<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="case-report" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Imagem cardiovascular</journal-title>
        
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
        
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223502eabc286</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Primary Cardiac Lymphoma: Role of Imaging Multimodality in Diagnosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>Julia Werneck Paulino Soares de</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"> <sup>1</sup> </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alvares</surname><given-names>Luiza Telles de Andrade</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"> <sup>1</sup> </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gonçalves</surname><given-names>Maria Paula Righeti</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"> <sup>1</sup> </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paiva</surname><given-names>Ana Beatriz Aisemann Goulart</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"> <sup>2</sup> </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Ricardo Lopes</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"> <sup>3</sup> </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paiva</surname><given-names>Marcelo Goulart</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"> <sup>3</sup> </xref></contrib></contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution content-type="orgname">Estácio de Sá University</institution><institution content-type="orgdiv1">Presidente Vargas Campus</institution><addr-line><named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content><named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content></addr-line><country country="BR">Brazil</country><institution content-type="original">
        
        Estácio de Sá University
        –
        Presidente Vargas Campus
        ,
        Rio de Janeiro
        ,
        RJ
        ,
        Brazil
        ;</institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution content-type="orgname">School of Medical Sciences of Santos</institution><addr-line><named-content content-type="city">Santos</named-content><named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content></addr-line><country country="BR">Brazil</country><institution content-type="original">
        
        School of Medical Sciences of Santos
        ,
        Santos
        ,
        SP
        ,
        Brazil
        ;</institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><institution content-type="orgname">DASA Hospital 9 de Julho</institution><addr-line><named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content><named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content></addr-line><country country="BR">Brazil</country><institution content-type="original">
        
        DASA Hospital 9 de Julho
        ,
        São Paulo
        ,
        SP
        ,
        Brazil
        .</institution></aff>
      <author-notes> <corresp id="c01"> <bold>Mailing Address: Marcelo Goulart Paiva •</bold> Rua Periquito, 210/92B. CEP: 04514-050 – São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: <email>mgpaiva123@gmail.com</email> </corresp> <fn fn-type="con"> <p>Authors’ contribution</p> <p>Manuscript design, data collection, writing, and critical review: Souza JWPS, Alvares LTA, Gonçalves MPR, Paiva ABAG, Ferreira RL, Paiva MG</p></fn> <fn fn-type="conflict"> <p>Conflict of interest</p> <p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p> </fn> </author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>eabc286</elocation-id>
      <history><date date-type="received"><day>8</day><month>2</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>16</day><month>2</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>3</month><year>2022</year></date></history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
      <abstract><title>Abstract</title><p>Intracardiac masses are a diagnostic challenge since their symptoms can be common to cardiovascular pathologies. Some methods, whether invasive or not, enable differential diagnosis, histological confirmation, and adequate treatment. To better understand the importance of imaging multimodality and the approach to managing cardiac tumors, we investigated a case of a primary cardiac lymphoma in which the multidisciplinary approach allowed rapid diagnosis and treatment, including of intercurrences, with a promising initial response despite fatal progression due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.</p></abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd><kwd>Echocardiography</kwd><kwd>Lymphoma</kwd></kwd-group>
      <counts><fig-count count="4"/><table-count count="0"/><equation-count count="0"/><ref-count count="10"/></counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Intracardiac masses are a diagnostic challenge as their symptoms can be common to cardiovascular pathologies. Diagnostic methods, whether invasive or not, enable differential diagnosis, histological confirmation, and adequate treatment. To better understand the importance of imaging multimodality and the approach to managing cardiac tumors (CTs), here we report the clinical case of a patient with a mass in the right atrium (RA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case report</title>
