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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240126i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Asymptomatic Non-Bacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis Leading to a Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2051-2321</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chemello</surname>
						<given-names>Diego</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9808-2187</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chagas</surname>
						<given-names>Patricia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-7110-8534</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barreiro</surname>
						<given-names>Daniel Marques</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6895-0702</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fagundes</surname>
						<given-names>Camila Sales</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3050-4037</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Coelho</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Melo</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Maria</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santa Maria</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santa Maria</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Caridade Dr, Astrogildo de Azevedo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Santa Maria</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Caridade Dr, Astrogildo de Azevedo, Santa Maria, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> Diego Chemello • Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Av Presidente Vargas, 2084. Postal code: 97015-51. Santa Maria, RS – Brazil E-mail: <email>chemello.diego@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
					<p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>27</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20240126</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>27</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>27</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Non-Infective Endocarditis</kwd>
				<kwd>Pancreatic Neoplasms</kwd>
				<kwd>Aortic Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="18"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) is a phenomenon associated with sterile vegetations composed of fibrin and platelets aggregating on healthy heart valves. Most cases are diagnosed after death or in patients experiencing systemic embolization. Diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion and a compatible echocardiographic image. The correct treatment is long-term systemic anticoagulation to avoid arterial embolization, which often presents as multiple and recurrent ischemic strokes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The first antemortem report of NBTE as the initial presentation of underlying pancreatic cancer was published in 2008.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, incidental diagnosis of uncomplicated NBTE that leads to a subsequent discovery of carcinoma is rare.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Description</title>
				<p>A 72-year-old male patient with a previous history of valvular heart disease presented for an elective consultation due to weight loss, fatigue, and depressive symptoms. His past medical history was characterized by biologic aortic valve replacement in 2014 due to severe aortic insufficiency. He also had mild mitral stenosis, without valvular replacement. There were no signs of coronary artery disease. He had recently received a diagnosis of major depressive disorder and was started on escitalopram 15 mg with minor improvement after 2 months. His other medications included enalapril 20 mg/day, metoprolol succinate 50 mg/day, and rosuvastatin 10 mg/day. Physical examination revealed blood pressure of 143/73 mmHg, heart rate of 62 beats per minute, and no fever. His weight was 78 kg, compared to the previous consultation of 88 kg, registered 6 months prior. Cardiac auscultation revealed regular rhythm, a systolic ejection murmur (grade 2/6) in aortic focus, and a diastolic murmur (grade 2/6) at the apex. Laboratory exams showed hemoglobin of 10.1 g/dL, platelets of 365,000/mm<sup>3</sup> and normal leucocyte count (8,120/mm<sup>3</sup> with 4% immature forms).</p>
				<p>A transthoracic echocardiogram was performed, showing a 10 mm filamentous mobile echodense mass implanted on the anterior leaflet of the native mitral valve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Video 1</xref>). This valve also presented signs of moderate regurgitation and moderate stenosis (effective regurgitant orifice area of 0.29 cm<sup>2</sup>). The aortic bioprosthetic valve mobility was normal, and there was mild perivalvular posterior leak. There was also concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (septum and posterior wall of 14 mm), severe left atrial enlargement (volume of 77 ml/mm<sup>2</sup>) and left ventricular ejection fraction of 58%.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Transthoracic echocardiogram (apical 4-chamber view) showing a 10 mm filamentous mobile echodense mass implanted on the anterior leaflet of the native mitral valve (A and B).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240126-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f03" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240126-m01.mp4">
