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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240123i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>A Common Primary Cardiac Tumor With an Uncommon Presentation</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9911-7687</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vasquez-Rodriguez</surname>
						<given-names>Juan Felipe</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5708-918X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Idrovo-Turbay</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina Paola</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-8967-8679</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez</surname>
						<given-names>Jaime Alberto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0906-2219</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Villalobos</surname>
						<given-names>Lorena Montes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Fundación Cardioinfantil</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiología</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Bogotá</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Fundación Cardioinfantil Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá – Colombia</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Servicios Médicos Especializados AR SAS</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Bogotá</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Servicios Médicos Especializados AR SAS, Bogotá – Colombia</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Floridablanca</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca – Colombia</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Cardiovascular Imaging Society of the Inter-American Society of Cardiology</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Bogotá</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Imaging Society of the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (SISIAC), Bogotá – Colombia</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> Juan Felipe Vasquez-Rodriguez • Fundación Cardioinfantil Instituto de Cardiología. Clle 163a No 13b-60. Postal code: 111111. Bogota – Colombia E-mail: <email>jvasquez@lacardio.org</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>27</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20240123</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>27</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Cardiac tumors are rare, and most are secondary (metastatic) lesions. Primary tumors, though uncommon, are typically benign, with myxomas being the most frequent and occasionally displaying unique features. Diagnosis often requires multimodality imaging.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Case summary</title>
					<p> A 41-year-old man with a history of ischemic stroke and resection of an apical left ventricular myxoma presented for evaluation after a follow-up transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) revealed a mobile, ovoid apical lesion with high embolic risk, despite being asymptomatic. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging suggested recurrence of the ventricular myxoma. Surgical resection was performed, and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of cardiac myxoma (CM).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Discussion</title>
					<p> CMs are the most common primary benign cardiac tumors, typically located in the left atrium and attached to the interatrial septum. They are less frequently found in the ventricular cavities. About half of cases are asymptomatic, and recurrence is possible after resection. This case highlights a rare instance of late recurrence in an atypical location<bold>.</bold></p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Neoplasms</kwd>
				<kwd>Myxoma</kwd>
				<kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="15"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Cardiac tumors are rare, and mostly secondary (metastatic), benign (90%) lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Among these, CMs are the most common, representing 50-60% of benign cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>Myxomas predominantly occur in the left atrium (75-85%), with fewer cases in the right atrium, ventricles, or valve structures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Once resected, tumor recurrence is possible, highlighting the need for proper postoperative follow-up. We report a case of a rapidly growing, late recurrent myxoma in an uncommon location.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Clinical case</title>
			<p>A 41-year-old man with a history of ischemic stroke and resected left ventricular myxoma presented to the emergency room following a follow-up TTE that revealed a mobile, ovoid lesion in the left ventricular apex with high embolic risk, despite being asymptomatic. His stroke in 2014 had led to the diagnosis of a 20x15 mm pedunculated mass in the ventricular apex, which was resected via a transapical approach. Histology confirmed the lesion as a CM. The patient had no personal or family history of malignancy or primary cardiac tumors.</p>
