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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223502eabc304</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Deslocamento Linear Longitudinal do Ventrículo Esquerdo Comparado ao <italic>Strain</italic> Longitudinal Global por Ressonância Magnética Cardiovascular</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Fonseca</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael Almeida</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ribeiro</surname>
						<given-names>Sergio Marrone</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Azevedo</surname>
						<given-names>Clerio Francisco de</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sampaio</surname>
						<given-names>Roney</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
						<given-names>Flávio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rochitte</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divisão de Cardiologia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Médico</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Duke</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Durham</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">NC</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="US">Estados Unidos</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Divisão de Cardiologia, Centro Médico da Universidade de Duke, Durham, NC, Estados Unidos.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Correspondência: Carlos Eduardo Rochitte • Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Andar AB, Cerqueira César. CEP: 05403-000 – São Paulo, SP, Brasil. E-mail: <email>rochitte@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Fonseca RA; Ribeiro SM; Azevedo CF; Sampaio R; Tarasoutchi F e Rochitte CE contribuíram substancialmente na concepção e delineamento do estudo, adquiriram e analisaram os dados e redigiram o manuscrito.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc304</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introdução</title>
					<p> A função sistodiastólica do ventrículo esquerdo é prognóstica nas doenças cardiovasculares e pode ser avaliada por <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global por meio de ecocardiografia e de ressonância magnética cardíaca. O <italic>strain longitudinal global</italic> pela ressonância magnética cardíaca exige a utilização de <italic>software</italic> de alto custo. O deslocamento linear longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo pode ser uma alternativa simples e barata ao <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global, porém eles não foram ainda comparados sistematicamente.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Comparar o deslocamento linear longitudinal com o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo em valvopatas aórticos e controles.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Incluímos 44 participantes (26 valvopatas aórticos/١٩ controles). O <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global utilizou <italic>software</italic> específico (<italic>Circle Cardiovascular Imaging</italic> 42) e o deslocamento linear longitudinal apenas medidas lineares de distância entre a base e o ápex do ventrículo esquerdo, gerando deslocamento máximo, velocidade máxima no início da diástole, velocidade na diástase e a relação entre velocidade na diástase e velocidade máxima no início da diástole.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Deslocamento máximo e velocidade máxima no início da diástole correlacionaram-se com <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (r=0,69 e r=0,65 respectivamente) e com a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (r=0,47 e r=0,57, p&lt;0,001 para ambos). Deslocamento máximo e velocidade máxima no início da diástole apresentaram área sob a curva Característica de Operação do Receptor de 0,88 e 0,91 e, no melhor ponto de corte (-0,13 e 0,66), sensibilidade de 72,43% e 57,14% e especificidade 80,65% e 87,10%, respectivamente, quando comparados ao <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global. Utilizando a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo como referência, foram obtidos 0,70 e 0,82, e, no melhor ponto de corte (-0,11 e 0,61), sensibilidade de 75,00% e 50,00% e especificidade 72,97% e 78,38%, respectivamente.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> O deslocamento linear longitudinal foi semelhante ao <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global. O deslocamento máximo derivado do deslocamento linear longitudinal foi o melhor parâmetro na sístole, enquanto a velocidade máxima no início da diástole foi o melhor na diástole, o que possibilita a avaliação da função diastólica pela ressonância magnética cardíaca na rotina clínica de forma rápida e sem custo adicional.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Ressonância Magnética</kwd>
				<kwd>Contração Miocárdica</kwd>
				<kwd>Estenose da Valva Aórtica</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência da Valva Aórtica</kwd>
				<kwd>Diástole</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="14"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="6"/>
				<ref-count count="27"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introdução</title>
			<p>as disfunções sistólica e diastólica são importantes marcadores para diversas doenças cardiovasculares na prática clínica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os estudos avaliativos da técnica de <italic>strain</italic> miocárdico demonstraram alta capacidade de detectar a disfunção contrátil precocemente em várias doenças cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Com um método baseado na análise da arquitetura miocárdica, o <italic>strain</italic> miocárdico realiza sua avaliação por meio de três camadas distintas: a subendocárdica, formada por fibras orientadas longitudinalmente da base ao ápice; a do meio da parede, com fibras orientadas circunferencialmente; e a subepicárdica, onde as fibras são orientadas longitudinalmente, mas direcionadas do ápice para a base.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O <italic>strain</italic> atualmente é medido mais frequentemente por duas modalidades: pela ecocardiografia (<italic>speckle tracking</italic>) e pela ressonância magnética cardiológica (RMC; <italic>feature tracking imaging</italic> – FTI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Enquanto a ecocardiografia realiza sua análise por pequenos grupos de <italic>pixels</italic> no miocárdio criados pela interação dos feixes ultrassônicos e o músculo cardíaco, com características específicas da escala de cinza e é a modalidade mais utilizada na rotina clínica, a RMC pode efetuar sua avaliação do <italic>strain</italic> por meio de duas técnicas. A técnica de <italic>myocardial tissue tagging</italic>, que utiliza a identificação de padrões lineares simples ou em grade aplicados a imagem de RMC durante sua aquisição, é considerada a técnica padrão-ouro para a avaliação do <italic>strain</italic> miocárdico e contra a qual a ecocardiografia foi validada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, essa técnica requer a aquisição das imagens específicas de <italic>tagging</italic>, o que demanda tempo adicional no estudo de RMC. Recentemente, uma nova técnica, a FTI, foi desenvolvida para a avaliação do <italic>strain</italic> miocárdico usando imagens de cine-RM convencionais. Essa técnica utiliza princípios semelhantes aos do <italic>speckle tracking</italic> utilizado na ecocardiografia, porém aplicados na imagem de RMC para rastreamento de características de <italic>pixels</italic> específicas da imagem de RMC ao longo de todo o ciclo cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Além disso, estudos realizados com pacientes que desenvolveram disfunção diastólica em patologias como estenose aórtica e insuficiência aórtica demonstraram fração ejeção dentro dos intervalos de referências normais e <italic>strain</italic> alterados, indicando a presença do componente de disfunção diastólica, além da disfunção contráctil incipiente não detectada pela fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE). Esses dados indicam que o <italic>strain</italic> miocárdico é mais sensível que a FEVE na avaliação da mecânica de contração ventricular, que incorpora função sistólica e diastólica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O <italic>strain</italic> miocárdico pelo FTI na RMC não é usualmente utilizado na rotina clínica, pois exige tempo adicional para pós-processamento de imagem e utilização de <italic>software</italic> especializado e de alto custo. Nessa técnica é necessário obter os contornos endocárdico e epicárdico para todas as fases cardíacas em uma imagem de cine-RM. Nosso grupo avaliou uma nova técnica de simples aplicação e que não necessita de um <italic>software</italic> especializado, podendo ser realizada por visualizadores de imagem simples e gratuitos, que se baseia na medida do deslocamento linear longitudinal (DLL) do VE, mais especificamente, nesta publicação, no encurtamento linear basal-apical do ventrículo esquerdo. Nesse estudo prévio, o encurtamento longitudinal foi capaz de detectar alterações nas funções sistólica e diastólica em pacientes com doença valvar aórtica (DVA) comparados a controles normais.</p>
			<p>Embora, o DLL já tenha sido comparado com a disfunção diastólica determinada pela ecocardiografia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e em grupos específicos de pacientes com disfunção diastólica comprovada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> essa técnica ainda não foi comparada com o <italic>strain</italic> miocárdico avaliado pela técnica de FTI na RMC.</p>
			<p>O objetivo do nosso trabalho foi comparar o DLL em relação ao <italic>strain</italic> miocárdico da RMC medido por técnica de FTI.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Métodos</title>
			<sec>
				<title>População de estudo</title>
				<p>Foram avaliados 26 pacientes com doença valvar aórtica (DVA) grave com planejamento para cirurgia de troca valvar aórtica e com frações de ejeção dentro do intervalo de referência normais, submetidos à RMC como parte de sua avaliação clínica e ١٩ controles normais. Dos pacientes com DVA, ١١ (٤٢,٣٪) apresentavam predomínio de insuficiência aórtica, e ١٥ (٥٧,٧٪) de estenose aórtica. Como critérios de exclusão do estudo, tivemos a idade abaixo de 18 e acima de 85 anos, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, dislipidemia ou doença coronariana significativa concomitante. Todos os pacientes com mais de 40 anos de idade tiveram uma angiografia coronariana, e aqueles com doença arterial coronariana significativa (estenose luminal &gt; 50%) foram excluídos. Pacientes com valvopatia mitral concomitante também foram excluídos, assim como aqueles com cirurgia cardíaca prévia e contraindicações para RMC, como o uso de marca-passo, clipes metálicos ou outras estruturas ferromagnéticas e claustrofobia. Dezenove voluntários saudáveis sem histórico médico significativo foram recrutados para estabelecer os valores basais do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global e do DLL. Os pacientes foram submetidos à RMC com um magneto clínico de 1,5 Tesla (Signa CV/i, GE Medical Systems, Waukesha, Wisconsin, Estados Unidos) e bobina cardíaca dedicada. Após a localização do coração, foram prescritos 8 a 12 cortes contíguos de eixo curto (8,0mm de espessura de corte e 2mm de intervalo entre os cortes), abrangendo todo o VE, e cortes de eixo longo (planos de duas e quatro câmaras e via de saída do VE). As imagens de cine-RM foram adquiridas com uma sequência de pulso de precessão livre em estado de equilíbrio (SSFP, sigla do inglês <italic>steady state free precession</italic>) com alta resolução temporal (&lt;50ms entre cada fase) e com demais parâmetros convencionais: TR 3,9ms, TE 1,8ms, ângulo de inclinação de 45°, largura de banda do receptor ±125kHz, campo de visão (FOV) de 34x34cm, matriz de 256x160, tamanho de voxel 1,3x2,1x8,0mm.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análises das imagens por técnica de <italic>feature tracking imaging</italic> para obtenção do <italic>strain</italic> miocárdico</title>