      <p>An 82-year-old woman with nonspecific symptoms was admitted for investigation on March 10, 2020. She denied any oncological history. The patient was emaciated, pale, eupneic, and hemodynamically stable. Laboratory tests showed mildly increased lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. It also demonstrated negative HIV and negative tumor marker serology. An electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed sinus rhythm with ventricular extrasystole. Computed tomography of the chest showed a dilated suprahepatic vena cava/right atrium (RA). The assessment was limited by the absence of contrast, with an axial diameter of 5.9 cm and no lymphadenopathy identified. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed RA enlargement and the presence of a mass measuring 3.7 × 1.5 cm in the proximal region of the superior vena cava (SVC). Heterogeneous perfusion and delayed enhancement were noted in addition to tissue characterization suggestive of a neoplastic origin (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figure 1A</xref>). Fluorodeoxyglucose ( <sup>18</sup> FDG) positron emission tomography CT (PET/CT) showed increased uptake in the para-caval and lateral RA region (maximum standardized uptake value, 18.8) (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figure 1B</xref>). Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) showed a sessile echo-dense image with no cleavage plane on the RA wall close to the SVC outflow measuring 4.1 × 1.7 cm with subsequent endocardial biopsy (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figures 1C–E</xref>). A pathological examination identified high-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and positive immunohistochemistry for BCL-2, Bcl-6, CD10, CD20 (Pan B), LCA (CD45), and Ki 67 (MIBI-1, positive in 95% of neoplastic cells) ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ). The proposed treatment was cytoreduction with dexamethasone 20 mg for 4 days, followed by six cycles of R-mini-CHOP (rituximab 375 mg/m <sup>2</sup> , doxorubicin 25 mg/m <sup>2</sup> , vincristine 1 mg, cyclophosphamide 400 mg/m <sup>2</sup> , and prednisone 60 mg from D1 to D5) with a 21-day interval and the first cycle divided into two stages. The patient presented with complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) on D4 for which a definitive pacemaker was indicated. She was discharged from the hospital after completing the first treatment cycle. Control TEE performed after two cycles of chemotherapy showed mass reduction (1.4 × 0.7 cm) with increased echo density (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figure 1F</xref>). She was readmitted on June 16, 2020 with respiratory failure due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed no evidence of the mass in the RA, and she died on June 27, 2020.</p><p><fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>– A- Cardiac MRI 4 Chambers. B- PET/CT with 18FDG. C e D - TEE 2D bicaval. E- TEE 3D bicaval. F- TEE 2D bicaval.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc286-gf01.tif"/>
      </fig></p><p><fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>– Upper images Hematoxylin and eosin stain: Large lymphocytes with prominent cytoplasm and nucleoli. Lower images High-grade non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma, immunohistochemistry CD20 (+) which may indicate suitability for treatment with rituximab.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc286-gf02.tif"/>
        <attrib>* mass; # biotome; RA right atrium, SVC superior vena cava.</attrib>
      </fig></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>CTs are infrequent, while primary CTs (PCTs) are even rarer, with an incidence of 0.05% on autopsies, while metastatic tumors are 20–40 times more frequent. About 90% of PCTs are benign (myxomas, lipomas, fibroelastomas, etc.), while the other 10% are malignant, of which 95% are sarcomas and 5% are lymphomas and mesotheliomas. Primary cardiac lymphoma (PCL) represents 1.3% of PCTs, while a CT secondary to disseminated lymphoma occurs in 9–24% of cases.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
          -
          <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
        </sup>
        PCL is more frequent in women, especially in those after the fifth decade of life and those with immunocompromised status (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or post-transplant immunosuppression).
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
        </sup>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical presentations are nonspecific, including chest pain, arrhythmia, congestion, pericardial effusion, SVC syndrome, and sudden death.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
        </sup>
        Laboratory findings include leukocytosis, neutrophilia, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP, LDH, ß2-microglobulin, and carcinoembryonic antigen. No single ECG finding is considered diagnostic, with ventricular or supraventricular arrhythmias and atrioventricular block being the most common. Chest radiography may show an increased cardiac area (mainly in the RA), pleural effusion, and pulmonary congestion.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
        </sup>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiography allows the rapid noninvasive assessment of the PCL and is usually the initial approach. TTE has a sensitivity of 55–60%, while TEE reaches 97–100%. The PCL presents as a homogeneous infiltrative mass with a broad base located in the right cavities, predominantly in the RA, and can invade nearby structures. It usually presents with pericardial effusion. The use of ultrasound contrast allows a differential diagnosis with non-vascularized masses (thrombi), as the presence of perfusion suggests malignant tumors (hypervascularity).
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
        </sup>
        CT assesses the extent of the mass and its relationship with cardiac and extracardiac structures, such as a low- or normal-density epicardial or myocardial infiltrative mass.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
          ,
          <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
          ,
          <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
        </sup>
        On cardiac MRI, the lesions are poorly defined with delayed enhancement (unlike sarcomas that present with necrosis). Tissue characterization, a vascularization study, and the definition of myocardial and pericardial infiltration show the possibility of a cardiac tumor. PCL presents iso- or high-intensity signals on T2 and iso- or low-intensity signals on T1 images. Pericardial inversion-recovery images may show a high-intensity signal in the pericardial fluid suggestive of malignancy. Being located in the RA, having a diameter greater than 5 cm, the presence of a hemorrhagic pericardial effusion, and late enhancement are also suggestive of malignancy. Comparatively, MRI has higher sensitivity than CT (90–92% vs. 71–73%, respectively).