						<label>Video 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Transthoracic echocardiogram (apical 4-chamber view) showing a 10 mm filamentous mobile echodense mass implanted on the anterior leaflet of the native mitral valve. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2024-0126_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2024-0126_video_01.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>The patient was admitted for investigation with the main clinical suspicion of infective endocarditis. Multiple blood cultures were collected. The rheumatoid factor was negative, and there were no abnormalities in the urine analysis. The workup for bacterial endocarditis was negative. As a consequence, anticoagulation with low-molecular weight heparin was initiated. An abdominal computed tomography was also performed for additional investigation, revealing a large mass in the pancreas head, with extension to the superior mesenteric artery. The CA19-9 levels were 54.3 U/ml (normal values &lt; 37 U/ml). A needle biopsy by echoendoscopy revealed the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Complementary evaluation revealed absence of metastasis but an unresectable tumor. Anticoagulation was maintained despite the bleeding risks, considering the diagnosis of marantic endocarditis. After 4 weeks, echocardiogram was repeated, with complete disappearance of the filamentous mass in the mitral valve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Video 2</xref>). No signs of embolization were observed.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– New transthoracic echocardiogram (apical 4-chamber view) after systemic anticoagulation showing complete disappearance of the filamentous mass in the mitral valve.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240126-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f04" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240126-m02.mp4">
						<label>Video 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– New transthoracic echocardiogram (apical four-chamber view) after systemic anticoagulation showing complete disappearance of the filamentous mass on the mitral valve. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2024-0126_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2024-0126_video_01.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>The patient received 5 cycles of chemotherapy with nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane©) and gemcitabine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> There was significant clinical improvement, with tumor size reduction. At this point, anticoagulation was switched to apixaban 5 mg twice daily. The oncology team also opted for complementary treatment with local radiotherapy (45 Gy × 25 cycles) with capecitabine (Xeloda©).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> During chemotherapy treatment, all cardiac medications were temporarily interrupted due to hypotension. In the following months, there was significant clinical improvement in his depressive symptoms, with weight maintenance and reduction of tumor dimensions. Progressive pancreatic and peritoneal disease was identified 13 months after chemoradiation. Chemotherapy was performed first with rechallenge of nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and after with modified FOLFIRINOX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The patient had poor response to treatments and died 24 months after the diagnosis of unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>NBTE, also known as marantic or Libman-Sacks endocarditis, refers to a rare condition characterized by cardiac valve thickening or vegetation formation due to non-infective mechanisms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although the exact pathogenesis is unknown, these lesions are not associated with an inflammatory response or bacteremia, and they commonly happen as the result of fibrin deposition and platelet aggregation. Several conditions are related to the formation of sterile vegetations, including hypercoagulable states, autoimmune diseases, and malignancy. Potential mechanisms responsible for this association are increased production of circulation cytokines and clotting factors, which cause endothelial damage and hypercoagulable state.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> According to contemporary reports, NBTE is more prevalent in females. Embolic complications are the most common presentation (up to 79%), with stroke representing the most common embolic event.</p>
			<p>The diagnosis is currently based on echocardiographic image in association with a low index of clinical suspicion. Once the valvular lesion has been identified, investigation should be aimed at differentiating NBTE from infective endocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Treatment consists of reducing the risk of systemic embolism, as well as identification and treatment of underlying conditions. Unless there is a clear contraindication, all patients with clinical diagnosis of NBTE should receive systemic anticoagulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>There is a well-known association of NBTE with malignancy, particularly adenocarcinomas of the pancreas and lung.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Most reports are usually associated with advanced or metastatic disease, or they are diagnosed during a postmortem examination.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The first antemortem report of NBTE as the initial presentation of underlying pancreatic cancer was published in 2008 by Smeglin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Since then, several case reports have been described, all in patients with advanced disease or embolic phenomena.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The incidental finding of a sterile vegetation in a patient with depression and recent-onset weight loss makes our case report unique.</p>
