHg</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>⇓ Effective orifice comparison</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>⇑ PASP ASD shunt changed direction (right to left)</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>
              <italic>ASD, atrial septal defect; IDPC, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TEE, transesophageal echocardiography; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography. Source: Follow up protocol described for randomized mitral VIV study on going SurVIV (NCT04402931).</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap></p>
      <p>Key VIV registry findings:
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
        </sup>
      </p>
      <list list-type="simple">
        <list-item>
          <p>Prosthesis stenosis was the most frequent failure in procedure success, occurring in 8.2% of VIV cases.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>The mean gradient of the analyzed prostheses was 5.7 mmHg; 61% of the patients had mean gradients above 5 mmHg, mainly when smaller devices were used or in patients with a larger body surface ares. Considering that the Mitral Valve Academic Research Consortium (mitral-VARC)
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
            </sup>
            definition of stenosis is a mean gradient above 5 mmHg.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>The implications of these findings relate to suboptimal hemodynamic performance in mitral VIV prostheses, with a higher frequency of prosthesis–patient mismatch reported in 24.5% of cases and possible shorter durability.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgment</title>
      <p>Dr. Ibraim Masciarelli for cardiac tomography images and Dr. Dimitry Alexandre Alvim de Siqueira for performing the VIV procedures</p>
    </ack>
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      <ref id="B18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation>.Simonato M, Whisenant B, Ribeiro HB, Webb JG, Kornowski R, Guerrero M,  et al. Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement After Surgical Repair or Replacement: Comprehensive Midterm Evaluation of Valve-in-Valve and Valve-in-Ring Implantation From the VIVID Registry. Circulation. 2021;143(2):104-116. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.049088 </mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Simonato</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Whisenant</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Ribeiro</surname><given-names>HB</given-names></name><name><surname>Webb</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name><name><surname>Kornowski</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Guerrero</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement After Surgical Repair or Replacement: Comprehensive Midterm Evaluation of Valve-in-Valve and Valve-in-Ring Implantation From the VIVID Registry</article-title><source>Circulation</source><year>2021</year><volume>143</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>104</fpage><lpage>116</lpage><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.049088">https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.049088</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Como Eu Faço</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Como eu Faço Valve-in-Valve Mitral Via Transeptal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vilela</surname><given-names>Andrea de Andrade</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"> <sup>1</sup> </xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"> <sup>3</sup> </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paladino</surname><given-names>Antonio Tito</given-names><suffix>Filho</suffix></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"> <sup>1</sup> </xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"> <sup>5</sup> </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Otto</surname><given-names>Maria Estefânia Bosco</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"> <sup>2</sup> </xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6002"> <sup>6</sup> </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Esmanhoto</surname><given-names>Vanessa Andreoli</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"> <sup>1</sup> </xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"> <sup>4</sup> </xref></contrib></contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1002"><label>1</label><institution content-type="original">
        
        Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia;
        
      </institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff2002"><label>2</label><institution content-type="original">
        
        Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplante do Distrito Federal;
        
      </institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff3002"><label>3</label><institution content-type="original">
        
        Grupo Fleury;
        
      </institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff4002"><label>4</label><institution content-type="original">
        
        Hospital Samaritano;
        
      </institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff5002"><label>5</label><institution content-type="original">
        
        Vila Nova Star;
        
      </institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff6002"><label>6</label><institution content-type="original">
        
        DF Star.
        
