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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223502eabc281</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Left Atrial Function Analysis in Patients with Functional Mitral Regurgitation Associated with Dilated Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Andrade</surname>
						<given-names>Stephanie Macedo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Barretto</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo Bellio de Mattos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sousa</surname>
						<given-names>Francisco Thiago Tomaz de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Le Bihan</surname>
						<given-names>David Costa de Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">InCor Heart Institute</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical School</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">University of São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">InCor Heart Institute, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Stephanie Macedo Andrade • Rua José Antônio Coelho, 750, Vila Mariana. CEP: 04011-062 – São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: <email>stephaniemandrade@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contribution</p>
					<p>Research conception and design: Le Bihan DCS; Data collection: Andrade SM, Barretto RBM, Sousa FTT; Data analysis and interpretation: Andrade SM, Barretto RBM, Le Bihan DCS; Statistical analysis: Le Bihan DCS, Andrade SM; Manuscript writing: Andrade SM; Critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Le Bihan DCS.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc281</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>3</day>
					<month>1</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>3</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DC), heart failure (HF) and worsening left atrial function (LAF). Patients with DC and FMR may present left atrial dysfunction resulting from both ventricular dysfunction and valve disease, but it is unknown whether the presence of valve disease will lead to greater LAF impairment.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between LAF parameters and FMR degree in patients with DC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> This cross-sectional observational study included 214 patients with DC, 46 without FMR (control group) and 168 with mild, moderate or severe FMR. An LAF analysis was performed by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) and atrial volumetric variation.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> LAF analyzed by STE by means of reservoir strain, conduit strain and active contraction strain was reduced in the sample, with values of 14.3%, 8.49% and 5.92%, respectively. FMR degree was significantly associated with reservoir strain (0.27 ± 0.16 versus 0.15 ± 0.09; p &lt; 0.001) and contraction strain (19.2 ± 7.3 versus 11.2 ± 2.7; p &lt; 0.001). FMR was also associated with a reduced LAF assessed by volumetric analysis: total atrial emptying fraction of 0.51 ± 0.13 versus 0.34 ± 0.11 and active atrial emptying fraction of 0 .27 ± 0.16 versus 0.15 ± 0.09 (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p> In a population with DC, FMR was associated with reduced LAF assessed by STE and atrial volume variation.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Atrial Function, Left</kwd>
				<kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="12"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="42"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by blood regurgitation into the left atrium (LA) during ventricular systole. Functional MR (FMR) results from valve geometry changes induced by left ventricular (LV) dilation that separates the papillary muscles, or from annulus dilation due to atrial enlargement that creates a central area of poor valve leaflet coaptation and, subsequently, reflux into the LA. The most common causes of FMR are myocardial ischemia and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>It is difficult to estimate the epidemiology of FMR due to differences in definitions in the literature, but some studies suggest that about 40% of patients with DCM will develop FMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Data on the Brazilian population show that the main etiologies of DCM are ischemic, hypertensive, and dilated idiopathic heart failure (HF), which affect 30.1%, 20.3% and 14.6% of patients, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The LA is a functional cavity that works as a volume reservoir and contractile myocardium and plays a crucial role in cardiac performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> LA function (LAF) is classically divided into three phases (reservoir, conduit, and active contraction), which can be obtained through two-dimensional echocardiography by speckle tracking (STE) or atrial volume variation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Good LA functioning is even more important in patients with HF since atrial output can correspond to up to 30% of cardiac output, something relevant in patients with LV dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Patients with DCM and FMR may have atrial dysfunction resulting from ventricular dysfunction and valvular heart disease, but whether the presence of valvular heart disease leads to greater LAF impairment it is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between LAF worsening assessed by STE and phasic volumetric variation and the degree of FMR in patients with DCM.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Method</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Population</title>
				<p>This cross-sectional observational study enrolled patients who underwent HF treatment in a specialized tertiary hospital in 2007–2011. The inclusion criteria were sinus rhythm; left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 40%; and mild, moderate, or severe MR with functional characteristics on two-dimensional echocardiography. The exclusion criteria were history of acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina less than 90 days before the examination; acute myocarditis; history of organic (primary) valve disease or previous valve surgery; or echocardiographic image of inadequate quality. All participants signed an informed consent form, and the institution’s research ethics committee approved the study. Of the 280 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 25 were excluded due to inadequate image quality or echocardiographic monitoring, leaving 255 participants for the analysis. Of them, data were available for FMR assessment for only 214: 46 had no FMR (control group), 124 had mild FMR, 29 had moderate FMR, and 15 had severe FMR.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiography</title>
				<p>Echocardiographic images were acquired using Vivid 7 and Vivid E9 devices (GE Healthcare), and images were analyzed by advanced techniques (STE) on an appropriate workstation using EchoPAC PC<sup>®</sup> software version 6.0.1 (GE Healthcare).</p>
				<p>Echocardiography was performed with electrocardiographic monitoring following American Society of Echocardiography guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> FMR degree was assessed following the same guidelines, favoring quantitative measures such as effective regurgitant orifice (ERO; cm<sup>2</sup>) and regurgitant volume (RV; mL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Images were obtained in different phases of the cardiac cycle for LA volume measurements as recommended by Abhayaratna et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Three volumes were obtained in apical four- and two-chamber windows: maximum volume (at the end of ventricular systole), pre-P-wave volume (immediately before the P-wave on electrocardiography), and minimum volume (at the end of ventricular diastole). The reservoir function is represented by the total atrial emptying fraction (TAEF) and active contraction function by the active atrial emptying fraction (AAEF). TAEF is calculated as (maximum volume - minimum volume)/maximum volume. AAEF is calculated as (pre-P volume - minimum volume)/pre-P volume.</p>
				<p>LA strain was analyzed by STE using the software originally developed for LV assessment. This evaluation was performed in apical four- and two-chamber views with six different segments analyzed in each. Each segment generated a regional atrial strain curve. The mean between these curves in both acquisitions was used to measure the reservoir function, which corresponds to the greatest positive longitudinal strain measured after the T wave by electrocardiography and the contraction function, which corresponds to the ascending P-wave strain. The conduit function corresponds to the difference between these values (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Atrial strain phases by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in apical four-chamber view synchronized by QRS. The dotted curve in the center represents the mean between the regional strain curves with their reservoir and contraction strain peaks. The difference between them represents the conduit strain.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc281-gf01.tif"/>