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
        </sup>
        Hypermetabolism on
        <sup>18</sup>
        FDG PET/CT is suggestive of a malignant tumor.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
          ,
          <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
        </sup>
      </p>
      <p>A definitive diagnosis comes from the histological study of the mass or a cytological analysis of the pericardial fluid (positive in 2/3 of cases); a biopsy of the mass can be collected and analyzed by interventional (endovascular) or surgical cardiology.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
          ,
          <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
        </sup>
        Diffuse B-cell lymphoma is the most common histological type (80% of cases), followed by follicular, Burkitt, and T-cell lymphoma.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
          ,
          <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
        </sup>
        Surgical biopsy is chosen in cases of hemodynamic instability (cardiac tamponade, superior or inferior vena cava syndrome, and blood flow obstruction) and left-chamber tumors (to minimize embolic risk). In other situations, the endovascular biopsy can be guided by intracardiac or transesophageal echocardiography as in the case presented here.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
          ,
          <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
        </sup>
      </p>
      <p>Complete surgical resection is usually very difficult, being restricted to cases with great hemodynamic repercussions.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
        </sup>
        The R-CHOP regimen, the most commonly used clinical treatment protocol, significantly impacts survival. Increased complications such as arrhythmias, atrioventricular block, myocardial wall rupture, and death soon after the start of chemotherapy have been described. Of the proposed approaches to minimizing such risks, pre-treatment with corticosteroids and vincristine, a 50% reduction in the initial dose of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin, and, more commonly, fractionation of the first cycle into two steps with a 15-day interval similar to we what we did here, is required.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
          ,
          <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
        </sup>
        The response is favorable in 79% of cases, with complete remission achieved in 59%.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
          ,
          <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
        </sup>
        Treatment responses can be assessed as reduced tumor burden on echocardiography or MRI and by reduced metabolic activity on PET/CT.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
          ,
          <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
          ,
          <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
        </sup>
      </p>
      <p>PCL behaves aggressively, resulting in death in a few months when not properly treated. On the other hand, compared to other malignant tumors, it responds favorably to treatment with improved long-term survival.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
        </sup>
        Immunodeficiency, extracardiac involvement, left ventricular involvement, and presence of arrhythmia are markers of a worse prognosis.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
        </sup>
        Disease-free survival increased from 12 to 24 months after rituximab was included in the chemotherapy treatment.
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
          ,
          <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
        </sup>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Here we reported a case of PCL in which the multidisciplinary approach allowed rapid diagnosis and treatment, including intercurrence, with a promising initial response despite fatal progression due to SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>
      
      
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation>. Habertheuer A, Ehrlich M, Wiedemann D, Mora B, Rath C, Kocher A. A rare case of primary cardiac B cell lymphoma. Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 2014 [cited 2022 Apr 8];9(1). Available from: https://cardiothoracicsurgery.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1749-8090-9-14 </mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Habertheuer</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Ehrlich</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Wiedemann</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Mora</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Rath</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Kocher</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A rare case of primary cardiac B cell lymphoma</article-title><source>Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery</source><year>2014</year><date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2022 Apr 8</date-in-citation><volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://cardiothoracicsurgery.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1749-8090-9-14">https://cardiothoracicsurgery.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1749-8090-9-14</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref>