				<p>A análise do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global foi realizada nas imagens de cine-RM no corte do eixo longo de quatro câmaras e ao longo de 20 fases cardíacas. Foi utilizado o <italic>software Circle Cardiovascular Imaging</italic> (CVI42 , Calgary, Canadá) e a ferramenta <italic>Tissue Tracking,</italic> na qual se identificou-se a fase diastólica. Nessa fase, definiram-se manualmente os contornos endocárdico e epicárdico, que são propagados automaticamente pelo <italic>software</italic> para as demais fases cardíacas. O cálculo do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global do miocárdico foi efetuado automaticamente pelo <italic>software</italic> utilizando um princípio matemático euleriano que representa uma medida da deformação ventricular<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). Os dados numéricos do <italic>strain</italic> miocárdico longitudinal global (GLS) foram armazenados no <italic>software</italic> e exportados para planilhas de dados para posterior análise.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Ilustração da deformação miocárdica com a equação euleriana para extrair os valores do strain longitudinal global utilizado no nosso estudo com o software Circle Cardiovascular Imaging 42.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc304-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análises das imagens por técnica de deslocamento linear longitudinal (DLL)</title>
				<p>Assim como na análise do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global, o DLL foi realizado nas imagens de cine-RM no corte de eixo longo de quatro câmaras. A posição basal da junção atrioventricular (JAV) foi definida em diástole final, e seu deslocamento longitudinal foi medido em relação a uma linha de referência traçada entre o ápice do VE (contorno do epicárdio, linha de baixa intensidade correspondente à interface do miocárdio e da gordura epicárdica) e o limite inferior (linha de baixa intensidade) do seio coronário, percorrendo o sulco atrioventricular, imediatamente lateral à JAV. Uma linha reta simples foi traçada ao decorrer do ciclo cardíaco ao longo de todas as fases entre os marcos basais e apicais usando uma plataforma de visualização DICOM Webpax (<italic>Heart Imaging Technologies</italic>, LLC. Durham, NC, Estados Unidos) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). As medidas longitudinais (ML) obtidas fase a fase do VE foram posteriormente divididas pelo comprimento longitudinal na diástole final (comprimento máxima) para fornecer os valores percentuais do deslocamento junção átrio ventricular durante as 20 fases.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Painel demonstrando análise do deslocamento linear longitudinal em valvopatas e controles normais. (A e B) Fase do ciclo cardíaco. (C) Curva dos parâmetros do deslocamento linear longitudinal.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc304-gf02.tif"/>
						<attrib>IAo: insuficiência aórtica; EAo: estenose aórtica; DLL: deslocamento linear longitudinal.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<disp-formula id="e1">
					<mml:math>
						<mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>Des</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>JAV</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mo>%</mml:mo>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:mfenced>
						<mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
						<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
						<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi>l</mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
						<mml:mi>J</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
						<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
						<mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>%</mml:mo>
						</mml:mfenced>
						<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
						<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
						<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
						<mml:mfrac>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
								<mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>f</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
							</mml:mrow>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:mfrac>
					</mml:math>
				</disp-formula>
				<p>A análise do deslocamento longitudinal (D) <italic>versus</italic> tempo foi realizada por meio da subtração do deslocamento JAV percentual máximo (Des. JAV % Máx) pelo mínimo a cada fase (Min. fase) dividido pelo Des. JAV % Máx, como demonstrado na equação abaixo.</p>
				<disp-formula id="e2">
					<mml:math>
						<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
						<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
						<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
						<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
						<mml:mfrac>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>l</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>J</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mo>%</mml:mo>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>f</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
							</mml:mrow>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>l</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>J</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
								<mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mo>%</mml:mo>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:mfrac>
					</mml:math>
				</disp-formula>
				<p>Por meio do gráfico gerado do deslocamento longitudinal (D) <italic>versus</italic> tempo, tornou-se possível a extração dos parâmetros do DLL: deslocamento máximo (DM) da JAV, velocidade máxima em início da diástole (VMID), inclinação do melhor ajuste da velocidade da JAV na diástase (IVD) e a razão entre IVD e VMID. O valor do DM é extraído do mínimo sobre o intervalo de dados obtidos do deslocamento longitudinal (D) demonstrado na equação abaixo.</p>
				<disp-formula id="e3">
					<mml:math>
						<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
						<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
						<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
						<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
						<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi>í</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi>o</mml:mi>
						<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
						<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi>o</mml:mi>
						<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
						<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
						<mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>f</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>f</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:mfenced>
					</mml:math>
				</disp-formula>
				<p>Para adiquirir a VMID de cada participantes, foi realizado uma regressão (inclinação) sobre o gráfico de deslocamento <italic>versus</italic> tempo <bold>(</bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref><bold>)</bold> ajustado para o início da diástole. O mesmo foi usado para a inclinação da melhor linha de ajuste da velocidade da JAV na diástase (IVD) considerando o tempo da diástase.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análise estatística</title>
				<p>O tamanho da amostra foi relacionado ao número de pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado que estavam disponíveis para análise (amostra de conveniência), conforme estudos já publicados na mesma área.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A distribuição de normalidade foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Foram realizadas análises por regressão linear simples de cada um dos parâmetros do DLL (VMID, IVD, DM e IVD/VMID), com o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global e com a fração de ejeção do VE. O ponto de corte do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global de -13%, que corresponde ao percentil 99 dos valores medidos no grupo controle, foi utilizado com limite da normalidade no nosso estudo. A FEVE normal foi considerada ≥55%. Avaliamos acurácia, sensibilidade e especificidade dos parâmetros do DLL (DM, VMID, IVD e IVD/VMID), utilizando como método de referência do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (FTI) e a FEVE com os limiares de normalidade aqui já definidos. Utilizamos, para essa análise, a técnica da curva Característica de Operação do Receptor (curva COR) e o teste de <italic>cutpoint</italic>, para definir o limiar de melhor sensibilidade e especificidade. A análise estatística utilizou <italic>software</italic> Stata versão 13 para Macintosh e significância estatística foi considerada como p&lt;0,05.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Características da população</title>
				<p>A idade média dos voluntários saudáveis foi de 43,1±11,8 anos e variou entre 24 e 58 anos, sendo dez homens e nove mulheres. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 46,8±13,7 anos e variou entre 26 e 72 anos, sendo 19 homens e 7 mulheres. As características clínicas, incluindo histórico cardiovascular e fatores de risco dos pacientes e os dados da ressonância magnética são apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Características clínicas.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Característica</th>
									<th>IAo</th>
									<th>EAo</th>
									<th>Controles</th>
									<th>p/p*</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Demografia</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Total, n=45</td>
									<td align="center">11 (42,3)</td>
									<td align="center">15 (57,7)</td>
									<td align="center">19</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Homens</td>
									<td align="center">10 (90,9)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (60,0)</td>
									<td align="center">10 (52,6)</td>
									<td align="center">0,079/0,101</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade, anos</td>
									<td align="center">46,0±15,7</td>
									<td align="center">48±11,3</td>
									<td align="center">38,1±10,5</td>
									<td align="center">0,610/0,039</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Peso, kg</td>
									<td align="center">76,6±10,6</td>
									<td align="center">71,2±11,9</td>
									<td align="center">67,9±15,3</td>
									<td align="center">0,336/0,356</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">27,9±3,5</td>
									<td align="center">26,3±3,8</td>
									<td align="center">23,5±3,6</td>
									<td align="center">0,382/0,021</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>SC, m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1,8±3,5</td>