			<p>After the initial resection, serial TTEs were performed every two years to monitor for recurrence. In January 2023, a TTE revealed apical akinesia and a poorly characterized, linear, mobile structure. Due to the lack of ultrasound contrast, CMR was performed, showing apical scarring with akinesia, mild systolic dysfunction, and a 20x8 mm linear structure adherent to the apex, consistent with thrombus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure.1</xref>). Warfarin therapy was initiated, but the patient did not achieve adequate anticoagulation (INR: 1.5).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Graphical Abstract. LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240123-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>In March 2023, follow-up TTE revealed a large (40x20 mm), highly mobile, pedunculated lesion with a heterogeneous appearance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Video.1</xref>). A repeat CMR confirmed a 36x20 mm lesion at the apex with heterogeneous T2 hyperintensity, mild gadolinium perfusion, and peripheral late enhancement, suggesting CM recurrence with possible thrombus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures.2</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Video.2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<media id="f06" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240123-m01.mp4">
					<label>Video 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– TTE (A-B): Mobile, ovoid lesion in the left ventricular apex with a small pedicle, smooth edges, and heterogeneous content. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2024-0123_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2024-0123_video_01.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</p>
			<p>
				<media id="f07" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240123-m02.mp4">
					<label>Video 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– CMR perfusion revealing mild, heterogeneous perfusion of the lesion. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2024-0123_video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2024-0123_video_02.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– CMR. A-B: Four-chamber and three-chamber cine showing a low-intensity lesion at the left ventricular apex; C: no late enhancement with gadolinium; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240123-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– CMR (four-chamber and two-chamber, short-axis images) showing a low-intensity lesion at the left ventricular apex</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240123-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The patient underwent surgical resection of the lesion, which was identified as a fibrotic lesion with a thrombotic component. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of recurrent CM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure.4</xref>). Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and the patient remains under regular follow-up without complications or further hospitalizations.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– CMR. A-B: T2W sequences showing heterogeneous hyperintensity at the apical lesion; C-D: LGE around the lesion’s periphery. LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; T2W: T2-weighted.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240123-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f05">
					<label>Figure 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Cardiac mass specimen. A: Ovoid lesion resected from the ventricular apex (dotted red line). B: Hematoxylin–eosin revealing myxomatous tissue with spindle-shaped cells (Myxoma Cells). Histology image includes a watermark from the pathology laboratory of Hospital Internacional de Colombia (HIC).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240123-gf05.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Myxomas are the most frequent benign primary cardiac tumors, generally diagnosed in patients aged 40–70 years, with a female predominance. Left ventricular involvement is rare, accounting for 0.7–3.6% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Up to half of patients are asymptomatic, while symptomatic presentations depend on the lesion’s location and its effect on adjacent structures. Obstructive symptoms (dyspnea, syncope, palpitations, lower extremity edema) occur in about two-thirds of symptomatic patients, especially with larger tumors, whereas the remaining third experience systemic or pulmonary embolism (depending on tumor location), particularly when lesions are small and friable. Rarely, systemic symptoms (anemia, fever, weight loss, fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, Raynaud’s phenomenon) occur, linked to elevated cytokine (particularly IL-6) secretion by the tumor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Echocardiography is essential for diagnosing CM, offering a 90–96% sensitivity <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> During evaluation, key features such as the lesion’s location and impact should be noted. Myxomas exhibit two main morphologies: polypoid and papillary. Polypoid tumors are larger, with a smooth surface, small pedicle, and heterogeneous interior (including cystic or hemorrhagic areas), whereas papillary tumors are smaller, have a villous surface, and are more prone to embolic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In this case, a polypoid CM was identified.</p>
			<p>One of the primary differential diagnoses of CM is intracavitary thrombus, especially in the ventricles. In some cases, both may coexist. Additional imaging techniques, such as cardiac computed tomography and CMR, refine lesion characterization. On CMR, myxomas typically appear hypointense on T1-weighted sequences and hyperintense on T2-weighted sequences, reflecting their high extracellular water content.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> With gadolinium, they often show variable first-pass perfusion due to poor vascularity and display heterogeneous late enhancement with possible necrosis, as observed in our patient.</p>