						<attrib>Source: Study patient image.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>Quantitative variables were subjected to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for a normality assessment. Normally distributed variables are presented as mean and standard deviation. Non-normally distributed variables are described as median and interquartile range (Q1–Q3). Categorical variables are presented as percentages.</p>
				<p>The Pearson’s and Spearman’s methods were used to assess the correlation between the variables representing LA function, the quantitative variables for FMR grading, and LVEF.</p>
				<p>Analysis of variance was used to assess the association between atrial emptying volumes and fractions and reservoir, conduit, and contraction atrial strain values by FMR (mild, moderate, and severe).</p>
				<p>Values of p &lt; 0.05 were defined as significant in all analyses performed using SPSS software for Windows (version 20.0; IBM) and tabulated using Microsoft Excel 2003 software.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical characteristics</title>
				<p>Most patients were men (62%), with a mean age of 59 ± 13 years and New York Heart Association functional classes II and III. The most frequent comorbidities were arterial hypertension (62.7%), coronary artery disease (32.9%), and previous infarction (38.4%).</p>
				<p>Most patients were on optimized treatment for HF, with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors being used by 65.7%, angiotensin 2 receptor blockers by 25.7%, beta-blockers by 89.8%, and spironolactone by 72%.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> demonstrates the clinical characteristics of the study population.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Clinical characteristics of the population.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2">Variable</th>
									<th>Value</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th>(N = 255)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Sex</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Male</td>
									<td align="center">158 (62)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Female</td>
									<td align="center">97 (38)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Age, years</td>
									<td align="center">59 ± 13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>NYHA functional class</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>I</td>
									<td align="center">24 (9.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>II</td>
									<td align="center">112 (43.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>III</td>
									<td align="center">82 (32.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IV</td>
									<td align="center">37 (14.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Heart rate, bpm</td>
									<td align="center">68.9 ± 12.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>DM</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">189 (74.1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">66 (25.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>SAH</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">95 (37.3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">160 (62.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>CAD</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">150 (58.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">105 (41.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Previous AMI</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">157 (61.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">98 (38.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Chagas</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">225 (88.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">30 (11.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Myocarditis</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">241 (94.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">14 (5.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Previous rheumatic disease</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">254 (99.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">1 (0.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Alcoholism</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">235 (92.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">20 (7.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Other comorbidities</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">200 (78.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">55 (21.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Drugs</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Digoxin</td>
									<td align="center">68 (26.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Loop diuretic</td>
									<td align="center">200 (78.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Thiazide diuretic</td>
									<td align="center">22 (8.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Spironolactone</td>
									<td align="center">183 (72)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors</td>
									<td align="center">167 (65.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers</td>
									<td align="center">65 (25.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Beta-blocker</td>
									<td align="center">228 (89.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Calcium channel blocker</td>
									<td align="center">15 (5.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Nitrate</td>
									<td align="center">39 (15.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hydralazine</td>
									<td align="center">10 (3.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>ASA</td>
									<td align="center">148 (58.3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Statin</td>
									<td align="center">128 (50.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Other drug</td>
									<td align="center">122 (48.6)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p><italic>AMI, acute myocardial infarction; ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; BMI, body mass index; BPM, beats per minute; CAD, coronary artery disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SAH, systemic arterial hypertension; SD, standard deviation. Values are shown as n (%) or mean ± standard deviation.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiographic characteristics</title>
				<p>Most patients in the study had significant LV dysfunction, with a mean LVEF of 29.7 ± 6.4%. The main echocardiographic variables are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Echocardiographic characteristics of the population.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Variable</th>
									<th>Value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>LA diameter, cm</td>
									<td align="center">(n = 214)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">4.65 ± 0.67</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Median (min, max)</td>
									<td align="center">4.6 (2.8; 6.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VE end-diastolic volume, mL</td>
									<td align="center">(n = 214)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">196.9 ± 73.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LV end systolic volume, mL</td>
									<td align="center">(n = 214)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">140.5 ± 59.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LVEF (Simpson’s method), %</td>
									<td align="center">(n = 214)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">29.7 ± 6.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Median (min, max)</td>
									<td align="center">0.3 (0.15; 0.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LV global longitudinal strain, %</td>
									<td align="center">(n = 203)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">-8.14 ± 2.56</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diastolic dysfunction</td>
									<td align="center">(n = 213)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>I</td>
									<td align="center">59 (27.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>II</td>
									<td align="center">43 (20.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>III/IV</td>
									<td align="center">97 (45.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Inconclusive</td>
									<td align="center">14 (6.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mitral regurgitant volume, mL</td>
									<td align="center">(n = 214)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">22.7 ± 17.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mitral regurgitation ERO, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">(n = 214)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">0.15 ± 0.12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mitral regurgitation</td>
									<td align="center">(n = 214)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Absent</td>
									<td align="center">46 (21.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mild</td>