      </institution></aff>
      <author-notes> <corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: E-mail: andreadeandradevilela@gmail.com</corresp> <fn fn-type="con"> <p>Contribuição dos autores</p> <p>Redação e revisão: Vilela AA, Otto MEB, Paladino AT, Esmanhoto VA</p></fn> <fn fn-type="conflict"><p>Conflito de interesses</p> <p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p> </fn> </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt"><kwd>Doença Valvar Cardíaca</kwd><kwd>Ecocardiografia Transtorácica</kwd><kwd>Tratamento</kwd></kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><fig id="f01002">
        <caption>
          <title>Andrea de Andrade Vilela
            1,3
          </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf01-pt.tif"/>
      </fig></p>
      <p><fig id="f02002">
        <caption>
          <title>Antonio Tito Paladino Filho
            1,5
          </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf02-pt.tif"/>
      </fig></p>
      <p><fig id="f03002">
        <caption>
          <title>Maria Estefânia Bosco Otto
            2,6
          </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf03-pt.tif"/>
      </fig></p>
      <p><fig id="f04002">
        <caption>
          <title>Vanessa Andreoli Esmanhoto
            1,4
          </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf04-pt.tif"/>
      </fig></p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdução</title>
        <p>O tratamento percutâneo da doença valvar cardíaca é um assunto de grande interesse na Cardiologia. O implante percutâneo da valva aórtica foi realizado pela primeira vez em 2002 por Alan Cribier
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
          </sup>
          e abriu caminho para o tratamento transcateter da valva mitral.</p>
        <p>Os primeiros casos de
          <italic>valve in valve</italic>
          (VIV) foram realizados para o tratamento de bioprótese deterioradas na posição aórtica
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
          </sup>
          . Em 2009, o grupo do Dr John Webb publicou o 1°caso de sucesso de um VIV mitral
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
          </sup>
          . Desde então, o VIV mitral passou a ser realizado em inúmeros centros no mundo.</p>
        <p>A doença valvar mitral apresenta uma prevalência significativa em todo mundo
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
          </sup>
          . No Brasil a causa mais frequente é a febre reumática
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
          </sup>
          , implicando em valvopatias graves em idade mais jovem, com necessidade de procedimentos cirúrgicos precoces e de repetição
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
          </sup>
          . Sabendo que a retroca da bioprótese se associa à alta morbimortalidade, o VIV pode evitar uma nova cirurgia ou pelo menos retardá-la, melhorando a qualidade de vida do paciente.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
          </sup>
        </p>
        <p>A multimodalidade de imagem cardiovascular é essencial para as intervenções transcateter da valva mitral.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
          </sup>
          A seguir, descreveremos o papel do ecocardiograma e da angiotomografia nas diversas etapas de avaliação para o VIV mitral.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avaliação Pré-procedimento</title>
        <p>O VIV mitral é um procedimento complexo e só deve ser realizado após a avaliação criteriosa do
          <italic>heart team</italic>
          para a obtenção de melhores resultados.</p>
        <p>A indicação de VIV mitral depende de uma série de informações necessárias para assegurar a viabilidade do procedimento. O conhecimento do tipo e do tamanho da prótese implantada é de grande utilidade, para avaliar o verdadeiro diâmetro interno da prótese e a escolha da endoprótese ideal.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
          </sup>
          Na ausência de informações sobre o tipo de prótese cirúrgica, a fluoroscopia é capaz de fornecer dados importantes pela análise da bioprótese.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
          </sup>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O papel do ecocardiograma</title>
        <p>A realização de um ecocardiograma transtorácico completo, seguido por um ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) pré procedimento é indispensável. Os pontos essenciais para a análise são:</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>Identificação da causa/mecanismo da falência da bioprótese e sua quantificação. Tipo de disfunção , grau de disfunção e se possível quantificação.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Descartar fatores que contraindicam o VIV mitral, <xref rid="t1002" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>. <sup> <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> </sup> </p><p><table-wrap id="t1002">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>– Contraindicações ao
              <italic>valve-in-valve</italic>
              mitral.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>Contraindicação absoluta</th>
                <th>Contraindicação relativa</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Endocardite infecciosa</td>
                <td>Via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo estreita</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Deiscência de prótese</td>
                <td>Refluxo paraprotético</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trombose extensa da prótese</td>