			<p>The incidence of depression is 2 to 3 times higher in patients with cancer compared to their healthy counterparts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The strikingly closed relationship between pancreatic cancer and major depression has been known since 1931, when Yaskin reported the association between this cancer and the triad of anxiety, depression, and “sense of impending doom.”<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> One of the largest studies published in this field found a significantly increased risk of psychiatric diseases nearly a year before the cancer was diagnosed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Interestingly, our case presented a similar timeline, potentially contributing to an early diagnosis.</p>
			<p>Regarding the echocardiographic image, there were potential differential diagnosis with NBTE, including papillary fibroelastoma, vegetations due to subacute bacterial endocarditis, or multiple large Lambl excrescences. Transthoracic echocardiography is the mainstay imaging modality to describe the vegetation. Cardiac imaging workup for papillary fibroelastoma, bacterial endocarditis, and NBTE is somewhat similar. Papillary fibroelastoma is being recognized as the most common primary tumor to arise in cardiac valves. It has a typical form of pedunculated mass with small fronds and a stalk. On the other hand, vegetations of infective and non-infective endocarditis are usually small (&lt; 1 cm), broad-based, and irregular in shape.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In the present report, although the image was not conclusive for differential diagnosis, the complete disappearance of the lesion with systemic anticoagulation and the absence of positive cultures and signs of embolization confirmed NBTE as the diagnosis.</p>
			<p>The present case highlights the importance of correct diagnosis and investigation after diagnosis of NBTE without an underlying cause. It also emphasizes the management by a multidisciplinary team comprised of a cardiologist, thrombosis specialist, and oncologist.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Marantic endocarditis (or NBTE) is a rare condition commonly associated with malignancy. Most cases have been reported in postmortem examination or in patients with advanced neoplastic disease. A high index of suspicion is necessary for a correct diagnosis. The echocardiographic image, associated with complementary exams to rule out infectious endocarditis is therefore required. Management requires prevention of systemic embolism with long-term systemic anticoagulation.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association:</label>
				<p> This article is part of the thesis of Postgraduate course in Cardio-Oncology submitted by Diego Chemello, from Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
				<p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria under the protocol number 83549924.0.0000.5346. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of Funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240126</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Endocardite Trombótica não Bacteriana Assintomática Levando a Diagnóstico de Câncer de Pâncreas</article-title>
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					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
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				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6895-0702</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fagundes</surname>
						<given-names>Camila Sales</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3050-4037</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Coelho</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Melo</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Caridade Dr, Astrogildo de Azevedo, Santa Maria, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label> Diego Chemello • Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Av Presidente Vargas, 2084. CEP: 97015-51. Santa Maria, RS – Brasil E-mail: chemello.diego@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
					<p> Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Endocardite não Infecciosa</kwd>
				<kwd>Neoplasias Pancreáticas</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência da Valva Aórtica</kwd>
				<kwd>Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A endocardite trombótica não bacteriana (ETNB) é um fenômeno associado a vegetações estéreis compostas de fibrina e plaquetas agregadas em válvulas cardíacas saudáveis. A maioria dos casos é diagnosticada após o óbito ou em pacientes com embolização sistêmica. O diagnóstico depende da suspeita clínica e de uma imagem ecocardiográfica compatível. O tratamento correto é a anticoagulação sistêmica de longo prazo para evitar a embolização arterial, que frequentemente se apresenta como acidentes vasculares cerebrais isquêmicos múltiplos e recorrentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O primeiro relato <italic>ante-mortem</italic> de ETNB como a apresentação inicial de câncer pancreático subjacente foi publicado em 2008.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, o diagnóstico incidental de ETNB não complicado que leva a uma descoberta subsequente de carcinoma é raro.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Descrição do caso</title>