									<td align="center">124 (57.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Moderate</td>
									<td align="center">29 (13.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Severe</td>
									<td align="center">(7)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p><italic>ERO, effective regurgitant orifice; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; SD, standard deviation.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>LA function</title>
				<p>All atrial function components – reservoir, conduit and active contraction – measured by STE were significantly reduced in the sample by 14.3%, 8.49%, and 5.92%, respectively. LA volumes increased, with a mean of 45.3 ± 17.2 mL/m<sup>2</sup> at maximum volume. The atrial function variables are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Atrial function variables and synchrony.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Variable</th>
									<th>Description</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Maximum LA volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">(n = 214)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">45.3 ± 17.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Minimum LA volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">(n = 214)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">27.6 ± 15.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pre-P LA volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">(n = 214)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">36.7 ± 15.8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Total atrial emptying fraction, %</td>
									<td align="center">(n = 214)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">42 ± 15</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Active atrial emptying fraction, %</td>
									<td align="center">(n = 214)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">22 ± 14</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LA reservoir strain, %</td>
									<td align="center">(n = 182)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">14.3 ± 6.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LA contraction strain, %</td>
									<td align="center">(n = 181)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">8.49 ± 5.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LA conduit strain, %</td>
									<td align="center">(n = 181)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">5.92 ± 3.32</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p><italic>LA, left atrium; SD, standard deviation.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The analysis of ischemic versus non-ischemic etiology showed no difference except for the maximum LA volume, which was greater in non-ischemic patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Atrial function and synchrony variables according to myocardial disease etiology.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2">Variable</th>
									<th colspan="2">Etiology</th>
									<th rowspan="2">P</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th>Non-ischemic</th>
									<th>Ischemic</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Maximum LA volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.029</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">47.4 ± 18</td>
									<td align="center">42.1 ± 15.6</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Minimum LA volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.238</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">28.6 ± 16.1</td>
									<td align="center">26.2 ± 13.9</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pre-P LA volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.083</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">38.2 ± 16.3</td>
									<td align="center">34.4 ± 14.7</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Total atrial emptying fraction, %</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.193</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">0.43 ± 0.15</td>
									<td align="center">0.4 ± 0.14</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Active atrial emptying fraction, %</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.358</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">0.23 ± 0.15</td>
									<td align="center">0.21 ± 0.12</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LA reservoir strain, %</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.259</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">14.8 ± 7.1</td>
									<td align="center">13.7 ± 5.8</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LA contraction strain, %</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.407</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">8.8 ± 5.5</td>
									<td align="center">8.2 ± 4.4</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LA conduit strain, %</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.207</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">6.2 ± 3.5</td>
									<td align="center">5.6 ± 3.1</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p><italic>Student’s t-test. LA, left atrium; SD, standard deviation.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Mitral regurgitation</title>
				<p>FMR degree was significantly correlated with LAF assessed by a volume analysis using the total and active emptying fractions. The STE analysis showed that FMR degree was associated with reservoir and contraction strain. FMR degree was directly associated with increased LA volume and inversely related to LVEF. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> shows the analysis of these data.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Echocardiographic parameters by degree of mitral regurgitation.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2">Variable</th>
									<th colspan="4">Mitral regurgitation</th>
									<th rowspan="2">r</th>
									<th rowspan="2">p</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th>Absent</th>
									<th>Discrete</th>
									<th>Moderate</th>
									<th>Severe</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Maximum LA volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.495</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">33.7 ± 11.6</td>
									<td align="center">44.5 ± 14</td>
									<td align="center">54.7 ± 19.9</td>
									<td align="center">68.8 ± 18.6</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Minimum LA volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.515</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">17.2 ± 8.9</td>
									<td align="center">27 ± 13.1</td>
									<td align="center">37.7 ± 17.6</td>
									<td align="center">45.7 ± 15.5</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pre-P LA volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.512</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">25.6 ± 9.5</td>
									<td align="center">36.4 ± 13.4</td>
									<td align="center">46 ± 18.9</td>
									<td align="center">55.4 ± 15.4</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Total atrial emptying fraction, %</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">-0.396</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">0.51 ± 0.13</td>
									<td align="center">0.41 ± 0.15</td>
									<td align="center">0.33 ± 0.11</td>
									<td align="center">0.34 ± 0.11</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Active atrial emptying fraction, %</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">-0.271</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">0.27 ± 0.16</td>
									<td align="center">0.23 ± 0.13</td>
									<td align="center">0.16 ± 0.09</td>
									<td align="center">0.15 ± 0.09</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LA reservoir strain, %</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">-0.324</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">19.2 ± 7.3</td>
									<td align="center">13.5 ± 6.3</td>
									<td align="center">12.2 ± 5.1</td>
									<td align="center">11.2 ± 2.7</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LA contraction strain, %</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">-0.408</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">12.25 ± 5.19</td>
									<td align="center">8.11 ± 4.58</td>
									<td align="center">6 ± 3.87</td>
									<td align="center">5.65 ± 2.42</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LA conduit strain, %</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">-0.007</td>
									<td align="center">0.932</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">6.98 ± 4.23</td>
									<td align="center">5.58 ± 3.42</td>
									<td align="center">6.21 ± 2.74</td>
									<td align="center">5.51 ± 1.96</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LVEF (Simpson’s method), %</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">-0.299</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mean ± SD</td>
									<td align="center">32.4 ± 5.4</td>
									<td align="center">29.3 ± 5.7</td>
									<td align="center">26.6 ± 4.9</td>