      <ref id="B2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation>. Tyebally S, Chen D, Bhattacharyya S, Mughrabi A, Hussain Z, Manisty C,  et al. Cardiac Tumors: JACC CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review. JACC CardioOncol. 2020;2(2):293-311. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccao.2020.05.009 .</mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tyebally</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhattacharyya</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Mughrabi</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Hussain</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Manisty</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Cardiac Tumors: JACC CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review</article-title><source>JACC CardioOncol</source><year>2020</year><volume>2</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>293</fpage><lpage>311</lpage><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccao.2020.05.009">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccao.2020.05.009</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref>
      <ref id="B3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation>. Miguel CE, Bestetti RB. Primary cardiac lymphoma. Int J Cardiol. 2011 Jun 16;149(3):358-63. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.02.016 .</mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Miguel</surname><given-names>CE</given-names></name><name><surname>Bestetti</surname><given-names>RB</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Primary cardiac lymphoma</article-title><source>Int J Cardiol</source><year>2011</year><month>06</month><day>16</day><volume>149</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>358</fpage><lpage>363</lpage><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.02.016">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.02.016</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref>
      <ref id="B4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation>. Singh B, Ip R, Ibrahim Al-Rajjal A, Kafri Z, Al-Katib A, Hadid T. Primary Cardiac Lymphoma: Lessons Learned from a Long Survivor. Case Rep Cardiol. 2016;2016:7164829. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7164829 .</mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Ip</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Ibrahim Al-Rajjal</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Kafri</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Al-Katib</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Hadid</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Primary Cardiac Lymphoma: Lessons Learned from a Long Survivor</article-title><source>Case Rep Cardiol</source><year>2016</year><volume>2016</volume><size units="pages">7164829</size><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7164829">https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7164829</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref>
      <ref id="B5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation>. Wang S, Li M, Zhang L, Xie M. Multimodal imaging evaluation of a primary cardiac lymphoma in an immunocompetent patient. Echocardiography. 2018;35(12):2121-2123. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/echo.14150 .</mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Xie</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Multimodal imaging evaluation of a primary cardiac lymphoma in an immunocompetent patient</article-title><source>Echocardiography</source><year>2018</year><volume>35</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>2121</fpage><lpage>2123</lpage><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/echo.14150">https://doi.org/10.1111/echo.14150</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref>
      <ref id="B6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation>. Mankad R, Herrmann J. Cardiac tumors: echo assessment. Echo Res Pract. 2016;3(4):R65-R77. doi: https://doi.org/10.1530/ERP-16-0035 </mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mankad</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Herrmann</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cardiac tumors: echo assessment</article-title><source>Echo Res Pract</source><year>2016</year><volume>3</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>R65</fpage><lpage>R77</lpage><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1530/ERP-16-0035">https://doi.org/10.1530/ERP-16-0035</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref>
      <ref id="B7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation>. Nijjar PS, Masri SC, Tamene A, Kassahun H, Liao K, Valeti U. Benefits and limitations of multimodality imaging in the diagnosis of a primary cardiac lymphoma. Tex Heart Inst J. 2014;41(6):657-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.14503/THIJ-13-3595 </mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nijjar</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name><name><surname>Masri</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></name><name><surname>Tamene</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Kassahun</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Liao</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Valeti</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Benefits and limitations of multimodality imaging in the diagnosis of a primary cardiac lymphoma</article-title><source>Tex Heart Inst J</source><year>2014</year><volume>41</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>657</fpage><lpage>659</lpage><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14503/THIJ-13-3595">https://doi.org/10.14503/THIJ-13-3595</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref>
      <ref id="B8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation>. Schneider CM, Buiatti A, Schwamborn K, Dirschinger RJ. Diagnosis of a rare cardiac human herpesvirus-8 positive B-cell lymphoma manifestation: a case report of a transoesophageal echocardiography-guided trans-septal catheter biopsy. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2018;2(2):yty037.</mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schneider</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name><name><surname>Buiatti</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Schwamborn</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Dirschinger</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Diagnosis of a rare cardiac human herpesvirus-8 positive B-cell lymphoma manifestation: a case report of a transoesophageal echocardiography-guided trans-septal catheter biopsy</article-title><source>Eur Heart J Case Rep</source><year>2018</year><volume>2</volume><issue>2</issue><size units="pages">yty037</size></element-citation></ref>