					<p>Um paciente masculino de 72 anos de idade com histórico prévio de doença cardíaca valvar apresentou-se para uma consulta eletiva devido à perda de peso, fadiga e sintomas depressivos. Seu histórico médico anterior foi caracterizado pela substituição da válvula aórtica com prótese biológica em 2014 devido à insuficiência aórtica grave. Ele também tinha estenose mitral leve, sem substituição valvar. Não havia sinais de doença arterial coronária. O paciente havia recebido recentemente um diagnóstico de transtorno depressivo maior e começou a tomar escitalopram 15 mg, apresentando leve melhora após 2 meses. Seus outros medicamentos incluíam enalapril 20 mg/dia, succinato de metoprolol 50 mg/dia e rosuvastatina 10 mg/dia. O exame físico revelou pressão arterial de 143/73 mmHg, frequência cardíaca de 62 batimentos por minuto e ausência de febre. Seu peso era de 78 kg, comparado aos 88 kg da consulta anterior, registrados 6 meses antes. A ausculta cardíaca revelou ritmo regular, sopro sistólico ejetivo (grau 2/6) em foco aórtico e sopro diastólico (grau 2/6) em ápice. Os exames laboratoriais mostraram hemoglobina de 10,1 g/dL, plaquetas de 365.000/mm<sup>3</sup> e contagem de leucócitos normal (8.120/mm<sup>3</sup> com 4% de formas imaturas).</p>
					<p>Foi realizado ecocardiograma transtorácico, que demonstrou massa ecodensa móvel e filamentosa de 10 mm implantada no folheto anterior da valva mitral nativa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Vídeo 1</xref>). A valva também apresentava sinais de regurgitação moderada e estenose moderada (área efetiva do orifício regurgitante de 0,29 cm<sup>2</sup>). A mobilidade da bioprótese aórtica era normal, apresentando insuficiência perivalvar leve na porção posterior. Havia também hipertrofia ventricular esquerda concêntrica (septo e parede posterior de 14 mm), aumento atrial esquerdo grave (volume de 77 ml/mm<sup>2</sup>) e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo de 58%.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Ecocardiograma transtorácico (plano apical de 4 câmaras) mostrando uma massa ecodensa móvel e filamentosa de 10 mm implantada no folheto anterior da valva mitral nativa (A e B).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240126-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="f03002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240126-m01-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Ecocardiograma transtorácico (plano apical de 4 câmaras) mostrando uma massa ecodensa móvel e filamentosa de 10 mm implantada no folheto anterior da valva mitral nativa. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2024-0126_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2024-0126_video_01.mp4</ext-link>
								</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>O paciente foi internado para investigação, sendo a principal suspeita clínica endocardite infecciosa. Foram coletadas múltiplas hemoculturas. O fator reumatoide foi negativo, e não houve anormalidades na análise de urina. Não foram preenchidos critérios para diagnóstico de endocardite infecciosa. Como consequência, foi iniciada anticoagulação com heparina de baixo peso molecular. Também foi realizada tomografia computadorizada abdominal para investigação adicional, revelando uma grande massa na cabeça do pâncreas, com extensão para a artéria mesentérica superior. Os níveis de CA19-9 foram de 54,3 U/ml (valores normais &lt; 37 U/ml). Uma biópsia por agulha guiada por ecoendoscopia revelou o diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma pancreático. A avaliação complementar revelou ausência de metástase, mas um tumor irressecável. A anticoagulação foi mantida apesar dos riscos de sangramento, considerando o diagnóstico de endocardite marântica. Após 4 semanas, foi repetido o ecocardiograma, com desaparecimento completo da massa filamentosa na valva mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Vídeo 2</xref>). Não foram observados sinais de embolização.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Novo ecocardiograma transtorácico (plano apical de 4 câmaras) após anticoagulação sistêmica mostrando desaparecimento completo da massa filamentosa na valva mitral (A e B).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240126-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<media id="f04002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240126-m02-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Novo ecocardiograma transtorácico (plano apical de 4 câmaras) após anticoagulação sistêmica mostrando desaparecimento completo da massa filamentosa na valva mitral. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2024-0126_video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2024-0126_video_02.mp4</ext-link>
								</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</p>
					<p>O paciente recebeu 5 ciclos de quimioterapia com nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane©) e gemcitabina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Houve melhora clínica significativa, com redução do tamanho do tumor. Nesse ponto, a anticoagulação foi trocada para apixabana 5 mg duas vezes ao dia. A equipe de oncologia também optou por tratamento complementar com radioterapia local (45 Gy × 25 ciclos) com capecitabina (Xeloda©).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Durante o tratamento associado à quimioterapia oral, todos os medicamentos cardíacos foram temporariamente interrompidos devido à hipotensão. Nos meses seguintes, houve melhora clínica significativa dos sintomas depressivos, com manutenção do peso e redução das dimensões do tumor. Doença pancreática e peritoneal progressiva foi identificada 13 meses após a quimiorradioterapia. A quimioterapia foi novamente iniciada, com a reintrodução de nab-paclitaxel e gemcitabina,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e depois com FOLFIRINOX modificado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O paciente teve resposta desfavorável aos tratamentos e morreu 24 meses após o diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma pancreático irressecável.