									<td align="center">28.1 ± 5.7</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p><italic>Spearman correlation. LA, left atrium; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; SD, standard deviation.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>As for FMR quantitative variables, ERO and RV were directly correlated with atrial volume and inversely corelated with atrial function. LVEF showed the same correlation pattern but with a less strong association (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Atrial function variables, left ventricular ejection fraction, and quantitative parameters of mitral regurgitation.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2">Variable</th>
									<th colspan="2">MR ERO</th>
									<th colspan="2">MR RV</th>
									<th colspan="2">LVEF (Simpson’s)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th>Correlation</th>
									<th>p</th>
									<th>Correlation</th>
									<th>p</th>
									<th>Correlation</th>
									<th>p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Maximum LA volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.516</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">0.521</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">-0.254</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Minimum LA volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.502</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">0.506</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">-0.265</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pre-P LA volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.480</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">0.497</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">-0.285</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Total atrial emptying fraction, %</td>
									<td align="center">-0.373</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">-0.381</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">0.234</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Active atrial emptying fraction, %</td>
									<td align="center">-0.311</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">-0.289</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">0.088</td>
									<td align="center">0.202</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LA reservoir strain, %</td>
									<td align="center">-0.390</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">-0.334</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">0.344</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LA contraction strain, %</td>
									<td align="center">-0.451</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">-0.379</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
									<td align="center">0.275</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LA conduit strain, %</td>
									<td align="center">-0.109</td>
									<td align="center">0.189</td>
									<td align="center">-0.112</td>
									<td align="center">0.176</td>
									<td align="center">0.274</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p><italic>Pearson’s correlation. ERO, effective regurgitant orifice; LA, left atrium; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MR, mitral regurgitation, RV, regurgitant volume.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Two findings were especially relevant in this study: variables related to LAF reservoir and contraction were reduced in this sample of patients with DCM; and FMR degree was significantly associated with most echocardiographic parameters related to volume and LAF.</p>
			<p>Ischemic MR severity was associated with all variables related to left atrial volume, atrial emptying fractions, and reservoir and active contraction strain, possibly due to MR pathophysiology in which the blood returns to the LA, increasing its pressure and dimensions and, consequently, reducing its function. The literature reports the same finding, mostly related to organic MR as no studies on FMR are currently available. A study of 144 patients with FMR subdivided into groups 1 (absent or mild MR) and 2 (moderate or severe MR) reported a correlation between degree of regurgitation and left atrial volume, but parameters related to atrial function were not analyzed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
			<p>As for prognosis, FMR is classically one factor associated with lower survival, worse functional class, and greater morbidity in DCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> However, it is unclear whether atrial dysfunction associated with this condition represents an additional adverse prognostic factor.</p>
			<p>LA volume has been extensively studied and is currently a more reliable LA dimension measurement than anteroposterior diameter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In fact, it has prognostic value in several cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A European multicenter study of 371 healthy participants reported indexed LA volume, TAEF, and AAEF values of 26.3 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, 68.5%, and 43.1%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> In our study, the atrial volumes were increased and the phasic function variables were decreased. Indexed LA volume, TAEF, and AAEF values were 45.3 ± 17 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, 42 ± 15%, and 22 ± 14%, respectively.</p>
			<p>These values tend to be lower in populations with DCM and LV systolic dysfunction. Triposkiadis <italic>et al</italic>. reported a correlation between AAEF reduction in idiopathic DCM and between a ischemic and control group (18 ± 10% vs. 32 ± 10% vs. 36 ± 10%, respectively; p = 0.05).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> D’Andrea <italic>et al.</italic> reproduced this finding with an AAEF of 22.5 ± 10% for idiopathic DCM and 33.1 ± 9.3% for ischemic DCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> In our study, atrial function was reduced in the entire group and no differences were observed between the ischemic and non-ischemic etiologies.</p>
			<p>STE LAF values in patients with HF with reduced EF tend to be reduced as evaluated by Cameli <italic>et al.</italic>, who found values of 13 ± 11.3% for reservoir strain and of 5.26 ± 5.54% for contraction strain in a group of patients with an LVEF &lt; 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Another study with a population with DCM and LVEF &lt; 40% reported reservoir and contraction strain values of 12.3 ± 3.6% and 6.2 ± 1.6% in patients with increased LV filling pressures, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> In our sample, reservoir, contraction, and conduit functions assessed by two-dimensional strain were also decreased at 14.3%, 8.49%, and 5.92%, respectively. No studies correlating these variables with the presence of FMR have been published.</p>
			<p>The fact that we observed an association between LAF variables expressing reservoir and contraction functions and not between FMR and the conduit function may be because the latter is physiologically related to LV compliance and relaxation, which were likely to be homogeneously reduced in this DCM population regardless of FMR degree.</p>
			<p>Further studies are needed to understand the prognostic impact of atrial dysfunction in the population with DCM and FMR, especially in terms of the genesis of atrial fibrillation, which has high morbidity and mortality rates among DCM patients.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>Patients with myocardial ischemia and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) present global left atrium function (LAF) impairment.</p>
			<p>FMR is associated with increased atrial volumes and reduced phasic reservoir function and atrial contraction parameters.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Análise da Função Atrial Esquerda em Pacientes com Insuficiência Mitral Funcional Associada à Miocardiopatia Dilatada</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Andrade</surname>
						<given-names>Stephanie Macedo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Barretto</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo Bellio de Mattos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sousa</surname>
						<given-names>Francisco Thiago Tomaz de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Le Bihan</surname>
						<given-names>David Costa de Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Stephanie Macedo Andrade • Rua José Antônio Coelho, 750, Vila Mariana. CEP: 04011-062 – São Paulo, SP, Brasil. E-mail: stephaniemandrade@hotmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Le Bihan DCS; obtenção de dados: Andrade SM, Barretto RBM, Sousa FTT; análise e interpretação dos dados: Andrade SM, Barretto RBM, Le Bihan DCS; análise estatística: Le Bihan DCS, Andrade SM; Redação do manuscrito: Andrade SM; revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Le Bihan DCS.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento</title>