									<td align="center">1,7±0,1</td>
									<td align="center">1,47±0,2</td>
									<td align="center">0,209/0,696</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Reumático</td>
									<td align="center">9 (81,8)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bicúspide</td>
									<td align="center">2 (18,2)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (53,3)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Degeneração/calcificação</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">4 (26,7)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Frequência cardíaca, bpm</td>
									<td align="center">65,0±11,9</td>
									<td align="center">81,5±20,7</td>
									<td align="center">70,1±10,6</td>
									<td align="center">0,027/0,019</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PAS</td>
									<td align="center">126,7±11,9</td>
									<td align="center">121,5±15,2</td>
									<td align="center">111,6±8,9</td>
									<td align="center">0,505/0,018</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PAD</td>
									<td align="center">80±8,9</td>
									<td align="center">71,8±12,8</td>
									<td align="center">71,3±6,6</td>
									<td align="center">0,183/0,143</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Fatores de risco e histórico cardiovascular</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Angina</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">0,465</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hipertensão</td>
									<td align="center">6 (54,6)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">0,465</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Síncope</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">6 (40,0)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">0,100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diabetes</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1 (13,3)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">0,342</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hipercolesterolemia</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Fumante</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (33,3)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">0,100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Histórico familiar e DAC</td>
									<td align="center">4 (34,4)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0,190</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Classificação da NYHA &gt;I (II e III)</td>
									<td align="center">11 (100,0)</td>
									<td align="center">15 (100,0)</td>
									<td align="center">19 (100,0)</td>
									<td align="center">0,526</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p><italic>Resultados expressos como média ± desvio-padrão ou n (%). Os critérios de definição de hipertrofia concêntrica são a relação massa do ventrículo esquerdo/EDV&gt;1,16g/mL. Fonte: Dweck MR et al. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012. * Comparação entre três grupos, incluindo controles; valores de p restantes para comparação entre insuficiência aórtica e estenose. Iao: insuficiência aórtica; EAo: estenose aórtica; IMC: índice de massa corporal; SC: superficie corpórea; PAS: pressão arterial sistólica; PAD: pressão arterial diastólica; DAC: doença arterial coronariana; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Ressonância magnética cardiovascular</title>
				<p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, são apresentados os resultados das medidas de GLS, morfologia, volumetria e função ventricular esquerda globais para todos os grupos. Exemplos das análises do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global em cada grupo e com a demonstração da detecção dos contornos endocárdicos e epicárdicos podem ser visualizados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Características da ressonância magnética cardíaca.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Características da RMC</th>
									<th>IAo</th>
									<th>EAo</th>
									<th>Controles</th>
									<th>p/p*</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>GLS</td>
									<td align="center">-10,7±2,3</td>
									<td align="center">-13,0±3,2</td>
									<td align="center">15,9±1,7</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VDFVE, mL</td>
									<td align="center">29,6±68,5</td>
									<td align="center">179,99±42,1</td>
									<td align="center">129,5±24,7</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VSFVE, mL</td>
									<td align="center">148,9±60,4</td>
									<td align="center">82,0±28,7</td>
									<td align="center">45,5±9,4</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FEVE, %</td>
									<td align="center">51,7±11,4</td>
									<td align="center">55,1±9,1</td>
									<td align="center">64,7±5,3</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Massa do VE, g</td>
									<td align="center">264,2±42,4</td>
									<td align="center">272,8±45,5</td>
									<td align="center">118,1±40,5</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hipertrofia excêntrica</td>
									<td align="center">10 (90,9)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hipertrofia concêntrica</td>
									<td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
									<td align="center">14 (93,30</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Deslocamento máximo</td>
									<td align="center">-0,09</td>
									<td align="center">0,12</td>
									<td align="center">0,16</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VMID</td>
									<td align="center">0,47</td>
									<td align="center">0,78</td>
									<td align="center">1,43</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IVD</td>
									<td align="center">0,09</td>
									<td align="center">0,31</td>
									<td align="center">0,28</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IVD/VMID</td>
									<td align="center">0,44</td>
									<td align="center">0,23</td>
									<td align="center">0,21</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p><italic>RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca; Iao: insuficiência aórtica; EAo: estenose aórtica; GLS: strain longitudinal global; VDFVE: volume diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo; VSFVE: volume sistólico final do ventrículo esquerdo; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; DM: deslocamento máximo; VMID: velocidade máxima no início de diástole; IVD: inclinação da melhor linha de ajuste da velocidade da JAV na diástase.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Painel demonstrando as análises por strain longitudinal, detalhando os contornos endocárdicos e epicárdicos, e, ao lado, o pico strain. (A e B) Análises dos voluntários controles normais, com pico strain de 18,5% (C). (D e E) Análises dos pacientes com estenose aórtica e um pico strain de 7,0% (G). (F e H) Strain dos pacientes com insuficiência aórtica e pico de 11,0% (I).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc304-gf03.tif"/>
						<attrib>IAo: insuficiência aórtica; EAo: estenose aórtica.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Os coeficientes de correlação (r) e (p) da VMID, DM, IVD e IVD/VMID estão apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>. Os parâmetros DM e VMID mostraram correlações fortes e significativas quando comparados com o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global, tanto para a amostra total de participantes, quanto para apenas os pacientes com DVA. Na comparação com a fração de ejeção, as correlações foram mais evidentes e significantes quando avaliamos todos os participantes em conjunto. A regressão linear do DM <italic>versus</italic> o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global apresentou correlação positiva com r=0,69 e p&lt; 0,001 para toda amostra analisada e r=0,66 e p&lt;0,001, para os pacientes com DVA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>). Além disso, na comparação do DM com a fração de ejeção, obtivemos um r=0,47, p&lt; 0,001.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Análise de regressão linear do deslocamento máximo, da velocidade máxima no início de diástole, inclinação da melhor linha de ajuste da velocidade da junção atrioventricular na diástase e da inclinação da melhor linha de ajuste da velocidade da junção atrioventricular na diástase/velocidade máxima no início de diástole.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th scope="col">Todos</th>
									<th colspan="2" scope="col">Strain (%)</th>
									<th colspan="2" scope="col">FEVE (%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">DM, cm</td>
									<td>0,69</td>
									<td>&lt;0,001</td>
									<td>0,47</td>
									<td>&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VMID, s<sup>-1</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0,65</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									<td align="center">0,57</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IVD, s<sup>-1</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0,01</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,920</td>
									<td align="center">0,09</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,559</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IVD/VMID</td>
									<td align="center">0,31</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,035</td>
									<td align="center">0,43</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,003</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Doença valvar aórtica r, p</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DM, cm</td>
									<td align="center">0,66</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									<td align="center">0,23</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,244</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VMID, s<sup>-1</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0,53</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,005*</td>
									<td align="center">0,39</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,049</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IVD, s<sup>-1</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0,43</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,027</td>
									<td align="center">0,25</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,215</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IVD/VMID</td>
									<td align="center">0,04</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,837</td>