			<p>An important aspect with CMs is the recurrence rate, which range from 5% to 15% in retrospective studies and case series.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Recurrences typically occur at the same location but may also appear elsewhere. Proposed causes include incomplete resection, metastatic spread, totipotent multicentricity, and familial inheritance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In a registry of 207 CMs followed for 9.5 ± 6.6 years, only multicentric myxomas were independently associated with recurrence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Another consideration is the recurrence-free interval after resection. In our case, the late recurrence was unexpected. Data from long-term registries indicate that most recurrences occur within the first five years, although there are isolated reports of recurrences 5–10 years after resection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Finally, the lesion’s rapid progression was striking, doubling in size (from 20×8mm to 40×20mm) over 2.5 months, indicating a growth rate of about 8mm/month. Some studies, based on echocardiography, report a growth rate of 4,9mm/month,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> while tomographic analyses suggest 1,2–2,2 mm/month.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Notably, echocardiography often underestimates tumor size compared to surgical specimens. This case not only underscores the high growth potential of CM, but also its characteristics, including unusual location, recurrence, and complications.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Highlights</title>
				<p>CMs are the most frequent benign tumors of the heart. The ventricular location of these is infrequent.</p>
				<p>The main differential diagnosis for myxoma is the presence of thrombi. CMR is very useful for lesion characterization and differentiation. CMs have a significant recurrence rate as well as high growth rates.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>CMs are the most common benign primary cardiac tumors. Their features can vary markedly in size, location, complications, recurrence, and growth. Although the most frequent patterns are well described, it is essential to recognize and understand the possibilities of less common presentations.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association:</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
				<p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of Funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240123</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Tumor Cardíaco Primário Comum com Apresentação Incomum</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9911-7687</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vasquez-Rodriguez</surname>
						<given-names>Juan Felipe</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5708-918X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Idrovo-Turbay</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina Paola</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-8967-8679</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez</surname>
						<given-names>Jaime Alberto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0906-2219</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Villalobos</surname>
						<given-names>Lorena Montes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="CO">Colômbia</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Fundación Cardioinfantil Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá – Colômbia</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="CO">Colômbia</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Servicios Médicos Especializados AR SAS, Bogotá – Colômbia</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="CO">Colômbia</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca – Colômbia</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="CO">Colômbia</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Imaging Society of the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (SISIAC), Bogotá – Colômbia</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label> Juan Felipe Vasquez-Rodriguez • Fundación Cardioinfantil Instituto de Cardiología. Clle 163a No 13b-60. CEP: 111111. Bogotá – Colômbia E-mail: jvasquez@lacardio.org </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamentos</title>
					<p> Tumores cardíacos são raros, e a maioria são lesões secundárias (metastáticas). Tumores primários, apesar de incomuns, são tipicamente benignos; os mixomas são os mais frequentes e ocasionalmente apresentam características únicas. O diagnóstico geralmente necessita de exames de imagem multimodais.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resumo do caso</title>
					<p> Um homem de 41 anos com história de acidente vascular isquêmico e ressecção de um mixoma ventricular esquerdo apical apresentou-se para avaliação após um ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) de acompanhamento haver revelado uma lesão apical ovoide, móvel, com alto risco de embolia, apesar de assintomático. O exame de ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) sugeriu recorrência de mixoma ventricular. Realizou-se ressecção cirúrgica e o diagnóstico de mixoma cardíaco (MC) foi confirmado por histopatologia.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Discussão</title>