                <td>Trombo na cavidade atrial</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trombo do septo atrial</td>
                <td>Desproporção prótese-paciente importante</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Interrupção da veia cava inferior</td>
                <td>Reparo cirúrgico no septo atrial prévio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Reparo da valva mitral por via transeptal prévio</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>Fonte: Harloff et al.11</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avaliar fatores anatômicos que predizem obstrução da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE) <xref rid="t2002" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>.</p><p><table-wrap id="t2002">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>– Fatores anatômicos que predizem obstrução da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>Ecocardiograma</th>
                <th>Tomografia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertrofia basal do septo</td>
                <td>Área da neo via de saída estimada &lt;1,7cm
                  <sup>2</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VE pequeno (&lt;48mm)</td>
                <td>Ângulo mitro-aórtico menos obtuso (&lt;115°)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Distância reduzida do septo IV ao anel mitral (desfavorável se &lt;17,8mm)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>Fonte: Pirelli et al.
                <sup>14</sup>
                e Yoon et al.
                <sup>15</sup>
                VE: ventrículo esquerdo; IV interventricular.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Descrever as características do septo interatrial (presença de extensa calcificação, retalhos cirúrgicos, trombo, aneurisma, infiltração lipomatosa exuberante) que possam dificultar ou impedir a punção transeptal.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Analisar a repercussão hemodinâmica da disfunção protética, avaliando a função biventricular e a presença de hipertensão pulmonar. Pacientes com disfunção sistólica e hipertensão pulmonar apresentam pior evolução pós-tratamento cirúrgico e/ou percutâneo da valva mitral.
              <sup>
                <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
                ,
                <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
              </sup>
            </p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O papel da angiotomografia</title>
        <p>A angiotomografia é de extrema importância para análise da área residual da VSVE após a colocação da prótese percutânea (
          <xref rid="f05002" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>
          ) e do diâmetro interno do anel (
          <xref rid="f06002" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>
          ), o qual determina o tamanho da prótese a ser implantada.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
          </sup>
        </p><p><fig id="f05002">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>– Tomografia. Estimativa da área da via da saída residual do ventrículo esquerdo com o implante da prótese (escolhida para o paciente).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf05-pt.tif"/>
          <attrib>VSVEr: via de saída residual do ventrículo esquerdo. Fonte: Arquivo interno do setor de Tomografia e Ressonância do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
        </fig></p><p><fig id="f06002">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>– Tomografia. (A) Medida do anel da prótese. (B) Medida dos diâmetros internos da prótese. (C) Medida do perímetro da prótese. (D) Medida da área da prótese.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf06-pt.tif"/>
          <attrib>Fonte: Arquivo interno do setor de Tomografia e Ressonância do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
        </fig></p>
        <p>O cálculo da área da neo-VSVE é realizado por meio de
          <italic>software</italic>
          adequado que leva em consideração a medida da VSVE, da altura da prótese percutânea e do ângulo mitral-aórtico, sendo a área ideal para viabilizar o VIV maior que 170mm
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
          </sup>
        </p>
        <p>Em relação ao diâmetro interno da prótese, a medida correta está intimamente associada ao tipo de prótese cirúrgica implantada. Em próteses com folhetos suturados internamente, o diâmetro real (
          <italic>true ID</italic>
          ) do anel é ١ mm menor que o medido. Já próteses com a sutura externa dos folhetos apresentam o diâmetro interno igual ao avaliado pela angiotomografia.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
          </sup>
        </p>
        <p>Outra aplicação relevante da angiotomografia é possibilitar uma análise das artérias coronárias, da aorta e do pulmão, fatores adjuvantes no sucesso a curto e longo prazo do VIV mitral.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
          </sup>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avaliação intraprocedimento</title>
        <p>O VIV mitral deve ser realizado em sala híbrida e com paciente sob anestesia geral (
          <xref rid="f07002" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref>
          ). O ETE tem papel fundamental em todos os passos do procedimento e estão descritos e ilustrados a seguir.</p><p><fig id="f07002">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>– Configuração da sala híbrida.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf07-pt.tif"/>