									<td align="center">0,18</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0,378</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p><italic>FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; DM: deslocamento máximo; VMID: velocidade máxima no início de diástole; IVD: inclinação da melhor linha de ajuste da velocidade da junção atrioventricular na diástase.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Correlação entre o deslocamento máximo e strain longitudinal global. (A) Análise com todos os pacientes. (B) Regressão dos pacientes com doença valvar aórtica.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc304-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A regressão linear da VMID <italic>versus strain</italic> longitudinal global apresentou correlação negativa, com r=-0,65 e p&lt;0,001, para toda amostra analisada, e r=-0,53 e p&lt;0,005, quando avaliamos somente os pacientes com DVA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref>). A VMID correlaciona-se positivamente com a fração de ejeção e demonstrou um r= 0,57 e p&lt; 0,001 (todos os participantes).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Correlação entre o deslocamento máximo e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo. (A) Análise com todos os pacientes. (B) Regressão dos pacientes com doença valvar aórtico.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc304-gf05.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Na avaliação da IVD e IVD/VMID com o GLS e a FEVE, observaram-se correlações fracas ou discretas associações, sendo parte delas não estatisticamente significativas, seja para a amostra completa, seja para os pacientes com DVA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>Os dados obtidos nas análises de desempenho diagnóstica das medidas VMID, DM, IVD e IVD/VMID para predizer os o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global e a fração de ejeção são encontrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref>. Novamente, o DM e a VMID demonstraram o melhor desempenho diagnóstica quando comparados com a fração de ejeção e o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global. O DM <italic>versus</italic> o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global apresentou área sob a curva COR de 0,88. Quando definido o melhor ponto de corte (-0,13), o DM obteve 72,43% de sensibilidade e 86,65% de especificidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref>). A análise realizada com a FEVE apresentou área de 0,70 e sensibilidade de 75,00%, com especificidade de 72,97% (no melhor ponto de corte sob a curva COR, -0,11) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref>). A VMID versus <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal demonstrou área de 0,91 e sensibilidade de 57,14% com especificidade 87,10% (ponto de corte de 0,53). Analisando a VMID e a FEVE, obtivemos área de 0,82, 50,00% de sensibilidade e especificidade de 78,38%, no melhor ponto de corte de 0,61 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7</xref>). A IVD e IVD/VMID demonstram desempenho diagnóstico inferior, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabela 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Desempenho diagnóstico do deslocamento máximo, da velocidade máxima no início de diástole, da inclinação da melhor linha de ajuste da velocidade da junção atrioventricular na diástase e da inclinação da melhor linha de ajuste da velocidade da junção atrioventricular na diástase/ velocidade máxima no início de diástole por curva Característica de Operação do Receptor.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>AUC</th>
									<th>Sensibilidade</th>
									<th>Especificidade</th>
									<th>VPP</th>
									<th>VPN</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Strain, %</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DM (cm)</td>
									<td align="center">0,88</td>
									<td align="center">72,43</td>
									<td align="center">80,65</td>
									<td align="center">62,50</td>
									<td align="center">86,21</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VMID (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">0,91</td>
									<td align="center">57,14</td>
									<td align="center">87,10</td>
									<td align="center">66,67</td>
									<td align="center">81,82</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IVD (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">0,56</td>
									<td align="center">57,14</td>
									<td align="center">64,52</td>
									<td align="center">42,11</td>
									<td align="center">76,92</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IVD/VMID</td>
									<td align="center">0,68</td>
									<td align="center">78,57</td>
									<td align="center">58,06</td>
									<td align="center">45,83</td>
									<td align="center">85,71</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>FEVE, %</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DM (cm)</td>
									<td align="center">0,70</td>
									<td align="center">75,00</td>
									<td align="center">72,97</td>
									<td align="center">37,50</td>
									<td align="center">93,10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VMID(s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">0,82</td>
									<td align="center">50,00</td>
									<td align="center">78,38</td>
									<td align="center">33,33</td>
									<td align="center">87,88</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IVD(s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">0,67</td>
									<td align="center">62,50</td>
									<td align="center">62,16</td>
									<td align="center">26,32</td>
									<td align="center">88,46</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IVD/VMID</td>
									<td align="center">0,82</td>
									<td align="center">100,00</td>
									<td align="center">56,76</td>
									<td align="center">33,33</td>
									<td align="center">100,00</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p><italic>AUC: área sob a curva; VPP: valor preditivo positivo; VPN: valor preditivo negativo; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; DM: deslocamento máximo; VMID: velocidade máxima no início de diástole, IVD: inclinação da melhor linha de ajuste da velocidade da junção atrioventricular na diástase.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f06">
						<label>Figura 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>(A) Curva Característica de Operação do Receptor entre strain longitudinal e velocidade máxima no início de diástole, com indicação de melhor ponto de corte. (B) Desempenho da velocidade máxima no início de diástole e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc304-gf06.tif"/>
						<attrib>DM: deslocamento máximo; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f07">
						<label>Figura 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>(A) Curva Característica de Operação do Receptor entre strain longitudinal e deslocamento máximo, com indicação do melhor ponto de corte. (B) Desempenho do deslocamento máximo e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc304-gf07.tif"/>
						<attrib>VMID: velocidade máxima no início de diástole; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussão</title>
			<p>Neste estudo, demonstramos que a avaliação da disfunção diastólica do VE utilizando parâmetros lineares da RMC (DM e VMID) apresentou alta correlação e acurácia diagnóstica com significância estatística, quando comparada ao <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global medido por FTI e à FEVE em pacientes com estenose e insuficiência aórtica e controles normais.</p>
			<p>Estes dados estão de acordo e reforçam os resultados do estudo de Ribeiro et al., no qual as medidas lineares do VE (VMID, DM, IVD e IVD/VMID) demonstraram diferença significativa entre pacientes com DVA e controle normais. No nosso estudo, validamos as medidas lineares derivadas da DLL comparadas com o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global medido por <italic>software</italic> específico para técnica de FTI e também com a fração de ejeção do VE. Saba et al., utilizando uma técnica semelhante ao deste estudo, obtiveram medidas lineares no grupo controle normal discretamente superiores às de nosso estudo (-0,165).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Isso provavelmente se deve ao uso de um marco anatômico menos lateral e, portanto, um valor diastólico menor dessa distância, resultando em variação percentual maior com a medida linear sistólica. O ponto mais lateral no estudo presente foi escolhido para permitir uma maior precisão e reprodutibilidade em sua definição visual pelo observador. A interface do seio coronário no sulco atrioventricular é muito melhor definida do que a junção dos folhetos da valva mitral no anel fibroso mitral em imagens de cine-RMC. Também usamos apenas uma medida de deslocamento da JAV, tendo um ponto de referência melhor definido na parede lateral da JAV em vez de duas, simplificando e tornando mais rápida e prática a realização das medidas.</p>
			<p>Enquanto Saba et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> validaram as medidas lineares com o <italic>strain</italic> sistólico máximo com o Doppler tecidual na avaliação da função diastólica, nosso estudo demonstrou a correlação com alta significância estatísticas do DM com o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global pela RMC com técnica de FTI. Esse dado reforça a relevância do DM pela RMC na avaliação da disfunção sistólica. Ademais, a área sob a curva COR do DM versus <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global demonstrou alta acurácia (0,88) para a avaliação da função sistólica. Além disso, a VMID também demonstrou alta acurácia quando correlacionada ao <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (0,91). Esse dado possibilita, pela primeira vez, a utilização de um método para análise da função diastólica pela RMC, e que, associado à sua praticidade para realização, tanto o DM quanto a VMID podem ser considerados um método promissor para o uso clínico rotineiro.</p>
			<p>Na DVA, ocorrem distúrbios na função diastólica que precedem às alterações evidentes da função sistólica do VE que têm implicações importantes para a morbidade e a mortalidade, antes e após a realização da troca valvar aórtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em diversos estudos, foi ponderado que a fração de ejeção não é afetada de forma precoce em grupos de pacientes com DVA. A presença de deterioração da fração de ejeção nesse cenário clínico foi considerada um sinal de DVA grave e avançada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Diversos estudos demonstraram <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global alterado e fração de ejeção preservada em pacientes que com DVA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A análise do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global após a troca valvar aórtica foi capaz de detectar a melhora da função diastólica do VE medida pelo fluxo transmitral na ecocardiografia. Estudos semelhantes também demonstraram que a análise de <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal após troca valvar indica uma melhora da função ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Além disso, o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global demonstrou menor dependência das condições de carga hemodinâmica em comparação à fração de ejeção; dessa forma, é possível detectar mudanças mais sutis no substrato miocárdico subjacente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Após a avaliação por técnica de <italic>strain</italic> em pacientes com estenose e insuficiência aórtica, foi observada uma sensibilidade maior no diagnóstico de disfunção diastólica em comparação com os métodos convencionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A análise do desempenho diagnóstico dos parâmetros do DLL (DM e VMID) detecta a disfunção diastólica em pacientes com DVA em comparação com controles normais com sensibilidade semelhante à do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global. Além disso, na rotina clínica da RMC, a função diastólica é raramente avaliada, por depender de aquisições de imagens com velocidade de fluxo mitral, veia pulmonar e miocárdicas, utilizando técnica de cine-RM com mapa de fluxo (<italic>phase contrast</italic>). As medidas simples e práticas do DM e da VMID – em especial desta última – representam uma opção promissora para o diagnóstico de disfunção diastólica pela em RMC, validadas neste estudo para pacientes com DVA.</p>