					<p> A insuficiência mitral funcional (IMF) está associada à miocardiopatia dilatada (MD), à insuficiência cardíaca (IC) e à piora da função atrial esquerda (FAE). A FAE pode decair tanto pela disfunção ventricular quanto pela valvopatia, mas não se sabe se esta leva a um prejuízo maior da FAE.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Avaliar a relação entre a piora de parâmetros de FAE com o grau de IMF, em pacientes com MD.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Trata-se de estudo observacional transversal, que incluiu 214 pacientes com MD, sendo 46 sem IMF (controle) e 168 com IMF discreta, moderada ou grave. A análise da FAE foi realizada por ecocardiografia por <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (STE) e por variação volumétrica atrial.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> A FAE, analisada por STE– por meio do <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório, conduto e contração ativa – encontrou-se reduzida na amostra, com valores respectivos de 14,3%, 8,49% e 5,92%. O grau de IMF associou-se significativamente com os valores do <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório (0,27±0,16 <italic>versus</italic> 0,15±0,09; p &lt;0,001) e de contração (19,2±7,3 <italic>versus</italic> 11,2±2,7; p &lt;0,001). A IMF também apresentou correlação com a redução da FAE avaliada por análise volumétrica, observada pela medida da fração de esvaziamento atrial total (FEAT): 0,51±0,13 <italic>versus</italic> 0,34±0,11 e da fração de esvaziamento atrial ativa (FEAA): 0,27±0,16 <italic>versus</italic> 0,15±0,09 com p &lt;0,001.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> Em uma população com MD, a presença de IMF associa-se à redução da FAE de reservatório e de contração, avaliada por STE e pela variação volumétrica atrial.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Função do átrio esquerdo</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência da valva mitral</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia dilatada</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência mitral (IM) é caracterizada pela regurgitação sanguínea para o átrio esquerdo (AE) durante a sístole ventricular. A IM funcional (IMF) decorre de alterações da geometria valvar devido à dilatação do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), gerando um afastamento dos músculos papilares, ou por dilatação do anel por aumento atrial, criando uma área central de má coaptação das cúspides valvares e, subsequentemente, refluxo para o AE. As causas mais comuns de IMF são a isquemia miocárdica e a miocardiopatia dilatada (MCD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A epidemiologia da IMF é difícil de ser estimada, devido a divergências em sua definição na literatura, porém alguns trabalhos sugerem que cerca de 40% dos pacientes portadores de MCD irão evoluir com IMF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Em dados da população brasileira, as principais etiologias de MCD são a insuficiência cardíaca (IC) isquêmica, hipertensiva e dilatada idiopática, acometendo 30,1%, 20,3% e 14,6% dos pacientes, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O AE é uma cavidade funcional, exercendo papel como reservatório volumétrico e miocárdio contrátil, além de ter um papel crucial na performance cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A função atrial esquerda (FAE) é classicamente dividida em três fases (reservatório, conduto e contração ativa), que podem ser obtidas por meio da ecocardiografia bidimensional, seja por meio da metodologia de <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (STE), seja pela variação volumétrica atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O bom funcionamento do AE é ainda mais importante no paciente com IC, já que o débito atrial pode corresponder a até 30% do débito cardíaco, algo relevante no paciente com disfunção ventricular esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Pacientes com MD e com IMF podem apresentar disfunção atrial, decorrente tanto da disfunção ventricular quanto da valvopatia, mas não se sabe se a presença da valvopatia levará a prejuízo maior da FAE.</p>
				<p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a correlação entre a piora da FAE avaliada por STE e por variação fásica volumétrica, com o grau de IMF em pacientes com MCD.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>População</title>
					<p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal, que foi realizado com pacientes em tratamento para IC em um hospital terciário especializado, entre os anos de 2007 e 2011. Os critérios de inclusão foram: presença de ritmo sinusal; fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt;40% e presença de IM discreta, moderada ou grave, com características funcionais à ecocardiografia bidimensional. Os critérios de exclusão consistiram em história de infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) ou angina instável há menos de 90 dias antes do exame; miocardite aguda; história de valvopatia orgânica (primária) ou cirurgia valvar prévia e imagem ecocardiográfica de qualidade inadequada. Todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, e a aprovação foi obtida pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da instituição. Dos 280 pacientes que preencheram os critérios de inclusão, 25 foram excluídos por causa da qualidade inadequada de imagem ou monitoramento eletrocardiográfico, restando 255 para análise. Desse grupo, apenas 214 pacientes possuíam dados que permitissem a avaliação da IMF, 46 pacientes com IMF ausente (grupo controle), 124 com IMF leve, 29 com IMF moderada e 15 com IMF importante.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ecocardiografia</title>
					<p>Para aquisição das imagens ecocardiográficas, foram utilizados aparelhos de ecocardiografia da linha Vivid 7 e Vivid E9 (<italic>GE Healthcare</italic>) e a análise da imagem por técnicas avançadas (STE) foi realizada numa estação de trabalho apropriada (<italic>software EchoPAC PC version 6.0.1</italic>®; GE <italic>Healthcare</italic>).</p>
					<p>A ecocardiografia foi realizada sob monitorização eletrocardiográfica, seguindo as orientações da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O grau de IMF foi avaliado seguindo as diretrizes da mesma sociedade, privilegiando-se as medidas quantitativas, ou seja, o cálculo do orifício efetivo de refluxo (OER; cm<sup>2</sup>) e do volume regurgitante (VR; mL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Para as medidas volumétricas do AE, foram obtidas imagens em diferentes fases do ciclo cardíaco, conforme Abhayaratna et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Nas janelas apicais de quatro e duas câmaras, foram obtidos três volumes: o volume máximo (no final da sístole ventricular), o volume pré-onda P (imediatamente antes da onda P no eletrocardiograma) e o volume mínimo (ao final da diástole ventricular). A função de reservatório é representada pela fração de esvaziamento atrial total (FEAT) e a função de contração ativa pela fração de esvaziamento atrial ativa (FEAA). A FEAT é calculada pela fórmula (volume máximo - volume mínimo) / volume máximo; FEAA é calculada por (volume pré-P - volume mínimo) / volume pré-P.</p>
					<p>Para a análise do <italic>strain</italic> atrial esquerdo por STE, foi utilizado o <italic>software</italic> originalmente desenvolvido para a avaliação do VE. Essa avaliação foi realizada nas incidências apicais de quatro e duas câmaras, com seis segmentos diferentes analisados em cada incidência. Cada segmento gerava uma curva de deformação atrial (<italic>strain</italic> atrial) regional e, a partir da média entre essas curvas em ambas as aquisições, foram medidas a função de reservatório, correspondente à maior deformação longitudinal positiva, medida após a onda T do eletrocardiograma e a função de contração, correspondente à deformação na fase ascendente da onda P. A função de conduto corresponde à diferença entre esses valores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> conforme exemplificado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Fases do strain atrial, pelo método do speckle tracking bidimensional, no corte apical de quatro câmaras, sincronizadas pelo QRS. A curva pontilhada no centro representa a média entre as curvas de strain regional, com seus picos de strain de reservatório e de contração e a diferença entre ambos, representando o strain de conduto.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-dic-35-02-eabc281-gf01-pt.tif"/>
							<attrib>Fonte: imagem de paciente do estudo.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>As variáveis quantitativas foram submetidas ao teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para avaliar a presença de distribuição normal. Variáveis com distribuição normal foram apresentadas como médias e desvios-padrão. Variáveis sem distribuição normal foram descritas como medianas e intervalos interquartis (Q1-Q3). As variáveis categóricas foram apresentadas como percentagens.</p>
					<p>Utilizaram-se os métodos de Pearson e de Spearman para avaliar a presença de correlação entre as variáveis representativas da FAE e as variáveis quantitativas para graduação da IMF, bem como com a FEVE.</p>