      <ref id="B9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation>. Grantomo J, Pratita J, Rachmat J, Saraswati M. A rare case of primary cardiac lymphoma and the role of early surgical debulking: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2018;2(4):yty116. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcr/yty116 </mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Grantomo</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Pratita</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Rachmat</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Saraswati</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A rare case of primary cardiac lymphoma and the role of early surgical debulking: a case report</article-title><source>Eur Heart J Case Rep</source><year>2018</year><volume>2</volume><issue>4</issue><size units="pages">yty116</size><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcr/yty116">https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcr/yty116</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref>
      <ref id="B10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation>. Shah K, Shemisa K. A “low and slow” approach to successful medical treatment of primary cardiac lymphoma. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2014;4(3):270-3. doi: https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2014.04.01 </mixed-citation><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shah</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Shemisa</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A “low and slow” approach to successful medical treatment of primary cardiac lymphoma</article-title><source>Cardiovasc Diagn Ther</source><year>2014</year><volume>4</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>270</fpage><lpage>273</lpage><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2014.04.01">https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2014.04.01</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Linfoma Cardíaco Primário: o Papel da Multimodalidade de Imagem na Abordagem Diagnóstica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>Julia Werneck Paulino Soares de</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"> <sup>1</sup> </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alvares</surname><given-names>Luiza Telles de Andrade</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"> <sup>1</sup> </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gonçalves</surname><given-names>Maria Paula Righeti</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"> <sup>1</sup> </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paiva</surname><given-names>Ana Beatriz Aisemann Goulart</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"> <sup>2</sup> </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Ricardo Lopes</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"> <sup>3</sup> </xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paiva</surname><given-names>Marcelo Goulart</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"> <sup>3</sup> </xref></contrib></contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1002"><label>
          1
        </label><institution content-type="original">
        
        Universidade Estácio de Sá – Campus Presidente Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ;
        
      </institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff2002"><label>
          2
        </label><institution content-type="original">
        
        Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Santos, Santos, SP;
        
      </institution></aff>
      <aff id="aff3002"><label> 3 </label><country country="BR">Brasil</country><institution content-type="original">  DASA Hospital 9 de Julho, São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil .</institution></aff>
      <author-notes> <corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Marcelo Goulart Paiva • Rua Periquito, 210/92B. CEP: 04514-050 – São Paulo, SP, Brasil. E-mail: mgpaiva123@gmail.com</corresp> <fn fn-type="con"> <p>Contribuição dos autores</p> <p>Concepção, obtenção de dados, redação e revisão crítica do manuscrito: Souza JWPS, Alvares LTA, Gonçalves MPR, Paiva ABAG, Ferreira RL, Paiva MG</p></fn> <fn fn-type="conflict"><p>Conflito de interesses</p> <p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p> </fn> </author-notes>
      <abstract><title>Resumo</title><p>Massas intracardíacas constituem um desafio diagnóstico, já que os sintomas são comuns a patologias cardiovasculares ou não. Métodos – invasivos ou não – possibilitam o diagnóstico diferencial e a confirmação histológica, propiciando tratamento adequado. Para melhor compreender a importância da multimodalidade em imagem e a abordagem nos tumores cardíacos , relatamos o caso de um lifoma cardíaco primário, em que a abordagem multidisciplinar permitiu o rápido diagnóstico e seu tratamento, inclusive das intercorrências, com resposta inicial promissora, a despeito da evolução fatal durante a pandemia por SARS-CoV-2.</p></abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt"><kwd>Doenças cardiovasculares</kwd><kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd><kwd>Linfoma</kwd></kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdução</title>
        <p>Massas intracardíacas constituem um desafio diagnóstico, já que os sintomas são comuns a patologias cardiovasculares ou não. Métodos, invasivos ou não, possibilitam o diagnóstico diferencial e a confirmação histológica, propiciando tratamento adequado. Para melhor compreender a importância da multimodalidade em imagem e a abordagem nos tumores cardíacos (TC), relatamos o caso clínico de uma paciente com massa no átrio direito (AD).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Relato de caso</title>