			<p>As medidas da inclinação da melhor linha de ajuste da velocidade da JAV na diástase (IVD) e a IVD/VMID também obtiveram diferença significativa entre os pacientes patológicos e controles normais, fornecendo dado adicional na avaliação da disfunção diastólica. No entanto, as diferenças foram menores, se comparadas as do DM e VMID, provavelmente indicando menor potencial na aplicação clínica.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitações</title>
				<p>Este foi um estudo retrospectivo com um número relativamente pequeno de pacientes. Também não realizamos uma correlação do DLL com o <italic>strain</italic> pela ecocardiografia, entretanto, esses parâmetros foram validados pelo <italic>myocardial tagging</italic> da RMC, técnica semelhante ao FTI, usada neste estudo como referência, o que atenua essa limitação. Finalmente, nosso novo método do DLL foi validado apenas em pacientes com valvopatia aórtica, no entanto estudos futuros serão necessários para uma validação mais ampla em outras patologias.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusão</title>
			<p>Neste estudo, validamos a técnica de deslocamento linear longitudinal <italic>versus</italic> o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global medido por <italic>feature tracking imaging</italic> em imagem de ressonância magnética cardiovascular. Os parâmetros do deslocamento linear longitudinal foram obtidos utilizando apenas duas medidas lineares, o que é possível ser realizado na maioria dos <italic>softwares</italic> de visualização de imagem. Dentre os parâmetros do deslocamento linear longitudinal que avaliam a função sistodiastólica, o deslocamento máximo demonstrou melhor acurácia para a avaliação da função sistólica (valores normais menores que -0,13), enquanto a velocidade média no início da diástole obteve a melhor acurácia para a avaliação da função diastólica pela ressonância magnética cardíaca (valores normais maiores que 0,66). A utilização destes parâmetros pode tornar a avaliação da contratilidade sistodiastólica mais fácil e prática para ser realizada na rotina clínica da ressonância magnética cardíaca.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimentos</title>
			<p>À Fundação Zerbini, pelo apoio institucional a este projeto de pesquisa; à senhora Lenira Cipriano, pelo apoio e dedicação no suporte para realização deste manuscrito.</p>
		</ack>
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				<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
				<p>Este artigo representa a redação científica como requisito para conclusão do projeto de estágio em Iniciação Científica do aluno Rafael Almeida Fonseca, do curso de Biomedicina da Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, realizado no Setor de Ressonância Magnética Cardiovascular do Instituto do Coração , InCor, da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
				<p>Este artigo é um subestudo do projeto aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC FMUSP), número 214.311. Pelo caráter retrospectivo, houve isenção do consentimento informado por escrito.</p>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
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					<subject>Original article</subject>
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			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Left Ventricular Longitudinal Linear Displacement Versus Global Longitudinal Strain on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Fonseca</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael Almeida</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ribeiro</surname>
						<given-names>Sergio Marrone</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Azevedo</surname>
						<given-names>Clerio Francisco de</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sampaio</surname>
						<given-names>Roney</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
						<given-names>Flávio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rochitte</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1001">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2001">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Botucatu School of Medicine, Paulista State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3001">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="US">USA</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Carlos Eduardo Rochitte • Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Andar AB, Cerqueira César. CEP: 05403-000 – São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: rochitte@incor.usp.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contribution</p>
					<p>Fonseca RA, Ribeiro SM, Azevedo CF, Sampaio R, Tarasoutchi F, Rochitte CE contributed substantially to the study conception and design, data collection and analysis, and manuscript writing.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Left ventricular (LV) systolic diastolic function is prognostic in cardiovascular diseases and can be assessed via global longitudinal strain (GLS) on echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). However, GLS by CMR requires the use of expensive software. Longitudinal linear displacement (LLD) may be a simple and inexpensive alternative to GLS, but the two have not been systematically compared.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To compare LLD with GLS and LV ejection fraction (LVEF) in aortic valve disease patients and controls.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> We included 44 participants (26 with aortic valve disease, 19 controls). GLS was determined using CVI42 software (Circle Cardiovascular Imaging), while the LLD linear measurements of the distance between the base/apex of the LV included maximum displacement (MD), maximum velocity in early diastole (MVED), atrioventricular junction velocity in diastasis (VDS), and VDS/MVED ratio.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> DM and MVED were correlated with GLS (r=0.69 and r=0.65, respectively) and LVEF (r=0.47 and r=0.57, p&lt;0.001 for both). DM and MVED showed areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.88 and 0.91, and at the best cut-off point (-0.13 and 0.66), sensitivities of 72.43% and 57.14% and specificities of 80.65% and 87.10%, respectively, compared to GLS. Using LVEF as a reference, we obtained AUC of 0.70 and 0.82, and at the best cut-off point (-0.11 and 0.61), sensitivities of 75.00% and 50.00% and specificities of 72.97% and 78.38%, respectively.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p> LLD demonstrated similar performance to that of GLS. MD derived from LLD was the best parameter during systole, while MVED was the best during diastole. Our findings demonstrate the routine, quick, and inexpensive assessment of diastolic function on CMR.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Magnetic Resonance</kwd>
				<kwd>Myocardial Contraction</kwd>
				<kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Aortic Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
				<kwd>Diastole</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Systolic and diastolic dysfunction are important markers of several cardiovascular diseases in clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Studies evaluating myocardial strain demonstrated high ability for the early detection of contractile dysfunction in several cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The myocardial strain technique is based on myocardial architecture analysis and evaluates three distinct layers: subendocardial, formed by longitudinal fibers oriented from the base to the apex; middle of the wall, with circumferential fibers; and subepicardial, with longitudinal fibers oriented from the apex to the base.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The strain is often measured by two modalities, speckle tracking by echocardiography (ECHO) and feature tracking imaging (FTI) by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> ECHO, which analyzes small groups of pixels in the myocardium created by the interaction of ultrasonic beams and the heart muscle with specific grayscale characteristics, is the most widely used modality in clinical practice. CMRI can assess GLS via two techniques. The first technique is myocardial tissue tagging, which identifies simple linear or grid patterns applied to the CMRI image during its acquisition and is considered the gold standard for assessing GLS against which ECHO was validated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, this technique requires the acquisition of specific tagging images, demanding additional time for CMRI study.</p>
				<p>The new FTI technique was recently developed for GLS assessments using conventional cine-MRI. This technique uses principles similar to speckle-tracking used in ECHO but that are applied to CMRI to track specific pixels characteristics throughout the cardiac cycle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Studies of patients developing diastolic dysfunction in pathologies such as aortic stenosis (AoS) and aortic insufficiency (AoI) demonstrated a left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) within the normal range and changed strain, indicating the presence of a diastolic dysfunction component in addition to the incipient contractile dysfunction not detected by LVEF. These data indicate that GLS, which incorporates systolic and diastolic function, is more sensitive than LVEF for assessing ventricular contraction mechanics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>GLS is not usually assessed by FTI CMRI in clinical routine, as it requires additional post-processing time and specialized and expensive software. This technique requires the acquisition of endocardial and epicardial contours for all cardiac phases on a cine-MRI scan. Our group evaluated a new technique that is simple to apply, requires no specialized software, and can be performed using simple and free image viewer software. This technique is based on LV longitudinal linear displacement (LLD), more specifically on the linear basal-apical shortening of the LV. In this previous study, longitudinal shortening detected systolic and diastolic function changes in patients with aortic valve disease (AVD) versus normal controls.</p>
				<p>Although LLD was already compared with diastolic dysfunction by ECHO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and in specific groups of patients with proven diastolic dysfunction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> it has not yet been compared with GLS by FTI CMRI. Thus, this study aimed to compare LLD and GLS measured by the FTI technique.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Methods</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Study population</title>
					<p>This study included 26 patients with severe AVD eligible for aortic valve replacement surgery with LVEF within the normal range who underwent CMRI as part of their clinical evaluation. It also included 19 healthy controls. Of the patients with AVD, 11 (42.3%) had aortic regurgitation and 15 (57.7%) had AoS. The exclusion criteria were age below 18 and above 85 years, diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, or significant concomitant coronary disease. All patients aged over 40 years underwent coronary angiography, and those with significant coronary artery disease (luminal stenosis &gt; 50%) were excluded. Patients with concomitant mitral valve disease, previous cardiac surgery, or contraindications to CMRI; who were using pacemakers, metal clips, or other ferromagnetic structures; or who had claustrophobia were also excluded.</p>