					<p>Para avaliação da associação entre os volumes e frações de esvaziamento atriais, bem como dos valores de <italic>strain</italic> atrial de reservatório, conduto e contração de acordo com os grupos de IMF (discreta, moderada e grave), foi utilizado o teste de análise de variância (ANOVA).</p>
					<p>Para todas as análises, valores de p &lt;0,05 foram definidos como significativos.</p>
					<p>As análises foram realizadas com uso do <italic>software</italic> IBM <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sceinces</italic> (SPSS) for Windows versão 20.0 e tabuladas com uso do <italic>software</italic> Microsoft-Excel 2003.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Características clínicas</title>
					<p>A maioria dos pacientes pertencia ao sexo masculino (62%), com média de idade de 59<bold>±</bold>13 anos, com classes funcionais II e III (<italic>New York Heart Association</italic>). As comorbidades mais frequentes foram hipertensão arterial (62,7%), doença arterial coronária (32,9%) e infarto prévio (38,4%).</p>
					<p>A maioria dos pacientes encontrava-se em tratamento otimizado para IC: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina em 65,7%, bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina II em 25,7%, betabloqueadores em 89,8% e espironolactona em 72%.</p>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> demonstra as características clínicas da população em estudo.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Características clínicas da população.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th rowspan="2">Variável</th>
										<th>Descrição</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th>(n=255)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Sexo</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Masculino</td>
										<td>158 (62)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Feminino</td>
										<td>97 (38)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Idade, anos</td>
										<td>59±13</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Classe funcional (NYHA)</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>I</td>
										<td>24 (9,4)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>II</td>
										<td>112 (43,9)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>III</td>
										<td>82 (32,2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>IV</td>
										<td>37 (14,5)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Frequência cardíaca, bpm</td>
										<td>68,9±12,3</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>DM</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Não</td>
										<td>189 (74,1)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sim</td>
										<td>66 (25,9)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>HAS</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Não</td>
										<td>95 (37,3)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sim</td>
										<td>160 (62,7)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>DAC</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Não</td>
										<td>150 (58,8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sim</td>
										<td>105 (41,2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>IAM prévio</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Não</td>
										<td>157 (61,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sim</td>
										<td>98 (38,4)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Chagas</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Não</td>
										<td>225 (88,2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sim</td>
										<td>30 (11,8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Miocardite</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Não</td>
										<td>241 (94,5)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sim</td>
										<td>14 (5,5)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Doença reumatológica</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Não</td>
										<td>254 (99,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sim</td>
										<td>1 (0,4)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Etilismo</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Não</td>
										<td>235 (92,2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sim</td>
										<td>20 (7,8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Outras comorbidades</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Não</td>
										<td>200 (78,4)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sim</td>
										<td>55 (21,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Medicações</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Digoxina</td>
										<td>68 (26,8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Diurético de alça</td>
										<td>200 (78,7)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Diurético tiazídico</td>
										<td>22 (8,7)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Espironolactona</td>
										<td>183 (72)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina</td>
										<td>167 (65,7)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina II</td>
										<td>65 (25,7)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Betabloqueador</td>
										<td>228 (89,8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Bloqueador do canal de cálcio</td>
										<td>15 (5,9)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Nitrato</td>
										<td>39 (15,4)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Hidralazina</td>
										<td>10 (3,9)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>AAS</td>
										<td>148 (58,3)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Estatina</td>
										<td>128 (50,4)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Outra medicação</td>
										<td>(48,6)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p><italic>Resultados expressos como n (%) ou média ± desvio-padrão. NYHA: New York Heart Association; DM: diabetes melito; HAS: hipertensão arterial sistêmica; DAC: doença arterial coronária; IAM: infarto agudo do miocárdio; AAS: ácido acetilsalicílico.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Características ecocardiográficas</title>
					<p>A maioria dos pacientes do estudo apresentava disfunção ventricular esquerda de grau importante, sendo a média de fração de ejeção de 29,7±6,4%. As demais variáveis ecocardiográficas estão descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Características ecocardiográficas da população.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th>Variável</th>
										<th>Descrição</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Diâmetro do AE, cm</td>
										<td align="center">(n=214)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">4,65±0,67</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Mediana (mín.-máx.)</td>
										<td align="center">4,6 (2,8-6,9)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Volume diastólico final do VE, mL</td>
										<td align="center">(n=214)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">196,9±73,3</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Volume sistólico final do VE, mL</td>
										<td align="center">(n=214)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">140,5±59,3</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FEVE, Simpson, %</td>
										<td align="center">(n=214)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">29,7±6,4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Mediana (mín.-máx.)</td>
										<td align="center">0,3 (0,15-0,4)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Strain longitudinal global do VE, %</td>
										<td align="center">(n=203)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">-8,14±2,56</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Disfunção diastólica</td>
										<td align="center">(n=213)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>I</td>
										<td align="center">59 (27,7)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>II</td>
										<td align="center">43 (20,2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>III/IV</td>
										<td align="center">97 (45,5)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Indeterminado</td>
										<td align="center">14 (6,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Volume regurgitante mitral, mL</td>
										<td align="center">(n=214)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">22,7±17,3</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>ERO da regurgitação mitral, (cm<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">(n=214)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">0,15±0,12</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Regurgitação mitral</td>
										<td align="center">(n=214)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ausente</td>
										<td align="center">46 (21,5)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Discreta</td>
										<td align="center">124 (57,9)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Moderada</td>
										<td align="center">29 (13,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grave</td>