        <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 82 anos, foi admitida para investigação no dia 10 de março de 2020 com sintomas inespecíficos. Negava antecedentes oncológicos. Emagrecida, descorada, eupneica e hemodinamicamente estável, nos exames laboratoriais observaram-se elevação discreta de desidrogenase lática (DHL), proteína C-reativa (PCR), sorologia para HIV e marcadores tumorais negativos. Eletrocardiograma (ECG) em ritmo sinusal com extrassistolia ventricular. Tomografia de tórax com dilatação da veia cava supra-hepática/AD, avaliação limitada pela ausência de contraste, com diâmetro axial de 5,9cm, não sendo identificadas linfonodomegalias. Ressonância magnética (RM) com dilatação do AD e presença de massa medindo 3,7x1,5cm na região proximal da veia cava superior (VCS). Perfusão e realce tardio de aspecto heterogêneo, além de caracterização tecidual, sugeriam ser de origem neoplásica (<xref rid="f01002" ref-type="fig">Figura 1A</xref>). A tomografia por emissão de pósitrons/tomografia computadorizada (PET/CT) com fluorodesoxiglicose ( <sup>18</sup> FDG) evidenciou hipercaptação na região paracaval e lateral do AD (SUVmax 18,8) (<xref rid="f01002" ref-type="fig">Figura 1B</xref>). Ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) demonstrou imagem ecodensa, séssil, sem plano de clivagem na parede do AD, próxima à desembocadura da VCS, medindo 4,1x1,7cm sendo realizada biópsia endocárdica (<xref rid="f01002" ref-type="fig">Figura 1C a 1E</xref>). A patologia identificou linfoma não Hodgkin de células B de alto grau, imuno-histoquímica positiva para Bcl-2, Bcl-6, CD 10, CD 20 (Pan B), LCA (CD 45), Ki 67 (MIB-1, positivo em 95% das células neoplásicas) ( <xref rid="f02002" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ). Foi proposta citorredução com dexametasona 20mg por 4 dias, seguida por seis ciclos de R-mini-CHOP (rituximabe 375mg/m <sup>2</sup> , doxorubicina 25mg/m <sup>2</sup> , vincristina 1mg, ciclofosfamide 400mg/m <sup>2</sup> e prednisona 60mg, do Dia 1 ao Dia 5), com intervalo de 21 dias, sendo o primeiro ciclo fracionado em duas etapas. Apresentou bloqueio atrioventricular no quarto dia, e foi indicado marca-passo definitivo. Recebeu alta hospitalar após término do primeiro ciclo. O ecocardiograma transesofágico para controle após o segundo ciclo de quimioterapia evidenciou redução da massa para 1,4x0,7cm com aspecto mais ecodenso (Figura 1F). A paciente foi readmitida em 16 de junho de 2020 com quadro de insuficiência respiratória devido à infecção por coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2) e ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) sem evidência de massa no AD, vindo a óbito em 27 de junho de 2020.</p><p><fig id="f01002">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>– A- RNM cardíaca 4 câmaras. B- PET/CT com 18FDG. C e D - ETE 2D bicaval. E- ETE 3D bicaval.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc286-gf01-pt.tif"/>
        </fig></p><p><fig id="f02002">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>– Imagens superiores Coloração com hematoxilina e eosina: Linfócitos grandes com citoplasma e nucléolos proeminentes. Imagens inferiores Linfoma não Hodgkin de células B de alto grau, imuno-histoquímica CD20 (+) que pode indicar adequação para tratamento com rituximabe.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc286-gf02-pt.tif"/>
          <attrib>* massa; # biótomo; AD átrio direito, VCS veia cava superior.</attrib>
        </fig></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussão</title>
        <p>Os tumores cardíacos são infrequentes, sendo os tumores cardíacos primários (TCP) ainda mais raros (0,05% das autópsias), enquanto os tumores metastáticos são 20 a 40 vezes mais frequentes. Cerca de 90% dos TCPs são benignos (mixomas, lipomas, fibroelastomas etc.), e 10% são malignos, dos quais 95% são sarcomas e 5% são linfomas e mesoteliomas. O linfoma cardíaco primário (LCP) representa 1,3% do TCP, enquanto o tumor cardíaco secundário ao linfoma disseminado pode ocorrer em 9% a 24% dos casos.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
            -
            <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
          </sup>
          O LCP é mais frequente em mulheres, principalmente após a quinta década de vida, e em pacientes imunocomprometidos (síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida ou imunossupressão pós-transplante).
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
          </sup>
        </p>
        <p>As manifestações clínicas são inespecíficas, como dor torácica, arritmia, congestão, derrame pericárdico, síndrome da VCS e morte súbita.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
          </sup>
          Os achados laboratoriais são leucocitose, neutrofilia, elevação da velocidade de hemossedimentação, PCR, LDH, beta-2 microglobulina e antígeno carcinoembrionário. Nenhum achado eletrocardiográfico é considerado diagnóstico, sendo as arritmias ventriculares ou supraventriculares e o bloqueio atrioventricular os mais comuns. Na radiografia de tórax, podemos ter aumento da área cardíaca, principalmente no AD, derrame pleural e congestão pulmonar.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
          </sup>
        </p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia permite uma avaliação rápida e não invasiva do LCP e geralmente é a abordagem inicial. Ecocardiograma transtorácico tem sensibilidade de 55% a 60%, enquanto no ETE atinge 97% a 100%. O LCP apresenta-se como massa infiltrativa homogênea, com base ampla, localizada nas cavidades direitas, predominantemente na AD, podendo invadir estruturas próximas. Geralmente, apresenta-se com derrame pericárdico. O uso de contraste ultrassonográfico permite o diagnóstico diferencial com massas não vascularizadas (trombos), pois a presença de perfusão sugere tumores malignos (hipervascularizados).