					<p>Baseline GLS and LLD were established in 19 healthy volunteers with no significant medical history. Patients underwent CMRI with a 1.5 Tesla clinical magnet (Signa CV/i; GE Medical Systems, Waukesha, WI, USA) and dedicated cardiac coil. After the heart was located, 8–12 contiguous short-axis slices covering the entire LV (8-mm slice thickness and 2-mm inter-slice interval) and long-axis slices (two- and four-chamber planes and LV outflow tract) were prescribed. Cine-MRI scans were acquired with a steady-state free precession pulse sequence with high temporal resolution (&lt;50 ms between phases) and with other conventional parameters: TR, 3.9 ms; TE, 1.8 ms; flip angle, 45°; receiver bandwidth, ±125 kHz; field of view, 34 × 34 cm; 256 × 160 matrix; and voxel size, 1.3 × 2.1 × 8.0 mm.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Image analysis using feature tracking imaging technique to obtain GLS</title>
					<p>Global longitudinal strain was analyzed using cine-MRI images in four-chamber long-axis view and along 20 cardiac phases. CVI42 software (Circle Cardiovascular Imaging, Calgary, Canada) and the Tissue Tracking tool were used to identify the diastolic phase, with manual definition of the endocardial and epicardial contours, which are automatically propagated by the software to the other cardiac phases. Subsequently, myocardial GLS was automatically calculated by the software using a Eulerian mathematical principle that represents a measure of ventricular strain <bold>(</bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref><bold>)</bold>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> GLS numerical data were stored in the software and exported to data sheets for further analysis.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01001">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Illustration of myocardial deformation by the Eulerian equation used to extract the global longitudinal strain values used in our study using CVI 42 software.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc304-gf01-en.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Image analysis using the longitudinal linear displacement (LLD) technique</title>
					<p>As in GLS analysis, LLD was performed on cine-MRI images in four-chamber long-axis view. The basal atrioventricular junction (AVJ) position was defined in end-diastole and its longitudinal displacement was measured in relation to a reference line drawn between the LV apex (epicardium contour, low-intensity line corresponding to the myocardial and epicardial fat interface) and the lower limit (low-intensity line) of the coronary sinus running along the atrioventricular groove immediately lateral to the AVJ. A simple straight line was traced through the cardiac cycle along all phases between the basal and apical landmarks using a DICOM Webpax visualization platform (Heart Imaging Technologies, LLC, Durham, NC, USA) <bold>(</bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref><bold>).</bold> Phase-by-phase LV longitudinal measurements were subsequently divided by the longitudinal length at end-diastole (maximum length) to provide percentage AVJ displacement values during the 20 phases.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02001">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Panel demonstrating longitudinal linear displacement (LLD) analysis in patients with valve disease and normal controls. (A) and (B) represent the cardiac cycle phase. (C) represents the LLD parameter curve.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc304-gf02-en.tif"/>
							<attrib>AoI: aortic insufficiency; AoS: aortic stenosis; LLD: longitudinal linear displacement.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<disp-formula id="e1001">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>AVJ</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>dis</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
									<mml:mo>%</mml:mo>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
							<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>J</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
							<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>%</mml:mo>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
							<mml:mfrac>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>p</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>h</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfrac>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
					<p>Longitudinal displacement (D) versus time was analyzed by subtracting the maximum percentage AVJ displacement (max AVJ des. %) by the minimum for each phase (min. phase) divided by the max AVJ des. % as shown in the equation below.</p>
					<disp-formula id="e2001">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
							<mml:mfrac>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>J</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mo>%</mml:mo>
									</mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>p</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>h</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>V</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>J</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
									<mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mo>%</mml:mo>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfrac>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
					<p>LLD parameters were extracted from the generated longitudinal displacement (D) versus time graph: maximum displacement (MD), maximum velocity in early diastole (MVED), best-fit line of normalized AVJ velocity in diastasis (VDS), and VDS/MVED ratio. MD was extracted through the minimum over the data range obtained from D as shown in the equation below.</p>
					<disp-formula id="e3001">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
							<mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
							<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
							<mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>p</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>h</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>b</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>y</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>p</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>h</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
					<p>The MVED of each participant was acquired through a regression slope on the displacement versus time graph adjusted for early diastole (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>). The same method was used for VDS considering the time of diastasis.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>Sample size was related to the number of patients with a confirmed diagnosis available for analysis (convenience sample), which corroborates the literature in the area.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Normality was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Simple linear regression analyses were performed for each of the LLD parameters (MVED, VDS, MD, and VDS/MVED) with GLS and LVEF. A GLS cutoff point of -13%, which corresponds to the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of the values measured in the control group, was used as the limit of normality. A normal LVEF was considered those greater than or equal to 55%. We evaluated the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the LLD parameters (MVED, VDS, MD, and VDS/MVED) using FTI GLS and LVEF with the normality thresholds defined above as the reference method. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the cut-point test were used to define the optimal sensitivity and specificity threshold. Stata software version 13 for Macintosh was used for the statistical analysis considering values of p &lt; 0.05 as statistically significant.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Population characteristics</title>
					<p>The group of healthy volunteers included 10 men and nine women with a mean age of 43.1 ± 11.8 years (range, 24–58 years). The patient group included 19 men and seven women with a mean age of 46.8 ± 13.7 years (range, 26–72 years). The participants’ clinical characteristics including cardiovascular history, risk factors, and CMRI data are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1001">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Patients’ clinical characteristics.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th>Característica</th>
										<th>OAI</th>
										<th>AoS</th>
										<th>Controls</th>
										<th>p/p*</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Demographics</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Total (N = 45)</td>
										<td align="center">11 (42.3)</td>
										<td align="center">15 (57.7)</td>
										<td align="center">19</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Men</td>
										<td align="center">10 (90.9)</td>
										<td align="center">9 (60.0)</td>
										<td align="center">10 (52.6)</td>
										<td align="center">0.079/0.101</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Age, years</td>
										<td align="center">46.0±15.7</td>
										<td align="center">48±11.3</td>
										<td align="center">38.1±10.5</td>
										<td align="center">0.610/0.039</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Weight, kg</td>
										<td align="center">76.6±10.6</td>
										<td align="center">71.2±11.9</td>
										<td align="center">67.9±15.3</td>
										<td align="center">0.336/0.356</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">27.9±3.5</td>
										<td align="center">26.3±3.8</td>
										<td align="center">23.5±3.6</td>
										<td align="center">0.382/0.021</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>BSA, m<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1.8±3.5</td>
										<td align="center">1.7±0.1</td>
										<td align="center">1.47±0.2</td>
										<td align="center">0.209/0.696</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Rheumatic</td>
										<td align="center">9 (81.8)</td>
										<td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Bicuspid</td>
										<td align="center">2 (18.2)</td>
										<td align="center">8 (53.3)</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Degeneration/calcification</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">4 (26.7)</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Heart rate, bpm</td>
										<td align="center">65.0±11.9</td>
										<td align="center">81.5±20.7</td>
										<td align="center">70.1±10.6</td>
										<td align="center">0.027/0.019</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>SBP</td>
										<td align="center">126.7±11.9</td>
										<td align="center">121.5±15.2</td>
										<td align="center">111.6±8.9</td>
										<td align="center">0.505/0.018</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>DBP</td>
										<td align="center">80±8.9</td>
										<td align="center">71.8±12.8</td>
										<td align="center">71.3±6.6</td>
										<td align="center">0.183/0.143</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Risk factors and cardiovascular history</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Angina</td>