										<td align="center">(7)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p><italic>AE: átrio esquerdo; DP: desvio-padrão; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; FEVE: Fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; ERO: área efetiva do orifício regurgitante.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Função atrial esquerda</title>
					<p>A função atrial medida por STE em todos seus componentes (reservatório, conduto e contração ativa) encontrou-se intensamente reduzida na amostra, com valores respectivos de 14,3%, 8,49% e 5,92%. Os volumes atriais esquerdos encontravam-se aumentados, com média de 45,3±17,2mL/m<sup>2</sup> em seu volume máximo. As variáveis referentes à função atrial estão descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3002">
							<label>Tabela 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Variáveis de função atrial e sincronia.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th>Variável</th>
										<th>Descrição</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Volume AE máximo, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">(n=214)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">45,3±17,2</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Volume AE mínimo, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">(n=214)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">27,6±15,3</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Volume AE pré-P, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">(n=214)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">36,7±15,8</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Fração de esvaziamento atrial total, %</td>
										<td align="center">(n=214)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">42±15</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Fração de esvaziamento atrial ativa, %</td>
										<td align="center">(n=214)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">22±14</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Strain de reservatório do AE, %</td>
										<td align="center">(n=182)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">14,3±6,6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Strain contração do AE, %</td>
										<td align="center">(n=181)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">8,49±5,01</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Strain conduto do AE, %</td>
										<td align="center">(n=181)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">5,92±3,32</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3002">
									<p><italic>AE: átrio esquerdo; DP: desvio-padrão.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Quando analisadas quanto à etiologia isquêmica <italic>versus</italic> não isquêmica, não houve diferença nessas variáveis, exceto pelo volume máximo do AE que foi maior nos pacientes não isquêmicos, como observamos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5002">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5002">
							<label>Tabela 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Variáveis de função atrial e sincronia descritas de acordo com a etiologia da doença miocárdica.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th rowspan="2">Variável</th>
										<th colspan="2">Etiologia</th>
										<th rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th>Não isquêmico</th>
										<th>Isquêmico</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Volume AE máximo, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">0,029</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">47,4±18</td>
										<td align="center">42,1±15,6</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Volume AE mínimo, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">0,238</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">28,6±16,1</td>
										<td align="center">26,2±13,9</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Volume AE pré-P, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">0,083</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">38,2±16,3</td>
										<td align="center">34,4±14,7</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Fração de esvaziamento atrial total, %</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">0,193</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">0,43±0,15</td>
										<td align="center">0,4±0,14</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Fração de esvaziamento atrial ativa, %</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">0,358</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">0,23±0,15</td>
										<td align="center">0,21±0,12</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Strain de reservatório do AE, %</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">0,259</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">14,8±7,1</td>
										<td align="center">13,7±5,8</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Strain contração do AE, %</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">0,407</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">8,8±5,5</td>
										<td align="center">8,2±4,4</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Strain conduto do AE, %</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">0,207</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">6,2±3,5</td>
										<td align="center">5,6±3,1</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5002">
									<p><italic>Teste t de Student. AE: átrio esquerdo; DP: desvio-padrão.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Insuficiência mitral</title>
					<p>O grau de IMF correlacionou-se significativamente com a FAE avaliada por análise volumétrica, por meio da medida das frações de esvaziamento total e ativa. Na análise por STE, o grau de IMF associou-se ao <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório e contração. O grau de IMF associou-se diretamente ao aumento do volume do AE e foi inversamente relacionado à fração de ejeção. A análise desses dados está na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4002">
							<label>Tabela 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Análise comparando os parâmetros ecocardiográficos e o grau de regurgitação mitral.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th rowspan="2">Variável</th>
										<th colspan="4">Regurgitação mitral</th>
										<th rowspan="2">r</th>
										<th rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th>Ausente</th>
										<th>Discreta</th>
										<th>Moderada</th>
										<th>Grave</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Volume AE máximo, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">0,495</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">33,7±11,6</td>
										<td align="center">44,5±14</td>
										<td align="center">54,7±19,9</td>
										<td align="center">68,8±18,6</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Volume AE mínimo, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">0,515</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">17,2±8,9</td>
										<td align="center">27±13,1</td>
										<td align="center">37,7±17,6</td>
										<td align="center">45,7±15,5</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Volume AE pré-P, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">0,512</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">25,6±9,5</td>
										<td align="center">36,4±13,4</td>
										<td align="center">46±18,9</td>
										<td align="center">55,4±15,4</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Fração de esvaziamento atrial total, %</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">-0,396</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">0,51±0,13</td>
										<td align="center">0,41±0,15</td>
										<td align="center">0,33±0,11</td>
										<td align="center">0,34±0,11</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Fração de esvaziamento atrial ativa, %</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">-0,271</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">0,27±0,16</td>
										<td align="center">0,23±0,13</td>
										<td align="center">0,16±0,09</td>
										<td align="center">0,15±0,09</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Strain de reservatório do AE, %</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">-0,324</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">19,2±7,3</td>
										<td align="center">13,5±6,3</td>
										<td align="center">12,2±5,1</td>
										<td align="center">11,2±2,7</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Strain contração do AE, %</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">-0,408</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">12,25±5,19</td>
										<td align="center">8,11±4,58</td>
										<td align="center">6±3,87</td>
										<td align="center">5,65±2,42</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Strain conduto do AE, %</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">-0,007</td>
										<td align="center">0,932</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">6,98±4,23</td>
										<td align="center">5,58±3,42</td>
										<td align="center">6,21±2,74</td>