					<p> Os MCs são os tumores cardíacos benignos primários mais comuns, tipicamente localizados no átrio esquerdo e fixos ao septo interatrial. Eles são menos comuns nas cavidades ventriculares. Cerca de metade dos casos são assintomáticos, e a recorrência é possível após a ressecção. Este caso destaca um exemplo raro de recorrência tardia em um local atípico.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Neoplasias Cardíacas</kwd>
				<kwd>Mixoma</kwd>
				<kwd>Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Os tumores cardíacos são lesões raras e, em sua maioria, secundárias (metastáticas) e benignas (90%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entre esses, os MCs sãos os mais comuns, representando 50-60% dos casos benignos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os mixomas ocorrem predominantemente no átrio esquerdo (75-85%), com menos casos no átrio direito, ventrículos ou estruturas valvulares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Após removido, a recorrência do tumor é possível, destacando a necessidade de um seguimento apropriado no pós-operatório. Nós relatamos um caso de um mixoma recorrente tardio, de rápido crescimento em um local incomum.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Caso clínico</title>
				<p>Um homem de 41 anos com história de Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) isquêmico e ressecção de mixoma no ventrículo esquerdo se apresentou na sala de emergência após um ETT de acompanhamento que revelou uma lesão móvel, ovoide, no ápice do ventrículo esquerdo com alto risco embólico, apesar de assintomático. O AVC ocorrido em 2014 levou ao diagnóstico de uma massa no ápice ventricular, que foi removido por meio de uma abordagem transapical. A lesão foi confirmada como MC por histologia. O paciente não apresentava história pessoal ou familiar de doença maligna ou tumores cardíacos primários.</p>
				<p>Após a ressecção inicial, ETTs seriados foram realizados a cada dois anos para monitorar a recorrência do tumor. Em janeiro de 2023, um ETT revelou acinesia apical e uma estrutura móvel linear, mal caracterizada. Devido à falta de contraste no ultrassom, foi realizada RMC, mostrando cicatrização apical com acinesia, disfunção sistólica leve, e uma estrutura linear 20x8mm aderida ao ápice, consistente com trombo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>). Terapia com varfarina foi iniciada, mas o paciente não atingiu anticoagulação adequada (INR: 1,5).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Resumo gráfico. RMC: Ressonância magnética cardíaca; ETT: Ecocardiograma transtorácico; MC: mixoma cardíaco; AVC: Acidente Vascular Cerebral; LGE: realce tardio com gadolínio.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240123-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Em março de 2023, um ETT de seguimento revelou uma lesão grande (40 x 20 mm), de grande mobilidade, pedunculada, de aparência heterogênea (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">Vídeo 1</xref>). Uma segunda RMC confirmou uma lesão de 36x20 mm no ápice com hiperintensidade heterogênea em T2, leve perfusão de gadolínio, e realce tardio periférico, sugerindo recorrência de MC com possível trombo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07002">Vídeo 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f06002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240123-m01-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiografia transtorácica (A-B): lesão ovoide móvel no ápice ventricular esquerdo com um pequeno pedículo, bordas lisas e conteúdo heterogêneo.<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2024-0123_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2024-0123_video_01.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f07002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240123-m02-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Imagem de perfusão por RMC revelando uma lesão heterogênea, com pouca perfusão. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2024-0123_video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3801/2024-0123_video_02.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>O paciente foi submetido à ressecção cirúrgica da lesão, que foi identificada como uma lesão fibrótica com um componente trombótico. O diagnóstico de MC recorrente foi confirmado por histopatologia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref>). Não houve intercorrências durante a recuperação após a cirurgia, e o paciente continua sob acompanhamento regular sem complicações ou outras internações.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– RMC; A-B: sequências em T2W mostrando hiperintensidade heterogênea na lesão apical; C-D: LGE ao redor da periferia da lesão. LGE: realce tardio com gadolínio; T2W: T2-weighted.