										<td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
										<td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">0.465</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Hypertension</td>
										<td align="center">6 (54.6)</td>
										<td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">0.465</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Syncope</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">6 (40.0)</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">0.100</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Diabetes</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">1 (13.3)</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">0.342</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Hypercholesterolemia</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Smoker</td>
										<td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
										<td align="center">5 (33.3)</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">0.100</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Family history and CAD</td>
										<td align="center">4 (34.4)</td>
										<td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">0.190</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>NYHA classification &gt; I (II and III)</td>
										<td align="center">11 (100.0)</td>
										<td align="center">15 (100.0)</td>
										<td align="center">19 (100.0)</td>
										<td align="center">0.526</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1001">
									<p><italic>Absolute values and percentages in parentheses, n (%). AoI, aortic insufficiency; AoS, aortic stenosis; BMI, body mass index; BSA, body surface area; CAD, coronary artery disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; EDV, end-diastolic volume; ESV, end-systolic volume; GLS, global longitudinal strain; LV, left ventricle; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SBP, systolic blood pressure. *Comparison between three groups, including controls; remaining p values for comparison between aortic insufficiency and stenosis. The criteria for defining concentric hypertrophy are LV mass/EDV ratio &gt; 1.16 g/mL). Ref: Dweck MR et al. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging</title>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the results of GLS, morphology, volume, and global LV function measurements for all groups. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> shows sample GLS analyses in each group and endocardial and epicardial contours.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2001">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging data by study group.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th>Characteristic</th>
										<th>IAo</th>
										<th>EAo</th>
										<th>Controles</th>
										<th>p/p*</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>GLS</td>
										<td align="center">-10.7±2.3</td>
										<td align="center">-13.0±3.2</td>
										<td align="center">15.9±1.7</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>LVEDV, mL</td>
										<td align="center">29.6±68.5</td>
										<td align="center">179.99±42.1</td>
										<td align="center">129.5±24.7</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>LVESV, mL</td>
										<td align="center">148.9±60.4</td>
										<td align="center">82.0±28.7</td>
										<td align="center">45.5±9.4</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>LVEF, %</td>
										<td align="center">51.7±11.4</td>
										<td align="center">55.1±9.1</td>
										<td align="center">64.7±5.3</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>LV mass, g</td>
										<td align="center">264.2±42.4</td>
										<td align="center">272.8±45.5</td>
										<td align="center">118.1±40.5</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Eccentric hypertrophy</td>
										<td align="center">10 (90.9)</td>
										<td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Concentric hypertrophy</td>
										<td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
										<td align="center">14 (93.30</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>MD</td>
										<td align="center">-0.09</td>
										<td align="center">0.12</td>
										<td align="center">0.16</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>MVED</td>
										<td align="center">0.47</td>
										<td align="center">0.78</td>
										<td align="center">1.43</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>VDS</td>
										<td align="center">0.09</td>
										<td align="center">0.31</td>
										<td align="center">0.28</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>VDS/MVED</td>
										<td align="center">0.44</td>
										<td align="center">0.23</td>
										<td align="center">0.21</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2001">
									<p><italic>AoI, aortic insufficiency; AoS, aortic stenosis; GLS, global longitudinal strain; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; MD, maximum displacement; MVED, maximum velocity in early diastole, VDS, best-fit line of normalized atrioventricular junction velocity in diastasis. All indicates AoI, AoS, and controls.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03001">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Panel demonstrating global longitudinal strain analyses detailing endocardial and epicardial contours. Peak strain is shown. (A) and (B) represent the analyses of normal control volunteers with peak stain of 18.5% (C). (D) and (E) show the analyses of patients with aortic stenosis and a strain peak of 7.0% (G). (F) and (H) present the strain of patients with aortic insufficiency and a peak strain of 11.0% (I).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc304-gf03-en.tif"/>
							<attrib>AoI:aortic insufficiency; AoS: aortic stenosis.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The MVED, MD, VDS, and VDS/MVED correlation coefficients (r) and (p) are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>. MD and MVED showed strong and significant correlations compared with the GLS approach for both the total sample and for only patients with AVD. Compared with LVEF, the correlations were more evident and significant for all participants (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). The linear regression of MD versus GLS showed a positive correlation with an r = 0.69 and p &lt; 0.001 for the total sample and an r = 0.66 and p &lt; 0.001 for patients with AVD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref>). Comparison of MD and LVEF resulted in an r = 0.47 and p &lt; 0.001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3001">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Linear regression analysis of MD, MVED, VDS, and VDS/MVED.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th scope="col">All</th>
										<th colspan="2" scope="col">Strain (%)</th>
										<th colspan="2" scope="col">LVEF (%)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">MD, cm</td>
										<td>0.69</td>
										<td>&lt;0.001</td>
										<td>0.47</td>
										<td>&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>MVED, s<sup>-1</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.65</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
										<td align="center">0.57</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>VDS, s<sup>-1</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.01</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.920</td>
										<td align="center">0.09</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.559</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>VDS/MVED</td>
										<td align="center">0.31</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.035</td>
										<td align="center">0.43</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.003</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Aortic valve disease r,(p)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>MD, cm</td>
										<td align="center">0.66</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
										<td align="center">0.23</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.244</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>MVED, s<sup>-1</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.53</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.005*</td>
										<td align="center">0.39</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.049</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>VDS, s<sup>-1</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.43</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.027</td>
										<td align="center">0.25</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.215</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>VDS/MVED</td>
										<td align="center">0.04</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.837</td>
										<td align="center">0.18</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0.378</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3001">
									<p><italic>LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MD, maximum displacement; MVED, maximum velocity in early diastole, VDS, best-fit line of normalized atrioventricular junction velocity in diastasis. All indicates AoI, AoS, and controls.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04001">
							<label>Figure 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>(A) and (B) show the correlation between maximum atrioventricular junction displacement and global longitudinal strain. (A) shows the analysis of all patients. (B) shows the regression of patients with aortic valve disease.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc304-gf04-en.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The linear regression of MVED versus GLS showed a negative correlation of an r = -0.65 and p &lt; 0.001 for the total sample and an r = -0.53 and p &lt; 0.005 for patients with AVD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref>). MVED is positively correlated with LVEF and showed an r = 0.57 and p &lt; 0.001 for all participants.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f05001">
							<label>Figure 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>(A) and (B) show the correlation between maximum atrioventricular junction displacement and left ventricular ejection fraction. (A) shows the analysis of all patients. (B) shows the regression of patients with aortic valve disease.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc304-gf05-en.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The evaluation of VDS and VDS/MVED with GLS and LVEF showed weak correlations or discrete associations, some of which were not statistically significant for the total sample or patients with AVD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> shows the diagnostic performance analysis data for MVED, MD, VDS, and VDS/MVED measures to predict GLS and LVEF. MD and MVED again demonstrated better diagnostic performance than LVEF and GLS. The MD versus GLS longitudinal axis presented an area under the ROC curve of 0.88. When the best cutoff point (-0.13) was defined, MD demonstrated 72.43% sensitivity and 86.65% specificity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref>). The analysis with LVEF showed an area of 0.70, sensitivity of 75.00%, and specificity of 72.97% (at the best cutoff point under the ROC curve, -0.11) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref>). MVED versus GLS showed an area of 0.91, sensitivity of 57.14%, and specificity of 87.10% (cutoff point of 0.53). The analysis of MVED and LVEF resulted in an area of 0.82, sensitivity of 50.00%, and specificity of 78.38% (at the best cutoff point of 0.61) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7</xref>). VDS and VDS/MVED demonstrated inferior diagnostic performance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4001">