          <attrib>Fonte: Adaptado de Harloff et al. Transseptal ViV-TMVR.
            <sup>11</sup>
          </attrib>
        </fig></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avaliação inicial</title>
        <p>O ETE deve confirmar os achados descritos em exame pré-procedimento e descartar contraindicações.(
          <xref rid="t1002" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>
          )</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Orientação na punção transeptal</title>
        <p>Esse é um momento crítico. O local ideal é na região posteroinferior da lâmina da fossa oval. A utilização de recursos do ETE tridimensional, como o
          <italic>multi-D</italic>
          ou o
          <italic>X-plane</italic>
          , é extremamente importante, pois permite uma orientação espacial ideal ao médico intervencionista, evitando perfuração inadvertida da aorta ou da cavidade cardíaca (
          <xref rid="f08002" ref-type="fig">Figura 4</xref>
          ).
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
          </sup>
        </p><p><fig id="f08002">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>– Sequência adequada da punção transeptal. Imagens ortogonais pelo ecocardiograma transesofágico tridimensional multi D do septo interatrial, sua porção anterior (1A) e posterior ( 1B), com a imagem da “tenda” formada pela agulha de punção. ( B) Deve-se avaliar a distância do sítio de punção da aorta em 45°. ( C ) O sítio de punção deve distar no máximo 35mm do plano do anel mitral (medida que deve ser realizada a 0°). ( D) Transfixação do septo atrial pela agulha de punção.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf08-pt.tif"/>
          <attrib>Fonte: Arquivo interno do setor de Ecocardiografia do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
        </fig></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Posição do dispositivo</title>
        <p>A sequência do posicionamento e liberação do dispositivo estão detalhados na
          <xref rid="f09002" ref-type="fig">Figura 5</xref>
          . A altura do implante da prótese percutânea se baseia na projeção realizada pela tomografia previamente, que leva em consideração a área estimada da neo-VSVE.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
          </sup>
          Normalmente a endoprótese fica 20% no átrio e 80% no ventrículo.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
          </sup>
        </p><p><fig id="f09002">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>– Posicionamento do dispositivo no intraprocedimento. (A) Passagem do cateter pelo septo atrial. (B) Progressão do fio-guia para a prótese mitral, passando para o ventrículo esquerdo. (C) Passa-se um fio rígido que serve de suporte para a liberação da endoprótese. (D) Nesse momento, geralmente, é realizada a dilatação do orifício de punção septal (para que o equipamento de entrega do dispositivo possa atravessar). (E) Deve-se avaliar se o dispositivo está normoposicionado (o mais central possível da bioprótese). Normalmente, algum grau de excentricidade é corrigido com a insuflação do balão, que tende a reposicionar o dispositivo naturalmente no centro da prótese com disfunção.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf09-pt.tif"/>
          <attrib>Fonte: Arquivo interno do Setor de Ecocardiografia do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
        </fig></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avaliação pós implante</title>
        <p>Deve ser realizada de forma sistemática, para assegurar a ausência de complicações e confirmar o funcionamento adequado da nova prótese:
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
          </sup>
        </p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>Avaliar a endoprótese mitral por meio do eco bidimensional, do eco tridimensional e do mapeamento de fluxo a cores: o objetivo é analisar se a endoprótese está adequadamente expandida (formato circular, mobilidade e abertura adequada dos folhetos) e identificar o padrão do fluxo (se laminar ou turbulento), além da presença de refluxo central e/ou paraprotético e sua quantificação. Deve-se registar pelo Doppler contínuo o gradiente máximo e médio da endoprótese, assim como definir sua área (pela equação de continuidade ou planimetria tridimensional) (<xref rid="f09002" ref-type="fig">Figura 5</xref> e <xref rid="f10002" ref-type="fig">6</xref> <xref rid="m101" ref-type="media">Vídeo 1</xref>).</p><p><fig id="f10002">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>– Avaliação pós-liberação da endoprótese. (A) Eco tridimensional, sendo possível observar o anel da endoprótese dentro do anel protético na diástole. (B) Eco tridimensional com fluxo laminar, delimitando o orifício efetivo da endoprótese. (C) Gradiente átrio esquerdo-ventrículo esquerdo pelo Doppler contínuo. (D) Planimetria tridimensional para estimar a área da endoprótese.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-gf10-pt.tif"/>
          <attrib>Fonte: Arquivo interno do setor de Ecocardiografia do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
        </fig></p>
        <media id="m101" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-ecom24-m01.mp4">
    <label>Vídeo 1 </label>
    <caption>
    <title>– Análise da endoprótese pós liberação.</title>
    </caption>
    <attrib>Fonte: Arquivo interno do setor de Ecocardiografia do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</attrib>
  </media>			  