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240123-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Os mixomas são os tumores cardíacos primários mais comuns, diagnosticados geralmente em pacientes com idade entre 40 e 70 anos, com predominância do sexo feminino. O envolvimento do ventrículo esquerdo é raro, contribuindo com 0,7-3,6% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Até metade dos pacientes são assintomáticos, e as apresentações sintomáticas dependem da localização da lesão e seus efeitos sobre estruturas adjacentes. Sintomas obstrutivos (dispneia, síncope, palpitações, edema de extremidades inferiores) ocorrem em cerca de dois terços dos pacientes sintomáticos, principalmente com tumores maiores, enquanto o terço remanescente apresenta embolismo pulmonar ou sistêmico (dependendo da localização do tumor), particularmente quando as lesões são pequenas e friável. Raramente, sintomas sistêmicos (anemia, febre, perda de peso, fadiga, artralgia, mialgia, fenômeno de Raynaud) ocorrem, relacionados à secreção elevada de citocina (particularmente IL-6) pelo tumor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O ecocardiograma é essencial para o diagnóstico de MC, oferecendo uma sensibilidade de 90-96%. Durante a avaliação, características chaves, tais como localização e impacto da lesão, devem ser observadas. Os mixomas exibem duas morfologias principais: polipoides e papilares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Tumores polipoides são maiores, com uma superfície lisa, pedículo pequeno, e um interior heterogêneo (incluindo áreas císticas ou hemorrágicas), enquanto tumores papilares são menores, com superfície vilosa, e mais propensos a eventos embólicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Neste caso, foi identificado um MC polipoide.</p>
				<p>Um dos principais diagnósticos diferenciais do MC é trombo intracavitário, principalmente nos ventrículos. Em alguns casos, ambos podem coexistir. Técnicas de imagens como a tomografia computadorizada e a RMC, refinam a caracterização da lesão. Na RMC, os mixomas tipicamente aparecem hipointensos em sequências ponderadas em T1 e hiperintensos em sequências ponderadas em T2, refletindo seu alto teor de água extracelular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Com gadolínio, os mixomas geralmente apresentam perfusão variável devido à baixa vascularização e realce tardio heterogêneo com possível necrose, como observado em nosso paciente.</p>
				<p>Um aspecto importante com MCs é a taxa de recorrência, que varia entre 5 % e 15% em estudos retrospectivos e séries de casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Recorrências tipicamente ocorrem no mesmo local mas também podem aparecer em outros locais. As causas propostas incluem ressecção incompleta, metástase, multicentricidade totipotente, e herança familiar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em um registro de 207 MCs, mixomas acompanhados por 9,4 ±6,6 anos, somente mixomas multicêntricos estavam independentemente associados com recorrência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Outra consideração é o intervalo livre de recorrência após a ressecção. Em nosso caso, a recorrência tardia não era esperada. Dados de registros de longo prazo indicam que a maioria das recorrências ocorre dentro de cinco anos, embora haja relatos isolados de recorrências 5-10 anos após a ressecção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Finalmente, a rápida progressão da lesão foi notável, duplicando de tamanho (de 20×8mm para 40×20mm) ao longo de 2,5 meses, indicando uma taxa de crescimento de cerca de 8mm/mês. Alguns estudos, baseados na ecocardiografia, relataram uma taxa de crescimento de 4,9 mm/mês,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> enquanto análises tomográficas sugerem 1,2-2,2 mm/mês.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O ecocardiograma normalmente subestima o tamanho do tumor em comparação a amostras cirúrgicas. Tal fato destaca o alto potencial e crescimento do MC, bem suas características como ocorrência em locais não usuais, recorrência e complicações.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Destaques</title>
					<p>Os MCs são os tumores benignos mais frequentes do coração. A ocorrência desses tumores no ventrículo não é comum.</p>
					<p>O principal diagnóstico diferencial para mixoma é a presença de trombos. A RMC é muito útil para a caracterização e a diferenciação da lesão. MCs apresentam uma taxa de recorrência significativa bem como altas taxas de crescimento.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>MCs são os tumores cardíacos primários benignos mais comuns. Suas características podem variar muito quanto ao tamanho, localização complicações, recorrência e crescimento. Embora os padrões mais frequentes estejam bem descritos, é essencial reconhecer e entender as possiblidades de apresentações menos comuns.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Cine-RMC; A-B: imagens de quatro câmaras e três câmaras mostrando uma lesão de baixa intensidade no ápice do ventrículo esquerdo; C: ausência de realce tardio com gadolínio (LGE). LGE: realce tardio com gadolínio.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240123-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– RMC (imagens de quatro câmaras, duas câmaras, eixo curto) mostrando uma lesão de baixa intensidade no ápice ventricular esquerdo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240123-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05002">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Amostra da massa cardíaca; A: lesão ovoide ressecada do ápice ventricular (linha pontilhada vermelha). B: Hematoxilina–eosina revelando tecido mixomatoso com células fusiformes (células de mixoma). A imagem histológica inclui uma marca d’água do laboratório de patologia do Hospital Internacional de Colômbia (HIC).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcimg-38-1-e20240123-gf05-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
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					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica:</label>
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				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado:</label>
					<p> Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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