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A ETNB, também conhecida como endocardite marântica ou de Libman-Sacks, refere-se a uma condição rara caracterizada pelo espessamento da válvula cardíaca ou formação de vegetação devido a mecanismos não infecciosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora a patogênese exata seja desconhecida, essas lesões não estão associadas a uma resposta inflamatória ou bacteremia, frequentemente ocorrendo como resultado da deposição de fibrina e agregação plaquetária. Várias condições estão relacionadas à formação de vegetações estéreis, incluindo estados hipercoaguláveis, doenças autoimunes e malignidade. Os mecanismos potenciais responsáveis por essa associação são o aumento da produção de citocinas circulantes e fatores de coagulação, que causam danos endoteliais e estado hipercoagulável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> De acordo com relatos contemporâneos, a ETNB é mais prevalente em mulheres. As complicações embólicas são a apresentação mais comum (até 79%), com o acidente vascular cerebral representando o evento embólico mais comum.</p>
				<p>Atualmente, o diagnóstico é baseado na imagem ecocardiográfica associada a ausência de critérios para endocardite bacteriana. Uma vez identificada a lesão valvar, a investigação deve ter como objetivo diferenciar a ETNB da endocardite infecciosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O tratamento consiste em reduzir o risco de embolia sistêmica, bem como a identificação e o tratamento das condições subjacentes. A menos que haja uma contraindicação clara, todos os pacientes com diagnóstico clínico de ETNB devem receber anticoagulação sistêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Existe uma associação bem conhecida entre ETNB e malignidade, particularmente adenocarcinomas do pâncreas e pulmão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A maioria dos relatos geralmente está associada a doença avançada ou metastática, ou o diagnóstico é feito durante um exame <italic>post-mortem</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O primeiro relato <italic>ante-mortem</italic> de ETNB como apresentação inicial de câncer pancreático subjacente foi publicado em 2008 por Smeglin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Desde então, foram descritos vários relatos de casos, todos em pacientes com doença avançada ou fenômenos embólicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O achado incidental de uma vegetação estéril em um paciente com depressão e perda de peso de início recente torna nosso relato de caso único.</p>
				<p>A incidência de depressão é de 2 a 3 vezes maior em pacientes com câncer em comparação com seus pares saudáveis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A relação surpreendentemente próxima entre câncer de pâncreas e depressão grave é conhecida desde 1931, quando Yaskin relatou uma associação entre esse tipo de câncer e a tríade de ansiedade, depressão e “sensação de morte iminente”.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Um dos maiores estudos publicados nesse campo encontrou um risco significativamente aumentado de doenças psiquiátricas quase um ano antes do câncer ser diagnosticado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> É interessante notar que nosso caso apresentou um cronograma semelhante, potencialmente contribuindo para um diagnóstico precoce.</p>
				<p>Em relação à imagem ecocardiográfica, existem potenciais diagnósticos diferenciais, incluindo fibroelastoma papilar, vegetações devido a endocardite bacteriana subaguda ou múltiplas grandes excrescências de Lambl. A ecocardiografia transtorácica é a principal modalidade de imagem para descrever a vegetação. A propedêutica de imagem cardíaca para fibroelastoma papilar, endocardite bacteriana e ETNB é bastante semelhante. O fibroelastoma papilar é reconhecido como o tumor primário mais comum a surgir em válvulas cardíacas. Ele apresenta forma típica de massa pedunculada com pequenas frondes e pedúnculo. Por outro lado, as vegetações de endocardite infecciosa e não infecciosa são geralmente pequenas (&lt; 1 cm), de base larga e de formato irregular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No presente relato, embora a imagem não tenha sido conclusiva para o diagnóstico diferencial, o desaparecimento completo da lesão com anticoagulação sistêmica e a ausência de culturas positivas e de sinais de embolização confirmaram a ETNB como diagnóstico.</p>
				<p>O presente caso destaca a importância do diagnóstico correto e da investigação após o diagnóstico de ETNB sem causa subjacente. Também enfatiza o manejo por uma equipe multidisciplinar composta por um cardiologista, um especialista em trombose e um oncologista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A endocardite marântica (ou ETNB) é uma condição rara, comumente associada à malignidade. A maioria dos casos foi relatada em exames <italic>post-mortem</italic> ou em pacientes com doença neoplásica avançada. Um alto índice de suspeita é necessário para um diagnóstico correto. A imagem ecocardiográfica, associada a exames complementares para excluir o diagnóstico de endocardite infecciosa é, portanto, necessária. O manejo requer prevenção de embolia sistêmica com anticoagulação sistêmica de longa duração.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Este artigo é parte de tese de Programa de Pós-Graduação latu senso em Cardio-Oncologia de Diego Chemello pelo Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado:</label>
					<p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria sob o número de protocolo 83549924.0.0000.5346. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>