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avaliar a VSVE, por meio do mapeamento de fluxo a cores e Doppler pulsátil para detecção de gradientes elevados: a técnica utilizada é preferencialmente pelo ETE transgástrico profundo a 0
              <bold>°</bold>
              ou 5
              <bold>°</bold>
              , ou até mesmo com o ecocardiograma transtorácico (caso o alinhamento do fluxo pelo ETE não esteja adequado). Deve-se suspeitar de obstrução da VSVE quando houver deterioração hemodinâmica imediatamente após a liberação da endoprótese, na vigência de fluxo turbulento na via de saída. Nesses casos, ocorre incremento ≥10mmHg no gradiente médio da VSVE em relação ao pré-implante.
              <sup>
                <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
              </sup>
            </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Descartar o aparecimento de derrame pericárdico ou alteração de contração segmentar do ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avaliar o orifício no septo atrial (
              <italic>status</italic>
              pós-punção), determinando suas dimensões (diâmetros ortogonais e área, preferencialmente pelo eco tridimensional) e a direção do
              <italic>shunt</italic>
              pelo orifício.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avaliação da função do ventrículo direito, da regurgitação tricúspide e estimativa da pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avaliação pós-procedimento</title>
        <p>O número de casos publicados e o tempo de acompanhamento dos pacientes ainda é pequeno e limitado. Simonato et al.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
          </sup>
          compilaram diversas informações relevantes por meio de um registro multicêntrico de VIV e
          <italic>valve in ring</italic>
          (endoprótese em anel cirúrgico) em 90 centros diferentes e 1.079 pacientes analisados de 2006 a 2020, as quais podem auxiliar na determinação adequada do seguimento a longo prazo.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
          </sup>
          Os resultados deste estudo são de muito interesse na área da Cardiologia Intervencionista e são resumidos brevemente neste documento. O acompanhamento de longo prazo atualmente utilizado pelo Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC) está descrito na
          <xref rid="t3002" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>
          .</p><p><table-wrap id="t3002">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>– Sugestão de acompanhamento de valve-in-valve do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>Etapas de acompanhamento</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1. Anotar tipo e tamanho da prótese no primeiro laudo de seguimento</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2. Pré-alta: ETT com descrição anatômica, gradientes médio e máximo e área do orifício efetivo</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3. Repetir seguimento em 3, 6 e 12 meses com ETT e ETE</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4. Avaliar no ETT anatomia, gradientes máximo e médio e área por equação de continuidade</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5. Avaliar no ETE anatomia e presença de trombos na face ventricular ou atrial da valva; tamanho e padrão de fluxo na CIA (normal esquerda direita)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>6. Sinais de alerta:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>⇑ Gradiente médio &gt;5mmHg</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>⇓ Comparativa do orifício efetivo</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>⇑ PSAP</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Mudança no sentido do shunt da CIA (direita para esquerda)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1002">
              <p>
                <italic>ETT: ecocardiograma transtorácico; ETE: ecocardiograma transesofágico; CIA: comunicação interatrial; PSAP: Pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar. Fonte: Protocolo de acompanhamento ecocardiográfico pós VIV mitral do estudo nacional, prospectivo e randomizado SurVIV (NCT04402931).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap></p>
        <p>
          <bold>Achados principais do registro da valve-in-valve:
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
            </sup>
          </bold>
        </p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>Estenose de prótese foi a alteração mais frequente, com 8,2% de VIV.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O gradiente médio das próteses analisadas foi de 5,7mmHg; 61% dos pacientes apresentavam gradientes médios acima de 5mmHg, principalmente em dispositivos menores e pacientes com superfície corpórea maior, lembrando que a definição de estenose pelo
              <italic>Valve Academic Research Consortium</italic>
              (VARC)-mitral
              <sup>
                <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
              </sup>
              é um gradiente médio acima de ٥mmHg.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Implicações desses achados se relacionam a um desempenho hemodinâmico subótimo nas próteses de VIV mitral, com frequência maior de desproporção prótese-paciente (
              <italic>mismatch</italic>
              ) relatada em 24,5% dos casos e possível durabilidade menor.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimento</title>
        <p>Dr. Ibraim Masciarelli pelas imagens da tomografia, e Dr. Dimitry Alexandre Alvim de Siqueira pelo auxílio na descrição do intra-procedimento.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