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
          </sup>
          A tomografia computadorizada avalia a extensão da massa e sua relação com as estruturas cardíacas e extracardíacas, como uma massa infiltrativa epicárdica ou miocárdica, hipo ou normodensa.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
          </sup>
          Na RM cardíaca, as lesões são mal definidas, com realce tardio – ao contrário dos sarcomas, que apresentam necrose. A caracterização tecidual, o estudo da vascularização e a definição de infiltração miocárdica e pericárdica permitem sugerir a possibilidade ou não de tumor cardíaco. O LCP apresenta sinal iso ou de alta intensidade nas imagens em T2 e iso ou de baixa intensidade em T1. As imagens de inversão-recuperação do pericárdio podem apresentar sinal de alta intensidade no líquido pericárdico sugestivo de malignidade. Localização no AD, diâmetro maior que 5cm, derrame pericárdico hemorrágico e realce tardio sugerem malignidade. Comparativamente, a RM tem sensibilidade maior que a tomografia computadorizada (90% a 92%
          <italic>versus</italic>
          71% a 73%).
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
          </sup>
          Na avaliação do metabolismo por PET/CT, o hipermetabolismo de 18FDG sugere tumor maligno.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
          </sup>
        </p>
        <p>O diagnóstico definitivo vem do estudo histológico da massa ou da análise citológica do líquido pericárdico (positivo em dois terços dos casos), e a biópsia da massa pode ser realizada por cardiologia intervencionista (endovascular) ou cirurgia.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
          </sup>
          O linfoma difuso de células B é o tipo histológico mais comum (80% dos casos), seguido do folicular, de Burkitt e de células T.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
          </sup>
          A biópsia cirúrgica é escolhida em caso de instabilidade hemodinâmica (tamponamento cardíaco, síndrome da VCS ou veia cava inferior e obstrução do fluxo sanguíneo) e tumores em cavidades esquerdas (para minimizar o risco embólico). Nas demais situações, a biópsia endovascular pode ser guiada por ecocardiograma intracardíaco ou transesofágico, como no caso apresentado.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
          </sup>
        </p>
        <p>A ressecção cirúrgica completa costuma ser muito difícil, ficando restrita a casos com grande repercussão hemodinâmica.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
          </sup>
          O tratamento clínico com o esquema R-CHOP é o protocolo mais utilizado, com impacto significativo na sobrevida. Há descrição de aumento de complicações, como arritmias, bloqueio atrioventricular, ruptura da parede miocárdica e mortalidade logo após o início da quimioterapia. Entre as propostas para minimizar tais riscos, pré-tratamento com corticoide e vincristina, redução de 50% na dose inicial de ciclofosfamida e adriamicina e, mais comumente, fracionamento do primeiro ciclo em duas etapas, com intervalo de 15 dias, semelhante ao aqui feito, deve ser realizado.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
          </sup>
          A resposta é favorável em 79% dos casos, com remissão completa em 59%.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
          </sup>
          A avaliação da resposta ao tratamento pode ser acompanhada pela redução da carga tumoral na ecocardiografia ou ressonância magnética e na atividade metabólica no PET/CT.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
          </sup>
        </p>
        <p>O LCP apresenta comportamento agressivo, levando à morte em poucos meses quando não tratado adequadamente. Por outro lado, em relação a outros tumores malignos, apresenta boa resposta ao tratamento, com melhora da sobrevida em longo prazo.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
          </sup>
          Imunodeficiência, envolvimento extracardíaco, envolvimento do VE e presença de arritmia são marcadores de pior prognóstico.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
          </sup>
          Após inclusão do rituximabe ao tratamento quimioterápico, a sobrevida livre de doença aumentou de 12 para 24 meses.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
            ,
            <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
          </sup>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusão</title>
        <p>Apresentamos aqui o caso de LCP em que a abordagem multidisciplinar e a multimodalidade de imagem permitiram rápido diagnóstico e tratamento, inclusive das intercorrências, com resposta inicial promissora a despeito da evolução fatal durante a pandemia por SARS-CoV-2.</p>
        
        
      </sec>
    </body>
    
  </sub-article>
</article>