							<label>Table 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Diagnostic performance of MD, MVED, VDS, and VDS/MVED on the receiver operating characteristic curve.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
										<th>AUC</th>
										<th>Sensitivity</th>
										<th>Specificity</th>
										<th>PPV</th>
										<th>NPV</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Strain, %</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>MD, cm</td>
										<td align="center">0.88</td>
										<td align="center">72.43</td>
										<td align="center">80.65</td>
										<td align="center">62.50</td>
										<td align="center">86.21</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>MVED, s<sup>-1</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.91</td>
										<td align="center">57.14</td>
										<td align="center">87.10</td>
										<td align="center">66.67</td>
										<td align="center">81.82</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>VDS, s<sup>-1</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.56</td>
										<td align="center">57.14</td>
										<td align="center">64.52</td>
										<td align="center">42.11</td>
										<td align="center">76.92</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>VDS/MVED</td>
										<td align="center">0.68</td>
										<td align="center">78.57</td>
										<td align="center">58.06</td>
										<td align="center">45.83</td>
										<td align="center">85.71</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>LVEF (%)</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>MD, cm</td>
										<td align="center">0.70</td>
										<td align="center">75.00</td>
										<td align="center">72.97</td>
										<td align="center">37.50</td>
										<td align="center">93.10</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>MVED, s<sup>-1</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.82</td>
										<td align="center">50.00</td>
										<td align="center">78.38</td>
										<td align="center">33.33</td>
										<td align="center">87.88</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>VDS, s<sup>-1</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.67</td>
										<td align="center">62.50</td>
										<td align="center">62.16</td>
										<td align="center">26.32</td>
										<td align="center">88.46</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>VDS/MVED</td>
										<td align="center">0.82</td>
										<td align="center">100.00</td>
										<td align="center">56.76</td>
										<td align="center">33.33</td>
										<td align="center">100.00</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4001">
									<p><italic>AUC, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MD, maximum displacement; MVED, maximum velocity in early diastole; NPV, negative predictive value; PPV, positive predictive value; VDS, best-fit line of normalized atrioventricular junction velocity in diastasis.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f06001">
							<label>Figure 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>(A) Receiver operating characteristic curve between global longitudinal strain and maximum velocity in early diastole indicating the best cutoff point. (B) Atrioventricular junction velocity in diastasis and left ventricular ejection fraction performance.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc304-gf06-en.tif"/>
							<attrib>MD: maximum displacement; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f07001">
							<label>Figure 7</label>
							<caption>
								<title>(A) Receiver operating characteristic curve of global longitudinal strain and maximum atrioventricular junction displacement indicating the best cutoff point. (B) Maximum atrioventricular junction displacement and left ventricular ejection fraction performance.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc304-gf07-en.tif"/>
							<attrib>VMED: maximum velocity in early diastole LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>This study demonstrated that the assessment of LV diastolic dysfunction using linear CMRI parameters (MD and MVED) has statistically high correlation and diagnostic accuracy to that of GLS measured by FTI and LVEF in patients with AoS and AoI as well as in normal controls.</p>
				<p>These data corroborate and reinforce the results of the study by Ribeiro et al., in which LV linear measurements (MVED, MD, VDS, and VDS/MVED) differed significantly between patients with AVD and normal controls. In our study, we validated linear measurements derived from LLD versus GLS measured by specific FTI software and LVEF. Saba et al. used a similar technique and obtained slightly higher linear measurements in the normal control group than in that of our study (-0.165).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This is probably due to the use of a less lateral anatomical landmark and, therefore, a lower diastolic value of this distance that results in a greater percentage variation with the systolic linear measurement. The most lateral point chosen in the present study increased the precision and reproducibility of its visual definition by the observer. On cine-MRI, coronary sinus interface in the atrioventricular groove is better defined than the junction of the mitral valve leaflets in the mitral fibrous annulus. We used only one AVJ displacement measurement, with a better defined reference point on the AVJ lateral wall instead of two, thus simplifying and making the measurements faster and more practical.</p>
				<p>Saba et al. validated linear measurements with peak systolic strain using tissue Doppler to assess diastolic function; however, our study demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between MD and GLS by FTI CMRI. These data reinforce the relevance of MD on CMRI in the assessment of systolic dysfunction. Furthermore, the area under the ROC curve of MD versus GLS showed high accuracy (0.88) for assessing systolic function. MVED demonstrated high accuracy when correlated with GLS (0.91). For the first time, this information allows the use of a method to analyze diastolic function by CMRI that, associated with its practical performance of both MD and MVED, can be considered a promising method for routine clinical use.</p>
				<p>AVD presents with diastolic function disorders that precede evident LV systolic function changes that have important implications for morbidity and mortality before and after aortic valve replacement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Several studies reported that LVEF is not affected early in groups of patients with AVD. A deteriorated ejection fraction in the clinical setting was considered a sign of severe and advanced AVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Several studies reported changed GLS and preserved LVEF in patients with AVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>GLS analysis after aortic valve replacement detected improved LV diastolic function measured by transmitral flow on ECHO. Similar studies also showed that GLS analysis after valve replacement indicated improved ventricular function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> GLS also showed less dependence on hemodynamic load conditions than LVEF, thus detecting more subtle changes in the underlying myocardial substrate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Greater sensitivity for diagnosing diastolic dysfunction was observed after GLS evaluations in patients with AoS and AoI compared with conventional methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Analysis of the diagnostic performance of LLD parameters (MD and MVED) detects diastolic dysfunction in patients with AVD versus normal controls with a sensitivity similar to that of GLS. Diastolic function is rarely evaluated on CMRI because it depends on mitral, pulmonary vein, and myocardial flow velocity acquisition by cine-MRI with flow map (phase-contrast). Simple and practical MD and VDS measurements, especially the latter, represent a promising option for the diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction by CMRI that was validated in this study for patients with AVD.</p>
				<p>VDS measurements and the VDS/MVED ratio also showed significant differences between pathological patients and normal controls, providing additional data in the assessment of diastolic dysfunction. However, the differences were smaller compared to those of MD and MVED, probably indicating less potential for their clinical application.</p>
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					<title>Limitations</title>
					<p>This was a retrospective study with a relatively small number of patients. We also did not correlate LLD and GLS by ECHO; however, these parameters were validated by the CMRI myocardial tagging, a technique similar to the FTI used in this study as a reference, which mitigates this limitation. Finally, our new LLD method was validated only in patients with AVD; thus, future studies are needed to validate its use in patients with other diseases.</p>
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				<title>Conclusion</title>
				<p>This study validated the LLD technique against GLS measured by FTI using CMRI. LLD parameters were obtained using only two linear measurements, which is possible with most image visualization software. Of the LLD parameters that assess systolic-diastolic function, MD showed better accuracy for assessing systolic function (normal values, less than -0.13), while MVED showed better accuracy for assessing diastolic function by CMRI (normal values, greater than 0.66). These parameters can improve the assessment of systolic-diastolic contractility in the clinical CMRI routine.</p>
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				<title>Acknowledgments</title>
				<p>The authors thank the Zerbini Foundation for providing institutional support of this research project and Mrs. Lenira Cipriano for her support of the manuscript writing process.</p>
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					<p>Academic affiliation</p>
					<p>This article represents scientific writing as a requirement to finish the internship project in scientific initiation of Rafael Almeida Fonseca, biomedicine student at Anhembi Morumbi University, held at the Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Sector of the Heart Institute (<italic>Instituto do Coração</italic> - InCor) of the School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP).</p>
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					<p>Ethical approval and consent information</p>
					<p>This article is a sub-study of the project approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital das Clínicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (<italic>Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo</italic> - HC FMUSP; no. 214,311). Due to the study’s retrospective nature, the requirement for written informed consent was waived.</p>
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