										<td align="center">5,51±1,96</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FEVE (Simpson)</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">-0,299</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>média ± DP</td>
										<td align="center">32,4±5,4</td>
										<td align="center">29,3±5,7</td>
										<td align="center">26,6±4,9</td>
										<td align="center">28,1±5,7</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4002">
									<p><italic>Correlação de Spearman. AE: átrio esquerdo; DP: desvio-padrão; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>No tocante às variáveis quantitativas da IMF, o OER e o volume regurgitante foram diretamente correlacionados com os volumes atriais e inversamente relacionados à função atrial. A FEVE também apresentou esse mesmo padrão de correlação, porém com menor força de associação, como pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6002">Tabela 6</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6002">
							<label>Tabela 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Análise comparando as variáveis de função atrial, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e os parâmetros quantitativos da regurgitação mitral (orifício efetivo de refluxo e volume regurgitante).</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th rowspan="2">Variável</th>
										<th colspan="2">OER RM</th>
										<th colspan="2">VR RM</th>
										<th colspan="2">FEVE (Simpson)</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th>Correlação</th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
										<th>Correlação</th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
										<th>Correlação</th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Volume AE máximo</td>
										<td align="center">0,516</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">0,521</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">-0,254</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Volume AE mínimo</td>
										<td align="center">0,502</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">0,506</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">-0,265</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Volume AE pré-P</td>
										<td align="center">0,480</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">0,497</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">-0,285</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Fração de esvaziamento atrial total</td>
										<td align="center">-0,373</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">-0,381</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">0,234</td>
										<td align="center">0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Fração de esvaziamento atrial ativa</td>
										<td align="center">-0,311</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">-0,289</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">0,088</td>
										<td align="center">0,202</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Strain de reservatório do AE</td>
										<td align="center">-0,390</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">-0,334</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">0,344</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Strain contração do AE</td>
										<td align="center">-0,451</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">-0,379</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
										<td align="center">0,275</td>
										<td align="center">0,001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Strain conduto do AE</td>
										<td align="center">-0,109</td>
										<td align="center">0,189</td>
										<td align="center">-0,112</td>
										<td align="center">0,176</td>
										<td align="center">0,274</td>
										<td align="center">0,001</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN6002">
									<p><italic>Correlação de Pearson. OER: orifício efetivo de refluxo; RM: regurgitação mitral; VR: volume regurgitante; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; AE: átrio esquerdo.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Dois achados foram especialmente relevantes neste estudo: nesta amostra de pacientes com MCD, as variáveis referentes à FAE de reservatório e de contração encontraram-se reduzidas; o grau de IMF se associou significativamente com a maior parte dos parâmetros ecocardiográficos referentes ao volume e à FAE.</p>
				<p>A gravidade da IMF se associou com todas as variáveis referentes ao volume atrial esquerdo, às frações de esvaziamento atrial e ao <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório e contração ativa, possivelmente devido à própria fisiopatologia da IM, na qual o sangue retorna ao AE aumentando sua pressão e suas dimensões e, consequentemente, reduzindo sua função. O mesmo achado é encontrado na literatura, em sua maior parte em relação à IM orgânica, já que não há trabalhos abordando a IMF. Em trabalho realizado com 144 pacientes com IMF, subdivididos em grupos 1 (IM ausente ou discreta) e 2 (moderada ou grave), houve correlação entre o grau de refluxo e o volume atrial esquerdo, mas não foram abordados parâmetros relativos à função atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em relação ao prognóstico, a IMF é classicamente um dos fatores associados a menor sobrevida, a piora de classe funcional e a maior morbidade na MCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Entretanto, não está esclarecido se a disfunção atrial sobreposta a essa condição pode representar fator prognóstico adverso adicional.</p>
				<p>A medida do volume do AE foi extensamente estudada e hoje se apresenta como a mais fidedigna medida de dimensão do AE, quando comparada à medida do diâmetro anteroposterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Ela apresenta valor prognóstico em inúmeras doenças cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em estudo multicêntrico europeu realizado com 371 indivíduos normais, os valores encontrados para o volume indexado do AE, FEAT e FEAA foram, respectivamente, 26,3mL/m<sup>2</sup>, 68,5% e 43,1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, os volumes atriais encontrados foram aumentados e as variáveis referentes à função fásica, reduzidas. Os valores para o volume indexado do AE, da FEAT e da FEAA foram, respectivamente, 45,3±17mL/m<sup>2</sup>, 42±15% e 22±14%.</p>
				<p>Já foi demonstrado que esses valores tendem a ser menores em populações com MCD e disfunção sistólica de VE. Triposkiadis et al. encontraram uma relação de redução da FEAA em cardiomiopatia dilatada idiopática quando comparada com a isquêmica e com o grupo controle (18±10% <italic>versus</italic> 32±10% <italic>versus</italic> 36±10%, respectivamente; p&lt;0,05).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> D’Andrea et al. reproduziram esse achado, com uma FEAA de 22,5±10% para MCD idiopática e 33,1±9,3% para a isquêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Em nosso trabalho, a função atrial apresentava-se reduzida em todo o grupo, e não foram observadas diferenças quanto às etiologias isquêmica e não isquêmica.</p>
				<p>Com relação à análise da FAE por STE, em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER), esses valores tendem a ser reduzidos, como avaliado por Cameli et al., que encontraram os valores de 13±11,3% para o <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório e 5,26±5,54% para o de contração, em um grupo de pacientes com FEVE abaixo de 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Em outro trabalho realizado em população também com MCD e FEVE &lt;40%, os valores de <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório e contração para pacientes com aumento de pressões de enchimento do VE, foram de 12,3±3,6% e 6,2±1,6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Nesta amostra, as funções de reservatório, contração e conduto pela análise de <italic>strain</italic> bidimensional também estavam diminuídas e foram, respectivamente, 14,3%, 8,49% e 5,92%. Até o momento, nenhum trabalho que correlacionasse essas variáveis com a presença de IMF foi publicado.</p>
				<p>O fato de ter sido observada a associação apenas das variáveis de FAE que expressam a função de reservatório e de contração e de não ter sido observada a associação entre IMF e a função de conduto pode se dever a essa última estar fisiologicamente relacionada à complacência e ao relaxamento do VE, que provavelmente estavam homogeneamente reduzidos nesta população com MCD, independentemente do grau de IMF.</p>
				<p>Acredita-se que novos estudos seriam necessários para entender o impacto prognóstico da disfunção atrial nesta população com MCD e IMF, especialmente em relação à gênese de fibrilação atrial que tem, por si só, alta morbimortalidade na MCD.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Em pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada (MCD) e insuficiência mitral funcional (IMF), há um comprometimento global da função atrial esquerda (FAE). A IMF se associa com aumento de volumes atriais e redução dos parâmetros da função fásica de reservatório e de contração atrial.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>